UPuma ungummeleli omuhle womndeni wekati, eshaya ngamandla alo, umusa nobuhle bawo. Iminyaka eminingi lokhu ...
UPuma ungummeleli omuhle womndeni wekati, eshaya ngamandla alo, umusa nobuhle bawo. Iminyaka eminingi, lo mkhondli ebelokhu ethatha inzalo eqhubekayo yabasebenza ngemvelo. Ihlala kuphi i-cougar, futhi luhlobo luni lokuphila oluholelwayo yilekati enkulu?
Kuhlala kuliphi izwekazi, lapho kuhlala khona isiphuzo
UPuma, obizwa nangokuthi i-cougar noma ibhubesi lesiliva, kanye nejaga ebonakalayo, ubhekwa njengokuwukuphela komndeni wasemzini ohlala eMelika. Indawo ye-cougar ihlala cishe kulo lonke izwekazi. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ama-cougars ayehlala esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-Argentina yanamuhla futhi sifinyelela e-Alaska naseCanada.
Uhla lwesimanje lwezilwane luye lwancipha kakhulu: zitholakala eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, futhi ezwenikazi elisenyakatho lesi silwane asihlali ndawo yonke, kepha kuphela engxenyeni esentshonalanga naseFlorida. AmaCougars awathandi i-latitude esenyakatho futhi akhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba, agwema amathafa, yize ekwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphansi, ezinotshani noma eziwugwadule. AmaCougars ahlala emahlathini ase tropical tropical.
Ucwaningo oluningi luholele esiphethweni sokuthi i-cougar ihlala lapho kuhlukaniswa khona uhla lwezinyamazane zasendle. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba lezi zimila zasendle ziyizinto eziyinhloko zokuzingela ibhubesi lesiliva.
Embusweni wesimanje wezilwane, kunezinhlobo zemigwaqo ezi-6 zama-cougars, ezi-5 zazo zihlala eLatin America. Amakati ahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zaseNyakatho Melika abizwa ngokuthi ama-subspecies aseNyakatho Melika. EArgentina, ibhubesi lase-Argentina elihlala ezintabeni lihlala, eduze naseCosta Rica kunenye indlanzana encane kakhulu engabekezeleli ukuncintisana kwamajaguars. Kukhona nezinye izingosi zaseNingizimu Melika ezingaphansi kweCougars ezihlala ePeru, eVenezuela, eColombia nasenyakatho neBrazil.
Incazelo, ubukhulu nobude bempilo
Amabhubesi abizwa nge-silvery angafinyelela kubude obuyi-2 m, futhi ukuphakama kubune ngamamitha ayi-1. Abantu abadala banesisindo esingu-80-100 kg (abesilisa) no-50 kg (abesifazane). Ijazi le-cougar lifushane futhi likhulu, linombala obomvu. Kulokhu, ingxenye engenhla yomzimba wekati imnyama kunaphansi, bese kuvela amabala amnyama ezindlebeni nasezinyeni.
Ama-cougars anamazinyo aqinile nemihlathi, kuvela kubo, njengomthetho, ukuthi unganquma iminyaka yobudala bomhlaseli. Imilenze yangemuva mikhulu kakhulu kunangaphambili, esiza izimbali ukuthi zikhuphuke izihlahla futhi zigxume zisuka egatsheni ziye kwelinye. Imilenze yawo yangemuva ifakwe iminwe emine, kuyilapho ama-forelimbs efakwe ayisihlanu.
Umsila oqinile futhi omude ubasiza ukuba baqhubeke nokulinganisela ngenkathi begxuma. Ubude begazi lekati kungaba ngu-7 m, nokuphakama okungamamitha ayi-2. Ekuphishekeleni inyamazane, ama-cougars angashesha ukuya ku-50 km / h. Endle, i-cougar izosiza bukhoma cishe iminyaka engama-20.
Indlela yokuphila yepredator
Ama-cougars angabadli bodwa, ngaphandle kokuthi, sikhuluma ngemibhangqwana esezoqala inzalo. Kepha ngisho nezimpawu ezinjalo ziyaqhuma emva kokukhulelwa kowesifazane, amakati abuyele lapho ahlala yedwa.
Lezi zilwane ezinkulu ziyasebenza ubusuku nemini, kepha inyamazane ikakhulukazi kusihlwa. Izindawo ezizibona njengezazo, ama-cougars amaka ngomchamo futhi ngokukhethekile izihlahlu zezihlahla.
Dexterity kanye nokuhamba kuvumela ukuba zikhuphuke kalula amagatsha ezihlahla eziphakeme kakhulu, ukuzingela izinkawu. Ngeke kube nzima kulo mbangi ukuba abambe ngisho nomdlwane onezinyawo ezinejubane ne-nanda. Endle, i-cougar cishe ayinazitha, isilwane esigulayo kuphela esingaba inyamazane yengwe, imidlwane noma izimpisi. Ama-cougars ngayo yonke indlela engenzeka agweme ukuhlangana nomuntu futhi amhlasele kuphela ngokusongela kwangempela okuvela kwabanemilenze emibili.
Ukudla okunempilo endaweni yemvelo
Izindawo zokuzingela i-puma zibanzi impela futhi zingaba ngu-100-700 km2. Lapho izingela, le cougar ilengela emqashweni bese igxuma ibambe inyamazane engayilindelanga. Kunzima kubo ukubhekana nezilwane ezinkulu, ngokwesibonelo, izinkunzi. Ngakho-ke, umhlaseli uya ebuqilini, esebenzisa isici sokumangala. Ihlala phezulu kwenyamazane, i-cougar icindezela entanyeni yayo nasemhlane nangaso sonke isisindo. Ikati elikhulu ligebha umphimbo wesisulu noma liphule intamo yalo ngomfutho emzimbeni wakhe. Kodwa-ke, ibhubesi lasezintabeni alizideleli izilwane ezincane.
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezilandelayo zingafakwa ekudleni kwe-cougar:
- izinhlobonhlobo zezinyamazane,
- amagundane, onogwaja,
- amasoyikhisi, ama-lynxes,
- amathuba, sloths,
- izingungu
- ama-squirrels, ama-raccoon, ama-skunks.
Ngezikhathi zokulamba, ama-cougars angenza isenzo sokwenza i-cannibalism ngokudla izihlobo zabo.
Uma kudingekile, i-cougar izosiza nokudla izinyoni, inhlanzi, iminenke noma izinambuzane. Ikati elingesabi, lizingela, ligijimela amabhere amakhulu kanye nama-alligators. I-Cougar ayihlukanisi phakathi kwezilwane zasendle kanye nezohlala eduze kwabantu, ngakho-ke ingazingela izinkukhu noma imfuyo. Ngisho namakati noma izinja zingawela ngaphansi kwesiga esishisayo sebhubesi lesiliva.
Uthi bewazi? Ngonyaka, i-cougar eyodwa endala ingadla kusuka ku-860 kuya ku-1300 kg yenyama. Kulesisindo, inani elifanayo lingabalelwa ku-50. Ama-cougars anobuhlakani bokucekela phansi ukukhiqizwa ngepajini, i.e. ngokwesilinganiso esedlula kakhulu kwalokho abakudingayo ukwanelisa indlala yabo. AmaNdiya athole ukuthi lokhu kwesinye isikhathi ayebukela umhlaseli, asuse umdlalo ayengcwatshwe ngawo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okwakusebenza kaningi bekungasakazeki ngokuphelele.
Ukubukeka
IPuma iyindawo yesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kanti eyesibili eMelika, kuphela ihlosi, ibhubesi nejaguar ezikhudlwana. Ikati leli lifinyelela kubude obuyi-100-180 cm, libe nomsila ubude obu-60-75 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna ngo-60-90 cm nesisindo esifinyelela kuma-105 kg (abesilisa). I-subspecies evamile evamile yabesilisa inesisindo esingama-60-80 kg. Abesifazane bancishe babe ngama-20-30% kunabesilisa.
Umzimba we-cougar uyaguquguquka futhi uphakeme, imilenze iphansi, ikhanda lincane. Imilenze yangemuva ikhulu ngokubonakalayo inkulu kakhulu kunangaphambili. Umsila mude, unemisipha, futhi ngokulinganayo yi-pubescent.
Ama-paws abanzi, anezinsika ezibukhali, ezigobekile, neminwe emilenzeni yangemuva, naku-5 emabunzini angaphambili. Izindebe ezibuyisanayo zisetshenziselwa ukubamba nokubamba inyamazane, kanye nokugibela izihlahla. Amaphinifa eminwe angama-oval, ku-isithende pad kukhona ama-lobes amathathu ahlukile - isici esivamile kuwo wonke amakati.
I-cougar inamazinyo angamashumi amathathu: ama-incisors ayi-6, ama-canine ama-2, ama-6 (ngaphezulu) kanye no-4 (ongezansi) ongaphambi komhlaba kanye no-2 molars emhlathini. Ifomula yamazinyo: I 3 3 C 1 1 P 3 2 M 1 1 = 30 ststyle I <3 over 3> C <1 over 1> P <3 over 2> M <1 over 1> = 30 >. Ama-fangs amade asetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane futhi kubhoboze isikhumba nemisipha, izisusa ezincane zisebenzela ukususa uboya noma izimpaphe kuhlaselo lwazo. Amazinyo aqinile aleli kati ahlelaniswa nokuklebhula izicubu ezithobekile futhi nokuphuka amathambo.
Isimo samazinyo singesinye sezinkomba eziphambili ekunqumeni iminyaka yekati. Amazinyo obisi kuma cougars aqhuma ngokuphelele izinyanga ezi-4 zokuphila. Amazinyo anaphakade aqala ukuqhuma ezinyangeni ezingama-6-8, kuthi lapho eneminyaka engu-1.5-2 aqhume ngokuphelele. With yobudala, fangs kanye incisors igaya kakhulu futhi kube mnyama.
Uboya bezinduna buwugqinsi, kepha bufushane futhi buphakeme. Kanye ne-jaguarundi, ama-cougars kuphela amakati aseMelika adwetshwe ngombala ofanayo, yingakho igama lesayensi lalolu hlobo ikhonsathi, elihumusha kusuka kwisiLatini ngokuthi "monochrome". Kubantu abadala, ipumas i-brownish brown or brownish yellow, uhlangothi olungezansi lomzimba lukhanya kunengaphezulu. Ngokuvamile, umbala wepumas ufana nombala wezinyamazane zazo eziyinhloko, izinyamazane. Kunamamaki we-thena amhlophe esifubeni, umphimbo kanye nesisu sikakhokho, amamaki amnyama esihlakaleni, izindlebe ezimnyama, umsila onesihloko esimnyama. Ama-cougars avela ezindaweni ezishisayo mancane futhi abomvu, kuyilapho ama-cougars asenyakatho engwevu.
Umbala wama cougars asemancane uhlukile kumbala wabantu abadala. Izinwele zabo zikhulu, zimbozwe amabala amnyama, imivimbo ngaphambili nangemuva izibambo, namasongo emisileni. Ama-cougars asanda kuzalwa avula amehlo awo emavikini amabili emva kokuzalwa. Ekuqaleni, zinombala wamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kancane kancane ishintsha iba nsundu noma i-amber. Amabala okuboya aqala ukufiphala emva kwezinyanga eziyi-9 zokuphila, bese enyamalala ngokuphelele ngeminyaka emibili.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-cougars akhanyayo futhi amhlophe, kanye nalawo amnyama ansundu, atholakala ikakhulukazi eLatin America (eyokugcina ichazwe nguJ. Buffon njengo couguar noire) Ama-cougars ama-Albino nezicibilikisi akwaziwa ngemvelo.
Ukuhanjiswa kanye Nezinkampani Ezincane
Ngokomlando, i-puma ibilikhulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba eMelika. Ngisho namanje, ngokuya ngobude, i-puma iqhathaniswa (kusuka kumaphethini) kuphela ne-trot ejwayelekile, i-red trot, ikati lehlathi kanye nengwe. Ekuqaleni, ama-cougars atholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo ukusuka eningizimu yePatagonia kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwayo ihlangana ngokunembile nohlu lwenyamakazi yayo eyinhloko - inyamazane ehlukahlukene. Manje e-United States naseCanada, i-cougar ibilokhu igcinwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ezisentshonalanga. Empumalanga eNyakatho Melika, leli cougar laqothulwa ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwesibalo sabantu abancane ababodwa I-Puma concolor coryi eFlorida.
Njengamanje, indawo ye-puma ifinyelela kwi-100 ° latitude - ukusuka e-Yukon (eCanada) kuya eningizimu, kumboze cishe yonke iNingizimu Melika kuze kufike ePatagonia.
Ukubhaliswa kwekhokho
Ukuhlukaniswa okudala, okususelwa kuzinimpawu zokuziphatha, futhi okulondolozwe kuze kube ngu-1999, kwabelwe okungama-24-30 okuyi-cougar:
- IPuma concolor acrocodia - kusuka eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMatoo Grosso kuye eBolivia nasenyakatho ye-Argentina,
- Puma concolor anthonyi - eningizimu yeVenezuela,
- I-Puma concolor araucanus - IChile ne-Argentina,
- I-Puma concolor azteca - kusuka e-Arizona naseNew Mexico kuya eMexico City,
- Puma concolor bangsi, etholakala enyakatho ye-Andes, isuka entshonalanga neColombia iye e-Ecuador,
- IPuma concolor browni - kusuka e-Arizona kuya eBaja California (Mexico),
- I-Puma concolor calicileica, ezitholakala eCalifornia nasenyakatho yeBaja California,
- Ikhonsoli ekhonswayo yePuma - ikakhulukazi iVenezuela, iGuyana,
- I-Florida Cougar ( I-Puma concolor coryi ) isuka e-Arkansas naseLouisiana yaya eFlorida,
- ICosta Rican Cougar ( I-Puma concolor costaricensis) kutholakala eMelika Ephakathi, kusuka eNicaragua kuya ePanama,
- I-Oriental Cougar ( I-Puma concolor couguar) kutholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States nasempumalanga mpumalanga yeCanada, kusuka eTennessee kuye empumalanga yeMichigan,
- I-Puma concolor discolor - Amazonia,
- I-Puma concolor hippolestes - ukusuka eNyakatho Dakota kuya eWyoming naseColorado,
- I-Puma concolor improcera - ISouthern Baja California
- I-Puma concolor incarum - enyakatho yePeru naseningizimu ye-Ecuador,
- Puma concolor kaibabensis - I-Nevada, Utah neNyakatho Arizona,
- I-Puma concolor mayensis - kusuka eGuerrero naseVeracruz (eMexico) kuya eHonduras,
- Puma concolor missoulensis - kusuka eBritish Columbia kuya e-Idaho naseMontana,
- I-Puma concolor oregonensis - eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBritish Columbia, iWashington ne-Oregon,
- I-Puma concolor osgoodi, e-Andes yaseBolivia,
- I-Puma concolor patagonica - I-Patagonia,
- IPuma concolor pearsoni - IPatagonia naseningizimu yeChile,
- I-Puma concolor pumakutholakala enkabeni yeChile nasentshonalanga ye-Argentina,
- I-Puma concolor soderstromiOkuphathelene ne-Ecuadorian
- I-Puma concolor shorgeri - kusuka eMinnesota naseWisconsin kuya eKansas naseMissouri (ukuqothuka),
- Puma concolor stanleyana - kusuka e-Oklahoma naseTexas kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico,
- IPuma concolor vancouverensis, subspecies mayelana. IVancouver
Ukuhlukaniswa kwanamuhla
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimanje, okususelwa ocwaningweni lofuzo, kwehlukanisa imininingwane engu-6 yenkombiso, yona enamathiselwe amaqembu ayi-6 phylogeographic:
- I-Puma concolor couguar - ENyakatho Melika (kusuka eningizimu yeCanada kuye eGuatemala naseBelize),
- I-Puma concolor costaricensis - I-Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica nePanama),
- I-Puma concolor capricornensis - ingxenye esempumalanga yeNingizimu Melika (ukusuka ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Amazon eBrazil kuye eParaguay),
- Ikhonsoli ekhonswayo yePuma - Ingxenye eseNyakatho Melika (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia),
- I-Puma concolor cabrerae - maphakathi neNingizimu Melika (empumalanga esenyakatho ne-Argentina, e-Uruguay),
- I-Puma concolor puma - Ingxenye eseningizimu yeSouth America (eChile, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeArgentina).
I-cougar yaseFlorida
- I-cougar yaseFlorida (I-Puma concolor coryi) Ingabe okungaxutshwe njalo kwe-cougar. Ubuningi bayo bemvelo ngonyaka we-2011 bebungaphezulu kwabangu-160 abantu (kwathi ngonyaka we-1970 kwehla kwaba ngabantu abangama-20). Ihlala emahlathini nasezigudwini eziseningizimu yeFlorida (USA), ikakhulukazi endaweni ebekelwe ukugcinwa.Ukulondolozwa Okukhulu Kwezwe. Isizathu sokuqothulwa kwayo ikakhulukazi kwakuwukudonswa kwamaxhaphozi, ukuzingela kwezemidlalo, ubuthi kanye nokushoda kwezinto zofuzo, okuholele ekuphakameni ngaphakathi. I-cougar yaseFlorida incane ngosayizi futhi inama-paws aphezulu. Umbala wejazi umnyama, ubomvu. Njengomphumela wokungeniswa ngaphakathi, abantu balokhu okubhalwe phansi bathola isipikili somsila. Kunezinhlelo zokunqamula ama-cougars e-Florida ngama-cougars wezinye izingxhaso zokwakha umphakathi ozinzile, oziholayo.
Enye imininingwane engaphansi kwe-East American, iWisconsin cougar (I-Puma concolor shorgeri), ushonile ngo-1925
Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo
AmaCougars atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene - ukusuka emathafeni kuya ezintabeni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-4700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezintaba: emahlathini ase-Mountain coniffort, emahlathini ashisayo, emathafeni otshani, emaphepheni, ezindaweni eziwugwadule futhi ngokujwayelekile kunoma iyiphi indawo enikezela banokudla okwanele nendawo yokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, eNingizimu Melika, ama-cougars azama ukugwema izindawo ezimanzi nezindawo eziphansi ezikhethwe yi-jaguars. Lezi zilwane zivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila endaweni enolaka. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yemilenze nemisipha yazo, iyakwazi ukugxuma ifinyelele kumamitha ayi-6 ubude nama-2,5 m ukuphakama, ukugijima ngejubane elingafika ku-50 km / h (albeit amabanga amafushane). IPuma ihamba kalula emithambekeni yezintaba, igibela ngokuphelele izihlahla namadwala futhi, uma kunesidingo, ibhukuda kahle.
Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, i-cougar iyisilwane esithule kahle. Ukumemeza okukhulu, kufana nokukhala kwabantu, ukhipha kuphela isikhathi sokukhwelana.
AmaCougars aqala indlela yokuphila eyedwa (ngaphandle kwalokhu imibhangqwana ngezinsuku ezingama-1-6 zesikhathi sokuza komama omama abanezitwana). Ubuningi besibalo sabantu, ngokuya ngokutholakala komdlalo, kuyahlukahluka kumuntu ngamunye nge-85 km² ukuya kubantu abayi-13 km ngalinye. Indawo yokuzingela okwenziwe nge-cougar yowesifazane ithatha kusuka ku-26 kuye ku-350 km² futhi imvamisa itholakala emaphethelweni eduna. Iziza zamadoda zihlala ku-140 kuye ku-760 km² futhi azikaze zihlukane. Abesilisa abadala abavamile ukubonwa ndawonye, ngaphandle kwama-cougars asanda kushiya umama wabo. Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo saso, i-puma yenza ukunyakaza kwesizini, ubusika nokundiza ezingxenyeni zayo ezihlukile. Imingcele yensimu imakwe umchamo nezindunduma, kanye nokuklwebuka kwezihlahla.
IPuma izingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ngokwengxenye enkulu yobubanzi bawo, ekudleni kwawo kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ukungathandeki: omnyama-onomsila, omhlophe-wethayela, i-pampas deer, wapiti (inyamazane ebomvu yaseMelika), i-moose, i-caribou, izilwane ezinemilenze eminyene nemfuyo. Kodwa-ke, i-cougar ingadla izilwane eziningi ezahlukahlukene - kusuka kumagundane, ama-squirrels, ama-uwezekano, onogwaja, ama-muskrats, ama-sloths, ama-agouti, izinkawu, ama-porcupins, ama-beaver aseCanada, ama-raccoon, ama-skunks nama-armadillos, ama-coyotes, ama-lynxes, ama-alligator kanye nezinye izigaxa. Ziphinde zidle izinyoni, inhlanzi, ngisho neminenke nezinambuzane. Njengamahlosi nezingwe, i-cougar ayenzi mehluko phakathi kwezilwane zasendle nezasekhaya, ukuhlasela imfuyo, izinja, amakati nezinkukhu lapho kuvela ithuba. Ngasikhathi sinye, uvame ukusika izilwane eziningi kunalokho angazidla. I-cougar ingahlasela izithiyo ezisencane, kanti kunobufakazi obuningi obuchazayo ngamacala e-cougars abulala izithiyo ezinkulu noma ama-grizzlies. U-Alfred Brem uchaza le kati njengesilwane esinamandla nesibindi.
Lapho izingela, i-puma imvamisa isebenzisa into ebabazekayo - ivele ibambe inyamazane enkulu, bese igxumela emhlane wayo bese isephula intamo yayo ngokusebenzisa isisindo somzimba wayo, noma, njengawo wonke amanye amakati, ibambe umphimbo wayo ngamazinyo ayo futhi iqale ukujaha. I-puma eyodwa idla ama-860-1300 kg enyama ngonyaka, okungukuthi cishe angama-48. Ama-cougars afihla inyama engonakalisiwe, ayidonse futhi alale ngamaqabunga, i-brashi noma iqhwa. Bbuyela ekuphangeni okufihliwe, kwesinye isikhathi okuphindaphindwayo.I-cougar iyakwazi ukuhudula isidumbu ibanga elide, okuphindwe kashlanu ngokulingana nesisindo saso. Izizwe zamaNdiya ezazihlala eningizimu yeCalifornia zisebenzisa lo mkhuba wepumas, zathatha izidumbu ezaziphelele noma ziqinile.
I-cougar ayinazitha zemvelo, kepha ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zingaba yingozi ku-cougar: ama-jaguars, amaphakethe wezimpisi, ama-grizzlies, amabhere amnyama, izingwenya, ama-caimans amnyama nama-alligators amakhulu aseMississippi. Ama-grizzlies nezibhubhisi maqondana nesithelo se-cougar njengezinambuzane, ukuthatha ingxenye yephango
Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu
Ngokungafani namakati amaningi amakhulu e-feline, ama-cougars akavamile ukuhlasela abantu, ancamela ukuwagwema. Phakathi kuka-1890 noJanuwari 2004, kwabikwa ukuthi kwaba nokuhlasela okungaba yikhulu e-United States naseCanada, iningi labo okwenzeka e-Vancouver Island kuphela. Esikhathini esiningi izisulu zaziyizingane noma zimfushane, kanti lokhu kuhlaselwa kwenzeka kusihlwa noma ebusuku. Ama-cougars angaba ne-reflex yokuhlasela uma umuntu ehamba ngokushesha futhi eyedwa.
Ukuzala
Amaphaphu awanaso isizini ethize yokuzalanisa, yize ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zivame ukwelulwa ukusuka ngoDisemba kuze kube uMashi. Ukuxhamazela, njengamanye amakati, kuhambisana nokulwa nokukhala kakhulu kwabesilisa, owesilisa uzama ukumboza bonke abantu besifazane abahlala ngaphakathi kwendawo yawo. I-Estrus kwabesifazane ihlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-9.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa yizinsuku ezingama-82-96. Odoti ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6 ama-cubic anesisindo esingama-226-453 g kanye nobude obungaba ngu-30 cm. Umbala wawo umdaka onamabala amnyama, ushintsho olwenziwa minyaka yobudala. Amehlo amaKittens avuleka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-8-10. Ngaso leso sikhathi, amazinyo abo okuqala aqhuma futhi aqale ukudlala. Eminyakeni engama-6 amasonto, baqala ukudla ukudla kwabantu abadala, kodwa baqhubeke nokuthola ubisi. Ngalesi sikhathi, umama kufanele alethe okuphindwe kathathu kunokujwayelekile. Kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-15- 26, amawundlu ahlala nonina, bese eyofuna izizumbulu zawo zokuzingela, yize engahlala emaqenjini izinyanga eziningi ngemuva kokushiya umama wawo. Abesifazane bafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala emi-2,5, kanti abesilisa baneminyaka emi-3.
Emvelweni, i-cougar ihlala iminyaka eyi-10-13 (ephakeme kwabesifazane kunabesilisa), ifinyelela kuma-20 kuma-zoo.
Isimo Sabantu Nokuvikelwa
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-cougars asebenza njengento yokuzingela futhi uhla lwawo luyancishiswa ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwendawo ezungezile, ama-subspecies amaningi ahlukene kakhulu, ngoba ama-cougars ajwayelana kalula nokuphila emazweni ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kucishe kwaqothulwa e-USA ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, manje inani lamaphaphu entshonalanga yaleli lizwe lifinyelela cishe abantu abangama-30,000 futhi liyaqhubeka nokuhlala empumalanga naseningizimu.
Izindlela ezintathu zokudla okwenziwe nge-cougar zibhalwe ku-CITES Isithasiselo I: I-Puma concolor coryi, I-Puma concolor costaricensis, I-Puma concolor couguar. Ukuzingela ama-pumas kuvunyelwe ezweni lonke noma kunqatshelwe, yize kusaqhubeka ukuqothulwa ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe emfuyweni nasekuzingeleni.
Okuwukuphela kokubhaliselwe okusohlwini lohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN enesimo "esimweni esibucayi" (zisengozini enkulu), Ingabe i-cougar yaseFlorida I-Puma concolor coryi.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi manje abanye abantu baqala ukuzithambisa ama-cougars njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Igama lalesi simangalo livela kulolo lwimi lwamaNdiya asePeru. Lesi sizwe sasikholelwa enganekwaneni yokuthi i- cougar iyingane elahlekile ekhetha indlela yokuphila engalungile. Mhlawumbe leli zwi livelile ngenxa yokuthi ama-cougars ayevame ukuzingela imfuyo.
Elinye igama le-cougar ibhubesi laseMelika. Leli gama wanikezwa lona ngabafuduki abavela eZweni Elisha. Izakhamizi beziziqhenya ngendlela yazo yokuphila, ukuthi bekufanele zibe sezimweni ezinzima zengozi eqhubekayo, lapho lesi silwane esinamandla singabahlasela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: IPuma ifakiwe enanini lokufezekiswa komhlaba futhi ifakwa kuhlu lweGuinness Book of Record njengesilwane esinamagama amaningi. Yizifunda ezikhuluma isiNgisi kuphela ezinezinto ezingaphezu kuka-40 zekati lasebukhosini.
Esikhathini esedlule bekukholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-25 zalezi zilwane. Kepha emhlabeni wanamuhla, ngesisekelo sokuhlolwa kofuzo, izinhlobo ezi-6 kuphela ezihlukanisiwe, zazo ezi-4 esezivele zidlulile:
- I-Puma pardoides,
- I-Puma inexpectatus,
- I-Puma pumoides,
- UPuma trumani.
I-subspecies yamanje uPuma concolor noPuma yagouaroundi bahlala eMelika. Phambilini, okubhalwe phansi kwe-jaguarundi kwagqama njengohlobo oluhlukile uHerpailurus Severtzov, ngo-1858. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezisezingeni lokuthola izakhi zofuzo zithole ubuhlobo obusondelene phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, ngenxa yokuthi i-systematics yamanje ibahlukanisa kuhlobo olufanayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-subspecies ye-puma emnyama ayikatholakali ukuqinisekiswa kwesayensi kobukhona bayo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi, kuyindaba eqanjiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, lawa ngama-cougars anezinwele ezimnyama, ezingase zibe ngephutha elimnyama kusuka kude.
Olunye ucwaningo lweDNA luveze ukuthi ingulule isihlobo esisondele kakhulu salezi zilwane ezidla ezinye. Isidumbu sakhe esingajwayelekile sakhula sazehlukanisa nomndeni ohlukile we-Acinonychinae, nokho, ukusondelana nama-cougars yize kunjalo kwamphoqa ukuthi kuthiwe ngumndeni wamakati amancanyana.
Ividiyo: Puma
Izinwele ezinde nezinwele ezimfushane ngokweqile azinephethini elishiwoyo. Uboya obomvu, umbala wesihlabathi, ofana nombala webhubesi. Umahluko - ubukhulu, ukuntuleka kwe-mane, amakhekhe emsileni nasekhaleni elibomvana. Kukhona ihlazo elimhlophe esiswini. Izinsana ezisacathula zizalwa zinamabala, njengamalense, uboya bazo bukhulu futhi bulula.
Ama-Cub avula amehlo awo emavikini amabili emva kokuzalwa. Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, ama-pumas anombala wamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ishintsha ibe nsundu noma i-amber. Iphethini esejazini iqala ukufiphala lapho inezinyanga eziyi-9, amabala ayanyamalala futhi anyamalale ngokuphelele eminyakeni emi-2.
Umnotho
Igama lesiRussia - i-cougar (ibhubesi lentaba, isalou)
Igama lesiNgisi - Cougar
Igama lesi Latin - Ikhonsoli kaPuma
Ukuhlonza - inyamazane (i-Carnivora)
Umndeni - u-feline (Felidae)
Umusa - i-puma
Ukuhlukaniswa okudala, ngokusekelwe kwizimpawu zokuziphatha futhi kugcinwe kuze kube ngu-1999, kwabelwe cishe izingcaphuno ezingama-24-30 zephouti.
Ngokwesihlukaniso sanamuhla esisuselwa ocwaningweni lofuzo, kunezindlela ezinhlanu ezihlobene nezindawo.
I-Puma concolor couguar - INyakatho Melika (kusuka eningizimu yeCanada kuya eGuatemala naseBelize),
I-Puma concolor costaricensis - i-Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica nePanama),
IPuma concolor capricornensis - ingxenye esempumalanga yeNingizimu Melika (ukusuka ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Amazon eBrazil kuye eParaguay),
I-Puma concolor cabrerae - ingxenye esemaphakathi neNingizimu Melika (empumalanga esenyakatho ne-Argentina, e-Uruguay),
IPuma concolor puma - ingxenye eseningizimu yeSouth America (eChile, eningizimu nentshonalanga ye-Argentina).
Okungaxhunyaniswa ku-puma okungajwayelekile yiFlorida puma (Puma concolor coryi). Ubuningi bayo bemvelo ngonyaka we-2011 bebungaphezulu kwabangu-160 abantu. Ihlala emahlathini nasezigudwini eziseningizimu yeFlorida (USA). Le katsi ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omncane futhi ngama-paws aphakeme. Umbala wejazi umnyama, ubomvu. Ngenxa yokuwela ngokuhlobene, abantu balesi sithulu bathola ithawula lomsila.
Enye imininingwane engaphansi kwe-East American, iWisconsin cougar (Puma concolor shorgeri), yanyamalala ngo-1925.
Njengamanje, bobabili i-puma yaseFlorida neWisconsin puma abahlukanisiwe kwizinkampani ezihlukene; kubhekiselwa kuzo njengezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwePuma concolor couguar.
Ama-subspecies we-puma aqukethe ku-zoo awachaziwe.
Ihlala kuphi i-cougar?
Isithombe: Mammal Puma
Indawo yokuhlala kaPuma isuka ezintabeni zeRocky ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika iya ePatagonia eningizimu. Ngenxa yokuvumelana nezimo kunoma yiziphi izimo zokuphila, indawo yokuhlala yalaba bantu abahlukumezanayo ihluke kakhulu - ukusuka emahlathini acacile nezindawo ezisemaqongweni zezintaba kuya ehlathini elishisayo nezindawo ezimanzi. Lezi zilwane ziyimfihlo futhi zigwema izindawo ezivulekile kakhulu.
Phambilini ama-cougars ahlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zeMelika, uhla lwawo lwalukhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zakuleli zwekazi. Kepha ngenxa yokuqothulwa ngobuningi, izilwane kwadingeka ziyiyeke indawo yazo yangaphambili. Izindawo zabo zokuhlala zihlangana nezinyamazane zabo eziyinhloko. Izindlela zokukhetha eziphambili ziyindawo yokukhosela nokudla okuningi.
Ukwanda kwezindawo lapho lezi zilwane zitholakala khona kuholele ekutheni abahlali bendawo bazinikeze amagama angachaneki noma enkondlo. Ezinye izingosi ezibhalwe ngokwendawo yazo yokuhlala. Lapho kuhlala khona lesi sidlakudla kuya ngezinhlobo zazo. Kepha ngokuyisisekelo bonke bakhetha izindawo ezinobuncane bendawo evulekile nangamandla okuqamekelwa.
Njengoba imvelo yamakati amakhulu iyi-loner, abesilisa bazikhethela izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu, ezisukela kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-20 kuye kwangama-50. Ngenkathi abantu besifazane bengafuneki kangako futhi behlala ezindaweni ezinobude bamakhilomitha skwele angama-10-20.
Ngabe idlani i-cougar?
Photo: Puma Cat
IPuma ingumhlaseli ngokwemvelo. Izifiso zakhe zokudla zivame ukwedlula amandla okudla inyamazane. Ngokwesilinganiso, badla kuze kufike ku-1300 kg yenyama ngonyaka. Lokhu kucishe kube ngama-48 abangathululwanga.
Uzingela izilwane ezahlukahlukene, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala:
Ama-cougars awahlukanisi imfuyo nezilwane zasendle, ngakho izinqama, amakati, izinja kungenzeka zibe yizisulu zazo. Njengoba bekwazi ukudelela i-skunk kuphela, bazingela namasele, izinambuzane, iminenke. Ama-Skunks avame ukuphatha ukusebenzisa izikhali zawo onephunga elimnandi nama-cougars angazinaki lezi zilwane.
Amabhubesi asezintabeni ayizilwane ezinesibindi futhi avame ukuhlasela inyamazane edlula ubukhulu bawo. Okokuqala, balandela inyamazane besuka ekhoselweni, bathukuthele buthule, bese bahlasela inyamazane kusuka ngemuva bese bephula i-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho noma i-choke. Ijubane lokugijima namandla okugibela izihlahla avumela i-cougar ukuthi ibambe ngezintshe futhi ibambe izinkawu ezihlahleni.
Lezi zilwane zinobuhlakani obukhulu. Abasoze bakhipha ukudla okungakaqediwe futhi ngeke bakubelane. AmaCougars ahlala ebuyela endaweni yesigameko sokubulawa kwalaba noma afihle izinsalela eqhweni noma azingcwabele ngamaqabunga. AmaCougars awathandi ukujaha izisulu. Uma igxuma lokuqala lingashayi inyamazane, amakati ngeke axoshe isikhathi eside.
Ama-Anteatre, ama-armadillos, ama-coyotes, ama-marmot, ama-squirrels, izinambuzane, izinyoni ezincane zamabhubesi aseMelika ukukhanya, hhayi ukudla okwanele. Ekufuneni inyamazane, ama-cougars abukeka emangalisa futhi ebukekayo ngokugxuma. Imvamisa bazingela ebumnyameni, ngosuku olushisayo bathanda ukulala emaphethelweni elanga.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Wild Cougar
Njengoba ama-cougars engabantu abazimele ngokwemvelo, umuntu ngamunye uhlala nezinto ezinkulu. Izimbangi zibonisa imingcele yendawo yazo ngomchamo, izindunduma nezinsimbi ezihlahleni. Amasayithi abantu bobulili obuhlukile angahluka, kepha abesilisa abaze bangene emkhakheni wabanye uma benomuzwa wokuthi izimpahla zinenkosi.
Kuyenzeka ukuthi amakati asendle kufanele aguqule isimo ngenxa yezimo. Ngokushesha bazozama ukushiya amazwe aphesheya futhi bangene esifundeni samahhala. Umgwaqo ukude. Ngakho-ke, i-cougar evela eWyning yahlangatshezwa eColorado, futhi lokhu ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amahlanu.
Izingonyama zasezintabeni ziyizilwane ezibekezelayo kakhulu nezithulile. Uma ihlosi ligasele esigibeni lapho lizama ukuzikhulula, isigaxa siyosiqeda ngokuqinile isicupho, noma ngabe kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Uma ingaphumeleli ukugqashula emijondolo, izowela emgibeni futhi iyolala buthule.
Ama-cougars awahlaseli abantu futhi azame ukuwagwema ngazo zonke izindlela ezingakhona. Shono isizotha sibhekwa njengesizotha. I-cougar ayizukukhombisa ulaka kuze kube yilapho ilamba kangangokuba iyoba sengozini yokuphelelwa amandla noma izame ukuvikela inzalo yayo.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: AmaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika ayekholelwa ukuthi ama-cougars ayizidalwa zikadeveli. Ukubhonga kwabo kwenza wonke umuntu wethuka ngokwesaba. Kepha umsindo wesikhwanyana esimnandi, la makati aphuma esimweni sokuthukuthela, sonke isikhathi ahlala kuso njengamakati.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Puma Cub
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwamabhubesi aseMelika asihlali isikhathi eside - kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi. Izikhala zenza cishe amasonto ama-2, bese zibola futhi. Amakati kuphela anensimu yawo athambekele ekuzaleni. Iziduna zingahlangana nezinsikazi eziningana ezihlala ezindaweni eziseduze.
Ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kwabesilisa kukhona ukulwa kwabakhethiweyo ngenhlokomo enkulu. Owinayo uzama ukumboza abesifazane abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela emingceleni yesakhiwo sakhe. I-estrus ihlala izinsuku eziyi-9. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, njengamanye amakati, ama-cougars enza imisindo eyehlisayo.
Ukutholwa kwezizukulwane zezinzalo zezinsuku ezingama-95. Kwelitha elilodwa, kungaqhamuka ama-kittens amabala amabili kuya kwayisithupha, angaba ngu-30 cm ubude futhi abe nesisindo esingaba yingxenye yekhilogremu. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, izingane zivula amehlo, izindlebe, amazinyo okuqala aqala ukukhula. Ngobudala, imidwebo emzimbeni kanye nezindandatho emsileni kuyaphela.
Ukubuka omama abadla izindwani e-zoo, kwacaca ukuthi izintokazi azivumeli muntu ukuba zingene ezingamawundlu futhi azivumanga nokuba zibabheke. Ukushicilelwa kokuqala kuzokwenzeka cishe inyanga eyodwa ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kufika enyangeni eyodwa nengxenye, izingane zondliwa ubisi lukamama, bese ziguqukela ekudleni okuqinile.
Umama unakekela izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili, ngemuva kwalokho intsha kufanele ithole izinto zayo. Isikhathi esithile bangabambelela eqenjini, kepha bese kuba yilowo nalowo ngendlela yakhe. Abesifazane bakulungele ukuzalaniswa eneminyaka engama-2,5, abesilisa kwabangu-3. Ngokwesilinganiso, bahlala iminyaka eyi-15-18 endle, ekudingisweni - iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.
Isilwane sakwaPuma. Incazelo, izici, izinhlobo, indlela yokuphila nendawo yezimbali
Isilwane esinomusa sinqoba ngokuhlanganiswa kwamandla nobuhle bezinyamazane. Igama lesayensi uPuma concolor lisho ukuthi "isigaxa umbala owodwa ”, kepha imibala yombala imenza abe ngubo enhle yoboya. Ukusuka kwencazelo yokuqala yomdlwenguli ngekhulu le-16 kuze kube namuhla, inzalo yesilo sasendle ayiphele. Kwenziwe kaninginingi ukuzama ukujova izitha, ngisho nokuzenza izilwane ezifuywayo.
UPuma - umhlaseli onokuthula nonomusa
Emndenini wekati puma wabheka omunye wabamele izilwane ezinomusa kakhulu, eziqinile, ezinhle, ezichazwe kuqala maphakathi nekhulu le-16. Elinye igama lale kati elikhulu yi-cougar, noma ibhubesi lasezintabeni.
Incazelo Nezici
IPuma libizwa ngokuhlukile. Ngaphezu kwento esemqoka, amagama ayedlangile: ibhubesi lasezintabeni, i-cougar. Phakathi kwezilwane ezihlaselayo ezihlobene, isilo sithatha indawo yesine ngosayizi, ngemuva kwenyathi, ihlosi, ibhubesi. Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-180 cm, umsila ufike ku-70 cm, isisindo somuntu uvame kuma-80 kg, kepha abamele amakhulu bafinyelela ngaphezulu kwe-100 kg. Osayizi be-cougar izinsikazi zingaphansi kwabesilisa ngama-25-30%.
Ikati lasendle
Umzimba womhlaseli uvumelana nezimo ngokungajwayelekile. Amawashi abanzi, izindlawu ezinkulu ezibuyekelayo zisetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane. Ezinyaweni ezingemuva, ezinkulu kakhulu kunangaphambili, i-cougar ineminwe emi-4 ngaphambili - emithini emihlanu. Izigqoko ezibukhali zisiza ama-cougars anamathela ezihlahleni. Njengawo wonke amakati, kukhona ama-lobes amathathu wepads ezithendeni.
Ikhanda elincane lifakwe umqhele ngezindlebe eziyindilinga. Cougar esithombeni ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamehlo abukekayo azungezwe umhlanga omnyama. I-iris grey, hazel, luhlaza. Amazinyo aqinile, izilwane ziphula amathambo, zikhipha izicubu. Isimo sama-fangs kanye ne-incisors sinquma iminyaka yamakati asendle.
Umbala woboya obufushane obuhlanganayo onsundu ngombala onsundu noma ophuzi. Ngemuva nangekhanda kuhlala kumnyama ngombala kune ngxenye yesisu sesilwane. Izimpawu zomhlophe ezimhlophe esifubeni, umphimbo. Amamaki amnyama ekhanda le-cougar, isihloko somsila, izindlebe.
Isimo sezulu sithinta isikimu sombala woboya: ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, uboya bezilwane bimpunga, ezindaweni ezishisayo zibomvu. ELatin America, kutholakala abantu abangatheni umbala okhanyayo, omhlophe, onsundu. Akukho ma-albino nemiculo phakathi kwama-cougars. Isigaxa esimnyama, i-heroine yekhathuni "Mowgli", inganekwane yobuciko. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-cougars amnyama abizwa ngephutha abizwa ngokuthi ama-panthers.
Cougar emthini owomile
Umbala wama-cougars amancane uhlukile. Uboya bumbozwe amabala amnyama, imivimbo emnyama emilenzeni, emsileni wendandatho. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-9 zokuphila, amamaki aphela, anyamalale ngokuphelele ngeminyaka emi-2. Izinwele zezilwane ziminyene, ziminyene.
Ukunyakaza kwesigaxa kuyaguga, kuyashesha, ngokugxuma okusheshayo umsila usebenza njengokulinganisa.Ngokungafani nama-jaguars ahlobene, amahlosi, ukungena ogibeni akuqedi ngokuziphatha kobuhlanya, kepha ngokulindela okuzingelayo komzingeli ngemuva kwemizamo eminingana yokuzikhulula.
Ngokungafani namabhubesi amakhulu, izingwe zeqhwa, amahlosi, izingwekazi azikwazi ukwenza ingulule ebabayo noma ukubhonga. Kepha bahlanza, njengezakhamizi ezifuywayo, ekuxhumaneni namawundlu, kwesinye isikhathi bayakhamuluka ngesikhathi sokuzala.
I-cougar inezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Zibuthakathaka, izilwane ezincane zingahlaselwa ngama-jaguars, ama-grizzlies, ama-alligators. Ingozi enkulu kubahlaseli ngumuntu obashayayo, abeke izicupho. Isilo sezilwane zasendle akuvamile ukuhlasela umuntu. Izinto zokuhlaselwa zingabantu abaxakile, zingane, bewela imikhondo yezilwane ebusuku. Ukuhambisana nezinyathelo zokuqapha ezindaweni zezilwane kwanele ukugwema ukuhlangana okungathandeki.
Cougar ebusika
EMelika, lapho kutholakala khona uhla oluphambili lwezilwane ezidla izinyamazane, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezilwane aqothulwa. Ngenxa yekhono le-cougars ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zomhlaba ezingejwayelekile ezenziwa yizindlela zokonga, inani labantu liyanda kancane kancane.
Izitha Zemvelo Cougars
Photo: Puma Animal
Cougars empeleni azinazitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, basaba amabhere amnyama, ama-jaguars, ama-grizzlies, izingwenya, ama-caimans amnyama, amaphakethe wezimpisi kanye nama-alligators amakhulu aseMississippi. Baribals kanye grizzly ngokuvamile ukujabulela inyamazane cougar ebanjiwe. Imvamisa lezi zilwane zihlasela ama-cougars angenamandla, amadala noma alimele.
Enye yezitha indoda ebeka izicupho nezicupho ku-cougar, idubula amakati ukuthola inzuzo. Ama-cougars ayizilwane ezisheshayo futhi, uma ekwazi ukudonsa isibhamu esibhamuni, khona-ke isicupho siyomhlupha isikhathi eside. Uma kungaphumeleli, uzolinda umzingeli buthule.
UMongameli wase-US uTheodore Roosevelt udale umphakathi ukuze kuvikeleke izilwane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye evunyelwe ukubulala ama-cougars ngokungenacala ngokwesekwa yinhloko yomphakathi wezilwane waseNew York. Esifundeni saseMelika emva kwalapho kubhujiswe amakhulukhulu ezinkulungwane zamabhubesi asezintabeni.
Ngokuqala kwabantu baseYurophu ezwekazini laseMelika, ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwama-cougars kwaqala ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwabazingeli emfuyo njengemali elula. Enye yezinhlobo ezitholakele ezitholwe emazweni amaningana igama elithi "fitness ihhashi." Ngemuva kwalokho kwaqala ukuzingela ama-cougars nezinja, zawashayela ezihlahleni, lapho amakati angadutshulwa khona kalula.
Izinhlobo zama-Cougars
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimanje kwama-cougars kususelwa ekubophelelweni kwezilwane endaweni ethile, umehluko kuma-genomes.
I-Puma concolor couguar -Izinhlobo zivame eNyakatho Melika, kufaka phakathi ama-cougars angajwayelekile eFlorida. I-Habitat kumaxhaphozi amahlathi eningizimu yeFlorida. Ukubhaliswa kwabazingeli kuseNcwadini ebomvu ngenxa yesimo esibucayi.
UFlorida Puma Usengozini
Isilwane sincane ngosayizi, sibomvu ngombala, sinama-paws aphezulu. Ukuwela ngezilwane okuhlobene kakhulu kwaholela ekubonakala kwensila ephakanyisiwe yomsila. Izimbangela zokuqothuka ukudonsa kwamaxhaphozi, ubuthi, ukuzingela izilwane. Lokhu kufaka i-puma esempumalanga, inyamalala ngo-1925.
I-Puma concolor costaricensis - uhlala eMelika Ephakathi.
I-Puma concolor capricornensis - Indawo yokusabalalisa empumalanga Melika.
Ikhonsoli ekhonswayo yePuma - isatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neNingizimu Melika.
I-Puma concolor cabrerae - uhlala enkabeni yeNingizimu Melika.
I-Puma concolor puma - Indawo yokusabalalisa eningizimu Melika.
Njengamanje, ukuzingela ama-pumas akuvunyelwe, yize basaqhubeka nokuziqothula ngomonakalo owenziwe emfuyweni.
I-Cougar yase-extinct Oriental
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Cougar Predator
Yize iqiniso lokuthi ukuzingela ama-pumas akuvunyelwe cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ukubhujiswa kwamabhubesi aseMelika kuyaqhubeka ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamapulazi emfuyo. Kepha, noma izindawo abahlala kuzo zihlala zingabonakali ngenxa yokushiswa kwemvelo, ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa kalula nanoma yiziphi izimo zokuphila, izinhlobo eziningi ziningi.
Kusendaweni eseduze yokuqothulwa ngekhulu lama-20 e-United States, inani labaphakeme entshonalanga kuphela linabantu abadala abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-30 futhi liyaqhubeka nokugcwala isimo eningizimu nasempumalanga. Ukushintshwa kunoma yikuphi ukubukeka komhlaba kusiza ama-cougars ukuthi akhule ngesibalo.
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwebanga lebhubesi lasezintabeni, inani labantu baseFlorida puma lifinyelele amanani ayingozi futhi njengamanje lisengozini. Ukuzingela, ukudonsa kwezixhaphozi nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ashisayo kuholele ekuphelisweni kwalezi zinhlobo. Ngo-1979, babecishe babe ngama-20 abantu. Ukuzala kabusha kwemvelo akusekho kungenzeka futhi amakati asendle avikelwe.
Ubumpofu bezinto zohlobo lofuzo buholela ekuzalweni kwezingane ezikhubazekile kanye nokungasebenzi kahle, ngenxa yalokho ukungcwatshwa kwezifo kuncipha futhi ukutholakala kwezifo kuyanda. Okwamanje, bonke abantu bahlala ezifundeni zaseFlorida Reserve futhi isibalo sabo singamayunithi angama-160.
Isikhathi eside, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi i-cougar yasempumalanga, edabuka eCanada nase-United States, yayisohlwini lokuqothulwa. Kepha ngeminyaka yo-1970, kwatholakala abantu abadala abaningana eNew Brunswick, ababanjwa ngokushesha. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana bekwazi ukuzalela abantu abangaba ngu-50.
Umlando wokutholwa kwezinhlobo
I-Puma ingeyama-fils abulala izilwane. NgesiLatini, ukubizwa kwalo kuzwakala njenge-puma concolor, lapho i-puma igama lekati elisuselwa olimini lwe-Quechua Native American, kanti ikhonsathi ihumusha njengombala owodwa futhi ikhombisa umbala oqinile wesilo esidala - isiliva (ezindaweni ezisenyakatho) noma obomvu (eningizimu). Izihlobo eziseduze zikaPuma ikati lasendle iJaguarundi ne-cheetah Miracinonyx engapheli yaseNyakatho Melika. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu, i-cougar ibhekisela kumakati amancanyana angazi ukuthi akhule kanjani ngenxa yokuqina ngokuphelele kwethambo le-hyoid.
IJaguarundi - ikati elincanyana elizingelayo, isihlobo esisondele kakhulu se-cougar
Enye yezincazelo zokuqala ze-puma yenziwa ngo-1553 nguPedro Cieza de Leon, isihambi saseSpain kanye nesazi sesayensi yokuma komhlaba encwadini ethi Chronicle of Peru. Le ncwadi ingabhekwa njenge-encyclopedia yokuqala ku-geography, botany kanye ne-zoology yaseNingizimu Melika.
Izizwe zamaNdiya zazinaka kakhulu lezi zilwane, kodwa ngezindlela ezihlukile: ama-Inca cougars abukeka sengathi ahambisana nobunkulunkulu bezulu nokuduma, ama-Apache abheka ukukhala kwawo njengezihibe zokufa, kanti amaCherokee cougars ayeyisilwane esingcwele futhi ayenqobekile. Igama le-cougar lalivame ukufakwa egameni eliyinkimbinkimbi lomuntu ukuze limnikeze amandla nobuchopho.
AbaseSpain, ababefika ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, bahlangabezana nezinkinga ngama-cougars: babezingela izinkomo ngobumnandi, kanti amaNdiya ayenqabela ukubhujiswa kwamakati abedla inyama. Ngisho nenkunzi yonke njengesipho se-cougar ebulewe ayikwazanga ukuguqula umbono wabantu bendawo. AmaNdiya alengisa imichilo yesilo emizini yawo, ngaleyo ndlela exosha imimoya emibi. Futhi mayelana nokuzingela isilwane esingcwele semfuyo, basho lokhu: "UPuma uyingane empofu eqale indlela engafanele."
Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, ubuhle nomusa we-cougar buye banconywa abahlali beNew World, futhi ubuqili bayo nokukhohlisa baphoqelelwa ukuthi besabe njalo lesi sidlakela esihle
Ezikhathini zasendulo, indawo yokuhlala kwama-cougars yayikhula kakhulu: ukusuka eningizimu ye-Alaska kuya eStrait of Magellan. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweMelika ngabantu abamhlophe, amaphaphu kwathiwawe ukuzingela indawo yonke, okokuqala ukuvikela imfuyo, bese kuba ngenxa yezikhumba ezinhle nenyama. Okomuntu obulewe, banikeze nebhonasi. Futhi kuphela ngekhulu le-XX, lapho izinyamazane sezisemaphethelweni wokuqothulwa, ukuzingela amapulas kwavinjelwa futhi kwavela imithombo eminingi.
Namuhla, izinhlobo ezi-6 ezihlukile ngosayizi nombala zidluliselwa ezinhlotsheni ze-puma. AmaCougars ahlala esifundeni sezintaba saseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, emathafeni, ngokuvamisile emahlathini nasezindaweni ezinoxhaphozi.
Cougar Incazelo
IPuma iyisidlakudla esikhulu impela, eMelika ithatha indawo yesibili ngemuva kwejaguar. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokubhaliswa zihlukile ngosayizi - ezincane kunazo zonke zihlala eduze ne-ikhwetha, kanti ezinkudlwana zisondele ezigxotsheni. Umzimba onamandla onemilenze emikhulu yezingemuva uvumela i-cougar ukuba yenze ubude obude (kufika kumamitha ayi-10) kanye nokuphakama (kufika kumamitha ayi-2,5) futhi ithuthukise ijubane elikhulu (kufika ku-50 km ngehora) amabanga amafushane.
Idatha yangaphandle: umbala, umbala wamehlo kanye nezici zokuthambekela
Ubude be-cougar ngaphandle komsila bungasukela ku-100 kuya ku-180 cm, bese isisindo sifinyelela ku-100 kg. Abesifazane cishe ingxenye yesithathu incane kunabesilisa ngobukhulu nangesisindo. Ukuphakama kwesilwane endaweni yokubuna kungamasentimitha angama-60-80. Umzimba unamandla, kepha uvumelana nezimo, ufana nengonyama. Umzimba uphakeme, imilenze iphansi, imilenze yangemuva inkulu kakhulu kunangaphambili. Amaphawundi we-paw abanzi, ahlome ngemichilo eshintshiwe eyenziwe ngembobo, iminwe emi-4 ngemuva, kuthi emihlanu ngaphambili. Ukufakelwa okunjalo kuvumela i-cougar ukukhuphuka kahle izihlahla, kanye nokubamba isisulu, futhi ama-paws abanzi asiza ukuhamba ngokuphumelelayo eqhweni. Umsila we-pubescent oqinile futhi omude uwunika ibhalansi ngesikhathi sokuxhuma okuvelele.
Cougar uyakwazi ngomusa sifinyelele emgodini omkhulu kwalasha
Ikhanda lincane, izindlebe ezincane eziqinisile ziyindilinga, ikhala likhulu futhi libanzi. Amehlo aqhakazayo anombala onsundu noma wegolide ngombala, ovame ukuvezwa kahle emgqeni omnyama, njengekhala nomlomo. Amazinyo akhule kahle, iminyaka yawo nombala anquma ubudala besilwane. Ama-fangs asetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane, kanye nezifiso zokucekela phansi izicubu namathambo ohlukunyeziwe.
UPuma unobuso obuhle bokuzilungisa kwemvelo nokubuka okuzolile
Uboya be-puma bukhulu, bufushane futhi bukhuni, umbala unombala onsundu ompunga, ophuzi omnyama noma obomvu, kepha ngamathiphu: esiswini, umphimbo kanye nesifuba kukhanye kunangaphezulu komzimba, kukhona amabala amnyama esihlathini, izindlebe zimnyama kunombala oyinhloko, ichopho lomsila nalo limnyama. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imibala yombala we-cougars ifana kakhulu nombala walabo abangaba izisulu zabo - inyamazane.
Amawundlu lawo anejazi eliminyene kakhulu, elithambile futhi elinefreyimu, embozwe amabala nemivimbo, enamasongo emsileni, namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Kumawundlu, amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuze kube yingxenye yonyaka, bese kancane kancane ephenduka aphuzi noma abe nsundu
Isimilo
I-cougar iyaziwa ngemvelo yayo yemfihlo, ethule futhi engqubuzanayo, kepha inesibindi nesibindi esanele. Kunezimo lapho i-cougar ilwa futhi yahlula amabhere amnyama kanye nama-alligators. Futhi ngeke aphuthelwe ithuba lokudla inyama yabo.
Lawa makati adlayo afihla ngokuphelele futhi ngokuphumelelayo abantu, okwenza kube nzima ukuwafunda ngezinjongo zesayensi. AmaCougars awakhombisi ulaka kubantu, ngaphandle kokuthi aziphathe ngendlela esongela noma ephazamisa ukuzingela. Ngokuvamile bahlasela ebusuku noma kusihlwa, kodwa futhi bayakwazi ukuzingela ntambama.
Ngokungafani namakati amaningi amakhulu e-feline, ama-cougars akavamile ukuhlasela abantu, ancamela ukuwagwema. Phakathi kuka-1890 noJanuwari 2004, kwabikwa ukuthi kwaba nokuhlasela okungaba yikhulu e-United States naseCanada, iningi labo okwenzeka e-Vancouver Island kuphela. Esikhathini esiningi izisulu zaziyizingane noma zimfushane, kanti lokhu kuhlaselwa kwenzeka kusihlwa noma ebusuku. Ama-cougars angaba ne-reflex yokuhlasela uma umuntu ehamba ngokushesha futhi eyedwa.
wikipedia.org
I-https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anuelD0%9FanuelD1 Ear83anuelD0 EarBCanuelD0anuelB0
UCougar unesilinganiso esifanele sokubekezela. Uma ihlosi, selingene ogibeni, lihlanya futhi likwazi nokuluma isisulu salo, khona-ke leli cougar liyozama ngokuzithoba futhi liphikelele ukuzama ukuzikhulula, futhi uma lehluleka, lingahlala izinsuku ezithile.
Ama-cougars ahamba kahle ezihlahleni futhi ayakwazi ukubamba inyoni noma inkawu lapho
AmaCougars aphila impilo eyedwa futhi angahlangani nabamele izinhlobo zawo. Bakhomba ngokukhethekile insimu yomuntu uqobo futhi abavumeli ezinye izingqimba kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo lapho utholakala khona isalou ingaba ngamashumi noma ngamakhulu amakhilomitha skwele. Izikhathi zokuxhumana zamabhubesi asezintabeni zenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, nakwabesifazane futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlangana namawundlu. Ngale ndlela, izindlela eziphathelene nemingcele yezindawo azivamile kakhulu - ama-cougars akhetha ubudlelwane obuhle nomakhelwane. Bachitha impilo yabo yonke bebodwa endaweni yabo yokuzingela.
Izilwane ezisencane ezingasenalo uzungu lomuntu siqu kanye nezilwane ezindala ezilahlekelwe yizinto zazo ngenxa yomsebenzi wesiphithiphithi abantu babizwa ngokuthi "ngabantu abahamba ngezinyawo." Baphoqelelwa ukuthi bahambe beyofuna indawo yamahhala, ezoba ikhaya labo elisha. Bazama ukunqoba amazwe aphesheya ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokulwa futhi bangazenzisi.
Ukudla kwePuma
Kusihlwa, isigcobo siyaphuma siyofuna ukudla. Ulengisiwe, ugxumela emhlane wesisulu futhi masinyane uzama ukumluma. Isisulu sakudala sama-cougars asichichizi njenge-moose, inyamazane, i-guanaco ne-bighorn. Isabelo sabo ekudleni kwe-cougar singaphezu kwengxenye.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamakati adlayo - izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze -ululates
Umhlaseli angahlasela imfuyo ngisho namakati nezinja, okuyinto abalimi baseMelika abayithandi ngokuphelele. Ayizideleli inyamazane encane kakhulu: ama-coyotes, izimpungushe, onogwaja, ama-squirrels, ama-squirrels omhlaba, ama-hares, amagundane, izinyoni, izinhlanzi kanye nezinambuzane neminonjana. Kodwa-ke, i-cougar inomkhuba wokubulala izilwane eziningi kunokuba ingazidla.
Ubuhlakani bemvelo buvumela i-cougar ukuba ibhekane ne-armadillo, i-porcupine, inyoka noma i-skunk. UPuma akakuthandi ukubhukuda, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ubhukuda kahle kakhulu futhi uyakwazi ukudoba.
I-cougar ifihla izinsalela zezinyamazane emithini, utshani noma iqhwa, izama ukumboza ngokuphelele inyama. Kwesinye isikhathi amachwane ayibhekisisa ngokukhethekile kusuka phezulu bese idla izidumbu ngokushesha nje lapho kususwa isigaxa. Ngaphezu kwezimpungushe, izimpungushe, izindunduma nezinye izilwane eziningi zingakwenza lokhu, ngoba i-cougar iyisixhumanisi kulayini wabo wokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaNdiya enza okufanayo ezikhathini zasendulo - athola izinqolobane zama-cougars futhi azithathela inyama.
I-cougar inamandla amakhulu nokukhuthazela futhi iyakwazi ukuhudula isisulu esifile ibanga elide, isisindo saso sidlula isisindo se-cougar ngezikhathi ezi-5. Iduna libulala cishe inyamazane elilodwa ngesonto, futhi lidle isidumbu esigciniwe izinsuku eziningi, ngokuba siseduze. Kepha uma ezinye izilwane zithole futhi zidla inyama, khona-ke kwakufanele aqale ukuzingela futhi.
Okomnyaka, i-cougar idla cishe ngethoni lenyama, elingaba ngama-50 ungulates
Ibhubesi lentaba uqobo alidli inyama etholwe ezinye izilwane. Idla kuphela izisulu zayo.
Isikhathi sokuphila endle
Isilinganiso sokuphila kwesilondolozi sasendle sisukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kweli-15, kanti ama-cougars angahlala ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane aze afike eminyakeni engama-20. Emvelweni wemvelo, ama-cougars akuvamile ukuthi afe ngenxa yokuguga, izimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa yizixabane nezihlobo, amanxeba okuzingela, ukugula, indlala, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu: ukubhujiswa kwama-cougars, ushintsho ezindaweni zokuhlala zezilwane, izimoto nezinye izinto.
Ezinye izici zokubuka
Ubuningi bokuxazululwa kwama-cougars kusuka kwizilwane ezi-1 kuye kwezingu-12 kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-80.
Emvelweni, i-cougar cishe ayinazitha. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ingancintisana nezimpisi noma amabhere ansundu, ezindaweni eziseningizimu ne-jaguar, naseFlorida kanye ne-allissator yaseMississippi. I-jaguar yale cougar iyingozi impela futhi lapho kushayisana ngokuqondile kungenzeka iphumelele, ngakho-ke ophathiweyo uzama ukungezwani naye. UPuma akavamile ukuhlangana namabhere, ngoba awondli nje kuphela enyameni, kepha futhi nasekudleni kwezitshalo, kepha izimpisi, njengoba sezilahlekelwe ngumhlambi, ziyakwazi ukuluma i-puma. Naye angabulala futhi adle impisi eyodwa, alwe nepakethe.
Imvamisa, abahlukumezayo abafaki engcupheni yokuxhumana nama-cougars amadala, futhi bangakwazi nokuvumela ukuthambeka kwabo, kepha imibhangqwana engama-cub iyindlela eyamukelekayo kubo. Ngakho-ke, izimpi eziningi zobuqhawe nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ziya kwabesifazane ukuvikela amantshontsho abo.
Ukuvikela amawundlu, insikazi ingahlanganyela empini nanoma yimuphi umphikisi futhi imhlule: kukhona izimo lapho isigaxa sibhekene nebhere kanye no-alligator
Indawo yokuhlala kaPuma nendima ohlelweni lwezemvelo
Ama-cougars atholakala emazweni aseMelika. ENyakatho Melika, lezi zilwane zigcinwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisezintabeni entshonalanga, futhi ENingizimu Melika zisakazeke impela.Ozibonele bathi le cougar isatholakala eQuebec (Canada) naseVermont (USA).
Ngokwesihlukaniso sanamuhla esisuselwa ocwaningweni lofuzo, kunezindlela ezinhlanu ezihlobene nezindawo.
I-Puma concolor couguar - INyakatho Melika (kusuka eningizimu yeCanada kuya eGuatemala naseBelize),
I-Puma concolor costaricensis - i-Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica nePanama),
IPuma concolor capricornensis - ingxenye esempumalanga yeNingizimu Melika (ukusuka ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Amazon eBrazil kuye eParaguay),
Ikhonsathi ekhonsathi kaPuma - eNyakatho Melika (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia),
I-Puma concolor cabrerae - ingxenye esemaphakathi neNingizimu Melika (empumalanga esenyakatho ne-Argentina, e-Uruguay),
IPuma concolor puma - ingxenye eseningizimu yeSouth America (eChile, eningizimu nentshonalanga ye-Argentina).
http://www.mos magazzoo.ru
http://www.mos magazzoo.ru/animals/khishchnye/puma/
I-cougar eyivelakancane emhlabeni ibizwa ngokuthi yiFlorida noma iPuma concolor coryi. Kubhalwe ku-Red Book njengezinhlobo ezisengozini - manje sekunabantu abangu-150-200 emhlabeni futhi iFlorida isebenza ngokuzikhandla ukuze ilondoloze futhi ibuyise inani labantu baseFlorida puma. Ukunyamalala okusheshayo kwezindawo zokugcina izinkamba kubangelwa ukudonsa okusebenzayo kwamaswidi, okuyindawo yokuhlala kwama-cougars aseFlorida, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokuzingela kwemidlalo kwalezi zilwane.
I-cougar yaseFlorida incane ngosayizi futhi inezinwele ezibomvu ezimnyama, kanye nesipikili somsila esigobile
ENingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi, kunobufakazi bokutholwa kwama cougars amhlophe namnyama. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwalawa macala kukhombisa ukuthi ama-cougars amnyama ansundu noma kuphela izingxenye ezithile zomzimba wesilwane (ubuso, isifuba) zipendwe zimnyama. Ama-cougars amhlophe (ama-albino) kungenzeka akhona, njengoba kwenzeka nakwezinye izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye.
Abathuthele eMhlabeni omusha kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19 baqothula kakhulu izingonyama zezintaba, njengoba babehlaba imfuyo yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bayishintshe kakhulu indawo yokuhlala kwezilwane zasendle, kwaphumela ekunciphiseni kwenani lezinyamazane ezingenamsila, inyamazane eyinhloko yamaphaphu eNyakatho Melika. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwakusele ama-cougars ambalwa kakhulu, futhi ngemuva eminye iminyaka engama-60, izingosi ezimbalwa zokucishe zanyamalala.
Muva nje, i-cougar yaseCongo Puma Puma ekhonsathi yaqashelwa e-United States, ngoba sekuyiminyaka eminingi le nhlobo ingabonwa ngabantu ngisho nasezindaweni eziqhelile zezintaba zaseNyakatho Melika.
Izenzo zabantu ezingenangqondo zaphazamisa ukulingana kwemvelo eNyakatho Melika futhi imiphumela yokuqala yazwakala ngabalimi abafanayo. Isibonelo, ama-armadillos akhula ngokweqile, lawo ma-cougars ayedle ngokuzikhandla, egobela izimbobo eziningi lapho izinkomo ezifuywayo namahhashi zazihlala ziwa khona, zaphuka imilenze futhi zafa.
Manje eNyakatho Melika, inyamazane enomsila omhlophe yande kakhulu, iba yisithiyo kuzinqubo zezinto zasekhaya.
Inyamazane enomsila omhlophe - inyamazane enkulu yezingonyama zentaba
I-Deer idla imifino, kufaka phakathi lapho kuhlala khona amantombazane ezingoma, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwamanani awo. Lesi ngesinye sezibonelo eziningi zokungalingani kwemvelo. Ochwepheshe emkhakheni we-biology kanye ne-ecology bafuna ukuthi kubuyiswe ibhalansi yemvelo yemvelo eNyakatho Melika ngokubuyela esimweni semvelo pumas kanye nezimpisi ezibomvu (lezi zilwane, njengama cougars, zisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni).
Impilo kaPuma ekudingisweni
Kulezi zinsuku, sekuyimfashini ukugcina izilwane zasendle, kufaka phakathi amakati ezilwane, ezindlini. Ama-cougars awafani nhlobo futhi ku-Intanethi ungathola okunikezwayo ngokuthengiswa kwamawundlu, kanye nokubuyekezwa namavidiyo mayelana nokugcinwa kwama-cougars ekudingisweni.
I-cougar esendlini ihlala iziphatha njengekati elijwayelekile
Kepha ukunquma isinyathelo esinjalo, kufanele uqonde ukuthi ukuhlala ndawonye ne-cougar ngeke kube lula, ngoba lokhu uzodinga igumbi elikhethekile noma i-aviary, ukudla okubizayo, i-veterinarian escortinarian nokunye okuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho ne-cougar ethosiwe ihlala iyisilwane sasendle, ilalela ukuthambekela kwemvelo, ngakho-ke akekho ongakuqinisekisa ukuphepha okuphelele kwezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, nakubanikazi uqobo. Ama-cougars abantu abadala awakwazi ukudanjiswa, ngakho-ke sikhuluma ngama-cubs kuphela.
Ngokuqondene nama-zoo, ama-cougars ajwayelekile lapho, akhona ngokuphephile futhi azalaniswa. Ziphinde zimelelwe kabanzi kuma-zoo ethu aseRussia.
Izici Zokunakekela
Izazi zemvelo ezifunde nge-puma zithi ilungele indima yesilwane futhi ihlangana kahle namakati nezinja ezihlala endlini, kepha ayinakukwazi ukumelana nokuzingela izinyoni. Ngakho-ke, uma kunezinkukhu, amadada noma amahansi endlini, umnikazi we-puma ehamba ngokukhululeka egcekeni kuyodingeka abekezelele ukulahleka kwenyoni ngezikhathi ezithile. Ama-puma kittens anikezwa ubisi nenyama ebilisiwe, adla okusanhlamvu nemifino kuphela uma epheka umhluzi wenyama.
Ama-pumas amancane aphekelwa ubisi, bese adluliselwa kancane kancane abilisiwe, bese nenyama eluhlaza
Njengoba bekhula, ama-pumas adluliselwa enyameni eluhlaza. Umhlaseli udla cishe 2 kg yenyama eluhlaza ngosuku, inketho enhle kakhulu inyama yenkomo. Uma i-cougar inganikezwa inyama, izogula.
Njengamanye amakati amaningi, ngaphambi kokudla inyama eluhlaza, i-cougar iyayikhotha, futhi ngemuva kokudla, igezwe kahle bese ilala amahora amaningi.
I-cougar idinga ukunikezwa amanzi amaningi, kanye notshani obusha noma izithasiselo ezikhethekile zamavithamini, ezokwelulekwa udokotela wezilwane.
Ukuziphatha kwama-cougars asemasha endlini akufani namakhefu ajwayelekile, adlala kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngezinto ezinyakazayo, ukuxhumana nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, nabantu abathandayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-cougars amancane amabala abukeka ehlekisayo futhi ekhangayo. Bangenza imisindo ekhangayo, kufana nokukhala kwezinyoni kunokugunda. Ukuba esimeni esihle, ama-cougars angahlanza njengamakati, aqhume ekwesabeni, akhononde ngenxa yokucasuka.
Amawundlu wePuma ayalingana ngohlobo kittens ejwayelekile, bayakuthanda futhi ukudlala futhi banamathela kubanikazi babo
UPuma angaholwa futhi kufanele aholelwe ekuhambeni ngezinyawo, lokhu kumnika ithuba lokuhlala esimweni semvelo - ihlathi noma ipaki. I-cougar esekhulile kumele idluliselwe ezindlini zezindiza, ngoba isilwane esikhulile sizohlela izinkinga eziningi endlini noma efulethini ledolobha. Impilo yanoma iyiphi ikati edliwayo, indlu yangasese noma indlu encane enendawo ebiyelwe enkulu enezindiza ezifakwayo kufanelekile.
UPuma uzizwa emuhle, ngokuba semgwaqweni omkhulu wezindiza noma uhambahamba egcekeni, futhi efulethini elijwayelekile unesithukuthezi futhi uminyene
Izinqubo zokunakekela izinwele, izindlebe, amehlo nezinzipho, ama-cougars azovunyelwa kuphela uma azijwayela kusukela ebuntwaneni. Izinsimbi zesigaxa zide futhi zibukhali, ngakho-ke uma ugcina isilwane endlini, kuyodingeka ukuthi sakhiwe njalo.
Lapho ugcinwa endlini noma efulethini, udinga ukusika njalo izingwegwe zezinswelaboya, kungenjalo inkathazo ayinakugwenywa
Puma labantu nokuphepha
Ngenxa yomsebenzi osebenzayo wokugcina ama-cougars njengohlobo, ukuzingela kwawo manje kunqunyelwe noma kuvinjelwe emazweni amaningi. Kuliqiniso, ngokungafani nemikhawulo, abantu basaqothula ama-cougars ngenxa yokufuna kwabo izinkomo. Izinhlobo ezingandile nezincane kunazo zonke zibekwe ezindaweni ezigcinwe ezinqolobaneni, njengeflorida yaseFlorida - okuwukuphela kwendawo ebhalisiwe ebhukwini elibomvu enesimo esithi "sisesimweni esibucayi." Iqiniso ngukuthi amahlathi aseFlorida aqhubeka ngokunyamalala ngokushesha futhi ama-cougars endawo awakwazi ukuba khona ngokujwayelekile futhi azale izingane. Ngakho-ke, abantu bakha izinqolobane lapho balawula khona impilo nokuvela kabusha kwama-cougars besebenzisa okokudlulisa imisakazo okhethekile obekwe emzimbeni wezilwane. Manje ososayensi basebenza ngenkuthalo ukuwela i-Florida puma nezinye izingqangi. Uma le mizamo ihlanganiswa umqhele futhi izinhlobo zingabuyiselwa, ama-cougars azohlalwa kwezinye izifundazwe zaseMelika.
Indawo yokugcina yemvelo enkulu kunazo zonke lapho kuhlala khona ama-cougars eFlorida ibizwa ngokuthi iBigypress National Preservation futhi itholakala emigodini nasezihlathini zesifundazwe saseNingizimu Melika saseFlorida.
Ukubhaliswa kathathu kwama-cougars kubhalwe ku-CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora): coryi, costaricensis, couguar. Imizamo yabantu iholele ekutheni okwamanje inani labantu abasebenza ngama-cougars eNyakatho Melika, acishe anyamalala ngokuphelele ngekhulu lama-20, ngabantu abangaba ngu-30,000 futhi kancane kancane lisakazekela empumalanga naseningizimu. Ama-cougars azalela kahle, ayakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, ngakho-ke awasabhekene nokuqothuka. ENingizimu Melika, ama-pumas awazingelwa ngentshiseko, ngakho-ke kukhona okusabalele.
Bheka igalari yezithombe
Imvelo ibeke ngomusa izingonyama zezintaba ngamandla nobuchopho: zikhuphuka kalula izihlahla futhi ziyakwazi ukugxuma kusuka ezitezi eziningana ngaphandle kwemiphumela, zibhukuda kahle futhi ziyazi nokudoba, zingagxumela ngomhoshongo omkhulu ngomshingo omkhulu futhi zibambe insini egijimayo. Isitha esikhulu salomhlaseli ngumuntu okwathi, kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, aqothula iningi lamakhorali ahlala emhlabeni. Manje abantu sebephapheme futhi bathatha izindlela eziningi zokubuyisa izinhlobo. Masibe nethemba lokuthi konke kuyasebenza futhi ama-cougars azophinda futhi athathe ubunikazi bawo bemvelo emazweni aseMelika.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-cougar
IPuma iyisidlakela esihle kakhulu, okuthakazelisa ukubukwa. Ama-zoologists kanye nabathandi bezilwane zasendle nje bananzelela amaqiniso amaningana athambisanayo ahlobene nalesi silwane:
- UCougar uthatha indawo yesibili yenxusa laseMelika elikhulu kunalo lonke lomndeni wekati. Ubukhulu be-cougar buhamba nge-jaguar kuphela.
- Ubisi lwebhubesi laseNtabeni kokuqukethwe okunamafutha lidlula izikhathi ezi-6 zenkomo.
- Ulimi lwe-pumas lufakelwe amashubhu akhethekile. Ngosizo lwabo, bayakwazi ukuklebhula izingcezu zenyama ezincane kohlukunyezwa.
- Ama-cougars kuphela amakati aqinile ngaphakathi kwezwekazi laseMelika.
- Owesifazane uxhumana namawundlu akhe ngemisindo emangalisayo ekhumbuza i-titter yenyoni.
- Ama-cougars amancane ngeke ashiye indawo yokuhlala kuze kube yilapho umama wawo ebabiza.
- Amabhubesi asezintabeni ayebhekwa njengezilwane ezingcwele ngamaNdiya amaZuni namaCherokee.
- Ukuzingela ama-cougars kuyaphumelela ngo-80% wamacala.
- Izilwane ezizalwa ngenxa yokuwela ama-cougars nezingwe zibizwa ngokuthi ama-pumapards.
- Ukuzingela iCougar kuvinjelwe eMelika naseCanada. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane.
- UPuma akavamile ukuhlasela abantu. Uma lomhlaseli esongela umuntu, akunasidingo sokuba ubalekele yena. Kuhle ukumbheka ngamehlo bese uqala ukukhamuluka (kukholakala ukuthi umsindo onjalo uyesabisa laba bantu abazingelayo).
I-cougar enomusa, eguquguqukayo futhi eqinile iyinkosikazi yangempela yezikhala ezivulekile zaseMelika. Ngokuzibandakanya ngokungesabi empini nezilwane ezinkulu kunezakhe, leli katsi lasendle ezimweni eziningi liphuma linqobile, lizondla ngokwalo. UCougar udlala umuntu futhi akuvamile ukuthi amhlasele, akhethe ukuhlala kude nabantu.
Buka futhi ndoda
Ngo-1553, enye yezincazelo zakhe zokuqala yanikezwa incwadi ethi Chronicle of Peru kaCiez de Leon. Igama elithi cougar livela esiQuechua, ulimi olukhulunywa kunazo zonke amaNdiya aseMelika.
Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bewubabaza ubuhle namandla ale kati. ENingizimu Melika, igama lekati elinamandla lalivame ukuzwakala ngegama eliyinkimbinkimbi lomuntu. Isithombeni se-cougar kwesinye isikhathi sitholakala kwimikhiqizo ye-ceramic. Ama-Inca ahlobanisa lesi silwane nonkulunkulu wezulu nokuduma. ENyakatho Melika, ngokwesibonelo kuma-Apache, ukukhala okwakukhishwe yi-cougar kwakuyi-harbinger yokufa. Ezinye izizwe zamaMdabu zaseMelika zakhomba lesi silo umoya omubi ovela ekufeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, esizweni sakwaCherokee, wayeyinyama engcwele futhi ingenakuphikwa.
I-Puma ivame ukugwema abantu, ukuhlaselwa akuvamile futhi kwenzeka ehlobo noma ekwindla, lapho ama-cougars amancane eshiya omama bawo futhi athuthukisa insimu entsha. Phakathi kuka-1890 no-1990 ENyakatho Melika, ukuhlaselwa kwe-cougar kubantu abangu-53 kwaqoshwa, abangama-40 kuyo kwaphumela ekulimaleni, kwathi ezimweni eziyi-10, abantu bafa.
IPuma ingahlasela imfuyo: amathole, imvu, izimbuzi, kaningi lokhu kwenzeka lapho izilwane ezincane zifunda ukuzingela. Kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kubangele ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabalimi, futhi ukushushiswa kwabo kwehlisa kakhulu inani lezilwane eNyakatho Melika.
Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala
IPuma ikati laseMelika. Ngokomlando, i-puma ibilikhulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba eMelika. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo isuka eningizimu yePatagonia iye eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska. Njengamanje, eNyakatho Melika, i-cougar ibilondolozwe ikakhulukazi ezintabeni zezifunda ezisentshonalanga. ENingizimu Melika, cougar cishe indawo yonke.
Lezi zilwanyana ezihlaselayo zivumelana ngokuphelele nezimo ezahlukahlukene: zihlala emahlathini anezintaba, namahlathi ashisayo, nangamathafa otshani. AmaCougars angatholakala ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-4700 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kukhawulelwe kuphela ngokudla nezindawo zokukhosela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwegwe zaseNingizimu Melika zigwema imifula yezikhukhula lapho kutholakala khona izingulube.
Ekuzingeleni okuphumelelayo, i-puma idinga indawo yokukhosela, ngemuva kwayo ecasha, inyathela inyamazane, ngakho-ke, ngisho naku-biotopes evulekile, umhlaseli ukhetha izindawo lapho kukhona amatshe noma izihlahla.
Indlela Yokuphila Nokuziphatha Komphakathi
I-Cougar ingasebenza ngokulinganayo imini nobusuku. Ukuguqulwa komsebenzi kunqunywa yindlala. Esikhathini esiningi, isikhathi esithandwa kakhulu sokuzingela kuba kusihlwa, lapho isilwane esithulile singabonakali ngokuphelele. I-cougar ivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila endaweni enolaka. Uhamba kalula emithambekeni yezintaba, ugibela ngokuphelele izihlahla namadwala futhi, uma kunesidingo, ubhukuda kahle.
Njengabo bonke abameleli bomndeni wekati (ngaphandle kwamabhubesi), ama-cougars amadala ahlala yedwa, owesilisa nowesifazane bahlangana ngokuzalanisa kuphela. Ubungako bendawo yokuzingela i-puma incike ekuxineni kwezinyamazane ezingaba khona futhi eNyakatho Melika isukela ku-32 iye ku-1031 sq. Km. Ubukhulu besilisa bukhulu kunezinsikazi, kanti umniniyo umqapha ngomhawu kwabanye besilisa. Insimu yesilisa ivame ukugcotshwa kancane kancane ngezindawo zokuzingela zabesifazane abaningana. Izilwane zigwema enye nenye ezindaweni ezinqamula ezindaweni eziningi, futhi lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokumaka. Ama-cougars amaka izindawo ezithile ngomchamo, imidwebo, noma izikebhe - iziqeshana zomhlaba, noma izihlahla, lapho izilwane ziklaza izilevu zazo, zishiya izimpawu ezibukwayo.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Isilwane esikhulu esinezilwane ezincelisayo, esiphansi ngosayizi endaweni yokuhlala kuphela i-jaguar eyimbangi, sifinyelela kubude obungu-120-170 cm, futhi sinomsila kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5. Ukuphakama komzimba wekati labantu abadala kususelwa ku-60 kuye ku-75 cm, isisindo singama-75-100 kg . Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane ngokwesilinganiso sama-30%.
Uboya obomvu entanyeni nasesifubeni bungemithunzi okhanyayo, ekhanda bumpunga ngombala, nasezindlebeni nasemsileni - amathoni amnyama amnyama, acishe abe mnyama. Ngokuvamile, umzimba ongezansi ulula kakhulu kunaphezulu.
Izimbangi ezihlala eNyakatho Melika zivezwa ngamathiphu wesiliva, kanti abamele amaphephabhuku aseningizimu nethropiki asondelene namathoni abomvu. Lawa kuphela amakati aseMelika anombala wejazi elingenalutho. Uboya bezilwane bufushane, bukhali futhi bukhulu.
At cougar wesilwane amazinyo aqinile, anquma iminyaka yomphangi. Ama-fangs akhonza ukubamba inyamazane, futhi izisulu ezilimaza kalula izicubu kanye nokuphuka amathambo. Umsila oqinile wemisipha usiza ukulinganisela lapho uhamba futhi ngenkathi ugxuma ekuzingeleni kwekati laseMelika.
Umzimba oguqukayo oguqukayo uhlukaniswa ngomusa okhethekile. Ikhanda lincane, izindlebe zincanyana ngosayizi, ziyindilinga ngesimo. Amawashi aphansi, ububanzi. Imilenze yangemuva inamandla futhi inkulu kakhulu kunangaphambili. Inani leminwe emilenzeni lihlukile: ezine kwesokunxele, nezinhlanu ngaphambili.
Habitat Izinyamazane ezidla inyama kunezindawo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene: zombili izindawo eziyizicaba ezinamahlathi ashisayo, ama-pampas, amaxhaphozi aphansi, kanye nama-conifers aseNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika maphakathi neCanada. Amabhubesi abizwa nge-silvery agwema lezi zindawo ezisenyakatho.
Indawo yokuhlala yezilwane inkulu kakhulu, kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, amamoya e-United States acishe abhujiswa. Isilwane esingajwayelekile se-puma ngisho yaqala ukugcwala. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, kungenzeka ukubuyisela inani labantu, ngokuqhathaniswa ngosayizi nokusatshalaliswa izingwe, ama-lynxes. Ukuqaphele lokho kuhlala izinyoni ikakhulukazi lapho izinto eziphambili zokuzingela kwakhe zihlala khona - inyamazane. Ngisho nombala woboya bawo uyafana.
Ukudla okunempilo nokudla okuphakelayo
IPuma yisilo esidla kuphela ukudla kwezilwane. Into yokuzingela ingaba yizinhlobonhlobo zezilwane: kusuka kumagundane, ama-squirrels, ama-uwezekano, onogwaja kuya kuma-coyotes, ama-lynxes namanye ama-cougars. Udla nezinyoni, inhlanzi, ngisho neminenke nezinambuzane. UPuma ngeke anqabe inja yokudla, i-groundhog noma inkawu. Kodwa-ke, indawo esemqoka ekudleni kwasesipilini ihlalwa ngabantu abangathandeki: omnyama-onomsila, omhlophe-we-tais kanye ne-pampas deer, wapiti, i-moose, i-caribou kanye ne-barnerals. ENyakatho Melika, isabelo se-ungulates ekudleni kwalesi silwane esingama-60% noma ngaphezulu. Ezintabeni zaseNingizimu Melika, ama-cougars azingela ngempumelelo amakamela we-humpbacked. Ngezikhathi ezithile, bahlasela imfuyo, amakati, izinja nezinkukhu.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-puma enkulu yesilisa ibulala izinyamazane njalo emva kwezinsuku eziyi-9 kuya kwezi-12, idla kuze kufike ku-8 kg yenyama ngasikhathi sinye, ifihla nezinsalela. Kuze kudliwe inyamazane ngokuphelele, isilo siqhubeka siseduze, siphumula eduze kwesikhokho saso. Abanye abahlaseli, kanye nama-scavenger, bazama ukujabulela izinsalela zokudla, futhi ngokuvamile isigaxa ngosuku olulandelayo kufanele siphinde sizingele. Umhlaseli uvame ukuzingela ekushoneni, kube lula ukweqa inyamazane okuhlosiwe, kepha uma elambe kakhulu, angazama inhlanhla yakhe ntambama.
Ukuqapha kwePum
Photo: Puma from the Red Book
Ukubhaliswa kathathu kwama-cougars kufakwe ku-Isithasiselo I CITES: I-Puma concolor couguar, i-Puma concolor coryi, i-Puma concolor costaricensis. Ukuzingela akuvunyelwe kuwo wonke amazwe noma kulinganiselwe. Kodwa-ke, abelusi noma abanikazi bezokuzingela bayaqhubeka nokuvikela amapulazi abo emabhubesini asezintabeni ngokubulala imfuyo yama-cougars.
I-Florida puma Puma concolor coryi ifakwe ohlwini ngokusemthethweni kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN futhi inikezwe isimo "esesimweni esibucayi". Ingaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zasendle zidalwa, lapho kufakwa imisakazo ukulandelela ukuhamba kwezilwane. Ezilwaneni zezilwane zihlala kahle futhi zilethe inzalo.
Ososayensi basebenzela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi beqe izinhlobo zezilwane ezisolwandle zaseFlorida nazo zonke ezinye. Kuhlelwe ukuthi kuhlalwe kabusha amabhubesi aseMelika kwezinye izifundazwe, kepha lo msebenzi akulula. Amahlathi aseFlorida anyamalala izikhathi eziningi ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokwesibonelo, amahlathi aseNingizimu Melika.
Njengamanje, kwenziwa imizamo yokufuya amakati asendle njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Noma kunjalo, zihlala zikhona izingozi zokuphepha kwabantu. Labo abafuna ukuletha isilwane esingajwayelekile ekhaya labo kumele bakhumbule ukuthi laba bantu abanamadlozi anamandla futhi abanomusa abathandi ukulalela noma ngubani futhi bathanda inkululeko.
Cougar - isidalwa esinokuthula esifanele maqondana nomuntu. Kufakazelwa ukuthi bayabagwema abantu abade. Izisulu zokuhlaselwa yilezi zingane noma abantu abaxakekile bezulazula ibhubesi lentaba ebusuku. Lapho uhlangana nesilwane, akunconywa ukuba sigijime, sibheke emehlweni akhe futhi sikhale.
Vocalization
Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile sombala, ama-cougars awakwazi ukubhonga futhi ahewule kakhulu, ayizilwane ezithe cwaka. Ukukhala okumbeswe, okufana nokukhala komuntu, kukhutshwa abesilisa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukuxhumana kittens, "bakhuluma" ethule kakhudlwana. Ama-cougars nawo angaba ne-purr njengamakati asekhaya.