I-Wild Donkey (i-Equus asinus) esikhathini esedlule, ngokusobala, yayigcwele ogwadule lwaseNyakatho Afrika. Leli khokho lembongolo efuywayo linokubukeka okujwayelekile kwesilwane esinamehlo amade, ukukhula okuphawuleka kuncane kunehhashi (ukuphakama lapho libuna ngo-1.1-1.4 m), nekhanda elisindayo, elinemilenze emincane, elinomphini omncane ofinyelela ezindlebeni kuphela. Umsila wembongolo unebhulashi lezinwele eziphakeme kuphela ekugcineni. Umbala onsundu-isihlabathi, eceleni kwe-spiva kukhona umucu omnyama, othi lapho ubuna ngezinye izikhathi uphikisane nomucu wehlombe ofanayo omnyama.

Njengamanje, izinhlangano ezimbili zembongolo yasendle zisalondolozwe ngenani elincane, ikakhulukazi emagqumeni asogwini loLwandle Olubomvu, eSomalia, Eritrea naseNyakatho neTopiya. Imbongolo yaseSomalia (E. a. Somalicus) ikhudlwana kancane kunokubulawa futhi imnyama ngombala. Imilenze yakhe imithende emnyama. Izinhloso ezingamakhulu amaningana zagcinwa kuphela ngasogwini lwe-Gulf of Aden eSomalia futhi, mhlawumbe, e-Ethiopia.

Imbongolo yaseNubian (E. a. Africanus) incane kunombala wangaphambilini, okhanyayo, inegama elithi "dorsal cross" elisatshalaliswa e-Eritrea, eSudan naseNyakatho neTopiya. Indawo encane engayodwa yobubanzi bayo isenkabeni yeSahara, emngceleni weLibya neNigeria. Mhlawumbe iningi lezilwane eziye zabonwa eminyakeni yamuva ziyizilwane ezifuywayo eziqanjiwe. Imbongolo yasendle icishe yangabi nalutho ngokuphelele. Ihlala ogwadule kanye ne-semi-desert, lapho idla khona ikakhulukazi ngotshani obunemifino notshani. Zigcinwa, njengemidlwane, ngemihlambi yomndeni, lapho okuhamba khona amaduna angaba yishumi nezinsizwa ngaphansi kobuholi bendoda. Ngokucophelela kakhulu futhi uzulazula kabanzi.

Imbongolo yasekhaya, noma imbongolo, ekwakhekeni kwayo obekuhlanganyele zombili izinkampani zayo, ihluke kakhulu kumbala nosayizi. Kukhona izimbongolo ezimhlophe, ezinsundu, ezimnyama, kepha ezingwevu kakhulu kunazo zonke izithunzi. Zingaba zezinwele ezibushelelezi, ezinezinwele ezinde futhi ezigobile. Ukulawulwa kwembongolo kwenzeka endaweni ethile e-Upper Egypt naseTopiya emuva ku-Upper Neolithic eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisi-5,6 eyedlule. Izimbongolo ezifuywayo zivela phambi kwamahhashi futhi isikhathi eside kwakuyiso isilwane esikhulu sokuhamba. EGibhithe lasendulo, iMesopotamiya kanye ne-Asia Minor zazisetshenziswa kakhulu njengokugibela nokupakisha izilwane iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningi. Ukwenza isibonelo, izimbongolo zazisetshenziswa ekwakheni imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe.

Izimbongolo zangena eCentral Asia naseNingizimu Yurophu kudala, kubandakanya iGrisi, i-Italiya, iSpain kanye neNingizimu neFrance, lapho kade zathola ukuthandwa okukhulu. Izinhlobo eziqinile, ezinde zezimbongolo ezifuywayo zazifuywe, njengeKhomad - e-Iran, eCatalan - eSpain, Bukhara - e-Asia Ephakathi. Izimbongolo zisetshenziswa ngabantu emazweni anezomile ezomile, zasehlobo ezishisayo nobusika obufushane. Abazibekezeleli izimvula ezibandayo futhi ikakhulukazi. Njengesilwane esisebenza emazweni asishisayo, imbongolo inezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezulu kwehhashi: ilukhuni, ayifuni ukudla, ayithambekele ezifweni futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Njengesilwane sezokuhamba ezincane nemisebenzi yasizayo, imbongolo ayizange ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo kuze kube manje. Izimbongolo zisetshenziswa kabanzi emazweni ase-Afrika (ikakhulukazi eNyakatho, eMpumalanga kanye naseNingizimu), kanye naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga Asia, eningizimu yeNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika.

Izimbongolo zasekhaya zishada entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-12,5, imbongolo iletha impungushe eyodwa, ebiliswa ubisi izinyanga ezi-6. Unamathele kakhulu kuye. I-foal ifinyelela ekukhuleni okuphelele lapho ineminyaka emibili, kepha isebenza kuphela lapho ineminyaka emithathu. Kudala, kusukela ngesikhathi sikaHomer, isiphambano phakathi kwembongolo nehhashi, umnyuzi, saziwa. Ngamafuphi, umnyuzi uwuphawu phakathi kwembongolo ne-ma, futhi uphondo luyindawo yokudada nembongolo. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa noma isiphi isiphambano phakathi kwembongolo nehhashi ibizwa ngokuthi umnyuzi. Iminyuzi iyinyumba, ngakho-ke ukuze uzitholele kufanele uhlale ugcina abakhiqizi - izimbongolo namahhashi. Inzuzo yomnyuzi ukuthi iyathobeka njengembongolo, kodwa inamandla wehhashi elihle. Ukulima kukaMule bekuvame ukukhula kakhulu eFrance, eGrisi, e-Italy, emazweni ase-Asia Minor naseNingizimu Melika, lapho kwafukulwa khona lezigidi zalezi zilwane.

Njengoba igama elithi Equus asinus K. Linney aqala ukunikeza imbongolo “yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi” ngo-1758, leli gama alisebenzi kunoma yikuphi okushiwo yimbongolo yase-Afrika - ukhokho walowo ofuywayo. Imibono yezazi ngenani lokubhaliswa okuhlukile, abanye bayifinyelela kuze kube yisihlanu. Samukela ezintathu lapha, zazo ngaziphi, imbongolo yasendle yase-Algeria (?. A. Atlanticus), eyayivame kakhulu e-Algeria nasezindaweni ezizungeze i-Atlas, inyamalale kudala (endle, mhlawumbe kusukela ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma wekhulu lesithathu!), igazi lakhe, njengakwezinye izinhlobo, lahlala, eembongolweni.

Isici

Ngokungafani nehhashi, imbongolo inezinselo ezaziqhelelanisa nendawo enamadwala futhi engalingani. Ziyasiza ukuhamba ngokuphepha, kepha azilungele ukugxuma okusheshayo. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izikhathi, imbongolo ingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-70 km / h. Izimbongolo zivela emazweni anezulu lesimo sezulu esomile. Izinselo zazo azisivumeli isimo sezulu sase-Europe esinomswakama futhi zivame ukudala imifantu ejulile kanye nezimbobo okufihlwe kuzo ukubola. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekela izinselo ezimbongolweni kubalulekile. Kuliqiniso, azifaka izicathulo ezimbalwa kaningi kunamahhashi.

Izimbongolo zingaba nejazi elimpunga, nsundu, noma elimnyama; Isisu sivame ukukhanya, okufanayo kusebenza engaphambili kwesihlalo sokuzungeza nasendaweni ezungeze amehlo. Izimbongolo zinomucu wokuqina nomsila ophela ngokhakhayini. Izindlebe zide kakhulu kune-equine. Imicu emincane emincane igijima ngemuva. Okunye okubhalwe phansi kwesinye isikhathi kusenemivimbo - elilodwa emahlombe bese liningana emilenzeni.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuzalela, afinyelela ukuphakama okungama-90 kuye kwangama-160 cm, futhi athola ukukhula ngokomzimba ngocansi eneminyaka emi-2-2,5. Ngokuyinhloko, ukukhula kwemvelo kungenzeka unyaka wonke, kepha kuvame ukwenzeka entwasahlobo. Ngemuva kwenkathi yezinyanga eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-14 yokuzalwa, kuzalwa amawundlu eyodwa noma amabili, athi lapho esenezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-9 azimele.

Izici

Ngaphezu kokwehluka kwangaphandle kusuka kumahhashi, kunezici eziningi ezingezwakali ekuqaleni kokuqala. Enye yazo inombolo ehlukile yama-vertebrae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbongolo zinama-chromosomes angama-31 kuphela, kanti amahhashi anama-chromosomes angama-32. Izimbongolo zinokushisa okuncane komzimba, okulinganiselwa kuma-37 ° C kuno-38 ° C. Izimbongolo nazo zinesikhathi eside sokukhulelwa.

Izilwane zasendle nezamafilidi

Njengasendabeni yamahhashi, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimbongolo zasendle nezamafutha. Izindlela eziphindwe kabili ezingaphansi kwezimbongolo zasendle zazihlala enyakatho ye-Afrika naseNtshonalanga Asia, kodwa ngenxa yokuqothelwa ekhaya, zacishe zanyamalala ngenkathi yamaRoma asendulo. Esikhathini sethu, basinda kuphela e-Ethiopia, e-Eritrea, e-Djibouti, eSomalia naseSudan, okuyidlanzana elikwazile ukugcwala endaweni yokugcina imvelo kwa-Israyeli. Ngeminyaka yama-1980s, inani lezimbongolo zasendle lalinganiselwa kubantu abayinkulungwane futhi selokhu lehla laya phambili. ESomalia, izimbongolo zasendle ngenxa yempi yombango kanye nokuxineka kungenzeka ukuthi sezivele ziqothulwe ngokuphelele; e-Ethiopia naseSudan, kungenzeka okufanayo nabo. I-Eritrea ukuphela kwezwe elinabantu abazinzile bezimbongolo zasendle, lapho inani labo lingabantu abangama-400.

Ngokungafani nezimbongolo zasendle ezingomdabu, izimbongolo zangaphambili ezifuywayo zikhona ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba. Uhla lwazo lubandakanya nalawo mazwe okusenezimbongolo zasendle, okuthi, ngokwesaba kwabafundi bezilwane, kungaholela eqinisweni lokuthi womabili amaqembu ahlangana futhi aqede “ukuhlanzeka kofuzo” wembongolo yasendle. Izimbongolo ezingaba yizigidi eziyi-1,5 zizulazula ezintabeni zase-Australia. Eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States kuhlala izimbumbulu ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ezibizwayo burros futhi kugadwe. Enye yezimbalwa zabantu baseYurophu imbongolo ebunjiwe itholakala eCyprus ePeninsula yeKarpas. Amnyama ansundu noma amnyama futhi akhulu ngokugqamile kunezinye izimbongolo. Imvamisa inemivimbo efana ne-zebra emilenzeni.

Incazelo

Imbongolo yasendle yase-Afrika ingamamitha ama-2 (amamitha ayisi-6,6 ubude) no-1.25 kuya ku-1.45 m (izinyawo ezi-1 kuya kweziyi-4 amayintshi ama-9) (izingalo eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-14) eziphakeme emahlombe, inomsila ongama-30-50 amasentimitha (12-20 V) ubude. Inesisindo esiphakathi kwama-230-275 kg (510-610 amakhilogremu). IDemo, ijazi elibushelelezi elimpunga elikhanyayo kumbala onsundu onsundu, lifile ngokushesha limhlophe emilenzeni ephansi. Kunomugqa omfishane, omnyama wokuphonsa kuwo wonke amazibuko, ngenkathi kusembongolweni yasendle yaseNubian ( E. a. UmAfrika ), kanye nembongolo yangaphakathi, kukhona imichilo ehlombe. Izinyawo zembongolo yasendle yaseSomalia ( E. a. IsiSomaliensis ) emthethele ngokulingene ngombala omnyama, ofana ne-zebra. Ngasemuva kwekhanda, kune-mane elukhuni, eqondile enezinwele zayo ezimnyama. Izindlebe zikhulu ngemiphetho emnyama. Umsila uphela ngebhulashi emnyama. Izinselo mncane futhi cishe zivela kububanzi, njengemilenze.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo

Umusa I-Equus , okubandakanya wonke ama-artiodactyl asindayo, kukholelwa ukuthi avela ku Dinohippus , ngokusebenzisa ifomu eliphakathi nendawo I-Plesippus . Enye yezinhlobo zakudala Izilinganiso ezilula ichazwa njengekhanda elibunjiwe njenge-zebra. Imfucumfucu yakudala namuhla

Iminyaka eyi-3.5 million ukusuka e-Idaho, e-USA. Uhlobo lukhombisa sengathi selusakazeke ngokushesha eMhlabeni Omdala, ngobudala obufanayo I-Equus livenzovensis ezibhalwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseRussia.

Ama-phylogenies ama-Moleki akhombisa okhokho abasanda kwenzeka kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zanamuhla (amalungu ohlobo I-Equus ) waphila

5.6 (3.9-7.8) Mya. Ukulandelana kwe-paleogenomic okuqondile kwethambo le-Pleistocene elineminyaka engama-700,000 yaseCanada kusikisela kamuva nje i-4.07 Ma kuze kube manje kokhokho bokugcina abajwayelekile (MRCA) esukela ku-4 kuye ku-4,5 Ma BP. Ama-divergences amadala kakhulu yi-Asia hemiones (subgenus E. (Asinus) , kufaka phakathi i-Kulan, i-Onager ne-Kiang), kulandelwa yi-African zebras (subgenus E. (Dolichohippus) futhi E. (Hippotigris) ) Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zesimanje, kufaka phakathi amahhashi asendlini (namafosili amaningi e-Pliocene ne-Pleistocene) angamalungu e-subgenus E. (Equus) okuphambukisiwe

4,8 (3.2-6.5) eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule.

Ezentela

Ababhali abahlukahlukene babheka imbongolo yasendle kanye nembongolo ezifuywayo njengolunye uhlobo noma ezimbili, noma uhlobo lusemthethweni ngokomthetho, yize olwangempela lukhona ngokunembile ngokwe-phylogenetically.

Igama lezinhlobo zezimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika kwesinye isikhathi zinikezwa ngokuthi asinus , kubabhemi bangaphakathi ogama lakhe elithile selikhulile futhi ngokuvamile lizokwandulelwa. Kepha lokhu kusebenzisa iphutha, ngoba i-International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature iligcinile igama I-Equus African ekuphetheni ngo-2027. Lokhu kwenzelwe ukuvimba ukudideka kwesimo sokhokho we-phylogenetic ukufakwa kwe-taxonomic enzalweni yakhe.

Ngakho-ke, uma uhlobo olulodwa luqashelwa, igama elifanele lesayensi imbongolo E. African asinus .

Igama lokuqala elishicilelwe lobabhemi wasendle wase-Afrika, Asinus africanus , UFitzinger, 1858, uyi-potep nudum. Isihloko I-Equus taeniopus U-von Heuglin, we-1861 wenqatshwa njengongenakuchazwa, ngoba kususelwa ezilwaneni ezingakwazi ukukhonjwa futhi kungenzeka kube nokuhlangana okukhona phakathi kwembongolo yangaphakathi nembongolo yasendle yaseSomalia, uhlobo olungagcinwanga. Ngakho-ke igama lokuqala liyatholakala Asinus african I-von Heuglin ne-Fitzinger, ngo-1866. I-lectotype yabonisa: ugebhezi lowesifazane osemdala oqoqwe ngu-von Heuglin eduze nomfula i-Atbara, eSudan, futhi ukhona eMnyuziyamu we-State of Natural History waseStuttgart, MNS 32026. i-ecu africanus africanus (von Heuglin & Fitzinger, 1866), nembongolo yasendle yaseSomalia ecu africanus somaliensis (Noack, 1884).

Habitat

Izimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika zikulungele kahle ukuhlala ezindaweni ezisemahlane noma ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Banesistimu yokugaya ukudla eqinile engasusa izimila zasogwadule futhi ikhiphe umswakama ekudleni kahle. Bangenza futhi ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Izindlebe zabo ezinkulu zibanikeza umuzwa omuhle wokuzwa nokusiza ekupholiseni. Ngenxa yotshani obunqabileyo endaweni yabo, izimbongolo zasendle zihlala ngandlela thile ngaphandle komunye nomunye (ngaphandle komama nabancane), ngokungafani nemhlambi wamaqembu amahhashi asendle aqoqiwe. Zinemisindo ephakeme kakhulu ezwakala isikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu (1,9 miles), ezisiza ukuba zixhumane nezinye izimbongolo ngaphezu kwezindawo eziwugwadule ezibanzi.

Ukuziphatha

Imbongolo yasendle yase-Afrika isebenza kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi esipholile phakathi kwantathakusa nasekusa, ifuna umthunzi nendawo yokuhlala phakathi kwamagquma anamatshe phakathi nosuku. Imbongolo yasendle yaseSomalia nayo iguge kakhulu futhi igijimile, ikwazi ukuhamba masinyane edabula edwaleni nasentabeni. Efulethini, kwaqoshwa kufinyelela isivinini esingama-70 km / h (43 mph). Ngokuhambisana nalezi zimpaphe, ukuphela kwaso kuqinile ikakhulukazi futhi izinselo zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu.

Abesilisa abavuthiwe bavikela izindawo ezinkulu ezingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-23 ngosayizi, bezimaka ngophawu lwendunduma - umaki obalulekile endaweni ephansi, efanayo yunifomu. Ngenxa yobukhulu balezi zibalo, owesilisa ovelele ngeke akwazi ukukhipha abanye abesilisa. Okungenzeka ukuthi, abahlaseli badluliselwe - bayaziwa futhi baphathwe njengabangaphansi, futhi konke kukude ngangokunokwenzeka kunoma yimuphi wabahlali besifazane. Lapho kukhona izintokazi ezithandekayo, abesilisa babhonga kakhulu. Lezi zilwane zihlala emhlanjini okuvulekile kwabantu abangafika kwabangamashumi amahlanu.

Endle, ukuzalaniswa kwezimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika kwenzeka ngesikhathi semvula. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11 kuye kwezingu-12, kuzalwe umuntu oyedwa kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuze kube nguFebhuwari. I-foal ilunyulwe izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ngemuva kokuzalwa, ifinyelela eminyakeni emibili yokuzalwa emva kokuzalwa. Isikhathi sokuphila esibalelwa eminyakeni engama-40 ekudingisweni.

Izimbongolo zasendle zingagijima ngokushesha, cishe ngokushesha njengamahhashi. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nabaningi abangakholelwa kuye, ukuthambekela kwabo akukhona ukuthi abaleke ngokushesha esimweni esingaba yingozi, kepha ukuphenya ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi benzeni. Lapho zidinga, zingazivikela ezingxenyeni zemilenze yazo njengemilenze yangaphambili nangemuva. Ama-equid asetshenziswa eSumer yasendulo ukudonsa izinqola cishe ngo-2600 BC, bese kuthi izinqola ngokuya nge-Ur Standard, cishe ngo-2000 BC Kwakuhlongozwa ukuthi imele imbongolo, kepha manje ikholelwa ukuthi bekuyizimbongolo ezifuywayo.

Isabelo sokudla

Ukudla kwembongolo yasendle e-Afrika kuqukethe amakhambi, amagxolo namaqabunga. Yize zivumelaniswa kakhulu nokuphila esimweni sezulu esomile, zincike emanzini, futhi lapho zingatholi umswakama odingekayo ezilwanyeni, kufanele ziphuze okungenani kanye ezinsukwini ezintathu. Kodwa-ke, zingasinda ngokumangazayo ngenani elincane lamanzi, futhi kubikwe ukuthi ziphuza amanzi anosawoti noma omakoti.

Isimo sokuLondolozwa

Yize izinhlobo ngokwazo zingabi sengozini yokuqothulwa ngenxa yemfuyo eningi (izimbongolo nezimbongolo), izinsalela zasendle ezimbili ezisindile zibhalwe njengoba zisengozini. Izimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika ziye zabanjwa ngamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, futhi lokhu, kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwezilwane zasendle nezasekhaya, kubangele ukwehla okucacile kwenani labantu. Okwamanje kungamakhulu ambalwa abantu abasele endle. Lezi zilwane bezibuye zizingelele ukudla nemithi yendabuko e-Ethiopia naseSomalia. Ukuncintisana nemfuyo yokudla amadlelo, kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kokutholakala kwamanzi okubangelwa izehlakalo zezolimo, kudala izinsongo ekusindeni kwalolu hlobo. Imbongolo yasendle yase-Afrika ivikelwe ngokomthetho emazweni lapho ikhona njengamanje, yize lezi zindlela zivame ukuba nzima ukuzisebenzisa. Kuhlala abantu abavikelwe bezimbongolo zasendle zaseSomalia e-Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve kwa-Israyeli, enyakatho ne-Eilat. Lesi siqiwu sakhiwa ngonyaka we-1968 ngenhloso yokuxhasa inani labantu abasengozini yokuphela kwezinhlobo zasendle. Amanani wamahhashi nezimbongolo azinzile kahle futhi, uma izinhlobo zivikelwe kahle, angalulama kusuka ubuncane bawo bamanje.

Ekudingisweni

Kukhona izimbongolo zasendle ezingamaSomalia ezingaba ngu-150 ezihlala ezindlini zomhlaba wonke, ezingama-36 zazo ezizalwe eBasel Zoo, lapho lolu hlobo lohlelo lokuzalela izilwane lwaqala ngezimbongolo zokuqala zasendle zaseSomalia ngo-1970 nokuzalwa kwengane yazo yokuqala ngo-1972.

UZoo Basel ugijimela i-European Stud Book YaseSomaliya Zimbongolo ZaseSomalia futhi axhumanise i-Endangered Species European Program (EEP). Zonke izimbongolo zasendle zase-Europe naseMelika mhlawumbe ziyinzalo yeqembu lakuqala e-Basel Zoo noma ezinye eziyi-12 ezaqhamuka High Bar Yotvat Nature Reserve kwa-Israyeli ngo-1972.

Ukuvela kwembongolo yasendle yase-Afrika

Imbongolo yasendle yase-Afrika ihlukaniswa kwezinye izidalwa ngombala wombala okhanyayo, i-mane engenayo i-bang futhi inamathele phezulu (amathiphu wezinwele ze-mane emnyama) nezindlebe ezinde. Ibhulashi likhona emsileni wesilwane. Amaphethelo wembongolo anemivimbo engxenyeni engezansi, lesi sibonakaliso sibonisa ukuthi lesi silwane sihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-zebra. Isilwane esidala sifinyelela kubude obungeqi kumamitha ayi-1.5.

Ihamba kancane empilweni yansuku zonke, imbongolo, uma kunesidingo, ingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-50 km / h

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Izimbongolo zihlobene ne-equine. Okhokho babo bavele ekuqaleni kwePaleogene: bangama-barilambds futhi babukeka kakhulu njengama-dinosaurs kunezimbongolo namahhashi - isilwane esikhuluphele esingaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude, sasinomlenze omfishane omfishane emihlanu, noma kunjalo wawubukeka umucishe ufane neheleza. I-Eogippus yaqhamuka kubo - izilwane ezihlala emahlathini ngosayizi wenja encane, inani lamazwane kuzo linciphe laya kwabane emilenzeni yangaphambili futhi kathathu emilenzeni yangemuva. Bahlala eNyakatho Melika, futhi kwavela i-mesogippus - base benazo izinzwane ezintathu kuyo yonke imilenze. Ngokusho kwezinye izibonakaliso, futhi basondele kancane ku-equine yesimanje.

Ividiyo: Imbongolo

Sonke lesi sikhathi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaqhubeka kancane, futhi kwaba noshintsho olukhulu eMiocene, lapho izimo zashintsha futhi okhokho bamahhashi kwadingeka bashintshele ekudleni okuluhlaza okwomile. Ngemuva kwalokho kwakukhona i-merigippus - isilwane esiphakeme kakhulu kunokhokho abaseduze, esingaba ngu-100-120 cm.Nayo yayineminwe emithathu, kodwa incike kuphela koyedwa wayo - kwavela inselo kuyo, amazinyo ayo ashintsha. Kwabe sekuza i-pliogippus - isilwane sokuqala sokwenza lo chungechunge. Ngenxa yezinguquko ezimweni zokuphila, ekugcineni basuka emahlathini baya ezindaweni ezivulekile, baba bakhulu, bajwayela ukushesha nokuhamba isikhathi eside.

I-equine yanamuhla yaqala ukuyibuyisela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-4,5 edlule. Abameli bokuqala bohlobo babenemichilo futhi benekhanda elifushane, elinjengembongolo. Ubukhulu bawo bufaniswa namawashi. Ukuchazwa kwesayensi kwembongolo kwenziwa nguKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758, wathola igama elithi Equus asinus. Unezindlela ezimbili ezingaphansi: ISomaliya neNubian - eyokuqala inkulu futhi imnyama. Kukholakala ukuthi izimbongolo ezifuywayo zaqhamuka lapho kuhlangana khona abamele lezi zinhlangano ezingaphansi kwalaba bantu.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani imbongolo?

Ukwakheka kwembongolo yasendle kufana nehhashi. Ngaphandle kokuthi iphansi kancane - i-100-150 cm, inama-vertebrae ayi-lumbar amahlanu esikhundleni seyisithupha, ikhanda lakhe likhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa lomzimba lakhe liphansi kancane. Ijazi lembongolo livame ukukhanya grey kumnyama ngombala. Kuyaqabukela, kutholakale abantu abanombala omhlophe. Isizalo sikhonkotha kunomzimba, njengoba kunesisu. Esiqongweni somsila kukhona ibhulashi. I-mane imfushane futhi imi iqonde, i-fringe incane, nezindlebe zide. Kukhona imivimbo cishe njalo emilenzeni - ngalesi sisekelo, imbongolo yasendle ingahlukaniswa neyasekhaya; eyokugcina ayenzi.

Amaqhubu ezimbongolo ayaphawuleka: ukubukeka kwawo kuhle ngokuhamba ezindaweni ezinolaka, ngokungafani nalawo anomhlaba ophelele, ngoba asetshenziselwa ukunqamula ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Kepha ngokugxuma okusheshayo nokude, izinselo ezinjalo zimbi kakhulu kunamahhashi, yize izimbongolo zikwazi ukukhula ngesivinini esifanayo ngokufana nezigaba ezimfishane. Imvelaphi evela endaweni eyomile iyazenza izizwe ngisho nasendaweni yezilwane ezifuywayo: isimo sezulu esinomswakama siyingozi ezinsikeni, imifantu ihlala ivela kuzo, futhi ngenxa yokwaziswa kwamagciwane, ukubola kwenzeka futhi izinselo ziqala ukulimala. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ubanakekele njalo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: EGibhithe lasendulo, inani lezimbongolo umuntu alilinganisa ngazo umcebo wakhe. Abanye babenezinhloso eziyinkulungwane! Kwakuyizimbongolo ezinikeze umfutho oqinile wokuhweba ngenxa yekhono lokuhambisa imithwalo esindayo emabangeni amade.

Uhlala kuphi imbongolo?

Isithombe: Imbongolo yasendle

I-BC, esivele isezikhathini zomlando, izimbongolo zasendle zazihlala cishe yonke iNyakatho Afrika kanye ne-Middle East, kepha ngemuva kokuqothelwa ekhaya, ububanzi bazo baqala ukuncipha ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yezizathu eziningi: ukuthathwa kwasekhaya okuqhubekayo, ukuxuba kwabantu basendle nezilwane ezifuywayo, ukuphuma kwezindawo zokhokho ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwabo ngabantu.

Ngezikhathi zanamuhla, izimbongolo zasendle zazihlala ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kalula ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo. Lezi zilwane zivumelaniswe kahle nazo, futhi la mazwe ahlala khona ambalwa, okuvumela izimbongolo ukuba ziphila. Yize ukwehla kwamanani abo nokuncipha kwebanga kuqhubekile, futhi kungazange kuyeke ngisho nangekhulu lama-21, kusenzeka ngokwenzeka kancane kancane kunangaphambili.

Ngo-2019, uhla lwazo luhlanganisa umhlaba otholakala ezindaweni ezinamazwe anjengalawa:

Kufanele kugcizelelwe: izimbongolo azitholakali kuyo yonke insimu yala mazwe, futhi hhayi engxenyeni ebalulekile, kepha zisezindaweni ezikude zendawo encane. Kunobufakazi bokuthi inani labantu abake baba yizimbongolo zaseSomalia, elivele lehlisiwe kakhulu, ekugcineni laqothulwa phakathi nempi yombango kuleli. Abaphenyi abakaqinisekisi ukuthi ngabe kunjalo.

Isimo namanye amazwe asohlwini asisi ngcono kakhulu: kunezimbongolo ezimbalwa kakhulu zasendle kuzo, ukwehlukahluka kofuzo okungeziwe kuyangezelelwa ezinkingeni ezenze ukuthi amanani abo anciphe phambilini. Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile kune-Eritrea, esenabantu abaningi bezimbongolo zasendle. Ngakho-ke, ngokwezibikezelo zososayensi, emashumini eminyaka ezayo, uhla lwabo nemvelo yabo kuzoncishiselwa e-Eritrea kuphela.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa kusuka ezimbongolweni zasendle eziqanjiwe: zazikhiqizelwa izilwane futhi ziguqulwe, bese ziphinda zingatholakali futhi zingene endle. Kukhona eziningi zazo emhlabeni: ziyaziwa eYurophu, nase-Asia, naseNyakatho Melika. E-Australia, banda kakhulu, futhi manje bakhona abacishe babe yizigidi eziyi-1.5 - kodwa ngeke babe imbongolo zangempela zasendle.

Manje uyazi ukuthi uhlala kuphi imbongolo yasendle. Masibone ukuthi udlani.

Ngabe idlani imbongolo?

Isithombe: Imbongolo Yezilwane

Ezondweni, lezi zilwane azithobeki njengakuyo yonke enye into. Imbongolo yasendle idla cishe noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo okungakuthola kuphela endaweni lapho ihlala khona.

Ukudla kufaka:

• utshani
• amaqabunga shrub
• amagatsha namaqabunga ezihlahla,
• ngisho ne-acacia egxekayo.

Kufanele udle cishe noma ikuphi imifino ongayithola kuphela, ngoba ayinakho ukukhetha. Imvamisa kufanele bayifune isikhathi eside kuleyo ndawo empofu lapho behlala khona: kuba ugwadule nezindawo ezinamadwala owomile, lapho kuvela khona izihlahla ezingatheni ezivulekile njalo ngamakhilomitha ambalwa. Yonke imigwaqo engasolwandle nemifula ihlala abantu, futhi izimbongolo zasendle ziyasaba ukusondela ezindaweni zokuhlala. Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele bazungeze ukudla okumpofu ngenani elincane kakhulu lezakhamzimba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bangadli isikhathi eside nhlobo - futhi bayakwazi ukukubekezelela nokuphikelela.

Imbongolo ikwazi ukulamba izinsuku ezithile futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngeke iphelelwe amandla - ukumelana okufuywayo kuncane, kodwa futhi kuyindalo, ngezindlela eziningi bayaziswa. Bangenza futhi ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside - badinga kuphela ukudakwa njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu. Ezinye izilwane zasendle e-Afrika, njengama-antelope noma amadube, yize nazo zihlala endaweni eyomile, kufanele zidakwe nsuku zonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, izimbongolo zingaphuza amanzi abuhlungu avela kumachibi asogwadule - iningi labanye abangathandeki abakwazi lokhu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Isilwane singalahlekelwa ingxenye yesithathu yomswakama waso emzimbeni futhi singabi buthaka. Ngemuva kokuthola umthombo, ngemuva kokuphuza, ngokushesha kunxephezela ukulahlekelwa futhi ngeke kuzwe yimiphi imiphumela emibi.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Izimbongolo

Izimbongolo zasendle zihlala ndawonye kanye emihlambini yabantu abaningana. Izilwane ezingashadile zivame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Kuhlala kuba nomholi emhlanjini - imbongolo enkulu kunazo zonke, eqinile, esezingeni eliphakathi. Ngaye, imvamisa kunabesifazane abaningi - kungaba khona abambalwa kubo, nezilwane ezincane. Abesifazane bafika eminyakeni emithathu yokuthomba, kuthi abesilisa babe namane. Bangakwazi ukushada nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kodwa kaningi bakwenza entwasahlobo. Ngenkathi yokuzalelana, abesilisa baba nolaka, abantu abangashadile ("ama-bachelor") bangahlasela abaholi bezinkomo ukubabeka esikhundleni - yilapho kuphela lapho bengathandana khona nemihlambi yabesifazane.

Kepha ukulwa akulona olunya kakhulu: enkambweni yabo, abaphikisi bavame ukungazitholi izilonda ezibulalayo, bese amaqabunga elahlekile ephila impilo eyedwa futhi azame inhlanhla yakhe ngokuzayo lapho eba namandla. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, emva kwalokho kuzalwe amawundlu amabili noma amabili. Umama udla izimbongolo ezincane ubisi isikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyi-6, bese ziqala ukuzondla zodwa. Umhlambi ungahlala kuze kufike isikhathi sokuthomba, khona-ke owesilisa uwushiya - ukuze abe nowawo noma azulazule wedwa.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Lesi isilwane esinomsindo omkhulu, ukukhala kwaso ngesikhathi sokuzalelana kwezwakala kungamamayela angaphezu kwe-3 km.

Izitha zemvelo zezimbongolo

Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani imbongolo?

Phambilini, izimbongolo zazizingelwa ngamabhubesi namanye amakati amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, endaweni ahlala kuyo manje, azitholakali izingonyama noma ezinye izinyamazane ezinkulu. Lawa mazwe ampofu kakhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ahlala endaweni encane yokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemvelo, imbongolo inezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu. Kuyivelakancane, kepha kusenokwenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nezimbongolo zasendle nezilwane ezidla ezinye: bayakwazi ukubona noma ukuzwa isitha sikude impela, futhi zihlala ziqaphile, ngoba kunzima ukubabamba ngokumangala. Lapho ibona ukuthi iyamzingela, imbongolo yasendle iyabaleka ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ngisho namabhubesi akuthola kunzima ukuhambisana nayo.

Kepha angeke akwazi ukugcina isivinini esiphezulu isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke, uma kungekho zindawo zokukhosela eduzane, kufanele ahlangane ubuso nobuso nomuntu ophikisana naye. Esimweni esinjalo, izimbongolo zilwela ngokudabukelayo futhi ziyakwazi ukudala nomonakalo omkhulu kumhlaseli. Uma umhlaseli ehlose umhlambi wonke, khona-ke kulula kuye ukuthola izingwevu ezincane, kepha izilwane ezindala zivame ukuzama ukuvikela umhlambi wazo. Isitha esikhulu sezimbongolo zasendle umuntu. Kungenxa yabantu ukuthi amanani abo ancishiswe kangaka. Isizathu salokhu bekungagcini nje ngokudlulela ezindaweni ezithulu nezindlebe ezengeziwe, kodwa futhi nokuzingela: inyama yedonki iyadliwa impela, ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bendawo e-Afrika bakubona njengokupholisa.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukudana kuthathwa njengokuntuleka kwezimbongolo, kodwa empeleni isizathu sokuziphatha kwabo ukuthi ngisho nabantu abagxiliwe banomqondo wokuzilonda - ngokungafani namahhashi. Ngoba imbongolo ayikwazi ukuqhutshelwa ekufeni, izizwa kahle ukuthi umkhawulo wamandla akhe ukuphi. Ngakho-ke imbongolo ekhathele iyokuma ukuze iphumule, futhi ngeke iphume endaweni yayo.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Imbongolo Emnyama

Izinhlobo zezilwane kudala zibonakala eNcwadini ebomvu njengezisondele ekuqothulweni, futhi inani labantu bakhona selokhu linciphile kuphela. Kukhona ukulinganisa okuhlukile: ngokusho kwedatha enethemba, izimbongolo zasendle zingafinyelela ku-500 isiyonke kuzo zonke izindawo lapho zihlala khona. Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi inani labantu abangama-200 lilungile ngokwengeziwe. Ngokuya kokulinganisa kwesibili, zonke izakhamuzi ngaphandle kwama-Eritrean sezife, futhi lezozimbongolo zasendle, ezingabonakali kakhulu e-Ethiopia, eSudan, njalonjalo, empeleni azona zasendle isikhathi eside, kepha inzalo yazo enziwe ngamabala.

Okokuqala, ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kubangelwa ukuthi abantu babehlala nazo zonke izindawo eziphambili zokuthambisa namadlelo kulezo zindawo lapho izimbongolo zazihlala khona. Yize imbongolo zishintshwa nezimo ezinzima kakhulu, kunzima kakhulu ukusinda ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo manje, futhi azikwazanga ukondla inani elikhulu lalezi zilwane. Enye inkinga ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane: inani elikhulu lezimbongolo ezi-feral.

Ziphila emaphethelweni ebanga lendawo yasendle yangempela, futhi ezifuzene nazo, ngenxa yalokho izinhlobo zezilwane zonakala - inzalo yazo ngeke isabalwa njengezimbongolo zasendle. Kwenziwe umzamo wokuqhakambisa ugwadule lwase-Israel - kuze kube manje seluphumelele, izilwane sezimpande kuzo. Kunethuba lokuthi inani labantu bazo seliqala ukukhula, ikakhulukazi njengoba le ndima iyingxenye yobubanzi babo bomlando.

Unogada wembongolo

Isithombe: Imbongolo evela eNcwadi Ebomvu

Njengesidalwa esisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu, imbongolo yasendle kufanele ivikelwe ngabaphathi balawo mazwe ahlala kuwo. Kepha wayengahloniphi: emazweni amaningi la awacabangi nokuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile. Uhlobo luni lwezindlela zokonga ezingaba khona ezweni elijwayelekile njengeSomalia, lapho iminyaka eminingi umthetho ungazange usetshenziswe nakancane futhi kubusa izinxushunxushu?

Phambilini, iningi labantu lalihlala lapho, kepha lacishe labhujiswa ngokuphelele ngenxa yokungabikho okungenani kwezindlela ezithile zokuvikela. Isimo asihlukile emazweni asondelene: azikho izindawo ezivikelwe ezakhiwe ezindaweni zokuhlala ezimbongolweni, futhi zisengakwazi ukuzingela. Zivikelekile impela kwa-Israyeli kuphela, lapho zazizinze khona endaweni yokubekelwa indawo, nasezindaweni zezilwane. Izimbongolo zasendle zifakwa kuzo ukuze zilondoloze izinhlobo - zizala kahle ekudingisweni.

Iqiniso elihehayo: E-Afrika, lezi zilwane ziyaqeqeshwa futhi zisetshenziselwe ukushushumbisa. Zithwelwe izimpahla futhi zivunyelwe ezindleleni ezingekho emthethweni eziya ezweni elingumakhelwane. Umkhiqizo uqobo awuvinjelwe kangako, kaningi kumane kubiza okungaphezu komakhelwane bawo, futhi kuhanjiswa ngokungemthetho ukugwema imisebenzi lapho unqamula umngcele.

Imbongolo ngokwayo ilandela umgwaqo ojwayelekile futhi ihambise izimpahla lapho kunesidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angaqeqeshwa ngisho nokufihla abaqaphi bemingcele. Uma kwenzeka bembamba, khona-ke akukho abangathatha isilwane - hhayi ukusitshala. Abashushi bazoyilahla, kepha hlala ubanzi.

Izimbongolo - izilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu nezisizayo. Akumangazi ukuthi ngisho nasebangeni lokuhamba kwezimoto abantu bayaqhubeka nokuzigcina - ikakhulukazi emazweni asezintabeni, lapho kuvame ukuba khona ukushayela imoto, kepha kulula ukugibela imbongolo. Kodwa zimbalwa kakhulu imbongolo zangempela zasendle kangangokuba ziye zisongelwe nokuqothulwa.

Lapho kuhlala imbongolo yasendle yase-Afrika

Kwake kwenzeka isikhashana, indawo yokuhlala yamboza ingxenye enkulu yezwekazi lase-Afrika, kodwa-ke, ngezandla zabantu, lezi zilwane zazimane zikhishwe ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala zingene ezindaweni ezinezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Manje usungabona imbongolo yasendle yase-Afrika kuphela ezindaweni ezithile zaseSudan, endaweni yezifunda zaseSomalia, Ethiopia ne-Eritrea.

Umdanso wokumatanisa wezimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika zezinhlangano zaseSomalia (i-Equus africanus somaliensis). Izilwane zalokhu okubhalwe phansi zihlukaniswa ngumthunzi obomvu wezinwele ngaphambili komzimba

Ukuzalela inzalo

Isikhathi sokuzalela kwezimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika kubhekwa njengentwasahlobo. Owesifazane ngamunye uba yinto yokunakwa “amanenekazi” amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, ngamunye akhombisa ubugagu bakhe, ukuze owesifazane akhethe lo “mlingani” wakhe ngokufanele njengobaba bezilwane ezizayo. Ukuze kwenzeke lokhu, abesilisa bahlela izimpi nomunye ngomncintiswano: emi ngezinyawo zawo noma ngemuva kokuluma intamo yomunye nomunye.

Kusukela esikhathini sokuzala kuze kufike ukuzalwa kwenzalo, kudlula cishe unyaka owodwa (noma inyanga ngaphezulu). Kuzalwa ingane eyodwa kuphela, kepha iqine kangakanani! Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa nje ezelwe, usevele wema ngezinyawo futhi ulandela unina. Ekuqaleni, i-foal idla ubisi lwebele.

Imbongolo yase-african yasendle

Amakati wezimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika avuthwa ngokuphelele ngeminyaka emithathu (lokhu kusebenza kwabesifazane, abesilisa nabo bavuthwa ngonyaka, noma ngisho emibili, kamuva)

Kungani izimbongolo zasendle zase-Afrika zisondele ekuqothulweni?

Uma ngaphambi lokhu kungabhekwa osolwa yezingonyama, ukuhlela umsebenzi wokufuna kungaqedwa lezi zilwane, kodwa manje imbangela yokuqala ukwehla labantu ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi isici womuntu. Iqiniso ngukuthi abantu, abahlala emhlabeni ofanele ukuhlala, banemizimba yamanzi etholakala kuyo, babeka imihlambi ezindaweni ezinomhlaba omningi nangokhahlo. Vele, akubona bonke abantu abangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha ngokushesha, okubangela ukufa kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho ubuningi balezi zinhlobo buye bancishiswe ngokuwela nezimbongolo ezifuywayo, ngenxa yalokho inzalo nayo ibalelwa ekhaya.

Sekukonke, abamele abangu-500 “abamsulwa” wale nhlobo bahlala emhlabeni, yingakho babhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.

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