Idatha yokuqala kwi-gudgeon ejwayelekile yavela ngekhulu le-XVIII (Linnaeus, 1758) - eNgilandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlobo yafundwa eLake Baikal (Georgi, 1775). Kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kuhlala khona, lolu hlobo lwe-gudgeon luningi. E-Russia, imininingwane ngalolu hlobo lwe-gudgeon yaqala ukubonakala emsebenzini othi “Fauna of the Russian Kingdom. AmaPisces ”(Berg, 1912). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lolu hlobo lwe-gudgeon lufundwe ngabaphenyi abaningi (Berg, 1914, Nikolsky, 1936, Bogutskaya, Naseka, 1996)

Ukubhebhetheka

Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi uhla lubanzi kakhulu, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zalolu hlobo zavela phakathi kuluhla lwazo (Berg, 1949 a). Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwezinsana zohlobo lweGobio, indawo yokuhlala ye-gudgeon evamile ikhawulelwe ezindaweni ezigcina izingxenyeni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu: IGreat Britain, eseningizimu yeSweden, izinqolobane zeWhite, iBaltic, kanye neNyakatho yolwandle kanye no-r. Volga. Kuleli banga, abantu be-gudgeon abajwayelekile baboniswa yi-homogeneity ebalulekile ye-morphological (Vasilieva et al., 2004). Ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi esifundeni lolu hlobo luhlala kuphela ogodini lomfula. Volga. Isibonelo, ukuhlala kwakhe emfuleni kuyaziwa. I-Tereshka kanye nezinkantolo zayo ngaphakathi kwesifunda esiseduze kweRadishchevsky esifundeni sase-Ulyanovsk (Artemyeva, Selishchev, 2005), maphakathi nomfula. IKurdyum ezigodini zaseSaratov naseTatishchevsky (Belyanin, 2006). Isimo se-taxonomic semayini kusuka ezinqolobaneni ze-Don basin kudingeka sicaciswe.

Incazelo emfushane

Amasayizi mancane - angu-10-15 cm ubude, kepha izimo zinkulu. Ukubukeka kucacile: umzimba fusiform, uthambile kancane ukusuka ohlangothini lwesisu. Isikali esikhulu. Ukuqubuka komlomo, umlomo ophansi, izindebe eziphansi kuphazanyiswe maphakathi, emakhoneni omlomo kukhona umbhangqwana owakhiwe kahle wezimpondo. Emgqeni oqondile wesikali esingu-40-45. Umzimba ongaphezulu upendiwe ngopende onsundu-onsundu, obomvu ezinhlangothini, embozwe amabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlangana kube umucu omnyama oqhubekayo, isisu siphuzi. Ama-dorsal ne-caudal fins athwala amaphuzu amaningi amnyama. Emanzini, kulula ukubona ngamaphiko amakhulu, ahlukanisayo ahlukaniswe phakathi, okunikeza umzimba ukwakheka okungxantathu.

Izici ze-Biology

Ifinyelela ekukhulelweni kweminyaka yobudala engama-3-4, lapho ubude bomzimba buyi-8 cm okungenani. Isilinganiso sobuduna nabesifazane, ngokusho komqondo emifuleni iSura, Moksha neMalaya Tsivil ngoJulayi - Agasti, cishe ilingana (i-Artaev neRuchin, 2007 b). Ukuphahlazeka kwenxalenye, kuqala kumazinga wokushisa wamanzi we- +7 ° C, ubude besikhathi sabo buyizinyanga eziyi-1.5-2. Ukuzala awudluli amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nantathu, afakwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi angajulile. Amaqanda afakwe izinhlayiya zikasilika, izinhlayiya zesihlabathi, lapho zingabonakali khona. Izibungu zesibungu esinamaphiko amakhulu we-pectoral namehlo anebala elikhulu. Abaphenduli ngokukhanya futhi bahlala ezansi izinsuku eziningi. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhula, izinhlanzi ezincane zifinyelela kubude obungama-5 cm. Kungokwama-benthophages ajwayelekile: ama-larvae feed kuma-invertebrates amancane aphansi (ama-rhizopods, ama-rotifers), amantshontsho amadlanzana nawabantu abadala adla imaylies nama-mollus amancane, namanye amaqanda enhlanzi.

I-Pescara: incazelo nezimpawu zangaphandle

Izinhlanzi ezincane ezinamanzi amasha azinalo inani elincane lokuthengisa ngenxa yenani elincane labantu nobunzima bokudoba, kepha ngasikhathi sinye zitholakala kuyo yonke indawo futhi zinezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu ze-gastronomic. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile be-gudgeon ejwayelekile yi-10-12 cm, enkulu - cm 15-18. Ngokusemthethweni, isampuli enesisindo esingu-192 g nobude obungu-22 cm kubhekwa njengomphathi werekhodi.

Ngenxa yokubukeka okungajwayelekile, kungenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi i-gudgeon ibukeka kanjani ngaphandle kwesithombe. Incazelo emfushane yezimpawu eziyinhloko zenhlanzi yanele kulokhu:

• ukwelulwa komzimba kuyabonakala vele esifundeni senhloko nasendaweni ephakathi kwamaphini we-dorsal kanye ne-caudal, okwenza kubonakale njengesigaxa,
• isithunzi esinsundu sangemuva,
• umbhangqwana onamandla wamakhona emakhoneni ezindebe eziphakeme abheke phambili,
• Amehlo amakhulu aqabulayo atholakala engxenyeni yekhanda,
• amaphiko okhula kahle we-pectoral,
• izinhlangothi zesilvery ezinamabala amnyama maphakathi ne-midline,
• isisu esikhanyayo esikhanyayo,
• isikali esikhulu (izingcezu ezingama-40-45 ukusuka kumagilebhisi kuya emsileni),
• izinhlawulo ezincane zamakhompiyutha zakha unxantathu ocishe ufane.

Cishe i-gudgeon yokuphila konke ihlala phansi. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani isisu sinobubanzi obandayo futhi sibizwa ngokuthi ukuthambile. Umbala oyinhloko wamaphini ungwevu noma ophuzi.

Ukudutshulwa okungaphansi kwamanzi gudgeon

Ngokwemvelo, inhlanzi icophelela kakhulu, ngoba ifakwa ekudleni kwe-waterfowl, i-pike, i-perch, i-asp, i-perch kanye ne-ruff. Ukuzivikela ezisongelweni futhi baqaphele ubungozi ngesikhathi, ama-gudgeon ahlala emaphaketheni amakhulu, ahlanganisa abantu beminyaka ehlukile.

Umsoco

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, i-gudgeon ithanda ukudla kwezilwane futhi idla imifino ngezikhathi ezithile. Isisekelo sokudla kwabantu abadala siqukethe ama-mollusks amancane nama-invertebrates angaphansi, izibungu, izibungu, izinambuzane, amaqanda ezinye izinhlanzi, kepha zingadla izidumbu zezilwane kanye ne-carrion.

Amadevu amakhethini adlala indima yezitho ezibucayi kakhulu zokuthinta, ezikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukudla okuqondile phakathi kwamatshe amatshe noma ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zaphansi. Ngesikhathi sesifundo, le nhlanzi iboniswa ngumzingeli "oyivila" wokuzingela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izifihla phakathi kwezilwane ezihlaselayo ziye ekucindezelweni ngaphansi kwezinga eliphansi bese iqapha ngokucophelela izinto ezidlula. Lapho nje umsinga wamanzi uletha isinambuzane, iqanda noma uqweqwe oluncane, inhlanzi ifafazwa ngokuqinile ngamaphinifa e-pectoral avela phansi, yenza okusheshayo kombani, ibambe ukudla iphinde icashe endaweni yokukhosela.

Ukusakaza

Ukunwebeka kuqala ekuseni kakhulu, lapho nje amanzi esefudumala aze afike ku + 7-8 ° C. Abantu besifazane abavuthiwe abaneminyaka engu-3-4 yobudala bazalela amaqanda emanzini angajulile ezingxenyeni zezingcezu eziyizinkulungwane eziningana izinyanga ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi. Le ndlela yokuqhekeka kwe-gudgeon ikhulisa kakhulu impumelelo yokwanda kwesibalo sabantu futhi ikuvumela ukuba ukhuluphe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokudla i-caviar yezinye izinhlanzi.

Enye imfihlo yempumelelo yokusinda kwezinhlobo zezinto yinto enamathela emaqanda. Ayigcini ngokuthembela ekuqiniseni ukwenziwa kwesixekweni esiqinile, kepha futhi iqoqa izingxenyana ezinhle nokunye ukungcola, amaqanda okufihla ngokweqiniso ngaphansi kwesihlabathi esingenakubalwa.

Ngemuva cishe kwesonto, izibungu ziqhamuka namaphiko asevele akhulile, acwila aze aqhubeke phansi ukuze aqhubeke nokukhula. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ezengeziwe, owesilisa uqhubeka nokudla okusebenzayo kwama-invertebrates amancane.

Ungayikhetha kanjani indawo nokuthi yini ongayibamba i-gudgeon

Ukuthembisa ukudoba kungabhekwa njengamachibi apholile ahamba ngenzansi okuqinile (isihlabathi, itshe, amatshe amatshe, ubumba). Amanzi anesihlabathi angajulile, amadwala avela emfuleni, imigodi egcwele kahle kanye nokulahlwa ekujuleni okulingana kufanelekela ukudotshwa kwama-gudgeon.

I-Pecker izogxila ekuhlolweni kwezilwane okuvela kuzo kuphela. Ngokuqondene nesinkwa, inhlama, okusanhlamvu nezinye izithombo zemifino, azisetshenziswa kangako.

Ukubheja kwendawo yonke kungabhekwa njengombungu wensimbi ore, kepha ngoba kufakiwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yeRussian Federation, kungcono ukuwuyeka lo mbono usebenzise ezinye izimbali.

I-gudgeon ibanjwa kahle kwizimbungulu zegazi, izimpethu, izibungu ze-drozenka ne-caddis, isibungu somquba. Lezi ezimbili zokuqala zitshalekile ngawodwana futhi ngesixha seziningana. Isibungu sisetshenziswa kangcono ezingxenyeni, ngaphandle kokwenza umsila omude kakhulu wokulengiswa.

Ukudoba kwe-Gudgeon akudingi isiheho. Okuhlukile yibhola yomhlaba ngokufakwa kwezibungu ezisikiwe kanye nemikhaza yegazi, okuthi, lapho ikhishwa ingene emanzini, idale ifu lokugcwala elivuzela inhlanzi.

I-gudgeon ejwayelekile (lat.Gobio gobio)

Kuhlelo lweYenisei, i-gudgeon yaseSiberia ingeyenhlanzi ezivamile. Ihlala imifula emikhulu nemincane, imifudlana, amachibi, igeleza ikakhulukazi, amachibi nezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Ku-Yenisei, kwenzeka kuze kufike e-Arctic Circle. Kuyaziwa ezinkantolo zayo ezinkulu (Kan, Angara, Sym, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Lower Tunguska, Turukhan).

I-gudgeon yaseSiberia - IGobio gobio cynocephalus Gudgeon yathola igama layo ngokuhlangana nezingxenye ezinesihlabathi semifula namachibi. I-gudgeon inomzimba omude, oyindilinga, ombozwe ngesikali esikhulu. Umlomo wakhe mncane, uphansi, unezimpondo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo emakhoneni.

Umbala we-gudgeon uyingqayizivele. Umhlane wayo uluhlaza okotshani, izinhlangothi zaso ziluhlaza, zinamabala ayi-6 amabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma amabala amnyama asuka kwisembozo se-gill aze afike kufenisha ye-caudal, kwesinye isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanzini ezindala, ahlangana abe yibhande elilodwa elimnyama, isisu sivele siphuzi. Amachaphaza amachashaza acwebezelayo aphuzi ngokuphuthelwa ngamabala amancane amnyama, amanye ngimpunga okhanyayo.

UGudgeon uhola indlela yokuphila enhle. Ehlobo, emihlanjini emincane, ihlala phansi, ezindaweni zayo eziyithandayo - imigwaqo engaxutshwe namabhange anesihlabathi esishisayo, kanye nasemigodini ngemuva kwe-rift ene-sandy, pebble futhi yaze yathula kancane.

IGudgeon yinhlanzi ezihlala phansi, isikhathi esiningi ilele inganyakazi, icindezela isisu sayo phansi. Ukhuthele kakhulu phakathi nosuku, uncamela ukungahambi ebusuku. Akenzi ukunyakaza okukhulu. Ekwindla iya ezindaweni ezijulile ezine-sandy ngezansi, futhi ebusika zigxile emigodini.

Ukuzala kwePuccaria kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu wokuphila, ubude bawo bomzimba bube ngu-7-16 cm kanye nobunzima obuyi-6-12 g. Ukuvela kabusha kwayo kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, Juni futhi, mhlawumbe, ngoJulayi, ezindaweni ezingenamhlabathi ezinamadwala noma inhlabathi enesihlabathi. I-caviar incane, inobubanzi obungama-0.7-0.8 mm, ikhukhulwa ngezingcezu ezihlukile ezansi kwesihlabathi samatshe amnyama nakotshani. Ngenxa yento enamathele, i-caviar ebekwe phansi inamathela ematsheni, "yenzekile" ngezinhlamvu ezincane zesihlabathi futhi ayitholakali (kubukeka kalula) kubathengi be-caviar.
I-fecundity ye-gudgeon incane, kuya ngeminyaka kanye nobukhulu bezinhlanzi futhi kufinyelela kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Esikhathini sokuhluma kwezinsikazi, abesilisa bahlukaniswa kalula kwabesifazane yizishubhu eziningi ze-epithelial ezivele emakhanda nasezandleni zazo.

Ama-gudgeon amakhulu kakhulu afinyelela ubude obungu-16-17 cm, isisindo 65-70 g kanye nobudala beminyaka engama-6-7 (r. Turukhan, Kan). Kodwa-ke, ukucatshangelwa okunjalo akuvamile, osayizi bayo abajwayelekile ngu-9.5-10 cm no-13-20 g.

Njengakwezinye izinhlanzi eziningi, ama-crankaceans amancane e-planktonic nama-rotifers ayisisekelo sokudla kwe-gudgeon yentsha. Izinhlanzi zabantu abadala zidla izibungu zezinambuzane, zazo imaylies kanye nama-chironomid, kanye nama-mollusks kanye ne-detritus yezitshalo, zihlala endaweni esemqoka.

Alinayo inani lokuhweba. Isetjenziswa njengesibambiso sokudoba i-taimen ne-burbot. Kuyathakazelisa okuthile njengento yokudoba abadobi base-amateur.

Incazelo

I-gudgeon inomzimba omude, owindilinga, ombozwe ngesikali esikhulu. Umlomo uphansi, emakhoneni alo kukhona i-antennae eyodwa. Ibunzi libanzi, amehlo athe njo phezulu. Umhlane unombala onsundu, izinhlangothi nesisu zimhlophe qwa. Amabala amnyama asabalale emzimbeni wonke. Ezinhlangothini zihlangana zibe umucu. Amachaphaza amachashaza ne-caudal grey enemigqa emnyama namabala, amaphiko we-pectoral nawangaphakathi avele aphuzi.

Ukuzala

I-gudgeon iyavuthwa ngokocansi lapho ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha ayi-8. Ikhuphuka ebusuku entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo (Ephreli-Juni), lapho amanzi efudumala aze afike ku-15 ° C. Ukusatshalaliswa kuhlukaniswe, phakathi, ezindaweni ezingekho phansi ezinamatshe anesihlabathi. Amaqanda anesilinganiso esingu-1,3-1,5 mm. anamathele emhlabathini. Ukuzala amaqanda ayinkulungwane. ICaviar ikhula cishe izinsuku ezingama-8. Izibungu kanye nefry zidla ama-plankton namanye ama-invertebrates amancane. Izinsizwa zigcinwa eduzane nolwandle, futhi njengoba zikhula, zithuthela ezindaweni ezijulile.

Indlela yokuphila

Indawo yokuhlala kwale nhlanzi encane engenakuqhathaniswa yimifula, amachibi, izikebhe nemifudlana emincane neziteshi. Uma ufika echibini ubone ukuthi amanzi akulo ahlanzekile, acacile, futhi futhi awami, kepha ugeleza, khona-ke kukhona okungenzeka okukhulu kakhulu kokuthi ama-gudgeon atholakala kuleli chibi. Udinga ukubheka le nhlanzi endaweni lapho eningizimu inesihlabathi (empeleni, yingakho igama lezinhlanzi) noma embozwe ngamatshe amatshe amancane. IGudgeon ngumhlambi wezinhlanzi.

Izindlela zokudoba

Baqala ukubamba i-gudgeon kusukela ekupheleni kukaMeyi. Njengoba ikakhulukazi ehlala emfuleni, indlela engcono kakhulu yokudoba ukudoba. Emifuleni yama-gudgeon abamba ngokuthumela ngokukhanya okukhanyayo kuma-bloodworms, izimpethu noma ucezu lwesibungu. Induku idinga ithiphu engasindi, eguquguqukayo. Umugqa wokudoba kufanele ube mncane, ube nobubanzi be-0-1-1.15 mm, i-hook No. 3-4, kuya ngosayizi we-nozzle, intanta ebunjiwe njengombala obukhulu, encane, engasindi, eyenziwe kangcono i-foam noma i-cork, i-sinker - i-pellet eyodwa engu-7.

Ezindaweni ezincane ezinesivinini esisheshayo, kunconywa ukubamba nge-float yokuntywila. IGudgeon yinhlanzi engaphansi, kanti umshunjana kufanele ugcinwe ezansi kakhulu. Amathuba okuluma ayanda uma i-nozzle idonswa kancane phansi. Ama-pecks we-gudgeon ngobuciko, angabanjwa ngenduku eyodwa yokudoba.

Ngokuqala kwesithwathwa, adoba ngezinhlwayi zegazi ezindaweni ezijulile ngenkambo ephakathi. Lapho udoba endaweni ebanzi, kuyadingeka ukuvusa amanzi, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi i-gudgeon isondele kumfudlana onodaka, bese kuthi umsinga we-nozzle uqalwe kuwo. Ekwindla, ezindaweni ezinqwabelana ngama-gudgeon ezindaweni ezihlala ama-rapid, ibanjwa ngezinduku ezimfushane zokudoba ezingaphansi ezinezingwegwe ezimbili kanye nesimbila eshelelayo.

Ungafunda kabanzi ngezindlela zokudoba zale nhlanzi engxenyeni ethi "Imibhalo ephathelene nokudoba" noma ngokulanda enye yamafilimu ezemfundo mayelana nokudoba kuwebhusayithi yethu. Ungalanda nezincwadi noma omagazini engxenyeni yesayithi lethu "Ama-Fishing Editions".

Awunawo amalungelo anele okubhala okuphawulayo. Sicela ubhalise ku-Portal noma ungene ku-akhawunti yakho.

Umnotho

Ukubukeka

Ukubonakala kwe-gudgeon ejwayelekile kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyamangalisa, yize iphalethi yombala lilincane. Inomzimba omude, omfishane, obunjiwe, ozungezayo, okhula ubude bawo bube amasentimitha ayi-12-15. I-gudgeon yamashumi amabili nesenti ingumnikazi werekhodi phakathi kwezihlobo zayo futhi iyivelakancane kakhulu, futhi ikakhulukazi, njengehlukile. Isisindo somuntu ngamunye sifinyelela kuphela amagremu angama-80.

Emzimbeni we-gudgeon ejwayelekile kukhona ama-fors dorsal kanye nama-analins amafushane angenawo ama-ray amiseya. Umphezulu wonke umbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu kunalokho.

Ekhoneni ngalinye lomlomo kutholakala amadevu okukhulunywa ngawo. Umlomo we-gudgeon unemigqa emibili yamazinyo amise okwe-pharyngeal conical, akoteke kancanyana esicopheni. Ikhanda lakhona libanzi futhi lithambile, inobuso obufiphele, umhlathi ongaphansi umfishane kunaphezulu futhi unokubukeka okugxunyekwe. Engxenyeni engaphambili yekhanda kukhona amehlo amabili amakhulu aphuzi.

Umzimba we-gudgeon ejwayelekile unemibala e-brownish brown brown emuva, izinhlangothi zesilvery. Ezinhlangothini zenhlanzi eziphuzi kukhona imigqa yezindawo ezimnyama, imivimbo eminingi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi zisukela kweziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili, kuya ngosayizi nobudala besilwane. Isisu nayo yonke ingxenye engezansi imbozwe ngombala omhlophe noma wesiliva, kanti amaphiko we-pectoral, a-ventral kanye ne-anal adwetshwe ngombala omhlophe mpunga ngombala onsundu. Amachaphaza amachashaza ne-caudal onsundu onsundu enamabala amnyama. Iqiniso elihehayo ukuthi njengoba iminyaka ikhula, izinhlanzi zishintsha umbala wazo, zisuka ethunzini elikhanyayo ziye kwelinye elimnyama. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukufihla okunjalo kusiza abasha ukuba baphile ezimweni zokunaka okuthe xaxa kusuka ezinhlanzini ezinkulu ezidla ezinye.

Ingakanani i-gudgeon ehlala

Impilo ye-gudgeon ejwayelekile ayidluli iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweyishumi. Kepha imvamisa isikhathi sempilo yenhlanzi siyaphazanyiswa ngineminyaka engu-3-5, uma nje ifreyimu engenakusiza ikwazi ukuwela umugqa wonyaka owodwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlanzi ezibanjwe endaweni yokugcina imvelo zingagcinwa ezimweni zasemanzini, zisinde kuzo zisuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwemi-3.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Okuvame gudgeon izimpilo kumasistimu angenasawoti ukuthi iyangena empumalanga-Atlantic Ocean, eNorth Sea nemicengezi Baltic Sea. Lawa manzi afaka imisele yeLoire kanye nemisele engasempumalanga, i-UK kanye ne-Rhone drains, iDanube engenhla ne-Middle and Upper Dniester, kanye ne-Bugai Dnieper drainage in the Black Sea basin. Isizathu sokusatshalaliswa kwenhlanzi enkulu kangako asikacaciswa, kepha kuvame ukutholakala kumachibi, imifula kanye nemifudlana yawo wonke osayizi, onama-sandy noma ama-gravel bottoms namanzi acacile.

I-Atlantic Ocean, imicengezi aseNyakatho kanye Baltic iziLwandle, kusukela Loire amanzi eMpumalanga, East eGreat Britain, Rhône futhi iVolga drainages, iDanube yasenhla nemithombo Ephakathi futhi Upper Dniester futhi Dnieper drainages basuke ngokoqobo egcwele ngezinga elithile nale nomzingeli encane. Kwethulwa eMpumalanga naseNyakatho ne-Italy, e-Ireland, eWales naseScotland. Imingcele esempumalanga naseningizimu yebanga ayicacile. Abantu kusuka yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia kanye Adur River Basin eningizimu yeFrance basonta edolobheni Lausanne. Amanani abantu basse eCaspian angaba yizinhlobo ezihlukile.

Ukudla kwe-gudgeon ejwayelekile

Isikhathi esiningi minnows ezivamile zidla konke ingatholakala kusuka phansi kwesigubhu. Ukudla kungaba yinto yezitshalo noma yezilwane. Kepha njengoba inhlanzi ingumhlaseli, izinto ezincane zomhlaba wezilwane zidlala inani elibaluleke kakhulu kumenyu. Imenyu kuhlanganisa singenazo izibungu zomiyane, ezingenamgogodla benthic, izimpethu encane, daphnia, Cyclops kanye izinambuzane. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma - entwasahlobo, umhlaseli angadlela amaqanda ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. I-minnow ifuna ukudla phakathi kwamatshe namatshe esihlabathi, isebenzisa i-antennae esebenza njengama-vibrissas ukusesha.

Ezindaweni enemisinga eyanele, le nhlanzi ngobuqili ngisho umisa izigebengu. Ukucasha ekucindezelekeni okuncane, i-gudgeon ingalinda kalula i-crustacean encane noma i-fry yokubhukuda ngayo, ibambe futhi idle.

Izitha zemvelo

Ngeshwa, endle ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi umhlaseli omkhulu adle ababuthakathaka nabancane. Gudgeon kuyinto inyamazane eziningi izilwane ezidla ezinye inhlanzi yokudla, ezifana Otter Eurasia, carp, Pike noma ivuba ezivamile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inhlanzi encane kangaka ayikwazi ukwanelisa izidingo zomphangi omkhulu, idlala indima yendlela yokuphila kwabasebenzi bamazinyane, okungukuthi ukufuya kwabo. Ngakho-ke, ukuzingela kwabo kuphumela ekukhiqizeni okuningi, ngoba uma uthatha ukusheshisa okulungile, ungangena ku-pack, ubambe abantu abaningana ngasikhathi sinye. It kuvela lihle ambalwa ngaphezulu cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge nomsila elawula, ngemva kwalokho-ke kulula kakade ukuqhubeka ukudla ngaphandle kokucabangisisa, nje ngiphakamisa izisulu awile. E-Europe Ephakathi, emifudlaneni nasemifuleni, i-minnow yabalelwa ku-45% wokudla kwalomhlali wasemanzini. Kwezinye izifunda, lesi sibalo sisuka kuma-25-35%.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela ukudoba kanye imithini kukhona engakwenqeni amadili kwi minnier. ICrayfish nayo ingalimaza abantu ngokubhubhisa abantu abasha ababona kabi, isikhathi esithile ngemuva kokuzalwa, bambahlazeka phansi.

Usongo lungacwila esibhakabhakeni, kanye nasogwini. abadala ezinkulu kukhona ukudla yokwamukelwa Izinyoni ezidla inyama kanye nezinto ezidla lezi ezincane ezweni. Futhi, ngaphandle kwenani elincane kangako lokuhweba, i-gudgeon ibanjwa ngabadobi. Ungathola abantu abangamakhulu ngamakhulu ngenduku ejwayelekile yokudoba ngethiyithi ebunjiwe isibungu. Ukuze uthole gudgeon, udinga nje wehlise hook ukuze phansi kakhulu, futhi ngeke ngokushesha basabela ukudla kuvela emkhathizwe.

Inani lokudoba

I-gudgeon ejwayelekile ayinayo inani elibalulekile lokuthengisa. Naphezu ukunambitheka emnandi futhi kalula ukudoba, it is kuyaqabukela ezisetshenziselwa ukupheka womuntu. Inyama yayo ayifaneleki ukuthi ithengiswe, njengoba inhlanzi incane, nenyama ngokwayo i-bony. Ungapheka kuyo, kepha ingxabano ayikwazi ukugwenywa. Le nhlanzi asifanele yokufakelwa zizalela ngezizathu ezifanayo. Kaningi, i-gudgeon iba yinto yokuzingela ezemidlalo noma ibanjiselwe ukusetshenziselwa ukubamba inhlanzi ebaluleke ngokwedlulele, ngokwesibonelo, ipiki, i-carp, i-carp noma i-catfish. Futhi, lezi zinhlanzi ezimangalisayo zingagcinwa zithunjiwe. Bathanda abavamile wamanzi amasha futhi elinokudla. I-Minnow ku-aquarium iziphatha ngokungazethembi, ivumelane nezimo ngokushesha, noma ngabe ibanjwa ivela endle isencane ngeminyaka.

Naphezu kokuthandwa okuphansi kwezinhlanzi ngokudla okunempilo, kusakufanelekela ukusho izakhiwo zayo ezizuzisayo. Gudgeon inyama amumethe amaminerali nezinye izakhi. Inamavithamini wamaqembu A no-D, i-calcium, i-selenium, i-phosphorus kanye ne-fluorine. Kukhona iodine eyanele nama-omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids enyameni ye-gudgeon.

Lapho ukuthosa, izinhlanzi uthola aftertaste elinambitheka sashukela, futhi ukusetshenziswa njalo kungaba nomphumela ozuzisayo ku impilo izitsha inhliziyo negazi, isimo umbono, isikhumba, amathambo namazinyo. Iodine equkethe inhlanzi inomphumela omuhle esizweni se-yegilo yegilo. Inyama ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kepha inokuqukethwe okunamafutha amancane, okuwenza kube ngumthombo omuhle kakhulu wezinto ezibalulekile ngenkathi ulandela indlela yokudla yokunciphisa umzimba noma isikhathi sokululama ngemuva kokugula.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Fish - zilwane endala kakhulu, ayebonakala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-520 edlule. Eyokuqala yazo ibibukeka njengezibungu kunenhlanzi, kepha-ke, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-420 edlule, isigaba sezinhlansi zerhasi saphakama - umgomo wesakhiwo samaphiko awo wawungafani nowenhlanzi zanamuhla.

Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba inqwaba yezinhlanzi ezihlala kule planethi manje, kufaka phakathi i-gudgeon, ingeyokuhlotshiswa i-ray. Kodwa emakhulwini esidlule ezigidi zeminyaka phezu zabiza indlela eside kwemvelo, ekuqaleni le zilwane ayakhe iplanethi yethu ngenkathi Paleozoic saphela, bese abamele Mesozoic nezilwane esikhundleni sazo.

Ividiyo: Gudgeon

Iningi lezinhlobo zesimanje, ngaphandle “kwamaminerali aphilayo” angavamile, avela esikhathini seCenozoic, lokhu kusebenza ngokuphelele ezinhlanzini. Yibo labo baqala abuse emanzini ngaleso sikhathi, futhi kuqala kunazo zonke engcebweni bony - ukubusa lidlule kubo oshaka.

Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwavela khona ama-cyprinid - okuwukuthi, ama-minnows angawomndeni. Kwenzekile eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-30 edlule. Lapho gudgeons ngokwabo wasesukuma akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kukhona uyathola eyaqala eminyakeni 1 million ubudala, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kudala kakhulu kunalokho.

Uhlobo oluchaziwe kwakunguJL. UDe Cuvier ngonyaka we-1816, uthole igama elithi Gobio. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi futhi uyaqhubeka ukuba achazwe konke entsha. Isibonelo, kuphela ngonyaka ka-2015 kwachazwa isayensi ngohlobo lwezinhlaka, futhi kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo, kwenziwa i-artvinicus.

Ihlala kuphi i-gudgeon?

Photo: Gudgeon emfuleni

Kusatshalaliswa engxenyeni esenyakatho yeYurophu: itholakala cishe kuwo wonke umfula ogelezela olwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean. Yonke le mifula ihlangene neqiniso lokuthi amanzi ayo ayabanda - yile ndlela oluyiwona amancanyana. Ngenxa yokuthi abathathi bungavami emifuleni efudumele eziseningizimu yeYurophu, kufanele siziphathele amanzi oLwandle iMedithera - maningi esihle ukuthintana nezinye izinhlanzi.

Noma kunjalo, bahlala kweminye yemifula yezigodi zaseMedithera, ngokwesibonelo, eRhone. Imifula yesisekelo soLwandle Olumnyama nayo iyahlala: iDanube, iDnieper, iDniester. Zihlala iningi emifuleni Russian entshonalanga yezintaba zase-Ural, ezifana iVolga, uDon Ural.

Bahlala emanzini aseScandinavia. Bangeniswa eScotland, e-Ireland nase-Italy, banda futhi manje baba izakhamizi ezivamile zama-reservoirs lapho. Engxenyeni Asian yeRussia, lapho betholakala khona kuze kube Primorye, futhi zitholakala amadamu-Asia Ephakathi.

Ngaphezu kokushisa kwamanzi, imigomo ama-gudgeon axazulula ngayo ayakhiwa ngokuthembekile: lezi zinhlanzi zingatholakala emifuleni emikhulu ezolile nasemifuleni yezintaba ezinesiphepho, futhi ngisho nasemifuleni, zitholakala kumachibi amakhulu, nasemachibini amancane kakhulu. Kuyaziwa nje ukuthi amathuba okuhlangana nawo aphezulu, ahlanzeke futhi achume umoya-mpilo.

Futhi uthando amachibi kanye othulini itshe noma isihlabathi phansi ezinzulwini. Zihlala eduze ezansi emanzini angajulile, futhi kaningi kunokuba zihlale endaweni efanayo lapho zazalelwa khona, uma kufaneleka ngokwanele futhi ziyakwazi ukuzondla. Noma ngabe kufanele uthuthe (imvamisa wonke umhlambi ukwenze ngasikhathi sinye), ngokuvamile azihambi amabanga amade, kepha umakhilomitha kuphela noma ambalwa.

Njalo ukuwa baya ezindaweni ezijulile, ngifuna lapho daka esiningi ukuba ukufudumala lapho umfula imbozwe yiqhwa. Lapho ichibi liqala ukubanda, umuntu uvame ukubona amaqembu ezimbungulu ehlangana eduze kwezikhiye, lapho amanzi eqhubeka nokushaya. Kuze kube muva nje, bazama ukubheka izindawo ezingafakwanga ngamanzi anomoya ophefumulwayo.

Ebusika, bazama ukuthola indawo lapho amanzi wakhona ufudumele: baya emachibini noma amachibi, kungenza ukubhukuda emanzini angaphansi komhlaba noma ukubukeka ezishisayo. Kaningi zimane zilala ngezimbobo ezansi futhi ziklebhule ngaphansi kwesilika. Uma iminerals ihlala echibini elinamanzi ahlanzekile, lapho-ke ifakwa kuwo kungakapheli iminyaka, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ayifinyeleli ngosayizi womfula.

Usho ukuthini gudgeon badle?

Photo: Common Gudgeon

Ukudla kwe-gudgeon kufaka:

Njengoba ubona, le nhlanzi nomzingeli futhi uncamela udle izilwane ezincane ezihlukahlukene. Amancanyana nawo angadla ukudla kwezitshalo, kepha ngamanani amancane, futhi ikakhulukazi azondle ngokuzingela, okungatholwa kusukela ekuseni kuze kuhlwe. Esikhathini esiningi bachitha lesi sikhathi behlola phansi, becinga inyamazane ngokucophelela, kwesinye isikhathi bayibumba, bezwa yonke into ngosizo lwe-antennae ebucayi, lapho kungekho lutho olufihlakele khona.

Ngezinye izikhathi minnows kungaba unyendle ngisho endaweni lapho lwamanje ngempela fast futhi liqukethe eziningi ezidla inyama. Bacashe eduze komfudlana, ngetshe elithile, balinde i-fry noma imollusk ethile ukuthi idlule, futhi lapho belinda, bayihlwitha ngobuhlakani.

Entwasahlobo nasekuqalekeni kwehlobo, lapho enye inhlanzi iphaphalaza, iminnows ishintshela ekudleni ku-caviar kanye gazinga, ngenhloso yokuyifuna futhi ivame ukubhukuda kulolu cwaningo isuka phansi, kwesinye isikhathi iye phezulu. I minders bakhangwa kwale nhlangano, futhi-ke, ukuyengela kubo, ngokuvamile amanzi kuyoba balamamute.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Yize abantu bekuqabukela basebenzise iminnn ngokwabo ukudla, bayasebenziseka: inyama yabo inamavithamini amaningi kanye namaminerali, futhi ukusetshenziswa njalo kunomthelela omuhle esimisweni senhliziyo nemithambo yenhliziyo, amathambo nesikhumba. Futhi bane-iodine eningi, esiza ngezinkinga nge-gland yegilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe amanoni gudgeon inyama incane, ukuze ingagxila ngesikhathi ukudla noma lapho ukuze alulame ekuguleni kwakhe.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Gudgeon Fish

Izibungu zihlala zisebenza ngesikhathi sasemini, zihlala zifuna inyamazane, ikakhulukazi ezansi, kepha emanzini angajulile. Amathuba enkulu yokubamba wabasondeza ogwini olunamadwala noma sandy. Ebusuku, iminuna iphumula, ibambelela phansi ngamaphiko, ukuze okwakhona kungabashayi lapho kungasebenzi.

Imvamisa, ngisho nangaphambi kokushona kwelanga, zifihla phakathi kwezitshalo eziseduze kwama-rapid, ngakho-ke ngalesi sikhathi kufanelekile ukubamba uma wazi izindawo ezinjalo. Kodwa lokhu akwenzeki njalo: uma izilwane ezidla ezinye wahlala eduze minnows, abazingeli kubo futhi esebenzayo emini, bazama amanga ongaphakeme futhi ukuphuma ziyofuna ukudla kamuva, lapho kuhlwa.

Babona kabi ebumnyameni, ngoba isikhathi abanaso emacaleni anjalo asisi kangako, futhi isikhathi sesibili somsebenzi siwela ngezikhathi zokusa. Ukushintshwa okunjalo embusweni wosuku kusiza ngempela ukudida abahlaseli, kodwa kusebenziseka kuphela lapho kungekho zinhlanzi ezimbalwa ezidliwayo endaweni yokugcina amanzi, osebenza kusihlwa.

Pescaras letingabhukusha ngokushesha impela, kuhlanganise ngokumelene wamanje oqinile, kodwa ngokuvamile ungabonisi amandla kulindeleke kusukela inhlanzi ezincane ezifana: bathanda uphumule futhi ukubhukuda ngokuvamile ayehamba kancane, ukuze kungenziwa ubanjwe inetha.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ezinsukwini ezishisa kakhulu ehlobo, izibungu ziba ngamavila futhi zibe sengozini. Esigabeni sokushisa, ngokushesha emva kwemini, baphumula isikhathi eside eduze netshe elithile, besala linganyakazi, ababebizwa ngalo ngokuthi amakholamu.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Pescara eRussia

Ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka emithathu yeminnuna isilungele ukuzalaniswa. Ngasikhathi sinye, njengakudala, bayaqhubeka nokuhlala eqenjini. Ngo imihlambi ezinjalo minnows, izinhlanzi babo bonke ubudala ephila, ngokuhlanganisa inyuka amathuba abo okusinda lapho behlaselwa nomzingeli.

Ngakho-ke kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi omunye wabo aqaphele ukuhlaselwa ngaphambili, futhi abahlaseli ngeke bakwazi ukuhlasela bonke ngasikhathi sinye, noma ngabe kukhona abaningana babo, okusho ukuthi iningi lephakethe lingasindiswa. Kepha okungaziwa yizinsensane ukuthi ezinye izinyamazane ezinkulu zidonswa indlela yazo yokuphila eqoqayo: ukuzingela ngenxa ye-minie eyodwa akunangqondo enkulu ngezinhlanzi ezinkulu, futhi ungakubamba eziningana ngasikhathi.

Zidala kanye ngonyaka, zidala iqala ngemuva lapho siya sifudumala amanzi kuze kufinyelele 7-8 ° C. Ezindaweni ezifudumele ezifudumele, lokhu kungenzeka ngo-Ephreli, futhi enyakatho kuphela ngoJuni. Ukuqhekeka kwenzeka hhayi ngasikhathi, kepha ngokwezingxenye futhi kungahlala kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili. Omunye owesifazane ongabeka kusuka amaqanda 8 kuya kwezingu-13. Wenza lokhu eduze nendawo ahlala kuyo, nasemanzini angajulile. Ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sokuzalela amaqanda, izimpethu ziyaqhuma ngomsindo, zidonsela ukunaka kwabazingeli abathathwe ukuwaqeda womabili amaqanda nezinsikazi ngokwazo, yingakho lesi sikhathi siyingozi kakhulu kubo onyakeni.

Amaqanda ezincane, bluish. Zinegobolondo elinamathelayo, ngakho-ke zinamathela ngokushesha emigodini, ematsheni noma ezitshalweni ezansi, zigcwele isihlabathi noma isilika, emva kwalokho kuba nzima kwezinye izinhlanzi ukuzithola zidle. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu kubo ngokushesha nje emva kokuhlehla. Ngo izibungu, ngokushesha ngemuva ukubonakala, amaphiko uhlasela ezinkulu pectoral namehlo yabafile zihlukaniswa. Izinsuku ezingama-3-4 zimane zilala ezansi, azinampendulo ekukhanyeni ngalesi sikhathi. Ngemuva kokuphela kwalesi sikhathi, baqala ukuzondla nge-detritus kanye nama-benthos: ama-invertebrates amancane ahlukahlukene ahlala phansi.

Ekuqaleni zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi, uma kukhona ukudla okwanele emhlabeni, ngezinyanga ezintathu nje ukufinyelela ubude 6 cm. Khona-ke kubamba ukukhula phansi futhi ubukhulu 12-14 cm, gudgeon ikhula 3-4 iminyaka ke kakade kubhekwe usuvuthiwe futhi, okungenani iyaqhubeka nokukhula, kepha sekuvele kancane kancane. Isikhathi sokuphila singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-8-10, kepha njengoba kunabantu abaningi kakhulu abafuna ukwenza inzuzo ngama-gudgeon, abambalwa babo baphila kuze kube ukuguga, abaningi bafa kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-4-6. Caught in imvelo, minnows bangaphila aquarium, kodwa ukuphila kwabo angalindela izimo ezinjalo kuyehla - ngisho izinhlanzi abasha cishe iminyaka engaphezu kweminyaka engu-3.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Gudgeon Fish

Ama-Pescaras asabalele, futhi ngokuqinisekile awabhekene nokuqothuka: emifuleni eminingi yaseYurophu naseSiberia atholakala ngobuningi. Akusona zinhlobo commercial, kodwa abanye abadobi babamba ke: naphezu lingakanani encane, kanye nokulungiselela efanele, minnows kungaba esiphundu.

Kodwa zi-bony, futhi akukho nyama eyanele kuzo, ngakho-ke imvamisa ingaphezu kokulungile, ngoba ayivamile ukubanjwa. Yize zisetshenziswa njengezithiyo izinhlanzi ezinkulu: ngisho nomsila onesisindo esingu-20-25 kg uzigoba ngokuzithandela, ngakho-ke abadobi ngokuvamile abanandaba nokusebenzisa i-gudgeon, ikakhulukazi uma incane.

Pescaras azwela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi - they hamba ezindaweni ezingezinhle, zibhukuda wezindlu abathandekayo. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izindawo, eduze kwamabhizinisi asezimboni zamakhemikhali asebenzayo, kanye nokunye ukungcola okubuye kungcolise amanzi, sekuvele kwanyamalala, kepha kuze kube manje asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngokusongelwa kohlobo lonke noma uhlobo lwalo lodwa.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iminnows kwesinye isikhathi igcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini ezinamanzi abandayo (22 ℃ noma ngaphansi). Abadingi isikhathi esiningi ukujwayela, ukuze kuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa yokuqalisa aquarium, le gudgeon ngeke sokuziphatha njengomncane endaweni yemvelo, uma izimo ezifanele zadalwa. Ngisho nabantu ababanjwe ngabantu abadala bangeniswa e-aquarium, futhi bangabonakala ngqo kuyo.

Isakhamuzi esihlala kakhulu samanzi ahlanzekile, i-gudgeon isebenza njengesibonakaliso esihle sokuhlanzeka kwayo: uma inyamalala emfuleni, khona-ke “ikhemikhali” elimazayo eliningi lingena kulo, enye inhlanzi ingahle iphele ngokushesha. Gudgeon Ungahlala e-aquarium futhi indlela esebenza ngayo iyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuyibuka, ngaphezu kwalokho, azithobeki kakhulu.