Esikhathini infraorder ahlangene ngaphansi igama jikelele carnosaurs, kufaka phakathi abamele izinyamazane ezixakile ze-Taz theropods, ezazihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zePangea yasendulo ebabazekayo kusukela ekugcineni kwe-Triassic kuya kwinhlekelele yomhlaba wonke eyenzeka ekuqaleni kweMesozoic nePaleogene, lapho bonke bafa ngaphandle komkhondo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamadayinaso.
Incazelo carnosaurs
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule e iqembu le-infra-group "carnosaurs" kwakuwumkhuba ukuba ukwethula zonke bipedal okuzingela theropods ube nentamo emfushane. Kodwa, kwacaca ukuthi kamuva, abameleli abaningi kuleli qembu kukhona ukungezwani phakathi amaningi kakhulu abalulekile, owawuthi leli qembu kwanqunywa sekuchaza. Ekuqhubekeni kwalokhu kusatshalaliswa, kungukuphela kwangempela okusele eqenjini abameleli carnosaursukuthi ahlangane zonke izidingo zokunikwa esemqoka yalolu infraorder. Ikakhulu, laba babengabazingeli, ababenobukhulu obukhulu (amamitha ayi-13 gigantosaurus) futhi bancane ngokwamanani wesikhathi (amamitha ayi-5 gosaosaurus). Zonke abameleli kwadingeka omkhulu ubude skull amabhokisi, nemihlathi ayenendawo namazinyo angababulali emise ibheke maqondana emphinjeni, ngawo isisulu angase kuklebhukile kakhulu ngempumelelo. Babedla kuphela ngosizo emihlathini yazo toothy, kusukela forelimbs cha lamula them nale ngesizathu esilula ukuthi sebehlala mancane osayizi, futhi kwakuvame iminwe evelele ezimbili kuphela, phambili insaliwe.
U-fig. 1 - Carnosaurs
Kodwa nasemilenzeni indluzelekazi we carnosaurs abangu kakhulu athuthukile. Kanye nomsila, babonisa ukusekelwa okuhle komzimba omkhulu, futhi lapho behamba, babevumela ukushesha nokugxuma. Ngokusho ososayensi, ezinye carnosaurs wathutha ngokukhethekile ukweqa, ezifana ezivamile esikhathini Jurassic, le allosaurus.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Tyrannosaurus ukuthi wahlala yonke indawo eyodwa noma enye zinhlobo Jurassic futhi Cretaceous neminye theropods, eyayibonakala futhi ngaphambili kubhekwe ukuba omunye carnosaurs, athola le infraorder futhi ngabelwa coelurosaurids futhi abelizaurids.
Izigatshana ze-infraorder of carnosaurs
I infraorder ka carnosaurs ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Allozavroid, Amatekisi amaningi kakhulu, aqukethe iningi lama-theropods aqhakambisa ababekhona kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-170 kuya kwengama-70 kuze kube manje, ngaphandle kwamafomu angaphambili angaphandle ayekhona ngesikhathi seLate Triassic ne-Early Jurassic. Omele bokuqala carnosaurs allosauroid angabhekwa, isibonelo, poquilopleuron.
- CarcharodontosaurusAbamele babo obekuyizinhlobo zakamuva zamanye ama-allosaurids, ahlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu kunabo bonke, futhi behlala bobabili emkhakheni wezwekazi lase-Afrika nasezindaweni eziseNingizimu Melika, ezase-Australia kanye nezingxenye zase-Asia nase-Yurobhu zasendulo, ezangena esikhathini sokwehlukana kwePangea. Omunye abameleli kwamuva kanye eziseqophelweni carcharodontosaurus iyona orcoraptor ahlala bangaphambi omkhulu yokuqothulwa Cretaceous kwezinhlobo.
Stunt
Isikhathi eside, ama-theropods e-carnivorous azamile ukubamba ukukhula ama-sauropods e-herbivorous, ayanda ngokwanda ngosayizi, ngoba kwakuwukudla kwawo okuyinhloko, futhi ngokuzingela okuphumelelayo kwawo kwakudinga ukulingana ngosayizi. Kodwa, njengoba kugujwa ukufakaza, abahlukumezi lasendulo, futhi carnosaurs ngokukhethekile, wanquma ngokuzumayo ezikhulayo stop. Lokhu kwakungenxa ngenxa yokuphila. Isibindi esikhulu se-sauropod sasi ngenxa yokudla kwabo nokuthi iqiniso lokuthi kwakulula ngabo ukuthola ukudla. Ukuze uthole ngokwanele ukudla kungahambi, okwakukhona izihlahla nezinye izimila, awumdingi lobubhalo ekhethekile. Carnosaurs, kunalokho, ayikwazanga yini ngaphandle ijubane, ubungqabavu, futhi ukuhamba ngokweqile, njengoba enye yayineminyaka ezizingelayo, futhi ukuphila kwazo kwakuxhomeke ngqo impumelelo ekuzingeleni. Futhi ukuze sibhekane nomuntu ohlukunyeziwe, kwakudingeka kusheshe ikakhulukazi, kodwa hhayi ukukala isisindo kangangokuba umthwalo waba umthwalo. Kwaba kakade akulula kangako ukuhlakaza umzimba omkhulu kakhulu, futhi enjalo ezinkulu ezizingelayo, isibonelo, allosaurus esifanayo, wayevele izinkinga ngempumelelo kokumisa ngesivinini, futhi ucabangela ukuthi bashiya ezimweni eziningi by ukweqa, ngokweqile ukhuluphele kwakugcwele zonke izinhlobo ukulimala kanye waphuka.
Ngaphandle kwalesi silinganiso usayizi carnosaur ezazinamandla ngaphakathi amathani 5-6, nge obuphelele umzimba 10-12 amamitha. Imvamisa, lapho ishesha, ibisebenza njengenqama eshayayo, ngokushesha igxume amabutho amancane ezinyawo ezinyaweni zawo, futhi ngemuva kokuyidabula ngokwahlukana ngamazinyo ayo abukhali anjenge-dagger. Njengoba singabona ekumbeni, lokhu usayizi kwakwanele ukuba ukuqhuba umsebenzi wokufuna ngempumelelo ngempela. Nge namasayizi amakhulu, baba Clumsy, ngokuvamile ayikwazanga ukuthola kude jaha, noma ijahe inyamazane, futhi ezimweni eziningi, lapho ehamba ngesivinini ephakeme, engakhubekisa futhi bayalimala, ngezinye izikhathi beba ebulalayo ngabo.
Izici zezakhiwo zeCarnosaurs
ikhanda Carnosaurus lalilikhulu kakhulu ngoba, ngokungabi bikho forelimbs, okwakukhona cishe engenamsebenzi ngenxa yobukhulu bawo amancane, wawuhloselwe lezi zilwane ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba isikhali ukubulala kanye indlela ngazo ezohlatshwa yimpango yabo. Kepha ubukhulu bekhanda abunxelwanga ama-carnosaurs ngokwakhiwa ngokweqile kwemisipha yomgogodla, njengakwamanye amadina amaningi, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-trachodonts e-herbivorous, afana kakhulu ngokubukeka kwama-carnosaurs ngesakhiwo. Endabeni carnosaurs, ikhanda labo wayelinganisela ngumuntu umsila okukhulu. imisipha Extensor ngemuva carnosaurs baba buthakathaka kunakwezinye izinhlobo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuyacaca ukuthi kulezi zilwanyana eziphindaphindayo umzimba wawucishe ube sesimweni somhlaba, endaweni yokuphumula eqondile babephumula emsileni omkhulu, kuthi lapho bedla, besesimweni esithambekele, babambe isikhundla somzimba lapho ukusiza ukulawula esiphelele yakho umsila-balancer.
Fig. 2 - Amathambo we-carnosaurus
Ukhalo, ngokungafani kuya emuva kuqhathaniswa ababuthakathaka, ikakhulukazi carnosaurs ngobukhulu, umcengezi Wayemele ukwakheka okunamandla futhi okuphelele, ngoba ukunyakaza kwalesi isidumbu esikhulu kwakususelwa kuyo. Yayiphumelela kakhulu, ifakwe imisipha eziqine, sithwele isikhungo lapho umzimba wonke wayehlezi. amaphiko Crest, ngokungafani nemisipha, nayo yathuthukiswa kahle. It wayevela kusukela side amathambo iliac bebuthanela phezulu, kwadingeka umthambo emigodini ejulile ezinhlangothini, nasendaweni Fusion pubic amathambo pubic kwakukhona okukhulu isando-like ukuqina.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izisekelo zeso skulls carnosaurs atholiwe lemahlanganweni Yekhanda, futhi, njengoba abangu, protruded kwangaphandle, futhi lokhu kwenza ilungelo bathi lolu hlobo dinosaur kwadingeka umbono Binocular stereoscopic, elifana nalelo ezincelisayo eziningi zalezi zinsuku, kuhlanganise nabantu. umbono okunjalo lwangisiza kakhulu kunoma nomzingeli onokuhlakanipha ungathanda ukubala ngokunembile trajectory lapho ngigxuma noma isiteleka.
Intamo yama-carnosaurs lalinabashumayeli enamandla, isicaba futhi osuke usuvulekile amathambo, amasayithi ithambo articular izikhungo of ebonisa ukuthi ngendlela ejwayelekile yekhanda laso silwane kwaba ngokunembile esimweni saso ephakeme, okungukuthi, ikhanda kwaba engela obtuse mayelana umugqa oyinhloko sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Ngisho kule isakhiwo amathambo wesibeletho, kuba sobala ukuthi izilwane ikakhulukazi ayikwazanga aziqhayise ngezinto yena turning ikhanda kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzingela, inqama yenqama idilizwe emzimbeni wonke, noma lesi silwane singase sihlehlise isisulu, sisikaze ngomgogodla ovuthayo ngejubane eliphelele. Ososayensi abaningi ngokuvamile uyavuma ukuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana allosaurs ehlaselwa isisulu ngenhla gxuma, nokugumbuqela isitha emhlabathini ne isisindo omkhulu emzimbeni yabo. Mhlawumbe yingakho, zonke igobolondo-like Dinosaurs futhi igcwele uhlobo ukuvikelwa ngenhla. Endabeni yama-stegosaurs, le kwakuyimigqa emibili yezakhiwo ezicijile ezenziwe ngesihlangu ezibheke phezulu, esimweni sama-ankylosaurs, ukuphuma okuhlukahlukene kwethambo kuma-steoderms. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi sauropod osebenzisa kwesikhathi Cretaceous zivikelwe zonke izinhlobo okwakheke zokuzivikela.
Carnosaurus Izibonelo
I-Poekloplevron
Omunye izinhlobonhlobo allozavroids zokuqala kwakukhona poquilopleuron. Kwakuyisikhathi esikhulu theropod, nge evuthiwe nemilenze yangemuva, kodwa atrophied ngokuphelele ngaphambili, ukufinyelela cm 60 ngesikhathi imitha-10 emzimbeni obuphelele. Wayehlala Ephakathi kwesikhathi Jurassic ensimini ka France yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-poeklopleuron ngokusobala isebenzise lezi zibandule ezinde njengokuthi "izingalo", okungukuthi, yayisebenzisela ukondliwa nezinye izidingo, ngenxa yalokho yathuthukiswa ngokumangazayo ngalolu hlobo lwama-allosaurids, okuthi ekugcineni i-forelimbs ibuye iphenduke i-osecial engafunwanga ngokuphelele izinqubo. Libuye ephawulekayo ukuthi ayikho inqubo ulnar ku ithambo ulnar ngakho.
I-Gigantosaurus
Omunye abameleli elikhulu carnosaurs futhi theropods bebonke. Ubude wathola ngobukhulu ngabanye okwamanje e inhlabathi Upper Cretaceous inkathi ilingana 13.2 m. Ezingaphezu gigantosaur ngobukhulu yayimane nje tyrannosaurs futhi spinosaurs, lafinyelela ubude 14 no-15 metres, ngokulandelana.
Uvelele obala ngenani eliphelele lama-carnosaurs amakhulu amakhulu anensangu, obhekwa njengoyena mude kunabo bonke abokuqala abaziwayo bezilwane zasendulo. Usayizi skull we wathola ngobukhulu umuntu 2 m, okuyinto eside 50 cm kuka ugebhezi we Tyrannosaurus ngobukhulu.
Fig. I-3 - I-Carnosaurus Giantosaurus
Ukwahlulela nge Ukwakheka kohlelo lwamathambo of the system zemisipha lokhu carnosaurus, futhi isekelwe yokuthi ubude tibia yayo futhi kunawo wonke kwaba cishe okufanayo, wagijima kangako. Kodwa njengoba ososayensi abakubheka isisulu sakhe esikhulu ukuba omkhulu, futhi ngakho-ke ngokweqile kancane, izibankwakazi wangaleyo nkathi we Titanosaurs, akazange uludinga. Lesi sikhulu sisinda cishe amathani ayi-8, (ngokusho kososayensi abaningi, isisindo saso singafinyelela kumathani ayi-13), futhi ngenxa yalokho noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okungalungile ngejubane elikhulu kungaholela ekuweni nasekulimaleni okwalandela.
Ugebhezi le gigantosaurus, ngaphezu lingakanani, naye zihlukaniswa yokuthi kwadingeka emikhulu eyinqaba kusukela emakhaleni, edlulisela phakathi omise nesiphetho ngesikhathi occipital ingxenye. Lokhu okwakhiwe kuqhathaniswa abukhali wakhonza njengomdala ithuluzi ezengeziwe empini, futhi kwandise amandla Yekhanda uqobo.
I-Orcoraptor
Lokhu ezihlukahlukene carnosaurs uvele ngaphambi kwelanga inkathi dinosaur. Zonke uyathola we orcoraptors esukela emuva ekupheleni Cretaceous futhi ezangesikhathi eminyakeni million 70-65 BC. Kwakuyi-dinosaur ethuthuke kakhulu yobukhulu obuphakathi (amamitha ayi-6) ekwakhiweni komzimba kanye nesistimu yemisipha. Ngongqimba 500 kg, wayengumuntu ngempela beshesha futhi eyingqabavu, owaguqula kuye ibe real ephelele ukubulala umshini. Uma ekuqa- le Cretaceous kanye Paleogene ngoba izibankwakazi le "Ukuphela Kwezwe" yasekuqaleni wahlala imfihlo ngoba ososayensi, kungenzeka ukuthi lolu hlobo dinosaur e ngandlela-thile nakanjani esiphila kuze kube namuhla.
I-Carnosaurus - izici zezinhlobo
Carnosaurus zihlukaniswa nemilenze ezinkulu indluzelekazi futhi phambi iDemo. Eqinisweni, ukubukeka kwazo kufana ne-kangaroo yesimanje, ephindwe kayishumi futhi elungele ukudonsa inyama. isikhali yabo kuphela wayeyinhloko, ngoba forelimbs ababuthakathaka ayikwazanga ukuyisiza likhiphe isisulu ngaphandle. Kungenzeka ukuthi wagxumela phezu isisulu, ukukugaya nge mass yabo.
Ama-Carnosaurs umbono ngamademoni stereoscopic (umuntu has uhlobo ezifanayo umbono). By the way, ugebhezi kwadingeka emalungeni yangaphakathi ukuthi avunyelwe phambi yayo ukuhambisa isihlobo ngemuva. Ubukhulu balolu hlobo lwe-dinosaur babunjengokulandelayo: ubude bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-14, nesisindo - ngamathani angama-7.
Imisipha esengxenyeni Ukuqina sekuyenzeka itholwe amathambo abo, othi dinosaur carnosaurus uthuthelwe esimweni esigoqekile ngenxa yomthwalo omkhulu emgogodleni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo se-skeleton of a carnosaurus kakhulu efana amathambo ka trachodonts (inyoni-like ngabanye). Kodwa kunomehluko phakathi, isibonelo, isikhundla trochanter wesi-4 kunawo wonke. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esingajwayelekile, esasinikeza ubude obukhulu bomlenze, i-carnosaurus yakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu.
Iqembu lalinabashumayeli amaqembu 2:
• Allosauroids - iningi zinhlobo, ngaphandle bakudala kakhulu,
• I-Carcharodontosauria - yayihlala esikhathini se-Cretaceous e-Asia, eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Australia.
Carnotaurus
Carnotaurus - "Inkunzi ethokozisayo"
Inkathi khona: isikhathi Cretaceous - 90 mln - 100. ln
squad: Lizopharyngeal
Isizinda: Theropods
theropod Common izici:
- uhambe ngemilenze yasemuva enamandla
- edla inyama
- Umlomo behlome ngemibese eziningi abukhali, izimisele owangaphakathi namazinyo
Ubukhulu:
Ubude 7.5 m
ukuphakama 3,5 m
isisindo 2,5 t
Nutrition: Okunye inyama dinosaur
Kutholakele: 1985, i-Argentina
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3589/dinozavri-karnozavri-4CC15E3.jpg)
Carnotaurus kuyingxenye iqembu Dinosaurs ngokuthi carnosaurs. Iqembu elifanayo lifaka izibankwakazi ezidume kakhulu nezidla igazityrannosaur, tarbosaurus, i-allosaurus futhi njll). Zonke carnosaurs anenhloko omkhulu futhi forelegs iDemo. Kodwa i-carnotaurus inezici ezithile ezihlukile. Phakathi kwezihlobo, izimpondo zitholakala ngaphezu kwamehlo.
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Isigaxa esincanyana se-carnosaurus sinwetshiselwe phezulu, ukuze amehlo aphendukele kancane eceleni, okusho ukuthi i-dinosaur ingaba nombono we-binocular, njenge-tyrannosaurus.
Isici sici carnotaurus babe esifushane, flat, izimpondo elise ngokuqondile ngenhla kwamehlo. Izimpondo kokulimala esitshekile phambili. Ngokungafani nama-dinosaurs wangempela anezimpondo, njengama-triceratops, ama-carnotaurus awakwazanga ukusebenzisa izimpondo ezincane ezinjengezikhali. Sasingekho isidingo salokho. Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi lezi zimpondo zambozwa nge-cornea, okuyinto zibukeke anda kubo. Kungenzeka ukuthi izimpondo zikhonze "ukukhomba" idayinaso phakathi kohlobo lwayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi esilisa carnotaurus sinezimpondo isikhathi eside kunaleso izinsikazi, njengendluzele yesimanje.
isakhiwo umzimba:
I-carnotaurus yayisinda njengemoto futhi yayikhula njengendlovu. Wagijima ngezinyawo ezimbili. A emgogodleni eside, efana ugodo omkhulu, aphethwe lonke isisindo umzimba omkhulu. Amandla ongezekile ahlinzekwa izimbambo eziqinile, eziboshwe ngababili ku-vertebra ngayinye ukusuka emahlombe kuya okhalweni. Long imilenze kwemisipha wavumela carnosaurus ukusebenzisa ngokushesha kunokuba nabanye abameleli eziningi iqembu carnosaurs. I forelimbs babe ezincane, njengabanye carnotaurs. Lapho uhamba, umsila omude futhi omsipha wasiza i-carnotaur ilondoloze ibhalansi. Tail wakhonza
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3589/dinozavri-karnozavri-8AD3638.jpg)
Ukuzingela:
Ezingela izilwane ezinkulu, i-carnotaur yafaka ikhanda lakhe engqondo yangempela yegama. Ukuzivikela, isitha singawubhidliza noma siwubambe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-carnosaurus ayizange ihlasele izilwane ezinobukhulu obufanayo noma ezinkulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, wakhetha isisulu esincane noma esithe xaxa ephathekayo, esisebenzisa ngokugcwele ukubuka okuhle kwamehlo kanye nekhono lokugijima amabanga amafushane ngokushesha. I-carnosaurus yahlasela ngaso leso sikhathi isisulu kusuka ekuqamekeleni futhi sayishaya noma sayibamba ngezikhafu ezibukhali, futhi masinyane yaklebhula inyama yayizicucu ngamazinyo ayo.