Ososayensi bathole ukuthi amazinga okushisa olwandle e-Atlantic Ocean ashintsha kanjani ngaphambi kokuqothulwa kwesisindo ekugcineni kweCretaceous. Imiphumela ifakazela ukuthi imbangela yayo ingaba ngumphumela ohlanganisiwe wezinto ezimbili: ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo zaseNdiya kanye nokuwa kwe-asteroid.

Lesi siphetho senziwe ngochwepheshe baseMelika abavela eYunivesithi yaseFlorida, okushicilelwe yi-magazine yabo ephephabhukwini i-Nature Communications.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1980s, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-hypothesis ethintekayo kutholile ukuthandwa phakathi kososayensi baseNtshonalanga. Uchaza ukuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi ekupheleni kwenkathi yeCretaceous (cishe eminyakeni engama-66 edlule), okubangele ukufa kwezidakamizwa nezinye izidalwa, njengenhlekelele engazelelwe eyenzeka ngenxa yokuwa kwe-asteroid Chiksulub esifundeni saseYucatan.

Muva nje, nokho, ochwepheshe abengeziwe baye bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi imiphumela yalesi sehlakalo ibingasho lutho kangako ukuchaza ukuqothulwa kwamaqembu amaningi eMhlabeni wonke. Ukusindisa i-hypothesis yomthelela, ososayensi bangeza ngengxenye yentabamlilo. Baphakamise ukuthi umthelela we-asteroid uhambisane nokuqhuma kwe-Deccan Traps, isifundazwe esikhulu sentaba-mlilo eNdiya.

Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous, kwaba nokukhuphuka kabili kokushisa kwamanzi kuLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic. Ekuqaleni, izinga lokushisa lagxuma ama-degree Fahrenheit ayi-14, okutsho ososayensi, elihambisana nokuqhuma kwezihibe ze-Deccan, ngenxa yokuthi ikabhaboni dioksijini eliningi langena emkhathini, okuvuse umphumela wokushisa kwezulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-150,000, kwehla izinga lokushisa elincane - ababhali balo bathi ukuwa kwe-asteroid.

"Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu okuqala ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kwandise umthwalo ezinhlwini zemvelo futhi kwabenza bazwela kakhulu enhlekeleleni eyaqhuma ngesikhathi kwehla umkhathi," kubalobi abachazayo. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, la makhaza amabili okushisa aqoshwa yibo avumelana kahle namagagasi amabili wokuqothula, abanye ososayensi abakhuluma ngakho.

Khumbula, izazi zesayensi yemvelo zakamuva zisanda kukhombisa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs aqala ukubola esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-asteroid, okusolwa ukuthi anecala lokuqothulwa kwawo. Ngakho-ke, le nhlekelele eyi-cosmic ayinakuba yisizathu esikhulu sokunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs ebusweni boMhlaba.

Isizinda Sokuqothula

Kanye nama-dinosaurs angadliwe wezindiza, ama-zavropsids asolwandle aqhubekayo, kufaka phakathi ama-mosasaurs nama-plesiosaurs, ama-dinosaurs ezindizayo (ama-pterosaurs), ama-mollusks amaningi, kufaka phakathi ama-ammonites nama-belemnites, futhi ama-algae amaningi amancane aqothuka. Sebebonke, bangu-16% imindeni yezilwane zasolwandle (47% zohlobo lwezilwane zasolwandle) kanye ne-18% yemindeni yezilwane zasemakhaya, kufaka phakathi cishe zonke ezinkulu nezincane. Yonke imvelo eyayikhona ku-Mesozoic yacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele, okwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuvela kwemvelo yezilwane ezinjengezinyoni kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo, ezanikeza izinhlobo ezinkulu zezindlela ekuqaleni kwePaleogene ngokubonga ukukhululwa kweningi lemvelo.

Kodwa-ke, amaqembu amaningi we-taxonomic wezitshalo nezilwane ngamazinga kusuka ku-oda nangaphezulu asinda kule nkathi. Ngakho-ke, ama-sauropsid amancane omhlaba, anjengezinyoka, izimfudu, izibankwa nezinyoni, kanye nezingwenya, kubandakanya izingwenya ezisaphila kuze kube namuhla, azikapheli. Izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zama-ammonite zasinda - i-nautilus, izilwane ezincelisayo, amakhorali nezitshalo zomhlaba.

Kunombono wokuthi amanye ama-dinosaurs (ama-hadrosaurs, ama-theodods, njll.) Abekhona eNtshonalanga Melika naseNdiya iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa ekuqaleni kwePaleogene ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwezinye izindawo (ama-Paleocene dinosaurs [en]). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbono awuhambelani kahle nanoma yiziphi izimo zokuqothulwa komthelela.

Izimbangela zokuqothuka

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, ibingakatholakali iphuzu elilodwa lokubheka imbangela kanye nohlobo lokuqothuka.

Maphakathi no-2010s, ezinye izifundo ezazidingidwa ngalolu daba zaholela ekubukeni okukhona emphakathini wesayensi wokuthi imbangela ebalulekile yokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene ukuwa komzimba wezulu, okwadala ukuvela kwesikhuhlu seChiksubub eNhlonhlo Yucatan, amanye amaphuzu wokubukwa athathwa njengalawa ebekelwe eceleni. Njengamanje, leli phuzu lokubuka alizange liphikiswe, kepha ezinye izinto eziningi, ezihlukile noma ezihlanganisiwe ziye zaphakanyiswa ezingabamba iqhaza ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi.

Ama-Hypotheses we-extraterrestrial

1. Umthelela wethonya. Ukuwa kwe-asteroid kungenye yezinguqulo ezivame kakhulu (ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Alvarez hypothesis", ethola umngcele weCretaceous-Paleogene). Kususelwa kakhulu ekulinganiselweni okulinganiselwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuqanjwa kwendawo yokuqalwa kweChicxulub (okuwumphumela we-meteorite cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 ngosayizi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 ezedlule) eNhlonhlo Yucatan eMexico kanye nesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo ezingapheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubalwa kwezulu okusetshenziswayo (okusekelwe ekubukweni kwama-asteroids akhona) kukhombisa ukuthi ama-meteorites amakhulu kakhulu kunokushayisana okungamakhilomitha ayi-10 noMhlaba ngokwesilinganiso cishe njalo eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100, okuthi ngokulandelana kobukhulu buqondane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuqomeni kwama-craters aziwayo, ishiywe ngama-meteorites anjalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhathi zokuphakathi kwezikhathi zokuqothula kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuPhanerozoic. Umbono uqinisekiswa ngokuqukethwe okwandayo kwe-iridium namanye ama-platinoid ungqimba oluncane emngceleni wokufakwa kwe-limestone yeCretaceous nePaleogene, okuphawulwe ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Lezi zinto zivame ukugxila engubeni nasebusweni boMhlaba futhi kuyaqabukela kungqimba olungaphezulu komhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ama-asteroid nama-comets kukhombisa ngokunembile isimo sokuqala sohlelo lonozungezilanga, lapho iridium ithatha isikhundla esibaluleke ngokwengeziwe. Besebenzisa okwenziwa ngamakhompiyutha, ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi cishe amathani ayi-15 trillion womlotha nensipho baphonswa emoyeni, nokuthi kumnyama eMhlabeni njengobusuku benyanga. Njengomphumela wokuntuleka kokukhanya, izitshalo zehlise ijubane noma i-photosynthesis yavinjelwa iminyaka engu-1-2, okungaholela ekunciphiseni kokugcwala komoya-mpilo osemkhathini (isikhathi lapho uMhlaba uvaliwe kusuka ekushikeni kokukhanya kwelanga). Amazinga okushisa ezwekazini awele ngo-28 ° C, olwandle - ngo-11 ° C. Ukunyamalala kwe-phytoplankton, into ebalulekile kochungechunge lokudla olwandle, kuholele ekuqothulweni kwe-zooplankton nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Ngokuya ngesikhathi esisetshenziswe ku-stratosphere of a sosolate aerosols, izinga lokushisa lomoya womhlaba lonyaka lehle ngo-26 ° C, kuze kube iminyaka eyi-16 izinga lokushisa lalingaphansi kuka-+3 ° C. Ilele phakathi kobukhulu be-suevite noma umthelela we-breccia kanye ne-Paleocene pelagic limestone engaphezulu, isendlalelo esiguqukayo sesentimitha engama-76 ku-Chicxulub crater, kubandakanya nengxenye engenhla yokuthambeka nokumba (en: Trace fossil), kwakheka ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-6 ngemuva kokuwa kwe-asteroid. I-hypothesis echaza ukuqothulwa ngokuwa komzimba wezulu isekelwa ukwanda kwendawo lapho kuzwakala khona lapho izinga le-asity of the ungqimba lwasolwandle emngceleni weCretaceous - Paleogene (ukwehla kwe-pH ka-0- 0,0.3), okuvezwa ngokufunda ukukhethwa kwe-isotopic kumagobolondo anobuthi bemithambo ye-foraminifera. Kuze kube manje, izinga le-acidity belizinzile eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu edlule yeCretaceous. Ukwanda okubukhali kwe-acidity kwalandelwa isikhathi sokukhula kancane kancane kwe-alkalinity (ukukhuphuka kwe-pH ngo-0.5), okwagcina kuze kube yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 ukusuka emngceleni weCretaceous-Paleogene. Ukubuya kwe-acidity esezingeni layo lasekuqaleni kwathatha eminye iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-80. Izimo ezinjengalezi zingachazwa ngokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwe-alkali ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwe-plankton ye-calcining ngenxa yokumiswa okusheshayo kwamanzi angaphezulu ngemvula ye-SO₂ NO_xubanjwe emkhathini ngenxa yokushayisana kwemoto enkulu.
2. Uhlobo lwe- "umthelela omningi" (eng. Umcimbi wokuphazamiseka okuningi), okubandakanya ukushaya okuningi okulandelanayo. Kuyasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi, ukuchaza ukuthi ukuqothuka akuzange kwenzeke ngasikhathi sinye (bheka isigaba Hypothesis Deficiencies). Okumthokozela ngqo iqiniso lokuthi i-meteorite edale indawo yeChiksulub crater ingenye yezicucu zomzimba omkhulu wezulu. Ezinye izazi zokuma komhlaba zikholelwa ukuthi umgodi weShiva ongaphansi koLwandlekazi i-Indian, kusukela cishe ngasikhathi sinye, ungumphumela wokuwa kwesibalo esikhulu sesibili se-meteorite, esikhudlwana, kepha leli phuzu libukwa. Kukhona ukuvumelana phakathi kwama-hypotheses wethonya le-meteorites eyodwa noma ngaphezulu - ukushayisana nohlelo oluphindwe kabili lwe-meteorites. Amapharamitha weChiksubub crater alungele umthelela onjalo uma womabili ama-meteorites ayencane, kodwa ngokuhlangene ayenebukhulu nobukhulu obufanayo ne-meteorite hypothesis yokushayisana okukodwa.
3. Ukuqhuma kwe-supernova noma ukuqhuma kwe-gamma-ray eseduze.
4. Ukushayisana koMhlaba nge-comet. Le nketho ibhekwa ochungechungeni "Ukuhamba namaDinosaurs." Isazi sempi esidumile saseMelika uLisa Randall sixhuma isizindalwazi se-comet esiwela eMhlabeni ngethonya lezinto ezimnyama.

I-Terrestrial abiotic

1. Ukwanda komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, ohambisana nemiphumela eminingana engathinta i-biosphere: ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwegesi yasemkhathini, umphumela wokubamba ukushisa okubangelwa ukuphuma kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, ushintsho ekukhanyisweni komhlaba ngenxa yokuphuma komlotha wentaba-mlilo (ubusika wentaba-mlilo). Lo mqondo usekelwa wubufakazi bendawo bokuchithwa okukhulu kwama-gma phakathi kwezigidi ezingama-68 kuya kweziyi-60 ezedlule endaweni yaseHindustan, okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezicupho ze-Deccan.
2. Ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lolwandle okwenzeka esigabeni sokugcina (Maastrichtian) sesikhathi seCretaceous ("Maastricht regression").
3. Shintsha emazingeni okushisa wonyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kuzoba ikakhulukazi uma umcabango wokuqothuka okungabazisayo kwama-dinosaurs amakhulu, ongadinga isimo sezulu esifudumele, usemthethweni. Ukuqothuka, nokho, akuhambelani ngesikhathi ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu esibucayi, futhi, ngocwaningo lwesimanje, izibankwakazi zaziyizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele ngokuphelele (bheka i-physiology of dinosaurs).
4. Ukugxuma okubukhali kumandla kazibuthe omhlaba.
5. Ukudlula komoya-mpilo kumkhathi woMhlaba.
6. Ukupholisa obukhali kolwandle.
7. Shintsha ekwakhekeni kwamanzi olwandle.

Umhlaba biotic

1. I-Epizooty ingubhubhane enkulu.
2. AmaDinosaurs awakwazanga ukujwayela ushintsho kuhlobo lwezimila futhi anobuthi yi-alkaloids equkethwe ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo eziqhamukayo (ngazo, kodwa-ke, zahlangana amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka, futhi kwaba ngokufana nokuvela kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo ukuthi impumelelo yokuvela kwamaqembu athile ama-dinosaurs angama-herbivorous aqondwe i-biomeurs entsha enotshani yayihlanganiswa )
3. Isibalo sama-dinosaurs sathonywa kakhulu yizilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala, zachitha imichilo yamaqanda namawundlu.
4. Ukwehluka kwinguqulo yangaphambilini yokufuduswa kwezidudla ezingezona zezinyoni ngezilwane ezincelisayo. Okwamanje, zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezingamaCretaceous zincane kakhulu, izilwane eziningi ezingavikeleki. Ngokungafani nama-zavropsids, athi, sibonga amakhono amaningi athuthukayo, kufaka phakathi ukubukeka kwesikali nezimpaphe, amaqanda egobolondweni eliminyene nokuzalwa bukhoma, akwazi ukwenza kahle imvelo entsha ngasikhathi sinye - izindawo ezomile ezima kude nezindawo zokugcina, izilwane ezincelisayo zazingenazo izinzuzo eziyisisekelo zokuziqhathanisa uma kuqhathaniswa ezihuquzelayo zesimanje. I-metabolism okungenani yama-dinosaurs yayinkulu njengaleyo yezilwane ezincelisayo, njengoba kuboniswa yi-isotopic, idatha yokuqhathanisa ye-morphological, yomlando kanye neyendawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukwahlukanisa ama-maniraptors aqhelelene kakhulu nezinyoni zasendulo, la maqembu abe nokuhluka ngokwezinga lemindeni nemiyalo, esikhundleni samakilasi, ngokwezembatho kubhekwa njenge-oda elihlukile lesigaba esifanayo se-zavropsids.
5. Kwesinye isikhathi i-hypothesis ivela leyo ngxenye yezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezinkulu ayikwazanga ukumelana nomncintiswano nohlobo lwanamuhla lukashaka obekhona ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho naseDevonia, oshaka bazibonakalise bengaphatheki kahle maqondana nezilwane ezithuthuke kakhulu, lapho izinhlanzi ezinjengezimbali eziningi zangena ngemuva. Oshaka, abakhulu kakhulu futhi abaqhubekela phambili ngokubhekisele emuva kwesizinda sezinceku zabo, bavela esikhathini sokugcina seCretaceous ngemuva kokuncipha kwama-plesiosaurs, kodwa ngokushesha bathathelwa indawo amaMosasaurs aqala ukuthatha izikhala ezingenamuntu.

"Biosphere" version

Ku-paleontology yaseRussia, inguqulo ye-biosphere "yokuqothuka okukhulu", kufaka phakathi ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs angewona awezimbali, iyathandwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iningi lezazi ze-paleontologists ezithuthukise ezikhethekile ekutadisheni hhayi ama-dinosaurs, kepha ezinye izilwane: izilwane ezincelisayo, izinambuzane njalonjalo. Ngokusho kwakhe, izici eziyinhloko zokunquma ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs angewona awezilwane kanye nezinye izirhubuluzi ezinkulu yile:

1. Ukubonakala kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo.
2. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kancane kancane okubangelwa ukuhamba kwezwekazi.

Ukulandelana kwemicimbi eholela ekuqothulweni kuvezwe kanjena:

• Izimbali eziqhakazayo, ezinesistimu yezimpande esethuthukiswe ngokwengeziwe futhi zisebenzisa kangcono ukuzala kwenhlabathi, ngokushesha zabuyisela ezinye izinhlobo zezimila yonke indawo ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwavela izinambuzane ezikhethekile ekudleni okuqhakaza izimbali, futhi izinambuzane, “eziboshelwe” ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezazivele zikhona, zaqala ukufa.
• Izimbali eziqhakazayo zakha i-turf, eyi-suppressor enhle kakhulu yemvelo yokuguguleka. Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwawo, ukuguguleka komhlaba futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukungena kwezakhi olwandle kwehla. “Ukudangala” kolwandle ngokudla kwaholela ekufeni kwengxenye ebalulekile yomlwelwe, owayengumkhiqizi oyinhloko we-biomass olwandle. Ngokuhambisana neketanga, lokhu kwaholela ekuphazanyisweni ngokuphelele kwendalo yasolwandle futhi kwabangela ukunyamalala okukhulu olwandle. Ukuqothulwa okufanayo kube nomthelela kuma-dinosaurs amakhulu ezindizayo, athi ngokwemibono ekhona, ahlotshaniswa nolwandle ngokuthula.
• Emhlabeni, izilwane zijwayela ukuzibandakanya ekudleni okuluhlaza (ngendlela, namadayinis e-herbivorous nawo). Esigabeni sobukhulu obuncane, kwavela ama-phytophages amancane ama-mamy (afana namagundane anamuhla). Ukuvela kwazo kwaholela ekubonakala kwezilwane ezihambisanayo ezihambisanayo, ezibuye zibe yizilwane ezincelisayo. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobukhulu obukhulu zazingeyona ingozi kuma-dinosaurs amadala, kepha zazidla amaqanda awo namawundlu, okwenza kube nobunzima obengeziwe ekukhiqizeni ama-dinosaurs. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukuvikela inzalo kuma-dinosaurs amakhulu akunakwenzeka ngoba umehluko omkhulu kakhulu ngosayizi wabantu abadala namawundlu.

Kulula ukuthola ukuvikela ukubumbana (ezinye izibankwakazi ezisekupheleni kweCretaceous zizenza ngempela lezi zinhlobo zokuziphatha), nokho, lapho ikubalo lilikhulu likanogwaja futhi nabazali besayizi bendlovu, lizochotshozwa ngokushesha kunokuba livikelwe ekuhlaselweni.

• Ngenxa yemikhawulo eqinile ebuswini beqanda obuphezulu (ngenxa yobukhulu obuvunyelwe begobolondo) ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zedinosaur, amawundlu azalwa alula kakhulu kunabantu abadala (ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu kakhulu, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu abadala namawundlu wawuphindwe kayizinkulungwane).Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula kwadingeka ukuthi aguqule kaningi ukudla kwawo, futhi esigabeni sokuqala sentuthuko kwakumelwe ancintisane nezinhlobo ezazibaluleke kakhulu kumakilasi athile kasayizi. Ukuntuleka kokudluliselwa kwesipiliyoni phakathi kwezizukulwane kukhulisa le nkinga.
• Njengomphumela wokwehla kwezwekazi ekugcineni kweCretaceous, uhlelo lwemimoya nomoya wolwandle lwashintsha, okwaholela ekupholiseni kwengxenye enkulu yomhlaba kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sokushisa sonyaka, esathinta kakhulu i-biology. Ama-Dinosaurs, njengeqembu elikhethekile, ayengozini enkulu kulezi zinguquko. Ama-Dinosaurs kwakungeyona izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, futhi kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekuqothulweni kwabo.

Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zizathu, kwahlelwa izimo ezingezinhle zama-dinosaurs angadli wezilwandle, okwaholela ekunqanyulweni kokubonakala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Izinhlobo "ezindala" zama-dinosaurs zaba khona isikhashana, kepha kancane kancane zaphela ngokuphelele. Ngokusobala, kwakungekho mncintiswano oqondile oqondile phakathi kwama-dinosaurs nezilwane ezincelisayo; zazithatha izigaba zobukhulu obuhlukile, ezazikhona ngokufana. Kungemva kokunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs kuphela lapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezithwebula i-niche yezemvelo engekho, futhi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi.

Ngokumangazayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-archosaurs okuqala esikhathini se-Triassic kuhambisane nokuqothulwa kancane kancane kwama-terapsids amaningi, amafomu aphezulu lawo empeleni ayizilwane ezincelisayo zasendulo.

Kuhlanganisiwe

Ama-hypotheses angenhla angahambisana, okusetshenziswa abanye abacwaningi ukubeka phambili izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-hypotheses ahlanganisiwe. Isibonelo, umthelela we-meteorite enkulu ungavusa ukwanda komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kanye nokukhululwa kwesibalo esikhulu sothuli nomlotha, okungahlangana ndawonye kuholele ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, futhi lokhu, kungashintsha uhlobo lwezimila namaketanga okudla, njll., Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi kungadalwa ukwehla kwezilwandle. Izintabamlilo zentaba-mlilo zaqala ukuqhuma ngisho nangaphambi kokuba i-meteorite iwele, kepha ngandlela thile ukuqhuma okuningana futhi okuncane (amamitha angama-cubic ayinkulungwane ngonyaka) kwaba nezindlela ezingandile nezikhulu (amamitha ayi-900 cubic ngonyaka). Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ushintsho kuhlobo lokuqhuma kungenzeka lube ngaphansi kwethonya le-meteorite eliwe ngasikhathi sinye (ngephutha leminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-50).

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, umkhuba wobulili bezalo ekushiseni kwelesi uyabonakala. Ngo-2004, iqembu labaphenyi abavela eBritish University of Leeds, liholwa nguDavid Milleangle. UDavid Miller), uphakamise ukuthi uma into efanayo futhi ibonakaliswa ngama-dinosaurs, khona-ke ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngamadigri ambalwa nje kungavusa ukuzalwa kwabantu bobulili obuthile (ngokwesibonelo, owesilisa), futhi lokhu, kwenza ukuthi ukuzala okunye kube nzima.

Amaphutha we-Hypothesis

Akukho neyodwa yalawa ma-hypotheses angachaza ngokuphelele yonke inkimbinkimbi yezimo ezihambisana nokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs angewona awezilwane nezinye izinhlobo ekugcineni kweCretaceous.

Izinkinga ezinkulu zezinguqulo ezifakiwe yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Ama-Hypotheses agxila ngqo ukuqothuka, okuthi, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, bahambe ngesivinini esifanayo njengasesikhathini esedlule, kepha ngasikhathi sinye izinhlobo ezintsha zayeka ukwakha ukwakheka kwamaqembu aqothulayo.
• Onke ama-hypotheses ahlaba umxhwele (ama-hypotheses anomthelela), kufaka phakathi lawo asezinkanyezi, awahambisani nesikhathi okulindelekile sesikhathi sawo (amaqembu amaningi ezilwane aqala ukushona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuphela kweCretaceous, futhi kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona ama-dinours ama-Paleogene, ama-mosasaurs nezinye izilwane. Ukushintshwa kwama-ammonite afanayo kuhlobo lwe-heteromorphic kukhombisa nohlobo oluthile lokungazinzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezilwane sezivele zingancishisiwe izinqubo ezithile zesikhathi eside futhi zime endleleni yokuqothuka, futhi inhlekelele imane yasheshisa inqubo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isikhathi sesikhathi sokuqothula asinakubalwa ngokunembile ngenxa yomthelela we-Signor - Lipps ohambisana nedatha ye-paleontological engaphelele (isikhathi sokungcwaba ifosili lokugcina lokugcina lingase lingahambelani nesikhathi sokunyamalala kwetekisi).

• Amanye ama-hypotheses anobufakazi obanele. Ngakho-ke, abukho ubufakazi obutholakele bokuthi ukuphonswa kwamandla kazibuthe womhlaba kuthinta i-biology, abukho ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi ukuhlehliswa kweMaastricht kwezinga leWorld Ocean kungadala ukuqothuka kwesikali kuleso sikhathi, abukho ubufakazi bokweqa okuthe xaxa kwezinga lokushisa olwandle ngokuqondile ngalesi sikhathi, futhi akukaze kufakazelwe. ukuthi intaba-mlilo eyinhlekelele ebangelwa ukwakhiwa kwezicupho ze-Deccan yayisakazeke kabanzi, noma ukuthi ubukhulu bayo babenele ushintsho lomhlaba esimweni sezulu nakwezemvelo.

Okubi kwinguqulo ye-biosphere

• Amafayela Wikimedia Commons Media

• "Dinosaurs" Portal

Ngefomu elingenhla, le nguqulo isebenzisa imibono emiqondo eyingqayizivele mayelana nokuphila kanye nokuziphatha kwama-dinosaurs, ngenkathi ingaqhathanisi zonke izinguquko zesimo sezulu nemisinga eyenzeka eMesozoic, ekugcineni kweCretaceous, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikuchazi ukuqothulwa okufanayo kwamadayinas emazwenikazi ahlukane.