Thayipha Igama: | Ukukhanya okukhanda elimnyama |
Igama lesi Latin: | ILarus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 |
Igama lesiNgisi: | Ukukhanya okukhanda elimnyama |
Igama lesiFulentshi: | Mouette rieuse |
Igama lesiJalimane: | ILachmowe |
Izivumelwano zesiLatin: | IHydrocoloeus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766), Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Izivumelwano zaseRussia: | gull river, gull evamile |
Isigcawu: | I-Charadriiformes |
Umndeni: | Ama-Gulls (uLaridae) |
Ubulili: | I-Seagulls (iLarus Linnaeus, 1758) |
Isimo: | Ukuzalela, izinhlobo ezifudukayo engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga - ubusika. |
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
I-gull inosayizi osezingeni eliphakathi nendawo (kancane kancane kunejuba elinezinwele ezimnyama nejuba lolwandle, licishe libe ngama-25% lincane kune-gull ekhanda okwesibhakabhaka). Unekhanda elinsundu elimnyama engubeni yokugqoka kokuhlobanisa (ibukeka imnyama ikude), umngcele wombala onsundu entanyeni yenyoni emile i-oblique - isuka esinqeni isiya emphinjeni (kumakhaza amancane namakhanda amnyama, amakhanda asembathweni ongaphandle amnyama, kufaka phakathi i-nape, ngakho-ke umngcele umnyama imibala icishe ibanzi). Imikhawulo yamaphiko imnyama (kumakhanda amnyama namakhanda amhlophe qhwa), ingaphansi lamaphiko likhanya ngokukhanya (ngoba inkonyane encane imnyama). Isici esikhanyayo kuzo zonke izingubo ungqimba lomphetho omhlophe wangaphambili wedada, onwebeka engxenyeni ye-distal, owakhiwe ngophiko oluyinhloko nezivikelo zazo.
Engubeni ebusika, ifana kakhulu ngombala ijuba lasolwandle, kepha ihluke ngalo ngentamo nomlomo omfishane, umphambili ophakeme. Ngokwendlela esetshenziswayo yohlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko, izinyoni ezincane zihlukaniswa kahle nezinyoni ezincane zezinye izinhlobo zezinsikazi (esejuba lolwandle elifanayo, uhlangothi olungaphezulu lukhanya). Kuyo yonke iminyaka, umkhondo wase Melika uLarus phiiadelphia ufana kakhulu ne-gull echibini, okuyinto phakathi kwezinkanyezi zaseMelika ezivelele njengezindiza ezivame kakhulu ukuya eYurophu (iphethini elimnyama le-graphite esigqokeni sesincanyana liyafana ngesimo se-gull echibini, iziphetho zamaphiko zikhanya ngezansi, kuyilapho ichibi liphela. zimnyama kunokuphela kwephiko laphansi). E-Asia Ephakathi, incazelo kufanele icabangele ukufana nokukhanya okuncane okukhanyayo okukhanyayo nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Incazelo
Umbala. Owesilisa nowesifazane egqoke izingubo zokuhlobisa. Ikhanda kuya ku-nape, chin kanye nomphimbo onsundu omnyama. Amehlo angenhla nangaphansi ahlanganiswe umugqa omfishane omhlophe. Ingaphambili naphakathi emuva nephiko elingaphezulu lingwevu. Engxenyeni ye-distal yephiko, ibala elimise okomugqa linwebeka ngasekupheleni kwephiko. Amaphethelo we-II - VII yezimpukane eziyimpumputhe amnyama, ekugcineni kwe-VIII indawo engezansi yomnyama ompunga. Amapulangwe asele yintamo, umzimba ophansi, umsila kanye ne-hypochondrium imhlophe. Uqhwaku, imiphetho yezinkophe, imilenze - ubomvu omnyama, uthingo olunsundu. Abantu abadala abesilisa nabesifazane ngokugqoka kwasebusika. Njengasesigqokeni somshado, noma kunjalo, ikhanda limhlophe. Ilihlo libunjiwe kumnyama ngaphambili. Ngaphansi kweso (kwesinye isikhathi ngemuva kwalo) nasendaweni yezimpaphe zezindlebe, amabala amnyama-grey. Izikhala emehlweni (amabala asezindlebeni zezindlebe akaziwa kakhulu) angaxhunyaniswa ngentambo emnyama egijima phezu kwekhanda. UBill ubomvu okhanyayo ngesiphelo esimnyama, imilenze ibomvu.
Izingubo zokulala. I-Ocher-brown (iyahlukahluka kakhulu) ngamabala amakhulu amnyama ansundu wezimpawu ezahlukahlukene. Uqhwaku lungcolile futhi lunemibala egqize kahle, imilenze nayo ingcolile futhi inomzimba.
Ngubo yokugqoka. Ikhanda linsundu elikhanyayo, elilula ngaphambili kanye nezingxenye ezingezansi. Kuyo ungahlukanisa indawo emnyama phambi kwamehlo, imichilo ngaphansi kweso nebala endaweni yendlebe, ibala elikhanyayo ngemuva kwamehlo. Ngemuva kwentamo nangaphambili emuva ngimpunga onsundu ngezimpaphe eziphuzi. Umhlane wangemuva ungwevu ngokushintshela kokumhlophe endaweni yengubo ephakeme. Umsila umhlophe ngombala omnyama onsundu wangaphambi kwe-apical 15-25 mm ububanzi, ulandelwa umngcele ophuzi ophuzi lapho ekugcineni izimpaphe (khonale ama-helms, indawo ebomvu ingahle ibe khona noma incane). Izimpaphe zakwamanye amazwe zinombala onsundu onomkhawulo ophuzi ophuzi nobumpunga. Amaflaya amancane amaphethelo amnyama. Uhlobo lwendiza eyinduna ngombala onsundu ngombala omhlophe (II - V) noyimpunga (VI - VII), ophenduka imfushane ku-VIII - XI fly. Izimpiko zaphezulu ezingaphezulu zimhlophe, zingwevu futhi zinemibala ehlukene ngombala onsundu onsundu. Izimbobo eziphansi zingwevu, emaphethelweni aholayo amhlophe qwa. Umzimba ophansi umhlophe ngombala onsundu okhanyayo, obedlubhe esifubeni. UBill ungcolile ophuzi onesiphetho esimnyama, imilenze ingphuzi ophuzi.
Izingubo zokuqala zobusika. Njengengubo yasebusika yabantu abadala, kepha umsila nezimpiko, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amahlombe, zigcinwa ezingubeni zokugqoka.
Ingubo yokuqala yasehlobo. Njengokugqoka kokuqala kobusika, kepha ikhanda lezinyoni eziningi zinsundu ngemifudlana emhlophe, ikakhulukazi ebunzini, umphimbo uvame cishe ukumhlophe. Iphethini lensizwa esemaphikweni nasemsileni yakhanya kalula ngenxa yokugqokwa. Engubeni yesibili ebusika, izinyoni kwesinye isikhathi ziyehluka kubantu abadala, ngokusho kwamamaki amnyama asemaphikweni (ikakhulu ezivikelweni zephiko lokuqala eliyinhloko). Izinyoni ezigqoke izingubo zokuhlobisa ezinamachashaza amhlophe emakhanda azo zingamane zineminyaka emibili. Incazelo enemininingwane inikezwe ezincwadini (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).
Ukwakheka nobukhulu
Imininingwane ngosayizi wezinyoni ezindala ngesikhathi esidlekelwa ngamaphoyinti amathathu wobubanzi e-USSR ifingqiwe kuthebula. 2.
Inkomba | Abesilisa | Abesifazane | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | lim | n | M | lim | n | |
ILatvia, Ichibi Ukungena (idatha nguJ. Vickne) | ||||||
Ubude bephiko | 311,0 | 299–320 | 6 | 296,3 | 284–312 | 17 |
Ubude be-Metatarsal | 46,7 | 42–49 | 11 | 44,2 | 42–52 | 25 |
Ubude Beak | 35,0 | 35 | 2 | — | — | — |
Ubude bekhanda | 84,0 | 80–86 | 13 | 77,2 | 72–80 | 45 |
Isisindo | 293,8 | 265–300 | 11 | 281,1 | 215–310 | 21 |
Isifunda saseMoscow, ichibi I-Kiyovo (Isakov et al., 1947) | ||||||
Ubude bephiko | 319,1 | 309–340 | 66 | 303,1 | 288–332 | 91 |
Ubude be-Metatarsal | 47,3 | 40–63 | 65 | 43,2 | 40–46 | 90 |
Ubude Beak | 36,2 | 33–39 | 65 | 33,0 | 30–37 | 90 |
Isisindo | 293 | — | 23 | 257 | — | 37 |
Oz. I-Baikal (Scriabin, 1977) | ||||||
Ubude bephiko | 310,2 | — | 32 | 295,7 | — | 24 |
Ubude be-Metatarsal | 46,3 | — | 32 | 44,0 | — | 24 |
Ubude Beak | 35,9 | — | 32 | 34,3 | — | 24 |
Isisindo | 282 | — | 32 | 246 | — | 24 |
Amanothi we-taxonomy
Ukukhethwa kwezinyoni zaseMpumalanga Ekude njenge-subspecies kaLarus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin, 1911 ngesisekelo sobukhulu obuthile kubhekwa njengokungaxhunyiwe (Kozlova, 1932, ekhonjiwe ngu: Dementiev, 1951).
L. ridibundus ,. L. cirrocephalus, L. maculipennis kuhlobene kakhulu futhi kuhlangene ne-h htlaubii, L. novaehollandie, L. buileri, L. serranus, kanye ngandlela-thile kude ne-L. brunnicephalus, L. saundersi, L. philadelphia kanye ne-gen genei form. iqembu elikhethekile (iCramp, Simmons, 1983).
Ukubhebhetheka
Ububanzi be-Nesting. Ukwanda okunamandla kwebanga kuqale ngekhulu le-19, kepha kwabonakala ikakhulukazi ngekhulu lama-20, okucatshangelwa ukuthi kufaniswa nokushisa kwesimo sezulu, ukuvikelwa okuthuthukile emazweni amaningi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo emisha yokuphakelwa kwama-anthropogenic ngama-gulls (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).
Umngcele wobubanzi besimanje enyakatho ngaphandle kwe-USSR ubandakanya isiqhingi saseNewfoundland (isidleke sokuqala ngo-1977), eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGreenland (kusukela ngo-1969), i-Iceland, iziqhingi zaseFaroe, iziqhingi zaseBrithani zigijima ngasenyakatho kweScandinavia Peninsula naseFinland (Glutz V. Bloezheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). E-USSR, umngcele osenyakatho webanga ufaka iLake Onega futhi udlula eduze kwe-Arkhangelsk (Stepanyan, 1975), kufaka phakathi okuphezulu kwe-Vychegda (Estafiev, 1981a), kudlula e-Urals cishe ngo-60 ° N, cishe ngo-67 ° N ku-Ob, 65 ° N kwiYenisei (Stepanyan, 1975), 65 ° N ethengweni laseVilyui - Marche, 68 ° N e-Kolyma (Degtyarev et al., 19816, Perfiliev, 1981). Ihlala eKamchatka nasenyakatho peninsula eKoryak Upland, kanye naseKaraginsky Island (Lobkov, 1975, 1981a). Akukho datha yokuthola izidleke ezindaweni ezinkulu ogwini olusentshonalanga yoLwandle i-Okhotsk, kepha izidleke ezisogwini lwayo oluseningizimu, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni ephansi yoMfula i-Amur (Roslyakov, Roslaya, 1981). NguG.P. UDementieva (1951), izidleke eSakhalin, kepha ababhali bakamuva abakuqinisekisi lokhu (Gizenko, 1955).
Umngcele oseningizimu wesikhala esidonsa entshonalanga uhlanganisa izidleke ngazinye eSpain, eningizimu yeFrance, eziqhingini zaseSardinia naseSisily, isigodi somfula. Ngokusho kwe-Italy, inyakatho yeYugoslavia neBulgaria, kuhlukanisa izidleke ezingxenyeni eziphakathi nezisempumalanga yeTurkey (GiUtz V. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). E-USSR, umngcele wobubanzi ugudla ugu olusenyakatho yoLwandle Olumnyama (okungekho eCrimea - Kostin, 1983), kubandakanya nezwe laseTranscaucasian, uhamba uzungeze iCaspian usuka enyakatho, udlula emachibini aseVolga delta (Lugovoi, 1958), ungena emachibini aseKamysh-Samara, e-Aktyubinsk. ulwandle, luhlanganisa ingxenye yalo esenyakatho, iSyr Darya, izindawo eziphansi zaseningizimu nasempumalanga yeKazakhstan (iDolgushin, 1962), amachibi ase-Issyk-Kul naseSon-Kel eKyrgyzstan (Kydyraliev, 1981). Izindawo zokuhlala ama-Nesting nazo ziyaphawulwa eLake. Aidar-kule (Mukhina, 1983). Ngaphandle kwe-USSR, umngcele oseningizimu udlulela eMongolia, lapho izidleke ezinamakhanda amnyama emachibini nasemifuleni yasentshonalanga, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, nasezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). I-Buir-Hyp - ne-East Mongolia, kufaka phakathi enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina kanye ne-Soviet Primorye (Dementiev, 1951, Polivanova, 1971).
Umdwebo 24. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwesikhwanyana esinamakhanda amnyama
1 - Uhla lokuzalela, 2 - umngcele ongacacisiwe wobubanzi, 3 - izindawo zobusika
Ubusika
Izakhamizi ezihlala enyakatho nasempumalanga yeJanuwari isotherm ka-2,5 ° C zingabokufika; izidleke eziseBritish Isles naseMedithera Basin; izinyoni ezincane ziyahamba ezindaweni eziphakathi ezimweni eziningi, futhi kubantu abadala ziyafuduka zivela empumalanga ziye ENtshonalanga kunokuthambekela okwandayo kwendlela yokuphila ehleliwe. Ngamanani amakhulu, bakhithika eningizimu nasentshonalanga kwe-0 ° C isotherm (Glutz v. Blotzheim naseBauer, 1982). Ngakho-ke, cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu angena endaweni yasebusika ye-gull echibini, lapho amazinga ebusika eqhwa, iMedithera, iziLwandle eziMnyama nezaseCaspian, kanye nezilwandle zase-Indian nasePacific Oceans, ukugeza kuseningizimu nasempumalanga (eningizimu kuka-45 ° N) kuyakuvumela .) ugu lwezwekazi lase-Asia. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, i-seagull iqale ubusika ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika isuka eNewfoundland iye eNew York, ogwini olusentshonalanga ne-Afrika eseningizimu iye eNigeria, eMali naseNiger (ekugcineni, kungenzeka iwele iSahara), kanye nasemazweni asempumalanga. ugu lwase-Afrika luye eningizimu luze luye eKenya naseTanzania, lapho kukhuphuka khona isibalo sezinyoni zasebusika ezihambisana nokwanda kwenani lamakhanda amnyama anombala omnyama e-USSR (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).
Okokuthola isidleke e-USSR, ubusika nokufuduka kufundwe kakhulu eMpumalanga Baltic yabantu, ukuhlanganisa izinyoni zase-Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania kanye ne-Kaliningrad. (Schiiz, Weigold, 1931, Taurins et al., 1953, Jõgi, 1957, Viksne, 1961, 1962, 1968a, Shevareva, 1965, Vaitkevicius, Skuodis, 1965, njll.). Ebusika, lezi zinyoni zatholakala endaweni enkulu ukusuka eCanary Islands nasogwini olusenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika kuya ogwini olusempumalanga yeBlack Sea (okuhlangenwe nakho ngakunye kunaseBahamas naseCaspian), kodwa-ke, ugu olusentshonalanga loLwandle iBaltic - eningizimu yeSweden, kufanele lubhekwe njengezindawo zobusika ezivelele kunazo zonke. IDenmark, inyakatho ye-GDR, ugu lweNyakatho yoLwandle, kubandakanya nenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeJalimane, iNetherlands, iBelgium, ugu olusenyakatho yeFrance nengxenye eseningizimu yeBritish Isles, ugu lwe-Atlantic lwaseFrance ne-Iberian Peninsula, amachibi kanye nemifula ezwenikazi (ikakhulukazi eJalimane, eSwitzerland, eHungary), kanye nasentshonalanga yeMedithera, ikakhulukazi ugu lwe-Adriatic olusenyakatho, isigodi sesifufula. UPau, eningizimu yeFrance.
Ubusika obukhonjisiwe butholakala ikakhulukazi ngezindlela ezimbili: 1) Izinyoni zasolwandle ziwela uLwandle iBaltic ziqonde ngasentshonalanga futhi ziwela eningizimu yeSweden naseDenmark, zisuka lapho zifinyelela eNyakatho nolwandle kanye nolwandle i-Atlantic e-Europe nase-Afrika, bese ziwela izwe elikhulu, zingena eSwitzerland nasentshonalanga yoLwandle iMedithera, 2 ) izinyoni zihamba ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle iBaltic, zidlule esifundeni saseKaliningrad. (endiza ngendlela yokuqala ngaleso sikhathi eseDenmark), bangena ePoland naseGDR, lapho bewela khona ezweni eliphakeme bese befika olwandle i-Adriatic. Izinyoni zasolwandle ezingxenyeni esenyakatho nesifunda seBaltic zithambekele kakhulu emendweni wokuqala ochazwe ngenhla, zidla engxenyeni eseningizimu - kuya kwesibili.
AmaSeagulls asendaweni ephakathi nengxenye ye-Europe ye-USSR - iMoscow, Ivanovo, Ryazan neYaroslavl - kwenzeka ebusika ukusuka eningizimu yeFrance entshonalanga kuye eCaspian empumalanga, kepha isikhathi sabo sasebusika esiyindilinga siba nogu olumnyama kanye nolwandle oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yoLwandle lwe-Azov, ugu lwase-Italiya, Yugoslavia, Greece, nasempumalanga IMedithera (umlomo weNayile, iLebanon, iCyprus, njll.), Indawo ephakathi nephezulu yeDanube, Switzerland (Ptushenko, 1948, Sapetina, 1959, 1962, Shevareva, 1965). Ngesikhathi sokufudukela ezindaweni zobusika, la ma-gulls ahlala cishe izinyanga ezi-3 enkabeni nasendaweni ephansi ye-Dnieper, ezindaweni eziphansi eziseDon naseLwandle i-Azov, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwahlukanisa lokho okuthiwa yindiza ephakathi kwabo (Shevareva, 1965).
Amagogo anombala omnyama weKazakhstan neNtshonalanga yeSiberia (iDolgushin, 1962, Khodkov, 1977a) ebusika eCaspian futhi, mhlawumbe, ogwini lwePersian Gulf nolwandle lwase-Arabia. Ukufakwa kwamabhande kwasungula ubusika bemifantu echibini laseKamchatka eJapan (uSicawa et al., 1982).
Ukufuduka
Ukulahlwa kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke kuqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphakama kwezinyoni ezincane ziye ephikweni, ngokuya kwesikhathi kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesimo sokuma nezimo zasendaweni ngonyaka onikezwe wona futhi kwenzeka kakhulu kusukela eshumini lesithathu likaJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Amagogo anamakhanda amnyama abonakala ngokufuduka kwasemuva kokudlekwa, okuthi lapho izinyoni zidla kude nebanga lokusatshalaliswa kungahambisani (Ptushenko, 1948 nabanye), futhi kungavezwa kwendlela eseduze kwebanga lokusabalalisa (iViksne, 1968a). Ama-Lake gull afinyelela ebusika elikude kakhulu maphakathi noDisemba, ngoFebhuwari inani lawo liyancipha lapho. Ezindaweni eziseduze nobusika (ngokwesibonelo, i-Adriatic, eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeBaltic), ama-gulls ahlala kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba kuze kube maphakathi noMashi. Izikhathi zokufika ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngenkambiso yentwasahlobo, kepha ukufika kwe-gull, njengomthetho, ngandlela thile ngaphambili kwezidumbu zamanzi zingenawo amaqhwa.
Isibonelo, e-Estonia kusuka ngo-1948-1966. kuqala ukungena kwezichibi ngokwesilinganiso ngo-Ephreli 7, umhlangano wokuqala kwaba ngu-23.111 (Rootsmae, Rootsmae, 1976), eSifundeni saseKalinin. iminyaka engu-36 yokubonwa ku-26.III-23.IV, okulinganiselwa kuma-7-8.IV, indiza eningi 1-17.IV (Zinoviev et al., 1981), eLake Lake Kiyovo abantu bokuqala 24.Ill - 8.IV, ukubukeka kwesisindo 30.111-27.IV (Isakov et al., 1947), abantu bokuqala eBaraba steppe ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-Ephreli, ukundiza ngomhlaka 20 kuMeyi, okukhulu kakhulu ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (Khodkov, 1977a). ELake Baikal (engxenyeni eseningizimu), kuvela itshe phakathi maphakathi no-Ephreli (Scriabin, Razmakhnina, 1978). Ezindaweni eziphansi zeSyr Darya, izinyoni zokuqala zivele ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, zifuduka ikakhulu ngoMashi, e-Alma-Ata 10- 19.111, eduze kweSemipalatinsk 7-17.IV (Dolgushin, 1962).
Inombolo
Kusukela ngekhulu le-XIX. ukukhula kwamanani nokwanda kwendawo yokuhlala eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuyaqhubeka emazweni amaningi njengamanje. Ngeminyaka yama-1970s, inani lamazwe aseYurophu, ngaphandle kwe-USSR, lalinganiselwa okungenani kuma-1,400 izinkulungwane ezizalanayo (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982). Kamuva izincwadi ezishicilelwe emazweni athile (iSaurola, ku: Hyytia, Kellomaki, Koistinen, 1983) ziphakamisa ukuthi phakathi kwezinkulungwane eziyi-1515 nezinkulungwane eziyi-1820 zamachibi echibi elikhulu kule ndawo yobubanzi. Lapho izidleke zazo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-150 eFinland, eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-270 eSweden, eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-210 eDenmark, eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-67 eJalimane, eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-90 eGerman Democratic Republic, izinkulungwane ezingama-84,5 ePoland, nezinkulungwane ezingama-200 ukuya kwangama-200 eCzechoslovakia. , EHungary - izinkulungwane eziyi-12, iNetherlands - izinkulungwane ezingama-200, eziqhingini zaseBrithani - izinkulungwane eziyikhulu namakhulu amahlanu namakhulu amathathu.
Ukuzimisela kwenani eliphelele lama-brown-gulls amnyama e-USSR kuze kube manje kwenzelwa izindawo eziningi zasentshonalanga. Ngeminyaka yo-1970, bekuyilokhu: kwabangu-700 000 izinkulungwane, i-Latvia 97 izinkulungwane, iLithuania ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 (iViksne et al., 1981), iBelarus eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nane (Naumchik, 1981), esifundeni saseMoscow. Ama-pairs angama-30-32 ezinkulungwane (uZinoviev et al., 1981). Kukhona futhi ukwanda kwamanani ezifundeni ezishiwo: e-Estonia ngo-1960 ngo-1960, ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20, ngo-1967-1969. - ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 (u-Oppo, 1966, 1971), eLatvia ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1930 - ekuqaleni kuka-1940s - ngamabili ayishumi (Berzins, 1946), ngonyaka ka-1964-1966. - ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 (iVickne, iBaltvilks, 1966), izinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili zamakhulu amabili nesishiyagalombili (15-18) zabekwa eLithuania ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1970 (Valius, 1974). Ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu abamnyama abaphethwe ngamakhanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwenzeka nakwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga nasendaweni ephakathi engxenyeni eseYurophu ye-USSR (Zinoviev et al., 1981, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983a) kanye nasezindaweni eziseduzane naseKamchatka (Lobkov, 1981a )
Umsoco
Isebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kakhulu kwesilwane, ikakhulukazi ukudla kwesilwane, ukushintshwa kalula ezinhlotsheni ezingabizi kakhulu. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga naseCentral Europe (Cramp, Simmons, 1983), ngesikhathi sokudlekwa komhlaba, izikhwebu zomhlaba (kuze kufike ku-50% wesisindo sonke) nezinambuzane (cishe zingu-15%), zibusa ehlobo nasekwindla inani lezinhlwanyane zomhlaba ziyancipha, ukushintshashintsha kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle, inhlanzi. , izithelo kanye. imbewu yezitshalo, imfucumfucu yokudla, izinambuzane azivamile ukudliwa ngesikhathi sasebusika, izinhlanzi kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla igcwele. Ngenxa yezimo ezahlukahlukene eziphakathi kohla lwekhanda elinamakhanda amnyama, kunokuphambuka okuningi kule ndlela ejwayelekile, okunqunywa kakhulu ngokwanda okuqhubekayo nokwandisa ukuvumelanisa kwezinhlobo kwezinhlobo engxenyeni ebalulekile yebanga.
Ukuhlaziya okuqukethwe yizisu eziqoqwe ngoMeyi - Septhemba 1947-1959. eLatvia (Tima, 1961), kukhombisa iqhaza elibalulekile lama-invertebrates ekudleni. Ikakhulu, izinhlwathi zomhlaba zazibuswa ngoMeyi, ama-dragonflies, amabhungane kanye nama-dipterans - ngoJuni, ngoJulayi, Agasti nangoSepthemba, inani lezinhlanzi ezidliwayo lenyuka, kepha ngokuvamile lalingama-3% kuphela ngokwenzeka. Ekudleni kwam amaphuphu echibi gull I-Engure (ugu lwe-Gulf of Riga), ukutholakala kokuphakelwa kwe-anthropogenic ngokusobala (imfucumfucu yokudla, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu) nezinhlanzi (ukuvuna ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulayisha) kuguqulwe kanjena: 1959 - 0% no-89.5%, 1963 - 23.3 % no-52.0%, 1971 - 52.1% no-35.2% (Viksne, 1975), okubonisa ushintsho olukhulu ekunakekelweni kwama-gull of the gulls of the gulls of the gulls of the gulls.
Maphakathi nengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR, kwenziwa kahle izifundo zokudla okwenziwe ngomsoco ngokudotshwa kwezithelo ngo-1930 kuya ku-1975. echibini Kiyovo (Isakov et al., 1947). Entwasahlobo yokuqala, amagundane anjengegundane abekwa phambili ekudleni kwama-gulls (ikakhulukazi i-grey grey) - 62,8%, izinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates ahambisana namanzi - 26.1% wokuvela.Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, amabhungane amabhungane (41,9%), izinambuzane zasemhlabeni (26,2%), izinhlwayi (28,3%), izibungu zamabhungane ezihlala emhlabathini (34,9%), nezinambuzane zasemhlabeni zibuswa (18, I-5%) futhi yanqoba ngesikhathi sokuphakela amaphuphu. Izilwane ezinobungozi kwezolimo (amabhungane ka-May, izibungu zazo, izibungu ze-nutcracker, i-grey vole, njll.) Ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwaba yi-62.2% yokudla ekudleni, izilwane eziwusizo - 18.2%. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngemuva kokudlekwa, izinhlanzi (45,2%), izinambuzane (14.5%) nezihlangu (30,7%) zazibusa kakhulu ekudleni, kanti ebusika eCaspian naseLwandle Olumnyama, izinhlanzi zabanjwa ikakhulu emafektri nasezindizeni. Ngeminyaka yo-1970, ukwakheka kwama-gull e-Kiev colony kwashintsha kakhulu, ngoba indawo enkulu yokuphakelwa kwakuwukuchitheka kwendle kwasekhaya (Zubakin, Kharitonov, 1978). Kwamanye amakoloni amaningi eqembu eliphakathi lengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR, iqhaza elikhulu uma liqhathaniswa nekoloni laseKiev ngesikhathi sokudliwayo ekudleni kudlalwa izinhlanzi (Zinoviev et al., 1981).
Ukubekwa phambili kwezinambuzane ekudleni ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwabuye kwabonwa esifundeni saseNovosibirsk. (Borodulina, 1960), eKazakhstan (Dolgushin, 1962) entwasahlobo ngamanani amakhulu adla izinduku ezinjengegundane, ehlobo - izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ze-steppe, kufaka phakathi iPrus, ekwindla, ukusetshenziswa kwenhlanzi kukhuphuka. ELake Baikal, ichibi lidla kuphela ukudla kwezilwane, okuyisisekelo salo ngama-invertebrates (Scriabin, Razmakhnina, 1978). Entwasahlobo, ama-50.3% okuqukethwe okuqukethwe esiswini ngevolumu, ama-30% - izinambuzane, ama-mollusks, u-11.8% - inhlanzi. Ehlobo, izinambuzane (imidlwane, udrako, izimpukane, ama-caddis, ama-dipterans, njll.) Zibalwe ngo-94% wevolumu, izinhlanzi - u-3.9%.
Imikhondo enamakhanda amnyama ithola ukudla kwayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: ngenkathi ibhukuda futhi ihamba, indiza - ebusweni bamanzi, umhlaba noma izitshalo, ibanjwa emoyeni.
Ububanzi bezindiza zokudla buya ngenani lezinyoni ezise koloni (iqembu lamakoloni) kanye nenani lokudla endaweni. Kusuka kumakhilomitha ambalwa kuya ku-70; kwizinyoni eziningi emakoloni amakhulu awudluli kuma-40 km (Isakov et al., 1947, Viksne, Yanaus, 1986).
Izitha, izici ezingezinhle
Ingozi enkulu ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda okungalawulwa, okwenziwa kakhulu esikhathini esidlule, kwesinye isikhathi okuholele ekushabalaleni kwamakholoni amakhulu (amaBerzin, 1946, njll.), Kanye nanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wezomnotho (amadlelo, njll.) Ezindaweni zamakholoni ngesikhathi sokudalwa.
Izitha zemvelo ziyefana namanye ama-waterfowl. Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyingozi ethile - impungushe, inja e-raccoon, i-mink yaseMelika, inja efuywayo, izingulube zasendle, njll. Nokho, izingosi zezidleke zivame ukungafinyeleleki iningi lazo. Ezinyoni ezinamakhanda, igwababa, isigaxa sesiliva, igwababa, umhlanga womhlanga, isikhozi sendawo, i-goshawk, njll. Kulimaza kakhulu ukuqunjelwa kwechibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumelelo yokubikezela kwegwababa kanye nesiliva igull ikhula kakhulu lapho ikoloni liphazamiseka ngabantu.
Ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwezinga lamanzi (ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezivunguvungu, eziteshini zamandla kagesi) kungabhubhisa ngokuphelele konke ukubumbana koloni. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa kwamachwane wukuntuleka kokudla, okwenzeka, njengomthetho, phakathi nesikhathi sezulu esipholile semvula. Ngokukhathazeka kwekholoni, ukufa kwamachwane kungafinyelela ukulingana okukhulu ngenxa yokuziphatha okunolaka kwabantu abadala maqondana namachwane angaphandle. Izincwadi (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982) zinikeza imininingwane ngokushona okwandayo kwam amaphuphu okubangelwa yi-pasteurellosis, i-botulism, i-salmonellosis, kanye nama-helminthiases ahlukahlukene.
Ukukhanya okukhanda elimnyama
Ukukhanya okukhanda elimnyama , noma ezejwayelekile (imifula) gull (lat. I-Larus ridibundus ) Ingabe iyinyoni encane yomndeni okhanyayo esidlekeni endaweni enkulu ye-Eurasia, kanye nogu lwe-Atlantic lwaseCanada. Kuvamile endaweni yaseRussia - imvamisa ingabhekwa ehlobo emifuleni nasemachibini, lapho izungeza khona imikhumbi edlulayo ifuna i-handout. Ebangeni eliningi, inyoni efudukayo, yize kwezinye izindawo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu iphila impilo yokuhlala.
Izilokazana ikakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi amancanyana emakholoni, usayizi wawo ongafinyelela izinkulungwane eziningana zamabili. Imvamisa ihlala eduze namadolobha amakhulu kanye nokulahlwa kokudla. Engutsheni yokuhlobisa, phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zemikhono, ikhanda eli-brown nebala elimhlophe lihlukaniswa. Lokhu kungenye yezimpawu ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni - inani lazo lidlula ngamabili ezigidi ezimbili.
Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa
Njengesilwane esiningi, kuyabonakala kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Idlala indima enhle emnothweni wokuzingela, ngoba ezindaweni ezihlala echibini elithokomele, ubungqabavu bamaquku amadada nokulondolozwa kwawo kuphakeme kakhulu kunezindawo ezifanayo eziseduze namakoloni (Fabricius, 1937, Haartmann, 1937, Mihelsons et al., 1976, Bergman, 1982, ne. nezinye). Ukushintshela kalula ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile zokuphakelwa kanye nemisebe enkulu yokusakazwa kokudla kunquma ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwesikhwanyana esinamakhanda amnyama ekubhujisweni nasekukhawulweni kwenani lezilokazane zezitshalo - izinambuzane nama-voles - lapho zivela kakhulu (Isakov et al., 1947, Dolgushin, 1962, njll.) . Ukutholakala kokuheha izisulu ngenhloso ngenhloso yokudla ezindaweni ezithile ngokusetha amamodeli (i-Kharitonov, 19806) sekufakazelwe, okuvula ithuba lokusebenzisa amagwebu ukucindezela ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane kwasendaweni. Inenani elithile njengomhlengikazi, lokuqoqa imfucuza yokudla emapulazini e-fur, njll. EDenmark, ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda wezinhloko ezinamnyama kuvunyelwe ngesikhathi (Bloch-Nielsen, 1975); emazweni amaningi kubhekwe njengenyoni yokuzingela (eDenmark, eJalimane, eBelgium, futhi ngokwengxenye e-Austria - Lampio, 1983).
Kanye neqhaza elihle, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqaphele ingozi eyadalwa ukugxila okukhulu kwezimpawu zokundiza (iJacobi, 1974), kanye nemiphumela emibi yasendaweni neyesikhashana yesikhathi sokudonswa kwamachibi (ukubhujiswa kwabancane) (Koubek, 1982). Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okwenziwe kwezokudoba kweqisa ngokweqile.
Uma kunesidingo sokulawula ubuningi, kunconywa ukuthi ukufinyelela kokuphakelayo kwe-anthropogenic kuvinjelwe, futhi umbuso we-hydrological kufanele uguqulwe ukuze kuqedwe amathuba wokudalwa (i-Glotz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982).
Izindlela eziphambili zokongiwa kwemvelo wukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuzala zizalela ngesikhathi sokuzalela.
Ukubukeka
Insimbi encane, ebabazekayo enekhanda eliyindilinga nomlomo omncane. Ubude 35-39 cm, amaphiko angama-86-99 cm, isisindo 200-350 g. Ngokuphakeme (cishe ingxenye yesithathu) inkulu kune-gull encane, kepha incane kancane kunjiva yolwandle nethokomala elinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Phakathi kokugqamile kombala kukhona umucu omhlophe obanzi engxenyeni engaphambili yephiko nomngcele omnyama ngemuva, okubuye kube yisici sejuba lasolwandle neqhubu leBonaparte, kepha elingatholakali kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Kubhekiswa eqenjini le-gulls ngomjikelezo weminyaka emibili we-plumage.
Engutsheni yokuhlobisa, ikhanda linombala onsundu, kepha hhayi ngokuphelele, njengakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane (ngokwesibonelo, ezincane noma zama-Aztec), kodwa ngaphambi kwekhanda, lapho kukhona khona umngcele ohlukanisayo phakathi kwepula elimnyama nelikhanyayo. I-bezel emhlophe emhlophe ibonakala kahle eduze kwamehlo. Uqhwaku lugobeke kancane phansi, ngaphandle kokuhlobisa (njengokugoba ekugcineni noma ibala elibomvu emqhingeni), maroon. UBrown iris. Ngemuva kwekhanda, intamo, isifuba, isisu, umsila, ne-nape kumhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi kube ne-pink pink tinge. Ingubo nophiko olungaphezulu lube mpunga. Izimpiko zikhonjisiwe, njengezintambo. Onqenqemeni langaphambili kwephiko kukhona umugqa omhlophe obanzi, ukunwebeka okwenziwe ngesigaxa sasemaphethelweni, kuthi onqenqemeni lwasemuva kumnyama, kwakhiwa ama-vertices amnyama ama-flywheels aphambili. Ingxenye ephansi yephiko ngokuyimpunga imbozwe umngcele omnyama obanzi ophikweni oluphambili. Ebusika, ezinyinyaneni ezindala, ikhanda liba mhlophe ngamabala amnyama abonakala ngokucacile endaweni yezindlebe naphambi kwamehlo, uqhwaku lubomvu ngokuphetha okumnyama, futhi imilenze ibomvu. Ebusika, umbala wokukhanya ufana nejuba lasolwandle, elihlukile kulo ngomlomo omfushane nentamo.
I-plumage yezinyoni ezincane ekhanda nasemzimbeni ophakeme ibuswa ngamathoni abomvu ansundu. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, inyoni ifana kakhulu nabakhile emanzini angajulileU-Arearia uyangenelela) kunokuba gulls. Izimpiko zihanjiswe zivela phezulu, zinobuningi bezimoto ezinsundu, ezibomvu nezimpunga, umphambili omhlophe ngaphambili nomnyama emuva. Ekupheleni komsila omhlophe kukhona umucu obonakala ngokusobala onsundu obonakalayo. Uqhwaku nemilente kugcwele, kuphuzi okungcolile.
Ububanzi be-Nesting
Ihlala esimweni sezulu esifudumele soLwandle Olumnyama yonke indlela ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga. ENtshonalanga, eNyakatho naseNyakatho Yurophu ngekhulu le-19-20 leminyaka, le ndawo ikhule kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yentuthuko yezolimo nomkhakha wokudla. Engxenyeni yezwekazi laseYurophu, umngcele oseningizimu yebanga udlula eningizimu yeFrance, isigodi somfula. Ngasenyakatho ye-Italy, iSerbia, iBulgaria, ugu olusenyakatho loLwandle Olumnyama, iTranscaucasia nolwandle lweCaspian. Kutholakala endaweni ephakathi ne-Iberian peninsula nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeMedithera. Ukuzala eCorsica, Sardinia naseSicily. Enyakatho yeYurophu, izidleke eziseziqhingini zaseBrithani naseForte, eScandinavia ngasogwini.
E-Russia, inyukela enyakatho iye eKandalaksha Bay oLwandle Olumhlophe, umfula ongenhla. IVychegda esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk, 60 ° C. w. ema-Urals, 67 ° c. w. esitsheni se-Ob, ngo-65 ° C. w. kwiYenisei, 68 ° C. w. esiGodini saseLena, ngo-69 ° C. w. eKolyma naku-61 ° C. w. ogwini loLwandle iBering. Umngcele oseningizimu e-Asia uhamba phakathi kuka-40 ° C. w. esifundeni soLwandle iCaspian, ugu oluseningizimu yoLwandle i-Aral, izigodi zemifula namachibi iSyr Darya, Son-Kul, Issyk-Kul, Zaysan, Markakol, Ubsu-Nur, Tola neBuir-Nur. Kuyatholakala nasempumalanga eKamchatka, ePrimorye, eSakhalin kanye nesifundazwe saseChina Heilongjiang esenyakatho-mpumalanga.
Ekhulwini lama-20, laqala ukuntuleka kude nemingcele yezwekazi: e-Iceland (kusukela ngo-1911), eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGreenland (kusukela ngo-1969) nangoF. INewfoundland (kusukela ngo-1977) isogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika.
Habitat
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ihlala ikakhulu emanzini angamapulangwe anezindawo zokulala nezihlahla zehlathi - amachibi, izikhukhula kanye namachibi asemfuleni, amachibi, amachibi, izingwebu zetafula, lapho zidla khona emanzini angajulile neziqhingi ezikhulile. Izidleke ezingaphansi ezivame ogwini lolwandle ezindaweni ezigudle ulwandle, utshani nezindunduma. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, sekuyinto evumayo, ekufuneni okuphakelayo, ukuphatha kahle ukuqashwa komhlaba, izitshalo zokulungisa izinhlanzi, amabhizinisi ezimboni ezikhanyayo kanye nemizimba yamanzi yasemadolobheni. Ezindaweni ezifudukayo nasezindaweni zobusika kutholakala ikakhulu ogwini lolwandle nakuma-deltas emifula emikhulu.
Ukuzala
Imikhaza enamakhanda amnyama iqala ukuzala isencwadini yeminyaka engu-1 - 4, kanti izinsikazi zivame ukuzala ngaphambili. Izidleke emakoloni, zivame ukuxutshwa, usayizi wazo ungahluka ngemikhawulo ebanzi ukusuka kumashumi amaningana kuya kumashumi ezinkulungwane ambalwa ngazimbili. Ngokungafani nokukhanya okuncane okuncane, amakoloni ahlala ekhona endaweni akuyo futhi, uma kungekho zinto ezimbi, angaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Izinyoni zifika ekuqaleni kwezindawo ezidlekayo, lapho izidumbu zamanzi ziqala nje ukuvuleka bese kuthi izindawo zokuqala ezinqunyiwe zivele phansi - ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ifomu le-Monogamous form ngaphambi kokufika kumasayithi e-nesting noma ngokushesha emva kwalo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ukwakheka kokugcina kombhangqwana kwandulelwa ushintsho lwabalingani abaningana. Ngemuva kokufika, izinyoni zivame ukuhlala duzane nale koloni bese zizulazula zifuna ukudla. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimilo esibonakalayo siyisimo - izinyoni ezinamakhwelo zijaha emoyeni, amakhanda ethu ezelule phambili nangaphambili, zikhala kakhulu zibhekise ezitheni, “meow”, “cluck” bese zihlaba umhlabathi. Lapho akha i-pair, insikazi igoba ikhanda layo, icela ukudla, owesilisa uyondla ngokwesiko.
Ukuze uthole isidleke esizayo, indawo engenakufinyeleleka yibo abahlukumeza umhlaba iyakhethwa - njengomthetho, isigodi esinezindunduma noma isiqhingi esincane sotshani. Kwesinye isikhathi ikhula emaqhugwaneni angena ezindlini, endaweni yokubhukuda (imvamisa yaphansi), okuvamisile ukuthi ibe ezindundumeni noma esigangeni olusogwini. Indawo evikelekile ingama-32-47 cm azungeze isidleke; ibanga phakathi kwezidleke ezisondele lisuka ku-50 cm ezindaweni ezinohlonze liya kumashumi amamitha amamitha ezindaweni eziyinqaba. I-Nest - isixha esincane esishibayo sezitshalo zasemanzini sangonyaka odlule, ngaphandle kokuzila. Njengendwangu, umhlanga, ikati, umhlanga, udoti noma izithungo zamahhashi zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ukubekwa kufaka amaqanda ama-1-3 (kaningi ama-3); uma kwenzeka kulahleka, ukubeka okuphindaphindiwe kuvamile. Umbala wamaqanda ungahluka kububanzi obukhanyayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma buffy ngaphandle kwephethini okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenani elikhulu lamabala, kodwa imvamisa kakhulu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma olombala onsundu. Usayizi weqanda (41-69) x (30- 40) mm. Bobabili abazali bayashintshana; isikhathi sokufakwelwa yizinsuku ezingama-23- 24. Uma kufika isivakashi esingamenyiwe koloni, kuqala isiyaluyalu, kuthi lapho izinyoni zizungelezela, ziklabalaze ngenhliziyo futhi ziphuze okonile ngokwehla. Amachwane ambozwe nge-buffy-brown enamabala amnyama ansundu ngombala we-fluff, awahlanganise nemvelo. Ababelethi bondla amaphuphu ngokuqondile uqhwaku, noma baphonse ukudla esidlekeni esidlekeni, lapho amachwane eligoqa khona. Imikhaza iqala ukundiza ineminyaka engama-25-30.
Umdobi we-Seagull (ngaphambili - i-Seagull ephuthumayo)
Yonke insimu yeBelarus
Umndeni wakwaGull - uLaridae.
Uhlobo lweMonotypic, alwakhi u-subspecies.
Uhlobo lwendabuko lukhona ezweni. Ukufuya okujwayelekile ukufuduka, kuhamba kancane futhi kuzinhlobo ezincane zobusika. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, inani lama-gull of lake liye labonwa cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ubukhulu bejuba elikhulu kusembatho sokukhula luyehluka kwezinye iziphandla ngombala onsundu wekhanda. Ngemuva nangaphezudlwana kwamaphiko enyoni endala kunombala okhanyayo, izihloko zamaphiko zimnyama ngeziqeshana ezimhlophe, inhloko ibe nsundu ngokhethi entwasahlobo nasehlobo, yonke iplamu imhlophe. Izimpaphe ezinde kunazo zonke zimhlophe ngezihloko ezimnyama. Okuyinhloko nakho konke okuncane kundiza okumpunga. U-Beak ubomvu we-cherry, imilenze ibomvu. Uthingo lu nsundu, imiphetho yezinkophe ibomvu. Amapayipi wezinyoni ezincane ahlukahlukene, izimpaphe ezinsundu ezikhanyayo zihlanganiswa namathoni ampunga namhlophe. Kuma-gulls amancane, phezulu kwekhanda, emuva kanye nezimpaphe zamahlombe kukhona okumpunga ngombala onsundu. Izimpiko ezimboze zimpunga ngombala onsundu. Ibamba mhlophe ngebhendi emnyama ekugcineni. Phansi kumhlophe. Uqhwaku nemilenze ipinki. Isisindo sowesilisa singama-265-343 g, insikazi ingama-215-310 g. Ubude bomzimba wesilisa buyi-34-43 cm, owesimame ungama-cm angama-33- 40. Izimpiko (zombili ubulili) zingamasentimitha angama-90- 40.I ubude besidumbu sowesilisa buyi-34-40 cm, izimpiko zingama-31-31. , Cm 5, umsila 12 cm,5 cm, umlomo u-3-3.5 cm. Ubude bephiko labesifazane buyi-28- 29 cm cm, umsila u-11-11,5 cm, uqhwaku u-3-3,5 cm.
Okuyikhona okuvame kakhulu ukutholakala kwethu kutholakala ezitolo zazo zonke izinhlobo. Kuyasebenza phakathi nosuku. Kwasungulwa iziqongo ezimbili zomsebenzi wansuku zonke: ekuseni nakusihlwa. I-lake gull iphila impilo yomphakathi unyaka wonke.
Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kuqala engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi futhi kugcina konke ngo-Ephreli. Maphakathi no-Ephreli, izinyoni zasendaweni sezivele zigxile ezingxenyeni zezidleke.
Ikhetha ukuhlala emizimbeni emikhulu nasebangeni eliphakathi lamanzi (amadamu, amachibi, amachibi, imifula emincane kakhulu) uma kuneziqhingi, amawa amakhulu noma indawo enamaxhaphozi ekungenakufikelelwa kuyo eduze nogu lapho izinyoni zithola khona izimo ezinhle zokudlekwa. Imvamisa ihlala phakathi kwemishado, kwesinye isikhathi emigodini emincane enamanzi, ilahle izihlalo zezimayini ze-peat, uma kunamachibi amakhulu aseduze lapho le nyoni ikhiqiza khona ifishi. Esikhathini sokufuduka ngemuva kokuthola izidleke, kwenzeka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo.
Ukufuya emakoloni lapho kukhona kusuka emashumini ambalwa kuya emashumini ezinkulungwane ngazimbili. Amakoloni amakhulu kunawo wonke esifundeni saseBrest esinenqwaba yabantu abayizinkulungwane eziningana atholakala eBrest (ngamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-5-7, i-Brest Fortress - ngababili abayizinkulungwane eziyi-0.8-2,5). Ngesinye isikhathi zakha amakoloni ahlanganisiwe nama-river tern (ezinye izinkomo, ezinye izinhlobo zezidleke zamanzi namadada, ngokuzithandela esidlekeni koloni lwesiqhwaga sechibi). Amabhuthi owodwa wokudlekwa kwesinye isikhathi ayaqashelwa. Le nyoni inamathele kumasayithi e-nesting, futhi ngenxa yalokho amakoloni akhona kumasayithi afanayo iminyaka eminingi ilandelana.
Amakoloni, njengomthetho, akhiwe ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo - eziqhingini, phakathi kwezimila zasogwini zamachibi namachibi, ezimayini ze-peat ezikhukhulelwayo naphakathi kwezindawo zokubhukuda. Izinyoni ezisezindaweni zezidleke zizwakala zinomsindo omkhulu, zihlala zikhipha ukukhala okukhulu okuthi “kyarrr” noma i- “kirra”, kanye ne- “gre, like” emfushane.
Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanhlanu noma ngaphezulu ngemuva kokufika, izinyoni ziyazulazula eduze kwezindawo ezidlekayo. Eminyakeni yokuqala neyesibili kaMashi, ama-gull amaningi ahlala ezindaweni zokudlela esikhathini esizayo. Amakoloni akhula njengoba kunyuka izinyoni ezintsha. Le nqubo ivame ukuphela ngeshumi lokuqala lika-Ephreli. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni zasolwandle zigxila ezindaweni zamakholoni, zenze izindiza zamanje, zithole ukudla kule ndawo noma zindize ziyondle ngaphesheya kwemingcele yayo.
Ngo-Ephreli nangemva kwalokho, amanye ama-gulls ayaqhubeka nokufuduka, iningi lawo liyizinyoni ezincane (unyaka owodwa nambili). Njengoba lezi zinyoni zingabambi iqhaza ekuzaleni, zifuduka yonke intwasahlobo kanye nehlobo zifuna ukudla.
Ama-Lake gulls avuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka eyi-1 kuye kwele-4 ubudala, izintokazi - ku-1-2, abesilisa ku-2-3 (ikakhulukazi) kanye neminyaka emi-4. Ukuzala kabusha kuqala ngemuva nje kokufika. Izinyoni zikhetha indawo yokwakha isidleke. Yakhiwa ngamalungu womabili lo mbhangqwana.
Ukuma kwesidleke kuya ngesimo nobumswakama bendawo ehlala ikoloni. Eziqhingini ezomile, kunokubonakala kokucindezelwa okuncane emhlabathini futhi kuhlukaniswa nge-sparse lining, okungenzeka kungabikho lapho kuhlalwa esihlabathini esikhululekile. Ezindaweni ezimanzi ezisogwini, amatheku, ama-hummocks amancane, isidleke sibukeka njengengqubu yasesicaba, futhi emanzini we-quagmire noma angajulile yisakhiwo esikhulu esime ngendlela yesigaxa esimisiwe. Endabeni yokugcina, kuba ephakeme, ephakeme futhi iminyanise imithombo yezitshalo ezungezile, njengoba inyoni ebabayo idinga ukubuka okuzungeze isidleke. Phakathi kwamathokisi, uvame ukuyibeka kuma-coats omhlanga, amakati noma ixhaphozi eligcwele amanzi. Uma indawo okuhlala kuyo ikoloni ingeyona isicaba, inyoni izama ukuthola isidleke ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhudlwana, nakwezinye izindunduma, emigodini nasezindongeni eziphezulu.
Izinto zokwakha isidleke ziyizigaxa ezomile, amaqabunga kanye nama-rhizomes wezitshalo zokubhukuda ezinamaqabunga, imvamisa yezingcezwana zezigaxa ezomile zamakhakhayini, umhlonyane nezinye izitshalo ezilukhuni, kanye namagatsha ezihlahla. Izingcezu ezinkulu zezinto zokwakha zihlanganiswa ngokungahleliwe, ngakho-ke izidleke ziyakhululeka futhi zinobukhulu. Kwezinye izimo, kutholakala izidleke ezingacocekile ezivela ezitshalweni ezinama-herbaceous amancane. Njengoba kunemidwebo ephindaphindwayo, ephawulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izidleke cishe zakhiwe ngokuphelele ngotshani. Ugqoko we-lake gull uhlala ufakwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo. Ukuphakama kwesidleke kungama-1.5-35 cm, ububanzi buyi-19-70 cm: ukujula kwesitreyi kungu-2,5-5 cm, ubukhulu bube yi-11-15,5 cm.
Ku-clutch ephelele, njengomthetho, amaqanda ama-3. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhona ama-2 noma ama-4-5 kuphela (angabesifazane). Igobolondo liqoshwe kahle, ngaphandle kokuthi isicwebezelisi. Umbala waso ongemuva ungahluka kusuka kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okotshani noma okuphuzi okuphuzi kuya komnqumo omnyama, oluhlaza okotshani nokuphuzi onsundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqanda asanda kubekwa anama-huis aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti lawo aqhekekile ane-buffy and brown. Amabala nemivimbo emincane naphakathi nendawo, noma, ngokweqile, okukhulu, okuhlangana nezinye izindawo zemibala ehlukahlukene yombala onsundu kungasibekela ngokulinganayo yonke indawo yegobolondo, noma ukugxila esigxotsheni esimfushane noma kubekwe ngendlela ye-corolla. Ezimweni ezingavamile, iphethini kwifomu igobolondo lisontekile, imigqa ehlangene. Ukubona indawo ngokujulile kuvame ukucaciswa kahle futhi, njengomthetho, kumelelwa izindawo ezinombala onsundu (brownish-grey, brownish-violet kanye namabala ophuzi ophuzi). Isisindo seqanda esingu-36 g, ubude bube yi-51 mm (46-70 mm), ububanzi obungu-36 mm (34-38 mm).
Isikhathi sokunwetshwa sinwetshiwe - izindlanzana zakuqala zivela maphakathi no-Ephreli, ezinkulu ngoMeyi, imfuhlumfuhlu eyodwa yenzeka kuze kube nguJulayi. Esimweni sokufa kwe-clutch yokuqala, njengomthetho, kukhona okuphindaphindiwe. Kunokuzala okukodwa ngonyaka. Womabili amalungu alo mbhangqwana agxila izinsuku ezingama-22- 24, kepha ikakhulukazi owesifazana, owesilisa, amlethela ukudla.
Isikhathi sokubukeka kwamantshontsho asifani bobabili emakholoni ahlukene, futhi ngaphakathi kwekholoni elifanayo. Amachwane athosiwe angavele ame. Imikhaza luhlobo lwe-brood (njengawo wonke ama-gull), kepha izinsuku zokuqala zokuphila zivame ukuchitha esidlekeni. Eminyakeni yezinsuku eziningana (kusukela osukwini lwesishiyagalombili ngemuva kokuqandeka noma ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho), amaphuphu esidlekeni aqhubekela ezithangeni eziminyene zezimila, ngenkathi ebambe amazinyane. Ama-gull abadala avela eduze kwabo, imidumba yabantu abadala imvamisa ibulawa ngokushaya uqhwaku ekhanda.
Ngezinsuku eziyi-18 ukuya kwezingu-20, amaphuphu aqala ukuzulazula ngasese esidlekeni, amantshontsho amadala ayeka ukuba nolaka maqondana nezinyoni zakwamanye amazwe. Izinyoni ezindala zizondla kusukela kuqhwaku lwazo kuze kufike kumaviki ayisithupha eminyaka. Eminyakeni engu-30- 35 yezinsuku, isibambiso esisha bese siqala ukundiza; siqala ukundiza ngokuphelele ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10. Ngalesi sikhathi, zonke izinyoni ezincane zale koloni zishiya indawo yokuhlala bese ziqala ukuziphilela. Izinyoni zabantu abadala zivame ukuqala ukushiya ikoloni lokudlela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ingxenye yokuqala kaJulayi, izinyoni ezincane - kanye nazo noma ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5 ukuya kwezingu-10. Isikhathi sokufuya siyaphela, ukufuduka kwe-nest-nesting kuqala, okuphenduka kancane kancane kube ukufuduka kwekwindla.
Ukufuduka kwe-Autumn kuqala engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti, ukuhamba okuningi kwezihlahlamfu kwenzeka emashumini wesibili kuya kwesithathu kaSepthemba, izinsuku zakamuva ziwe ekupheleni kukaNovemba, kwesinye isikhathi kamuva. Ukusuka maphakathi no-Agasti ku-Dnieper naseSozh kunemihlambi yezingcezu ezingama-5-10, ekugcineni kwenyanga nangoSepthemba, amakhulu emihlambi. Eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaSeptemba, futhi, imihlambi emincane (5-10 yabantu). Emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi, izinyoni zenzeka eminyakeni ethile ngoDisemba, kuze kufike ekuqandeni. Umuntu ngamunye noma amaqembu ahlala esifundeni ukuze kudalwe ubusika, kufaka phakathi imifula iM Mukhavets kanye neNtshonalanga Bug ngaphakathi kwedolobha laseBrest, okuthe emashumini eminyaka amuva nje akubandlulanga kakhulu ebusika.
Abantu abavela endaweni eyodwa ngisho nesibaya bangandiza ubusika ngezindlela ezihlukile, kepha ngesikhathi sokundiza kuba khona okuvela endaweni efanayo emhlambini. Izinyoni ezincane zindiza phambi kwabadala. Ezindaweni zobusika, zihlala kuze kube isikhathi sokuthomba, isb., Cishe kuze kube seminyakeni engu-2 yobudala, noma ziphila impilo yokuzulazula.
I-gull enamakhanda amnyama yi-eurifag ejwayelekile, isebenzisa okuphakelayo komhlaba namanzi, ekwazi ukukushintsha masisha ukusetshenziswa kokuphakelayo okukodwa kube ngesizini eyodwa. Ukubonakala kokudla kwalesi zinhlobo kuhluke kakhulu, kepha okuphakelayo kwezilwane kuhlala kugcwele: izinambuzane zasemanzini nezisemhlabeni, ama-crustaceans asemanzini, izibungu zomhlaba, izinhlwathi ezincane nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ngokwesilinganiso esincane, kudliwa imbewu yezitshalo. Imvamisa badla emasimini, ezigodini zezikhukhula, kanye nasezindlini zokulahla udoti, lapho bedla khona imfucuza yokudla.
EBelarus kuze kube yiminyaka yo-1960. i-lake gull kwakuyizinhlobo ezimbalwa, ezikhipha izidleke ngezikhathi ezithile futhi evamile ekufudukeni. Lapho-ke isibalo salolu hlobo kuleliphabhulikhi saqala ukukhula ngokushesha; ngonyaka we-1978, amakoloni angama-488 abhaliswa ngenani eliphelele lababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-104. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwaba nokukhula okuthe xaxa kwenani lamachibi echibi, kwathi ngonyaka we-1996 lafika ngamabili ayizi-180-220 izinkulungwane.
Umkhuba wenani lamachibi echibi laseBelarus ngawo-1990s. kubhekwe njengokwanda okuncane, kanti inani lingama-180-220 izinkulungwane zokuzalela; kusuka kubantu abangama-200 kuye kwabangu-400 abasele ebusika. Esifundeni saseBrest, abantu abangu-180-250 basala bebusika.
Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, ukunqotshwa kwechibi kubhekwa njengezinhlobo zokuzingela.
Ubudala obukhulu obubhaliswe eYurophu buyiminyaka engama-32 izinyanga eziyi-9.
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