Igama lesi Latin: | I-Dryocopus martius |
Igama lesiNgisi: | I-Woodpecpecker emnyama |
Isigcawu: | I-Woodpeckers (i-piciformes) |
Umndeni: | I-Woodpeckers (i-Picidae) |
Ubude bomzimba, cm: | 45–47 |
I-Wingspan, cm: | 64–68 |
Isisindo somzimba, g: | 250–370 |
Izici: | Umbala we-plumage, izwi, "isigubhu roll" |
Inani, izinkulungwane ngazibini: | 210–265,5 |
Isimo Sokuqapha: | CEE 1, BERNA 2 |
Indawo yokuhlala: | Ukubuka kwehlathi |
Ngokwengeziwe: | Incazelo yaseRussia yezinhlobo |
IZhelna yi-Woodpecker enkulu kunazo zonke yaseYurophu. I-plumage imnyama ngokuphelele, iqhathanisa kahle nekhanda elibomvu lekhanda kwabesilisa kanye ne-red nape kwabesifazane. Endizeni, iyabonakala ngamaphiko ayindilinga kahle nomsila omude, okhombe. Ubaba ujwayelekile kuma-Woodpeckers, ama-zygodactyl (iminwe emibili ekhomba phambili neminwe emibili emuva). Ukwakheka kwe "lobes" kuyinto ebonakalisayo - cishe unxande oluvame ukwelulwa kusuka phezulu kuya phansi.
Ukubhebhetheka. Uhlobo luhlala futhi luzulazule, lumelwe e-Eurasia ngama-subspecies ayi-2. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, kwasatshalaliswa ngokwehlukana. E-Italy, inani labantu abahlala ezintabeni zohlobo lwe-Alps naseningizimu engxenyeni ephakathi ye-Apennines liziimbambo eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,3,3; kunomkhuba wokukhulisa uhla kulezi zindawo.
Habitat. Izilokotho emahlathini acijile futhi ahlanganisiwe, emahlathini amadala we-beech endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-900-1,000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ibhayoloji. Ifomu lababili ekupheleni kobusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungezwa "isigubhu sokugubhu" siphelezelwa ukukhamuluka okubonakalayo. Owesifazane uvame ukuphela kukaMashi ubeka amaqanda amhlophe ayi-4-6. Bobabili abazali bazishisela izinsuku eziyi-12-16. Amathanga ashiya imbobo eneminyaka engama-24 kuya kwengama-24 ubudala. I-clutch eyodwa ngonyaka. Inyoni iyaqaphela, izwi liyakhala noma lilile. “Ingxenyana” inyoni ekhipha, ingqongqoza esiqwini, izwakala amabanga amakhulu. Indiza, ngokungafani nezinye izinkuni, ayichazi, ifana nendiza yokhuni lomsedari.
Iqiniso elihehayo. Umnyango ophuzi ophuzi unobukhulu obuyisiyingi noma obunxande obungamasentimitha ayi-12-9,5,5. Izikebhe zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinye izilwane: izikhova, ezinye izinyamazane kanye nomphakathi nezinambuzane.
I-Woodpecpecker emnyama, noma ophuzi (I-Dryocopus martius)
YINI UKUDLA
UZhelna udla kakhulu izintuthwane. Le nyoni ithanda izintuthwane ezinkulu ezinesifuba ezibomvu, kepha ayizideleli ezinye izilwane, ezivame ukwehlela emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwezintuthwane, ukudla kwe-Woodpecker enkulu emnyama kufaka izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, izibungu zazo ne-pupae. Ezihlahleni eziphilayo nezifile, ufuna izimbungulu, azithola ngaphansi kwegxolo ngomlomo omude. Lapho efuna ukudla, umdwebi omnyama ukhipha ufudu futhi ahlwithe amagxolo ezihlahleni ezifile. Le nyoni ihambela izindatshana ibambe izinambuzane ngolimi lwayo olunamathelayo. UZhelna uthanda izintuthwane ezinkulu kangangokuba angabamba amahora amaningi kuthotho, akhiphe kuzo hhayi izintuthwane nje kuphela, kepha nezibungu zazo. Ithola isihlahla esonakaliswe kabi ezinye izibungu, i-Woodpecker igawula amagxolo kuso ikhiphe izinambuzane ngokushaya kogongolo lwayo. Kwezinye izifunda, ukudla okuphuzi okungamaphesenti angama-99 kwenziwa izintuthwane. Kwezinye izindawo, izinkuni ezikumenyu ophuzi, kanye nezintuthwane, zifaka izibungu zezimvemvane nezinye izinambuzane ezindizayo. Ebusika, ukhetha izintuthwane nezinyosi, azisuse ezindongeni.
Ukusikisela
Abadala baphuzi ngamunye ngamunye. NgoMashi, lapho kuqala isikhathi sokuzalela kwama-Woodpeckers amnyama, owesilisa udonsela ukunakekela kowesifazane ngokushaya emasondweni owomile ngoqhwaku lwalo, oluzwakala kahle. Ukukhala kwabesilisa - “mahhala-mahhala” - kuzwakala ehlathini kude. Ngokuvamile, abesilisa benza umsindo “we-keeee”, osikhumbuza nge-purr. Ngemuva kokudalwa kombhangqwana, izinkuni ezimnyama zingabonakala zindiza zisuka esihlahleni ziye kwesinye futhi zijaha omunye komunye esiqwini sesihlahla, zihamba ngokujikeleza. Izinyoni zindiza ngalandelana bese sigubhu esihlahleni, bese “sikhothama”. Abesilisa, lapho behlangana nokucasuka, banikina amakhanda bese besabisa omunye ngomlomo wabo. Owesilisa uyathandeka umema okhethiweyo "efeni" lakhe. Lapha insikazi ihlola imbobo futhi ikhethe okulula kakhulu. Uma imbobo inganqunyelwe, izinyoni ndawonye zithatha umsebenzi.
UZhelny uvame ukufaka imigodi eminingana lapho alala khona ngokuhlukile. Emavikini angama-3-4, ophuzi ubeka imbobo efinyelela ku-40 cm ukujula nama-22 cm ububanzi. Ngemuva kokuthi ukwakhiwa sekuqediwe, umlingani wezidleke ze-Woodpecker, futhi ngokushesha insikazi ibeka amaqanda ayi-2-6. Bazala basebenzise ubumbano ngokushintshana, beshintsha cishe njalo amahora amabili. Njengoba ukufukelwa kungahlali isikhathi eside, amaphuphu azalwa ebuthakathaka: isisindo sawo munye ngamunye sinama-g angama-9. Okokuqala, ukondla amachwane angenasizo akulula kubazali, kuthi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 amantshontsho adinge ukudla ngamandla. Abazali banakekela amachwane ashiye isidleke isikhathi esithile.
LAPHO UKUPHILA
Ama-Yellow, noma amnyama izinkuni, ahlala cishe kuwo wonke amahlathi aseYurophu nase-Asia. Zihlala zombili amahlathi anqumayo futhi ahlanganayo futhi axutshwe, enikeza ukuthandwa okuthandwa kakhulu ngamahlathi amakhulu amakhulu. Yonke indawo kugcinwa izindawo eziphuzi, zimbozwe ngamahlathi amade amade. Imvamisa kakhulu le mikhakha etholakala ezingosini zemililo yasehlathini yangaphambili.
I-Woodpeckers isidleke imvamisa emahlathini ama-beech nezihlahla zikaphayini, noma kunjalo umgodi wazo ungabonakala naseziqu ze-spruce, juniper kanye ne-larch. Phambi kwezihlahla ezilungele izidleke, izidleke eziphuzi ngisho nasemapaki. Lezi zinyoni ezinamahloni futhi ezinakekele kakhulu zesaba ukuqhuma okuncane. Akuvamile ukuba izidleke eduze kwezindlu zabantu.
Ukuba khona kwe-Woodpecpecker emnyama kukhonjiswa kusuka kude ngumuntu ovame ukungqongqoza egatsheni elomile, kanye nemisindo yalo ephakeme. Kukaningi ngizwa ngiphuzi kunokubona. I-Woodpecker emnyama ikhuphuka ngobuqili ngeziqu zezihlahla, inamathela emagxolweni ngezihlakala eziqinile - zisiza kakhulu inyoni ekufuneni ukudla.
Ngenkathi ukhipha umgodi futhi uzingela izinambuzane, ukhuni omnyama ubambeka egxolweni bese uphumula emsileni olukhuni. Ifuna ukudla, i-woodpecker ephuzi ihlala indiza isuka kwesinye isihlahla iye kwesinye, ngenkathi ikhala ngendlela ethile.
IJografi yokuhlala
Ungabona lezi zinyoni ezinhle kuphela endaweni ye-Eurasia. Indawo abahlala kuyo amahlathi nezinyathelo zamahlathi ezisukela ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nezisempumalanga ye-Iberian peninsula kuya eKamchatka, ugu loLwandle lwaseJapan nesiqhingi saseSakhalin. Indawo esenyakatho impela lapho lezi zinyoni zabonwa khona yisifunda se-Arctic Circle esePeninsula yaseScandinavia.
Indawo ye-Woodpecpecker emnyama.
Entshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, e-Asia Minor, abantu abamnyama be-Woodpecker bahlakazeka kakhulu futhi, njengomthetho, bahlanganiswe emahlathini acwebile nasendaweni exubile. Inani elikhulu labantu labonwa eGreater Caucasus naseTranscaucasia, ogwini loLwandle lweCaspian. Kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, yi-Itali kuphela engakwazi “ukuziqhayisa” inani elikhulu labantu abamnyama bezinkuni - ngababili ngabathathu. EMpumalanga Yurophu, izinyoni zande eRussia, Belarus nase-Ukraine.
Ama-Woodpecpecter amnyama ahlala phansi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ebusika izinyoni zingenza izindiza ezincane ngaphesheya kwemingcele ye-biotopes yazo. Bancamela ukuhlala emahlathini avuthiwe agqamile, imvamisa ahlanganayo futhi axutshwe, angavamile ukusakazeka kakhulu. Inokuzinza zombili ngokuqhubekayo amaseru we-taiga kanye naseziqhingini "ezincane" zehlathi, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho naphakathi kwethambeka. Imvamisa, ama-woodpeckers nawo ahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile noma ezindaweni ezinezihlahla ezinesifo noma ezibolile; zivame ukutholakala emahlathini ngemuva kwemililo.
Emahlathini aseYurophu asezintabeni, ama-woodpeckers amnyama anikeza izintambo kumahlathi ahlanganisiwe anama firs, izihlahla ze-beech kanye namahlathi ezinkuni alawulwa yi-larch, i-spruce kanye nomsedari.
Ama-Woodpeckers amnyama nawo angahlala endaweni ephakeme ngokwanele, ngakho-ke kwii-Alps zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle. I-Woodpecker nayo ingahlala emahlathini, lapho abantu bevame ukuhamba khona, lapho ungahlangana khona nomuntu, le nyoni ayinamahloni. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kuvame ukufiseleka ukuba kuxazululwe ku-zone zone nasezigcawini, noma ngabe kunabantu abaningi lapho. Iqhude elilodwa lamapulangwe amnyama angahlala kumahektare amahlathi angama-400.
Insikazi iphuzi ngesigaxa esibolile.
Ukubukeka
Ama-Woodpeckers amnyama ahlaba umxhwele ngosayizi, okwesibili kuphela ukubopha, kepha ngokungafani nalokhu okwenziwe kamuva, ama-Woodpeckers anomzimba ophakeme futhi omnandi ngokwengeziwe, intamo ende emincane nezimpaphe ezinde zomsila. Ubude be-Woodpecker emnyama bufika ku-50 cm, ngenkathi isisindo sayo singama-250-180 amagremu, kanti amaphiko ahlukahluka ukusuka kuma-63 kuye kuma-81 cm.
Kwiduna elivuthiwe, zonke izimpaphe zibunjiwe ziphuzi mnyama ngombala, okuhlukile kuphela kwengxenye yekhanda - kukhona indawo ebomvu ekhanyayo kuyo, uhlobo “lwesigqoko” oluqala phansi kwesihloko somlomo luphele ngemuva kwekhanda.
Kwabesifazane, umbala we-plumage nawo uphuzi njengombala, nokho, ngokungafani nabesilisa, izimpaphe zine-tint brownish, futhi akukho-luster, i- "cap" ebomvu ekhanda incane kakhulu - ifaka kuphela ingxenye ye-occipital.
Uqhwaku lwenyoni engwevu luqinile futhi luqinile, luyindilinga futhi luqondile futhi luqondile, i-mandible iphuzi. Amaphayi nemilenze kungwephuzi okwesibhakabhaka. Amehlo e-woodpecpecker amhlophe impela futhi abonakala kakhulu, umbala we-iris umhlophe noma ophuzi.
Abantu abasha empeleni abahlukile kwabavuthiwe, umehluko usemapumini kuphela futhi umbala weplamu ungaphezulu, ngaphandle kokukhanya. Ebantwini abangakakhuli, i-chin ine-gint grey, kanti i- "cap" ebomvu ingahle ingekho ngokuphelele noma icashile, uqhwaku lwentwana luyakhonjwa ngaphezulu, bese lupendiwe ngombala opinki.
Isimo esikhethekile sgebhezi sici sibonisa ophuzi - ubukhona bemisipha emikhulu yezilokazana, abangenawo amanye ama-woodpeckers, ubukhona babo buchazwa ngokuguquka njalo kwekhanda liye ezinhlangothini.
Ufuna ukuthola ukudla, ngokwesithombe ungacabanga umthelela weqhina lakhe.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
I-Ornithologists ihlukanisa izingxenyana ezimbili ezivela ku-Woodpecker emnyama - okuyi-subspecies eqokiwe, evame kakhulu ne-Eshiya, ehlala eningizimu nentshonalanga yeChina kanye neTibet. Ama-subspecies wokugcina abonakala ngombala omnyama ogcwele futhi ojulile ngombala, futhi izinyoni ngokwazo zivame ukuba zinkulu. Ukubhalwa phansi okuqokiwe kuphawulwa ngokwanda kosayizi bezinyoni ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga.
Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO, UKWAZI.
- UZhelna uphuza lawo manzi emvula anqwabelana ekucindezelweni osebeni lwezihlahla ezindala nasemigodini yawo.
- I-Woodpecker emnyama yabonwa ezintabeni zaseTibet endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-4000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
- Ngaphansi kwezimpaphe, i-Woodpecker endala ayinayo phansi. Izimpaphe zale Woodpecker zilukhuni kakhulu, zikhonjwa emaphethelweni. Umsila olukhuni uhlinzeka ukwesekwa okuthembekile ngenkathi ukhipha umgodi. Ukuphaphama kwezimpaphe ezizimele ezithile ezenziwe ngendlela yethayili nakho kuqinile.
- Amakhala ezinhlobo eziningi zama-woodpeckers embozwe izixhaxaka zezimpaphe, okwenza ukuvikeleka ekungangeni kothuli nothuli.
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni, zinesikhumba esinzima kakhulu, esivikela inyoni ekulimaleni kwezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izintuthwane ezihlala ngokhuni, eziyondla kakhulu.
- Lapho kubekwa embobeni kuyiphuzi kuvame ukuchitha kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-17.
- Ekupheleni kolimi olude, ophuzi unamabhangqa angama-4-5 ezinhlanganisela zokunambitha ezinenalithi. Kukuzo izinambuzane ezinamathela kuzo. Ngakho-ke, i-woodpecker iyabakhipha kwizimbobo ezisethombeni.
UKUCHAZWA NGJELLY
Inyoni yabadala: usayizi weqhude, amapayipi amnyama, amehlo nomlomo kulula. Owesilisa unenhloko ebomvu ekhanda, lowesifazane une-nape ebomvu.
Hollow: Itholakala ekuphakameni okungamamitha ayi-7-15 ukusuka emhlabathini, ibanzi, inegobolondo eliyi-oval noma i-rectangular hole.
- Habitat ophuzi
LAPHO UKUPHILA
UZhelna uhlala kuyo yonke indawo e-Eurasia: ukusuka enyakatho yeSpain kanye neNhlonhlo yeScandinavia kuya eJapan.
UKUVIKELA NOKUVIKELA
Nginamahloni futhi ngiyaqaphela. Inika ukukhetha hhayi emahlathini acijile kodwa aqinile. Le nyoni isatshalaliswa kulo lonke uhla.
IGreater Woodpecker Zhelna. 03.03.12. Ividiyo (00:02:16)
Le Woodpecker emnyama enhle yahlangatshezwa epaki eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMoscow. Nsuku zonke kule ntwasahlobo ka-2012 besizihambele ngezinyawo sizwa imvula enhle, iqonde imvula. Sonke lesikhathi babezibuza ukuthi ngubani. Ilandelwa phansi yabona ukuthi lena yindawo enkulu emnyama ye-Woodpecker Zhelna. Wayephakeme kakhulu, ikhamera yethu yevidiyo ayiphelele, kepha noma kunjalo sikwazile ukudubula indlela i-Woodpecker engqongqoza ngayo esiqwini, ngokuzwakalayo nangokumangazayo. Uxolo uhlulekile ukususa ukucula kwakhe. Mashi 2, 2012.
IBlack Woodpecker Woodpecker ifiseleka iDryocopus martius. Ividiyo (00:00:46)
IBlack Woodpecker. I-Woodpecker yethu enkulu ophuzi noma omnyama i-Woodpecker (iDryocopus martius). Ukubukeka okuhlekisayo kwale nyoni kuhambisana nendlela yayo yokuphuma ngemuva kwesihlahla (ngentamo ende kangako akunzima). Okwephuzi kubonakaliswa ukuxhumana kwezwi okuthuthukile. Izwi lakhe libukhali impela. Endizeni, ophuzi ukhipha i-trill engalingani, ngenkathi ehleli esihlahleni - ukukhala okuhlala isikhathi eside. Izwi eliphuzi lingezwakala cishe unyaka wonke. Entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi samanje, le 'ngoma' ihambisana nomqhumo wesigubhu. Ngesikhathi ekufukameleni amaqanda, owesilisa nowesifazane bashintshana ngezimpawu zezwi, bebuyiselana esidlekeni. Lapho bondla amachwane, abazali basamemezela kusuka kude lapho besondela, futhi inzalo elambile ibaphendula ngokudla okungezwakali. Ngokwemvelo, ophuzi uyisizungu. Ihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini amadala axutshwe noma ahlanganisiwe. Ensimini yayo inezikhala eziyishumi nambili, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ikusebenzisa ngenkani i-2-3. Imvamisa, kukhethwa i-aspen esikhundleni se-hollow, uphayinayi awuvamile. Imvamisa, umgodi utholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10 - 20 ngaphezu komhlaba, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ungabekwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3. Angahlukaniseka kalula kusuka emgodini wezinye izinkuni ngesimo nobukhulu: yi-oval, 10 cmimitha ububanzi namasentimitha ayi-15 ukuphakama, ukujula okumbumbulu - Kuze kube yingxenye yemitha. Izintuthwane zidlala indima enkulu ekudleni kwama-Woodpeckers amnyama. Cishe izintuthwane, uyazondla futhi namachwane. Enye into ephawuleka kakhulu kumenyu yakhe ngamabhungane ahlukahlukene anjengamagxolo, izingodo, igolide, isigaxa, ama-rostails nezinye izinambuzane zamahlathi ezihlala ngokhuni. Lapho zifuna lezi zinambuzane, lo mbungu ugaya izigaxa ezindala ezibolile, uhlanze amagxolo bese ugaya izihlahla ezomile ezithintekile yizinambuzane. Njenge-Woodpecker enkulu kunazo zonke futhi enamandla kunazo zonke, ingafinyelela izinambuzane abanye abangenakufinyelela kuzo. Futhi idla izinambuzane unyaka wonke, ihlukanisa itafula layo kancane kancane. I-Yellow yamanje iqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Kusekuqaleni kuka maphakathi no-Ephreli ungezwa umqulu wesigubhu (cishe ukushaywa kwama-20 ngomzuzwana!) Kanye nokukhala. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bayangqongqoza futhi bamemeze. Akukho doti lapho, imbobo yaphansi imbozwe kuphela ngamaseli, lapho insikazi ibekela amaqanda amhlophe ama-3-5. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kusaqhubeka okuncane kakhulu ngisho nakuma-Woodpeckers - izinsuku eziyi-12-13. Amakati ahlala emgodini cishe inyanga futhi cishe inyanga ngemuva kokusuka esidlekeni (endaweni ethile phakathi noJuni) ahlala nabazali bawo. Bobabili abazali badonsa futhi bondle amachwane. I-Protvino Moscow Region Russia
Vota
Ukumemeza unyaka wonke, kunezwi elizwakalayo, elizwakalayo kumabanga amade. Isiginali yokuxhumana noma sokubamba ngochungechunge imisindo ephezulu yamakhompiyutha aphezulu athi "cru-cru-cru-cru-cru", ekugcineni okuthi "clea" omude, ovame ukuba phansi ngezwi, kuvame ukuzwakala njengokukhala kwensimbi. Ukuhlobisa i-mating, ngaphezu kwezwi kufaka nesigubhu roll, kuthatha kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli, nakwabesilisa abangashadile kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJuni. Igagasi lesibili lamanje lenzeka ngo-Agasti, kodwa kule nyanga alinamandla kangako futhi aliphatheki. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane. I-sigubhu esingumugqa sithatha imizuzwana engu-1.75-3 futhi siyabonakala ngokusobala ebangeni elingama-2 kuya ku-4 km. Njengomthetho, ukungqongqozwa kwabesilisa isikhathi eside.
Indawo
Indawo ye-Woodpecker emnyama ihlathi kanye nehlathi lama-steppeet ase-Eurasia kusuka ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nezisempumalanga ye-Iberian Peninsula empumalanga kuya eKamchatka, umngcele woLwandle i-Okhotsk nolwandle lwaseJapan, iziqhingi zaseSakhalin, iHokkaido kanye nengxenye esenyakatho yeHonshu. Ihlala enyakatho iye emngceleni we-taiga, ngesinye isikhathi indizela engxenyeni eseningizimu yehlathi-tundra. Indawo ehlala enyakatho kakhulu isifunda se-Arctic Circle eScandinavia, lapho itholakala khona kuze kube ngu-70 ° C. w. E-Kola Peninsula, kutholakala enyakatho kuya e-Khibiny naseziqongweni eziphakeme ze-Tuloma, e-Ural Range kuze kufinyelele ku-62nd parallel, e-Ob kuya ekuhambeni okuyi-63, eSigodini saseYenisei kuze kufinyelele endaweni yama-65, empumalanga kuya enyakatho kuya esisekelweni soMfula iLower Tunguska, eVerkhoyansk Range, izisekelo zeYana, Indigirka neKolyma. ECamchatka, kwenzeka enyakatho kuya ku-62 ° C. w.
ENtshonalanga naseNingizimu Yurophu, e-Asia Minor, uhla lwamapulangwe amnyama asatshalaliswa kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi aboshelwe emahlathini avuthiwe ahlanganisiwe futhi ahlanganisiwe ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-spruce. Inani labantu eliphakeme libonakala eMpumalanga naseNyakatho Yurophu naseSiberia, naseGreater Caucasus, eTranscaucasia, ogwini lweCaspian Iran.E-Ukraine, izidleke eziseningizimu ezifundeni zeCarpathians, iZhytomyr neChernihiv, engxenyeni yaseYurophu neRussia ngaseningizimu kuya esifundeni sase-Oryol, Tambov, ePenza kanye nesifunda sase-Orenburg. Ngasempumalanga, esifundeni sokufana kwe-53, umngcele oseningizimu yebanga uya eKazakhstan, lapho ufinyelela eTarbagatai naseSaura, bese udlulela eningizimu ye-Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilongjiang naseKorea. Indawo ehlukile itholakala eningizimu yeChina ukusuka entshonalanga neSichuan kuya empumalanga kuye eningizimu-ntshonalanga neGansu naphakathi neSichuan. Ngaphandle kwezwe elikhulu, kukhona iSolovetsky, Shantar Islands, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido futhi mhlawumbe nengxenye esenyakatho yeHonshu.
Habitat
Kuholela endleleni yokuphila yokuhlala, kepha ebusika kungenza ukuzulazula okuncane ngale kwama-biotopes amakhulu. Ihlala emahlathini avuthiwe aphezulu, ikakhulukazi aqukethe izingxube futhi ahlanganisiwe, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ibanzi kakhulu. Ihlala zombili ezindaweni eziqhubekayo zama-taiga kanye naseziqhingini ezincane zehlathi, kufaka phakathi lezo ezisendaweni ephakathi nesitebhisi. Imvamisa ihlala ezindaweni ezishisiwe, imigwaqo nezindawo ezinezihlahla ezibolile, ezomile nezinezifo. Ezintabeni nasezintabeni zamahlathi aseYurophu, ithanda ama-beech noma amahlathi ahlanganisiwe ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-beech nefir, kodwa futhi ihlalisa emahlathini ngokubekeka phambili larch, spruce, umsedari waseYurophu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla. Ezintabeni ze-Alps, kutholakala kuze kufike emngceleni ophezulu wehlathi ngaphezu kwama-2000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Enyakatho nasempumalanga yeYurophu, kanye naseSiberia, izindawo eziyindawo enamahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi axutshwe, okuvame ukuba yi-spruce, kufaka phakathi i-taiga efile. I-Woodpecker ayikugwemeli ubukhona bomuntu futhi kwesinye isikhathi ingaqashelwa emapaki amadolobha ngisho nangezinsuku zabantu abagcwele kakhulu. Isibili ngasinye sigcina amahektha wehlathi angama-300-400.
Umsoco
Idla izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ezingama-xylophagous, ngenkathi inika izintandokazi kubhungane nangamabhungane. Ukudla kwezitshalo kwakha ingxenye encane kakhulu yokudla - ikakhulukazi izithelo, amajikijolo kanye nembewu yamaConifers. Phakathi kwezintuthwane, izinhlobo ezinkulu zifaka kuqala - zibomvu, zinobomvu (Camponotus ligniperda) nezintuthwane ezimnyama ezivimba okhuni, izintuthwane zasehlathini ezibomvu nezinsundu, kanye nentuthwane engadini emnyama. Ngaphezu kokuthola lezi zinambuzane ngokhuni, ama-woodpeckers ajwayele ukubopha izinqwaba zezintuthwane, adle bobabili abadala ne-pupa. Phakathi kwezinye izinambuzane, i-imago, i-pupae kanye nezibungu ze-barbel, mabhungane, amabhungane, igolide, isarflies, horntail, ichneumonids, njll.
Ukufuna ukudla, ukhuni olugobekile lugaye izigaxa ezibolile futhi lususe amagxolo ezihlahleni ezifile, lushiye iminonjana ejulile futhi luphule namachaphaza amakhulu ngobukhulu bomunwe. Lapho efika ezintuthwaneni, kwesinye isikhathi uhamba ngezinyawo ezintabeni aze afike ekujuleni kwesigamu semitha. Ulimi alulude njengombala ophuzi, ngokwesibonelo ngokhuni oluhlaza, futhi lufinyelela kuphela ubude obungu-5-5,5 cm esicenyeni somlomo (ngoba luhlaza lufinyelela ku-10 cm), nokho, uqhwaku lunamandla amakhulu futhi lungakwazi "ukuhlanza" izinkuni ngokuphelele. Into enamathela ekhishwa yizindlala zamathe, kanye namazinyo abade angaphakathi entanjeni yolimi, isiza inyoni ukuthi ithole ukudla. Amandla wokufaka isando kule Woodpecker, noma kunjalo, awaziwa njengezazi ezinhlobonhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo.
Ukuzala
Iqala ukuzalanisa ekugcineni konyaka wokuphila, monogamous. Amafomu ngababili isizini eyodwa, yize besebenzisa isiza esifanayo, bavame ukuhlangana futhi ngonyaka olandelayo. Uma ihlathi lehlathi lilincane ngosayizi, njengesiqhingi esise-steppe, owesilisa nowesifazane bangahlala kukho ndawonye nangaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, uma kungenjalo izinyoni zizindiza ziye kumasayithi ahlukene noma emaphethelweni ahlukile esiza esifanayo ekugcineni kokuzalela futhi zigcine eyodwa ngamunye. Umsebenzi wensimu uqala ekwindla sekwephuzile, ibanga phakathi kwezidleke ezingomakhelwane okungenani ngamamitha ayikhulu. Indawo evikelekile, kepha, inomkhawulo endaweni encane kuphela ezungeze isidleke, izindawo zokudla ezikhulayo ngokwengeziwe kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlangana futhi lokhu akuholeli ezingxabanweni phakathi kwezidleke zezinyoni endaweni.
Ukuvuka kwezinyoni entwasahlobo kuqala ezinsukwini ezinelanga ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari noma ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, kodwa-ke, okwenzeka kakhulu kakhulu kwenzeka ngoMashi nango-Ephreli: phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinyoni zisebenza ngeziqu zemigwaqo, ziklabalase futhi zixoshelane, zigxuma zisuka kwesinye isiqu ziye kwesinye. Isimbobo sivame ukutholakala engxenyeni ebuna yesihlahla esisaphilayo, lapho kungekho magatsha, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-8 - 20 ukusuka emhlabathini. Imvamisa, i-aspen yakudala isetshenziswa kaningi - kancane kancane - uphayini, isipinashi, i-beech, i-larch, i-birch nezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla. Isidleke esisodwa singasetjenziswa kaninginingi, kanti esisanda kuklanywa ngaphandle asisetshenziswanga ngokushesha ukubeka amaqanda, futhi sivame ukushiywa unyaka olandelayo. Ukwakhiwa kwesidleke esisha kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-10-16, phakathi naleso sikhathi lapho kuhlangana khona izingqimba zamaganda ezinkuni ngaphansi kwesihlahla. Womabili la malungu alesando isando, nokho, owesilisa wenza umsebenzi omningi, kwesinye isikhathi uchitha amahora angama-13 ngosuku kuwo. Izidleke ezindala ziyakhululwa emfucumfucwini futhi zijule uma kudingeka. Imvamisa, isidleke sonyaka ophelile sihlala ezinye izinyoni, futhi kulokhu, i-Woodpecker ingaxosha izivakashi ezingamenywanga. Ihlobo likhulu futhi lincane; ukwakheka kwalo kungaba okusaqanda noma kucishe kube ngamaxande. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile be-letka buyi-8.5 x 12 cm, ukujulwa kwesihosha kungama-35-55 cm, ububanzi kungamasentimitha ayi-15-20. Akukho udoti owengeziwe, phansi lumbozwe izingcezu zokhuni kuphela.
Ku-clutch kuvamise i-3-6, amaqanda amaningi ama-4-5 amancane. Amaqanda amhlophe, osayizi bawo angama-30- 39 x 22- 28 mm. Ukubamba, ngokungafani nezinye izinkuni eziningi, akuqali ngeyokugcina, kodwa ngeqanda lokuqala noma lesibili - ngalesi sizathu, amaphuphu avela ngokuzimela izinsuku eziningana futhi ahlukahluka ngosayizi. Isikhathi sokufakwa ekufukweni yizinsuku eziyi-12-16. Bobabili abazali bondla izingane, zizilethela inqwaba yokudla, cishe okuhlanganisa izintuthwane nengquza yazo. Amakheji avela ezinsukwini ezingama-24- 28 ngemuva kokuqokwa (enkabeni yeRussia engxenyeni yokuqala kaJuni), ngaphambi kokuthi amachwane aqhume isikhathi eside eqandeni futhi akhalaze. Izinyoni ezindala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziziphatha buthule eduze kwesidleke. Ekuqaleni, amazinyane agcina kusayithi labazali, kepha ekugcineni kwehlobo ekugcineni kuyacekeka. Isikhathi sokuphila sifika eminyakeni engu-7. Iminyaka eyaziwa kakhulu eYurophu yaqoshwa eFinland - iminyaka eyi-14.
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
Elikhulu kunazo zonke izinkuni ezitholakala eMpumalanga. I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia, inkulu kune jackdaw futhi incane kancanyana kunefoloko (ubude bomzimba 420-486 mm, amaphiko ama-715-800 mm). Indiza isindayo, ayisebenzi. Ngokuphathelene nomuntu uziphatha ngokuqapha. Ezindaweni lapho kungalandelwa khona, ukwethemba ngokwengeziwe futhi kungondla imitha engu-2-3 ukusuka kumgwaqo lapho abantu behamba khona. Khulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Izwi lihlukile. Endizeni, isici esivelayo nesimemeza kakhulu sithi “mashiqela. ", Okuthi lapho kutshalwe emthini, njengomthetho, kuthathelwe indawo isililo esidabukisayo se" k-i-i-ya-a. " Ekupheleni kwesikhathi, le misindo ingalandelwa yi "cue" ephezulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuthandana, ukukhala okukhulu okuthi “Klay-Klay-Klay.” Futhi umjuluko. "Ngaphambi kokuzwana, insikazi nowesilisa benza imisindo yokuthula ethi" mya-a-u-u. "
Ngaphezu kwalezi zikhala, kunezindlela eziningi zemisindo ezenziwe ngabakwa-Woodpeckers ezimeni ezihlukile. Njengenye yezindlela zokubonisa, njengokusobala, ukugxila ngokungashoni, kunalokho kujwayelekile, ukufakwa kwamakhonkolo ezigxotsheni zezihlahla kufanele kubhekwe. Entwasahlobo, abasebenza ngezinkuni abadingi sigubhu kaningi, kodwa kakhulu. Kwemisindo "esetshenziswayo", ngaphezu kwesigubhu, kunezimpawu eziningi ezahlukahluka ngamandla, imvamisa, ubude bemisindo nokusebenza kokusebenza.
I-Zhelna ihlukile kwamanye ama-woodpeckers ngosayizi omkhulu nombala omnyama oqinile we-plumage.
Incazelo
Umbala. Ukwehluka kombala wesizini akukhulunywa. Indoda endala. Ingaphezulu lonke lekhanda libomvu, lonke iplamu limnyama. I-plumage emnyama yomzimba ongenhla igqamile kakhulu kunasesiswini, lapho inombala obomvana onsundu. Izindiza ezindiza ezindala nazo ezinama-websish ansundu amnyama kanye nama-flywheel amnyama asebusweni. Ibamba emnyama. Ama-paws amnyama anezinsila ezimnyama, uqhwaku luphondo olukhanyayo ngombala ngokugqamile kwento efanelekile, iris yeso imhlophe qwa noma imphuzi okhanyayo.
Owesifazane omdala unombala ofana nowowesilisa, kuphela ekhanda lakhe elibomvu kuphela emuva kwekhanda lakhe.
Izinyoni ezincane zinombala onsundu ngaphambi kokuncibilika; amakha awo amnandi kakhulu futhi akanawo umdaka. Ukwehluka ocansini kuyafana nabantu abadala. Uqhwaku omncane lukhanya futhi luphuzi ezansi.
Ukwakheka nobukhulu
Iphiko eliyinhloko le-10, ukuqondisa - 12. Indlela yephiko: V-VI-IV-VII-VIII-IX-II. Ama-paws ane-fingered ezine, iminwe emibili ikhomba phambili neminwe emibili emuva. Osayizi banikezwe etafuleni 25 (shayela. ZM MSU).
Amapharamitha | Phansi | n | lim | x |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ubude bephiko | owesilisa | 26 | 230–255 | 243,0 |
Ubude bephiko | insikazi | 26 | 230–246 | 239,3 |
Ubude bomsila | owesilisa | 22 | 150–180 | 162,9 |
Ubude bomsila | insikazi | 23 | 150–182 | 165,7 |
Ubude Beak | owesilisa | 25 | 53,8–62,0 | 58,5 |
Ubude Beak | insikazi | 26 | 50,0–60,0 | 54,4 |
Ubude be-Pivot | owesilisa | 23 | 31,0–40,5 | 36,2 |
Ubude be-Pivot | insikazi | 21 | 32,5–39,5 | 35,7 |
Isisindo somzimba | owesilisa | 7 | 278–375 | 319 |
Isisindo somzimba | insikazi | 5 | 258–369 | 315,8 |
I-Subspecies taxonomy
Ukwehluka kubonakaliswa buthakathaka emithunzi ehlukahlukene yamapulangwe amnyama nosayizi ojwayelekile. Ngaphakathi eNyakatho. E-Eurasia, usayizi wezinyoni ushintsha emtholampilo, kancane kancane ukhula ohlangothini olusuka entshonalanga uye empumalanga. Kuvela ama-subspecies amabili kuya kwamathathu, elilodwa lihlala ngaphakathi kwe-USSR yangaphambili.
1.Dryocopus martius martius
UPicus martius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst Nat., Ed. 10, k. 112, Sweden.
Umbala omnyama weplamu ngandlela-thile ungagcini futhi uthambile ngaphezu kwalowo we-subspecies angawodwa ahlala eningizimu nentshonalanga yeChina nasempumalanga yeTibet, D. m. khamensis (2). Amasayizi mancane, kepha ezindaweni ezisempumalanga ngokwedlulele ezwekazini zisondela ku-D. m. khamensis (Stepanyan, 1975).
Ukubhebhetheka
Ububanzi be-Nesting. I-Eurasia isuka ePyrenees empumalanga iye eKolyma Range, ugu lweLwandle i-Okhotsk kanye nolwandle lwaseJapan, kubandakanya neziqhingi zase Shantarsky, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido kanye nasezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zeHonshu. EYurophu, enyakatho eScandinavia kuya ku-69 ° N, eningizimu kumaPyrenees, eNyakatho. I-Italy, Greece. Eningizimu mpumalanga. I-Asia eningizimu isakazekile (ibandakanya) iNingizimu-ntshonalanga. I-Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilong-jiang, eningizimu mpumalanga. izingxenye zeShanxi, iNhlonhlo yaseKorea. Kunezindawo ezimbili ezingabodwa zobubanzi. Esokuqala sazo sihlanganisa insimu esenyakatho iya emthambekeni osenyakatho weGreater Caucasus, eningizimu kuya e-Asia Minor, enyakatho nentshonalanga. I-Iran kanye nezifundazwe zaseNingizimu Caspian zase-Iran. Eyesibili itholakala eSouth. I-China - evela eNtshonalanga. ISichuan empumalanga isiya entshonalanga. UGansu neSikhungo. ISichuan. Enyakatho kuya eMiddle Qinghai nendawo yeChibi. Kukunor, eningizimu kuya eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga. Yunnan.
Umdwebo 77. Ukusabalalisa kwendawo ophuzi:
kanye - nobubanzi bezidleke. Izingqinamba: 1 - UDkt. m. martius, 2 - UDkt. m. khamensis.
EMpumalanga I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia (Fig. 78) eNhlonhlo yeKola isenyakatho ifinyelela eKhibiny, izidleke eLapland Zap. (Vladimirskaya, 1948, Butyev, 1959), emaphethelweni aphansi e-Onega (Korneeva et al., 1984), ngonyaka we-1942 kwaphawulwa ngaseMezeni, kepha akatholakalanga kamuva (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960). Ngasempumalanga, enyakatho, kufinyelela emaphethelweni aphansi ePechora, e-Ob - kuya e-Arctic Circle (Dobrinsky, 1959), kwenzeka eJenisei kuya e-Ust-Khantayki (Syroechkovsky, 1960), eLena - ngaseBegyuk (Kapitonov, 1962). Endaweni yaseVerkhoyansk Range izidleke maphakathi nokufika komfula. I-Bytantay (68 ° N), ezigodini zaseYana, Indigirka naseKolyma - ifinyelela ku-69 ° N (Vorobiev, 1963). Ngasempumalanga, kule ngxenye yobubanzi, kufinyelela emaphethelweni emifula iMincane neBig anyui (i-Artyukhov, 1986) kanye neKolyma Range. (Kishchinsky, 1988). Le nyoni yakhonjwa ngephutha nguKamchatka nguYu. A. Averin (1948), kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (u-Averin, 1957) wakhishwa inyumbazane. Akukhulunywa kuKamchatka nase-E.G. Lobkov (1978, 1983, 1986).
Umdwebo 78. Ububanzi bufiseleka eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia:
a - uhla lwe-nesting, b - amacala wokudlulela ngale kwemingcele yobubanzi be-nesting, c - izimpukane.
Ngaseningizimu, inhlobo isatshalaliswa kwaTranscarpathian (Svalyava, Irshava), eChernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, esifundeni saseTernopil, Berdichev, Fastov, Bila Tserkva. Ngaphezu kwalokho - eningizimu eceleni komfula. I-Dnieper idolobha laseSmela, empumalanga yomngcele wobubanzi ihamba esifundeni seChernihiv. (eningizimu yeKonotop) (Strautman, 1954, 1963, Mityai, 1983). Izindiza zaphawulwa esifundeni sasePoltava. (Gavrilenko, 1960). Kwaqoshwa amacala okuthola izidleke ezakhiwe eMoldova entshonalanga. "Codrii" (Chegorka, Marchuk, 1986). UWoodpecker udlulela eningizimu esifundeni saseKursk, eVoronezh, eTambov nasePenza, bese uya e-Orenburg, eKazakhstan ukuya emahlathini aphakathi kwesiqhingi esifundeni saseKustanai: i-Ara-Karagay, Aman-Karagai, Naurzum. Ezidlekeni zaseKokchetav Upland eduze namadolobhana ase-Airtau, Zerenda, Borovoe. Ngaphezulu kwempumalanga kuhlala izidleke zezimbali zesifunda i-Irtysh, emahlathini emikhakha yeKal-Binsky, Narymsky, Tarbagatai naseSaura, eSouth-West. Altai. Ngaphezulu eningizimu emngceleni wombuso waseningizimu yeRussia (Gavrin, 1970, Ivanov, 1976, Numerov, 1996, Baryshnikov, 2001).
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kube nokwanda okukhulu kwebanga kufiseleka eNtshonalanga. I-Europe - France, Denmark, Belgium, njll. (Cuisin, 1985). Lo mkhuba uyaziwa eMpumalanga. IYurophu. Inqubekela phambili eningizimu iqoshwa e-Ukraine (Mityai, 1983), ezifundeni zaseTula, Lipetsk naseVoronezh.
Habitat
Izindawo ezihlala lapho zingamahlathi aphuzi - acijile futhi axubile. EBelarus, ikakhulukazi la amahlathi kaphayini namahlathi ahlanganisiwe e-spruce-pine kanye ne-pine-oak. Imithi igwilisa ama-alders futhi ivela kuwo ebusika kuphela. Esifundeni saseRyazan lihlala kuzo zombili emahlathini zikaphayini, kanye namahlathi e-pine-oak ahlanganayo namahlathi e-oak ezikhukhula, kanti izihlahla ezinkulu ze-aspen zihlala zitholakala eziseleni. Esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod isidleke ngphuzi sitholakala ku-aspen endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-8, sime sodwa ehlathini likaphayini elingandile (S. G. Priklonsky, ukuxhumana komuntu nomuntu). Cishe eziteshini ezifanayo (ama-coniferous, axutshwe namahlathi amadala we-beech) nawo atholakala eCarpathians; akhuphuka ezintabeni aze afike ku-1500-1600 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
ECaucasus, esikhathini sokudlekwa, i-yelow inamathela ikakhulukazi ekuhlathini kwamahlathi anobuhlalu obumnyama ne-beech-emnyama, ivame futhi emahlathini asezindaweni eziphakeme, angavamile ukutholakala emahlathini aphayini (iTkachenko, 1966).
E-taiga eseningizimu yeCentral Siberia, ukhetha amahlathi amade ngokubamba iqhaza kukaphayini noma i-larch (Reimers, 1966), eNyakatho. IKazakhstan - ama-pine ne-pine-birch emahlathini, e-Altai - i-larch taiga, ekhuphukela ezintabeni ifinyelela ku-2 000 m, eSakhalin naseKunashir - amahlathi acwebile futhi anqabile.
Inombolo
I-Zhelna yinto ejwayelekile, kodwa hhayi yezinhlobo eziningi phakathi kwalo lonke uhla. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yeKarelia, emahlathini aqobayo futhi axubile, indawo yokulahlwa kwezidleke ingamabala angama-0,2 / km2, emahlathini aphayiniwe ahlanzekile namahlathi esihlahla sonwele - 0,1, emahlathini osogwini - 0.1, eningizimu yeKarelia entshonalanga. "I-Kivach" emahlathini ama-spruce - 0,3, kaphayini - i-1.2 ngababili / km2 (Ivanter, 1962, 1969). Emfuleni ophansi. Ubuningi be-onega nestingity emahlathini ama-spruce yi-0.5, emahlathini ahlanganisiwe - i-1 pair / km2 (iKorneeva et al., 1984), eLatvia - 0.1-0.3 ngababili / km2 (Strazds, 1983), eZap. I-Estonia emahlathini acwengekile - ama-0.4 ngababili / km2 (Vilbaste, 1968), esiFundeni saseLeningrad. - 0.5, esifundeni saseRyazan kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Oksky. - 0.17-0.21, kwezinye izingxenye - kuze kufike ku-0.67 ngababili / km2 (Ivanchev, 2000), esifundeni saseLipetsk. - 0.1-0.2 (Klimov, 1993), esifundeni saseTambov. I-0.25 ngababili / km2 emahlathini aqhakaza kanye nama-0.25 ngababili / km2 emahlathini ahlanganisiwe (uSchegolev, 1968).
E-Middle Urals, inani lezindawo zokuzalela emahlathini ase-spruce-fir ngama-2 ngazimbili / km2 (Shilova et al., 1963), eBashkortstan ehlathini le-pine-birch-larch - ngamabili angu-0,3 / km2 (Filonov, 1965), eTomsk naseKemerovo reg. - 0.25-0.5 umusi / km2 (Prokopov, 1969), emfuleni iYenisei eningizimu taiga - 0,0-0.4 umusi / km2 (Bursky, Vakhrushev, 1983). Enyakatho-empumalanga I-Altai isidleke sobuningi emahlathini aphakeme yi-0.3, emahlathini ephayini nase-birch - 2, amahlathi e-birch-aspen - ama-2 ngazimbili / km2 (iRavkin, 1972), esifundeni saseSouth Baikal emahlathini emisedari - 0,06 (Tarasov, 1962), ku-larch taiga yethafa elisentabeni iVitim - 0,2, ku-larch taiga of the Highlands - 0.5 ngazimbili / km2 (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1967), emahlathini asezintabeni ohlobo lweSalair ridge - 0.1-0.2 ngazimbili / km2 (Chunikhin, 1965). E-Krasnoyarsk Territory, ukungalingani kwezidleke kuningi futhi emahlathini amnyama ama-coniffort angama-3.1 ngababili / km2 (Naumov, 1960).
Ukusetshenziswa ophuzi eMpumalanga Ekude: ezindaweni eziphansi zomfula. Ubuningi be-Khor nesting buyi-1.1 ngababili / km2 (Kislenko, 1965), emahlathini emisedari acwazimulayo emithanjeni ephansi yesikhukhula engxenyeni ephakathi yeSikhote-Alin - ngaphansi kwe-0.5 ngababili / km2 (Kuleshova, 1976), emahlathini amakhulu aseLinden-wide-leaved. I-Alin - umusi we-0,4 / umusi / km2 (iNazarenko, 1971).
ENtshonalanga. I-Europe kuvamile, emazweni amaningi inani liyanda. EFrance, isidleke esingaphansi kuka-1 000, eBelgium - ngababili abangaba ngu-275 (ngonyaka we-1982)- ngababili abangama-350), eLuxembourg - ngababili abangama-60, eNetherlands - ngababili abangama-100-200 ngonyaka we-1950, ngababili abangama-400-600 ngo-1965, ngababili ngababili ngo-1500-2500 ngo-1977, eZap. IGermany - ngababili abayizi-6,200, eDenmark - ngababili abangaphezulu kwama-80 ngonyaka we-1974 no-100 ngababili ngo-1980, eSweden - ngababili abangaba ngu-50 000, eFinland - ngababili abayi-15,000, eBulgaria - ngababili abangu-1000-1500 (eCramp, 1985) . Ukwehla kwamanani kwaphawuleka e-Italy.
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha
UZhelna - inyoni enohlobo lwasemini lomsebenzi, ilala emigodini. Kulesikhungo. Yakutia, kunezimo zezinyoni zobusuku obubodwa eqhweni (Zonov, 1982). Esikhathini sokudalwa, kungumbono wesifunda, ubungako bezindawo zokudlela zingama-300-900 ha (Prokopov, 1969), agcinwe ngababili. Ezikhathini ezingezona izidleke, kuholela ikakhulukazi empilweni yodwa. Njengomthetho, izinyoni zinamathela kumasayithi esidleke wesikhathi sokuzalela sangaphambilini, futhi kusetshenziswa izimbobo zesidleke ukuhlala ubusuku obubodwa. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala ubusuku kulezizimbobo. Kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Oksky. icala lowesifazane ubusuku bonke lalimakwa iminyaka emithathu ngokulandelana emgodini, owawusetshenziswa isikhathi ngasinye ngezinyoni ukuthola isidleke. Amacala amabili endawo eseduze kakhulu kwama-hole (50 no-174 m), lapho abesilisa abahlukene balala ngasikhathi sinye, aphawulwa kabili. NgokukaD. Blume (Blume, 1961, ekhonjiwe ngu: Cramp, 1985), esikhathini esingazalwanga abantu bobulili obufanayo babekezelelana kakhulu kunezinyoni zobulili obuhlukile. Ebusika bonyaka ka-1990/91, e-Oksky Zap. Ama-jellies amahlanu ebusika endaweni engamahektare angama-600, kuthi abesilisa aba-4 no-1 owesifazana (osungulwe ngokubonwa kwemigodi yasebusuku). Ibanga eliphakathi nendawo phakathi kwamagobongo ubusuku bonke (n = 6) lingamamitha ayi-1,250. Izindawo ezihlala ebusuku azivikelekile, lapho zifika, izinyoni zivame ukusheshe zifike endaweni yokubhukuda bese zigibela emgodini. Ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, lapho sisondela futhi sisuka emigodini, abakwa-Woodpeckers bakhala bobabili ngokundiza futhi bahlala eduze ne-hollow. Ebusika, athule kakhulu futhi angabonakali.
Ngokungafani nokhuni olukhulu olucwebezelayo, lapho inyoni eye yadlula khona lapho ihlala khona ubusuku bonke inyukela phezulu kwesihlahla, iphuzi, indiza iphuma ngaphandle kwesihlahla, ngokushesha indiza ihambe iyokondla noma ihlala ngaphambili. Ukuhamba kwandulelwa yisikhathi esifushane sokuhlolwa kwesimo sendawo kusuka ekumbizeni. Isimbobo esikhethwe ukuhlala ubusuku ubusuku sisetshenziswa ebusika bonke. Inyoni esabekayo ekuhlaleni ubusuku obubodwa ngemuva kokuqedwa kwento ekhathazayo isheshe ingene phakathi kokuhlala ubusuku obukubo.
Izitha, izici ezingezinhle
Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ophuzi yi-goshawk, ngezikhathi ezithile izinyoni zibanjwa ama-marten kanye ne-lynx. Ngamachwane, izinyoka ezinkulu zingaba yingozi, esifundeni sase-Ussuri, ngokwesibonelo, inyoka yeSchrenk (Vorobyov, 1954). Kaningi, izinyoni ziyafa ngenxa yamaphutha abantu. Esifundeni saseLeningrad Ezintweni eziyishumi nambili zokushona kwejeli, kwadutshulwa izinyoni eziyi-8 kwathi enye yadutshulwa yimoto (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).
Ku-plumage kukhona ophuzi (futhi ikakhulukazi izinyoni ezincane), izimpukane zegazi (umndeni wakwaHippoboscidae) ziyaphawulwa. I-diptera larvae (iCamus hemapterus, i-Pollenia rudis) ihlala izidleke zayo, njengoba kwenza amaza (Ceratophyllus gallinae) kanye nama-springtails (i-Entongosia nivalis, i-E. marginata, i-Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, i-Hyppogastrura armata, kanye ne-Herrururens). Lezi zinambuzane ezifakwe kuhlu zixhuma izinyoni ezindala nam amaphuphu. Izibungu kanye nabantu abadala beCarapace (Histeridae) nabanye abamele iColeoptera, izinhlobo eziyi-18 zazo eziqoshwe ezidlekeni ezihloliweyo (Nordberg, 1936, Bequaert, 1942, Hicks, 1970), kungenzeka ukuthi kube yizihlobo ezingenabungozi, zisebenzisa udoti kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla eqongelela njengendawo yazo yokuhlala. ezidlekeni.
Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa
Izinhlobo azinakubaluleka okuqondile kwezomnotho. Kwezinye izindawo, kubangela ukulimala ngokuxosha izingxenye zamapulangwe ezakhiwo kanye nokufaka imigodi ezigodini zikagesi. Ukulahleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kusuka kulolu hlobo lokubhubhisa kuncane ngenxa yokutholwa. Ku-biocenoses yemvelo, inani eliphuzi likhulu. I-Hollow yakhe endala isebenzisa inani elikhulu lezilwane. I-Clintukh, isikhova esidliwayo, i-jackdaw, i-bluefin, i-Woodpecker eluhlaza, isipinashi, inkanyezi, isidleke esikhulu kubo, sisebenzisa ama-squirrels, ama-martens, amalulwane, iminyovu, umhlume, njll. Ezinye zezinyoni - i-clintukh nesikhova esibunjiwe - zihambisana kakhulu nphuzi, ngoba cishe ukuphela "komthengisi" wezindawo zokudlela izidleke.
UZhelna ubhalwe ohlwini lwezincwadi ezibomvu zabantu abathile abangaphansi kweRussian Federation (izifunda zaseKursk nezaseLipetsk, eNyakatho Ossetia), kepha izindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela lezi zinhlobo azihlinzekwanga iningi lamaRussian Federation.