Ngokusho kukaLinnaeus: imfanelo yezidalwa eziphilayo iyisibonakaliso sokuphuma kokuqala. Amandla okuqhuba uNkulunkulu. Isibonelo: Izindlulamithi, njengazo zonke izilwane, zadalwa uNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, wonke izindlulamthi kusukela ngesikhathi senzeko zinentamo ende.
NgokukaLamarck: umbono wekhono lezinto zangaphakathi lezinto eziphilayo ezingaguqulwa ngaphansi kwethonya lemvelo yangaphandle. Amandla okuqhubela phambili ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo ukushikashikeka kwezinto zokuphila ukuphelela ngenxa yokuzilolonga kwezitho zomzimba. Isibonelo: lapho kuvuna ukudla esomeni, lapho isembozo sotshani siphela, izindlulamithi ziphoqelelwa ukuba zidle amaqabunga ezihlahla, ngenxa yalokho zihlala zilula intamo yazo ukufinyelela amaqabunga, ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokuzivocavoca, intamo iyelulwa. Lokhu kuthathwa njengefa. Ngakho-ke kwakukhona intamo ende kwizindlulamithi.
Ukusuka endaweni yokubukwa kweLamarckism, intamo ende nemilenze yendlulamthi kungumphumela weqiniso lokuthi
Izizukulwane eziningi zokhokho bakhe abake baba nemilenze emifushane nabedanyane badla
amaqabunga ezihlahla, okwakufanele zifinyelele phezulu nangaphezulu.
Ukwelulwa kancane kwentambo nemilenze, kwenzeka esizukulwaneni ngasinye,
wedlulela esizukulwaneni esilandelayo kuze kufike lapho lezi zingxenye zomzimba zifinyelela kuzo
ubude bamanje.
NgokukaDarwin: phakathi kwezindlulamithi eziningi kwakuyizilwane ezinentamo yobude obuhlukahlukene. Labo abanentamo emide kancane babephumelela kakhudlwana ekutholeni ukudla (amaqabunga ezihlahleni) futhi basinda, kuyilapho izilwane ezinentamo emfushane zazingakutholi ukudla futhi ziqedwa ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Lesi sici sathathwa njengefa. Ngakho-ke, kancane kancane, kwavela intamo ende kwindlulamithi.
Uma sisebenzisa ukuvela kwendlulamthi okunokwenzeka njengesibonelo, lapho-ke, ngokubuka kukaDarwin nabalandeli bakhe, kufanele kuhambe kanjena:
Phakathi kwamadlozi, indlulamithi ibilokhu igcina ukuguquguquka kanye nobude bentamo.
Lapho izimo zezemvelo ziguquka (ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sesomiso, lapho utshani nezihlahla zifa), abantu ababenentamo ende bathola inzuzo. Ama-shorts anentamo emfushane abhubhile.
Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abanezintambo ezinde bashiya inzalo.
Ngezizukulwane eziningana, ngenxa yokukhethwa okuqondayo, kuye kwavela izindlulamthi zohlobo lwanamuhla.
Kungani indlulamthi inentamo ende
Kungani futhi indlulamithi inendondo ende kangaka? Izindlulamithi zihlala ososheni base-Afrika. Izindlulamithi zingama-herbivores kuphela. Nsuku zonke, indlulamthi idla cishe ama-30 kg okudla futhi ichitha amahora angama-16 kuye kwangama-20 ngosuku.
Zonke izilwane zinesici esithile esimangalisayo esihlukanisa phakathi kwezinye. Kunendlulamithi phakathi kwabo enentamo ende. Ngenxa yentamo yakhe, futhi uyisilwane eside kunazo zonke Emhlabeni. Ukukhula kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-6, okuthi kuwo kube amamitha amathathu ewa entanyeni. Ngokumangazayo, kunama-vertebrae ayi-7 kuphela entanyeni yendlulamithi, okungukuthi, njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi abantu kanye nezimungumungwane. Kodwa-ke, i-vertebra ngayinye yendlulamthi yinde kakhulu, kepha ubukhulu be-vertebrae abusiyona imfanelo efana nokulimaza kwendlulamithi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, afakwa kuwo, ngakho indlulamthi kayikwazi ukugoba intamo yayo.
Lapho indlulamithi ifuna ukuphuza, kufanele isakaze imilenze yayo yonke bese ikhothama: intamo yayo, njengenduku.
Kungani indlulamthi inentamo ende kangaka - kufika kumamitha amathathu. Impendulo ilula. Ngakho-ke isilwane sivumelana nezimo zokuphila. Futhi izindlulamthi zihlala e-savannah yase-Afrika. Kukhona amakhambi ambalwa ku-savannah ngakho-ke amaqabunga angukudla okuyinhloko kwezindlulamithi. Zikhula ezihlahleni ezinde. Ngenxa yentamo yayo ende, indlulamthi izithatha kalula ukusuka phezulu kwesihlahla.
Ngaphezu kwentamo, indlulamithi nayo inolimi olude ngokungajwayelekile; ubude bayo bungamasentimitha angama-45.
Ngosizo lwentamo, izindlulamithi zilwa zodwa, futhi zingazivikela nakwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokuzishaya ngekhanda elishayayo.
Isazi sezilwane esaziwayo saseFrance uJean-Baptiste Lamarck, ngokunembile ngoba indlulamthi, esezinhlelweni zokuphila, yamboza amaqabunga aluhlaza emithini yezihlahla zeSavannah, yaba isizathu sokuthi ibe nentamo ende kangako. Wayekholelwa ukuthi lapho indlulamithi inentamo ingekho enkulu kunezinye izilwane, kodwa ngenxa yomkhuba wakhe wokunamathisa amaqabunga amasha ezihlahleni ezinde, kancane kancane welula waba yilokho ayikho manje.
Abanye ososayensi abavumelani nombono kaLamarck, kepha abakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani indlulamithi inentamo ende.
Ngokusho kwesazi sezilwane esivela eNamibia, uRob Nokia, kwavela izintamo ezinde ngenxa yabesilisa abalwa zintamo. Owesilisa onentamo ende uvame ukuwina futhi athole ukunakwa okwengeziwe kwabesifazane, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqizwe inzalo ethe xaxa.
Yini, kanjani futhi ngani ... indlulamithi
Funda futhi uzoba ohambweni lwamapaki futhi uphephe izivakashi “ezizithandayo” kakhulu.
Esithombeni esisekuqaleni kwendatshana, kuvela ama-verobatics ezilwaneni ezinde futhi ezinemilenze emide.
Ngakho-ke, ngokungakhululeki, izindlulamithi kufanele zilale
Ngokudabukisayo, lezi zilwane ezinomusa nezinhle kancane kancane ziyafa futhi maduze nje sezizophela. Eminyakeni engama-30 edlule, sebebe ngu-1/3 ngaphansi. Futhi hhayi ngoba baqothulwa ngabantu nabazingeli, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingelutho.
Impi yombango e-Afrika, inqubekela phambili nokuzingela inyama emnandi akusishiyi izindlulamthi ithuba lokusinda. Izindawo eziye zabiza le ndlu kancane kancane zihlala abantu, amapaki okuhamba nezindawo ezigcinwe kuzo, kuzo zonke izindlela, azoba indawo yazo yaphakade futhi ukuphela kwendawo yokuhlala.
Giraffes kukhona 9 subspecies. Ngokuyisisekelo, bonke bahlala emazweni ase-Afrika: iSomalia, i-Uganda, iZambia, iNingizimu Afrika, iTanzania, iKenya, neMozambiki ... Izizwe eziMpofu nezimpi azikwazi ukunikeza isivikelo kulezi zivikelo ezihle nezinhle.
Kepha, izindlulamithi zizalela kalula ekudingisweni futhi lokhu kusinika ithuba lokuzijabulisa maduze.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezingefani zihlukile ngombala nosayizi wamabala emzimbeni. Usayizi ngamunye nendawo yezindawo ezimnyama kuyinto engafani nomuntu. Kuyaqhathaniswa, njengoba umuntu enezandla zeminwe, nenja iphrinta impumulo.
Abazala abahlanu bezindlulamithi
Azikho izilwane ezihlobene nezindlulamithi, ngaphandle kwe-okapi engandile. Noma bangaphandle bahluke ngokuphelele. Bonke abanye abantu bafa kudala.
Kungani izindlulamthi zinezimpondo
Izingane zizalwa zinesisindo futhi zikhula zinkulu kunesilinganiso somuntu omdala. Ekhanda kukhona izimpondo ezinqobayo, eziba zikhula lapho zikhula.
Into yokuqala efika engqondweni futhi isiza zonke ezinye izilwane - izimpondo zisebenza njengesivikelo komakhelwane abangenabo ubungani. Kepha cha.
Izimpondo zinezindingilizi eziyindilinga futhi ngokuvamile azigoqi hhayi phambili, kepha zibheke ngaphesheya. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uzozivikela ngezembozo ezimbozwe ngezimpondo ngemuva.
Izimpondo zinemiphetho eyindilinga futhi zigobile emuva.
Basikisela ukuthi izimpondo ziyizitho zokucwaninga. Ifa lamadlozi wesibili wabazala be-artiodactyl.
Futhi ezitheni izindlulamithi zivikelwe izinselo zangaphambili, ukushaya kwazo okwazi ukubulala noma yimuphi umhlaseli ngasikhathi sinye.
Kungani indlulamthi inentamo ende kangaka
Ubuwazi ukuthi, ngaphandle kobukhulu bawo obuhlaba umxhwele, intamo yendlulamithi iqukethe ama-vertebrae ayi-7 kuphela! Kufana ncamashi nomuntu. Okumangazayo ukuthi bakhulu kangakanani, abakwa-hypertrophied.
Intamo yenza ukuthi sikwazi ukufinyelela emagatsheni aphezulu ezihlahla namahlahla amade anamaqabunga amnandi kakhulu, nasemabhange asezingeni - emanzini. Futhi bathanda kakhulu ukuphuza. Kufika kumalitha angama-40 indlela ngayinye yokunisela. Kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3.
Futhi iqiniso elithokozisayo: ngendlela indlulamthi edla ngayo amahlamvu, umuntu angahlukanisa owesilisa nowesilisa. Amaduna athande ukushiya ephakeme futhi enwebeka kuyo yonke intamo, futhi izintokazi zikhetha imifino ekhula ezingeni lamehlo futhi iphansi. Ngakho-ke, kuze kudingeke bakhothamele isidlo sakusihlwa.
Inqubo yokufuna ukudla nokudla uqobo ithatha amahora angama-20 ngosuku. Yini enye okufanele bayenze? Balala kancane, ngakho-ke okungenani badle.
Ulimi lwendlulamithi lubude obungama-50 cm
Izindlulamthi zilala kanjani
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isidingo sokulala phakathi kwezindlulamithi sincane kunazo zonke phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni. Bayakwazi ukuzizwa beqinile futhi baphumule ngemuva kwamashumi emizuzu eminingana:
kusuka emizuzwini eyi-10-15 kuya emahoreni amabili
Ngokungafani nendlovu, okuyingozi ukulala ilele phansi, izindlulamithi ziyakwazi ukuphumula ukuma nokulala. Ukusonta intambo emzimbeni.
Inamalini inhliziyo yendlulamithi?
Ukumpompa igazi liye ebuchosheni, indlulamithi idinga nje inhliziyo enamandla. Inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-12 futhi uyakwazi ukupompela igazi ngejubane lama-60 l / min!
Ngokukhula okunjalo, isilwane asikwazi ukwenza ukuthambekela okubukhali kanye ne-strobatic strts. Ukugcwala okungazelelwe kugcwele ukufa.
Kepha imvelo yanakekela: igazi lendlulamithi liyabonakala futhi liwugqinsi. Futhi, ukuvala ama-valves emithanjeni kuholela entanyeni. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo, indlulamithi isindiswa oguqukweni olubukhali lokucindezela nokufa.
Ukunisela kwendlulamithi okungalungile
Ngabe indlulamithi ayinalo izwi?
Kungabonakala kunjalo, kepha kunjalo. Indlebe yomuntu imane ayihlukanisi imisindo ngezansi kwe-20 Hz.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi kuthiwani uma bethi izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngabantu lapho?
Ulimi lwezindlulamnyama ngombala omnyama futhi ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-0.5! Hawu, isitho esinjalo sokuhlafuna ukudla yinde.
Izindlulamithi zihamba ngesinyathelo esikhethekile. Hhayi njengamahhashi nama-artiodactyls amaningi, kepha ekuqaleni baphakamisa izinyawo ezimbili zesobunxele, bese kuthi ezimbili ezesokudla (hhayi nge-diagonally). Kumahhashi, isinyathelo esinjalo sibizwa ngokuthi i-amble noma i-gait esheshayo. Ushesha ukwedlula i-trot ejwayelekile.
Mhlawumbe yingakho izindlulamithi zingesabi ukujaha:
- Bafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-55-60 km / h.
- Isisindo sendlulamithi cishe ithani eli-1 futhi ukuphakama kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-6.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, bekukholelwa ukuthi indlulamithi ikamela esikhunjeni sezingwe.
Manje ekuhambeni noma e-zoo, lapho uhlangana nendlulamithi, ungazama ukulalela izingxoxo zabo futhi uthole ezinye izimfihlo zempilo yamadoda amade abambe izintambo.