Ulwandle iBarents ulwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean, lugeza ogwini lweRussia nolwaseNorway. Indawo yayo icishe ibe ngamamitha-skwele ayi-1,500. km, futhi ukujula okuphezulu kungamamitha angama-600. Ulwandle lubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho - amachweba eMurmansk naseVarde atholakala lapha, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokudoba nezindawo ezigcina amanzi nge-hydrocarbon.
Izingqinamba ezibalulekile zemvelo
Izinkinga zoLwandle iBarents zihambisana nokukhishwa kwemithombo yemvelo - inhlanzi kanye no-oyela. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlela zanamuhla zokudoba ziyingozi endaweni yamanzi, futhi ukuzingela kuyachuma olwandle. Ngenxa yokukhishwa okukhulu kwamaminerali, amanzi angcoliswa ngezikhathi ezithile yimfucuza yezimboni, okuholela ekufeni okukhulu kwempilo yasolwandle.
Izinga lokubamba lezinhlanzi elandayo
Olwandle, crab, cod, pollock kanye nezinye izakhamizi zasolwandle, kufaka phakathi imikhomo, ziyamayini. Ukudoba kakhulu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwezitoko zemikhomo nezindiza, ama-tuna, ama-bass olwandle, kanye nezilinganiso zokudoba ziyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwe-Order of the Federal Fisheries Agency yangoDisemba 5, 2019 No. 655 “Ekusatshalalisweni kokubanjwa okuphelele kwezinsiza zemvelo zasemanzini eNyakatho Yezokudoba ...”, ngoba ngo-2020 iRussia yathola izilinganiso zamathani angama-315 834 kakhodi, ama-9 5845 amathani e-haddock, 9 4245 amathani amathani ama-halibut, amathani ama-5,012 we-Kamchatka crab kanye namathani ayi-11,855 we-bass yasolwandle, edlula amanani we-2019. Kodwa-ke, umuntu kufanele akhokhe intela - ngenxa yokudotshwa ngokweqile kwe-capelin kanye nesimo esibi sabantu bakhona, ukuhweba ngezinhlanzi akuvunyelwe.
Ngokwehlukana, singayihlukanisa inkinga yokuzingela, futhi ehambisana nokudoba ngokweqile kanye nokubanjwa kwezinhlobo zemifino nokubamba okubalulekile. Izisulu zabazingeli yizinhlanzi ezinjenge-catfish, haddock, herring, halibut.
Ukuthwebula akulawulwa futhi kuhlala kunjalo, okuholela ekunqanyelweni kokubuyiselwa kwezinsiza ezibalulekile. Iketanga lokudla liyahlupheka, ukungafani kwezinto eziphilayo kuyaphazamiseka.
Ukungcoliswa kwendle
Ishelu laseRussia loLwandle iBarents yilona elihlolwe kakhulu ngama-hydrocarbons. Amafutha wokuqala e-Arctic Prirazlomnoye akhiqizwa ngo-2013. Uma imithetho yokukhiqiza yephulwa, i-oyela ewela eqhweni noma ogwini ingahlala lapho amashumishumi eminyaka. Izimo zokushisa eziphansi ziphazamisa ukukhishwa komthombo ngezindlela ezijwayelekile, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wezandla uyasetshenziswa.
Ngisho nokuvuza okuncane kunomthelela omubi esimweni solwandle, kuphazamise ukuxhumana kwamanzi olwandle nomoya, kunciphise ukugcwala komoya wamanzi futhi kungcolise ubuningi bezinyoni zasolwandle.
Abezemvelo bayilwa le nkinga ngenkuthalo. Kunzima ukususa i-oyili elichithekile e-Arctic, futhi ama-hydrocarbons abola kancane kancane. Uwoyela ungangena eqhweni uhlale kulo. Ukukhiqiza uqobo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuvame ukuholela ekuphepheni kwama-hydrocarbon kusuka emasimini, kudaleke ukugeleza kukawoyela kwikholamu yamanzi.
Enterprise Wastewater Discharge
Amabhizinisi nezindawo zokuhlala ezisogwini loLwandle iBarents ziphonsa indle yazo engcolile emanzini ayo acwebile. IKola Bay iyathinteka ikakhulukazi. Ngaphezu kwamabhizinisi, imikhumbi ehlukahlukene ibuye ikhiphe namanzi angcolile. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa komhlaba amabhizinisi aseMurmansk “Murmanskvodokanal”, “Murmansk Sea Port” kanye ne- “Murmansk Commercial Sea Port”, kanye nezinsiza zamanzi zasePolyarny naseSeveromorsk.
Amabhizinisi wezokumbiwa phansi nawezinsimbi zaseRussia naseNorway nawo anomthelela ekungcoleni. Izimboni zesifunda sasePechenga zikhipha imfucumfucu yolwandle emifuleni yePechenga nePatsoyoki, ethwala ukungcola olwandle. Abavukuzi baseNorway bachitha imfucumfucu engxenyeni yolwandle, kusukela lapho izinto eziyingozi zingena emanzini olwandle ngamanzi aphansi komhlaba.
Inkinga yokuzingela
Inkinga enkulu yemvelo kule ndawo ukuzingela. Kusukela i-bass yasolwandle ne-herring, i-haddock ne-catfish, i-cod, i-flounder, i-halibut itholakala lapha, ukudoba okuvamile nokungalawulwa kwenzeka. Abadobi baqothula inani elikhulu labantu, ukuvimbela imvelo ekubuyiseleni izinsiza kusebenza. Ngokubamba uhlobo oluthile lwezinyamazane, lonke uchungechunge lokudla, lufika kwabazingeli, lungathinteka. Ukulwa nabazingeli, izifundazwe ezishiywe ogwini lwayo yiBarents Sea imithetho yokujezisa izinambuzane. Izazi zemvelo zikholelwa ukuthi kudingeka izinyathelo ezinobudlova nezedlula zonke ezinesihluku.
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Inkinga yokukhiqiza uwoyela
Ulwandle lweBarents lunokugcina okukhulu kawoyela negesi yemvelo. Ukukhishwa kwabo kwenzeka ngokuzikhandla okukhulu, kepha akuphumeleli njalo. Kungaba ukuvuza okuncane, kanye nokuchitheka kawoyela ngaphezulu kwensimu enkulu yaphezulu. Ngisho nemishini esezingeni eliphakeme futhi ebizayo ayisiqinisekisi indlela ephephe ngokuphelele yokukhipha uwoyela.
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Kulokhu, kunezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zabososayensi bemvelo amalungu abo alwa nenkuthalo ngenkinga yokuchitheka kwe-oli nokuchitheka. Uma kwenzeka le nkinga, amabala ka-oyela kufanele asuswe ngokushesha ukunciphisa umonakalo endalweni.
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Inkinga yokungcoliswa kawoyela oLwandle iBarents luyinkimbinkimbi ngoba kunzima ukususa uwoyela endaweni ye-Arctic yesimiso semvelo. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, le nto ibola kancane kancane. Ngaphandle kokuhlanzwa kwemishini okwenziwa ngesikhathi, uwoyela ugeleza eqhweni, ngakho-ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukukuqeda, udinga ukulinda ukuthi le glacier inyibilike.
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Ulwandle lweBarents luyisimo semvelo esiyingqayizivele, umhlaba okhethekile odinga ukulondolozwa futhi uvikeleke emiphumeleni eyingozi nasekuphazanyisweni kwabantu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokungcoliswa kwezinye izilwandle, kuye kwahlupheka okuncane. Kodwa-ke, umonakalo osuvele wenziwe emvelweni yendawo yamanzi kumele uqedwe.
Izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle iBarents
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Isimo sezulu soLwandle iBarents sithathwa njengesixakile. Ishintsha ingxenye enkulu, ngenxa yalezi zinto ezinqumayo ezilandelayo: ukuncika kokuhamba, isimo sokujikeleza komoya, ukusakazwa kwengxenye yamanzi, isimo esijwayelekile sendawo yolwandle, ukude okuvela ezwenikazi, izici ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola kanye nezimpawu.
Inkambo ende eyenziwe lula yokushisa okuphakathi nenyanga esikhathini sasebusika kusuka ngoDisemba kuya ku-Mashi ibhekwa njengokujwayelekile kwesimo sezulu sasolwandle esisezingeni eliphakeme. NeLwandle iBarents futhi. Ukwakheka okunjalo kwezimo zokushisa kuwuphawu lobusika be-thermonuclear, lapho ukukhuphuka okulingana kwamazinga okushisa komoya ngenyanga eyodwa yobusika kuqashelwa okuhlobene nesihlobo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuphindwaphindwa kwe-nuclei efudumele ngenyanga enikeziwe akuhlali njalo, kepha izinguquko.
Akubona nje abezemvelo abathi ulwandle iBarents luhlukile. Lesi ngesinye sezilwandle ezihlanzekile kunazo zonke ezigeza iYurophu. Ngokusemandleni akho, i-ecosystem yayo yamelana nokuhlaselwa komuntu nemisebenzi yakhe, ivimbela izinkinga zemvelo ukuthi zingakhuli, ngokusobala lokhu kwakuyinto eyinhloko eyayiphoqa abantu ukuthi basebenzise imithombo yezemvelo kakhulu futhi babe nomthelela omubi.
Enye yezinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle iBarents ukuzingela. Yebo, abadobi ngalesi sikhathi samanje abafani njengangaphambili, futhi izindlela zabo zilimaza imvelo. Ngokombono wemvelo, mubi, uyabhubhisa futhi awunabuntu. Babhubhisa amasheya enhlanzi, bangavumeli ukululama. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kubeka engcupheni lonke uchungechunge lokudla. I-Russia neNorway bamukela zonke izinhlobo zemithetho ukuze kulungiswe lesi simo futhi kubonakala sengathi, bathola imiphumela emihle, kepha inkinga eyodwa ithathelwa enye, yona ebaluleke kakhulu.
Kwavela nje ukuthi imvelo ngokwayo iheha abantu ngengcebo yayo futhi akuvamile ukwenza ngaphandle kwemiphumela yemvelo yemvelo. Ulwandle i-Barents lwaphenduka ukuceba kakhulu kugesi nama-deposithi e-oyili. Ukukhishwa nokuthuthwa “kwegolide elimnyama” kusuka phansi kwezilwandle kuyaqabukela ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Amafutha ayinkinga enkulu yemvelo oLwandle iBarents. Izazi zemvelo zivakashela eziqhingini naseziqhingini eziseduze lapho “igolide elimnyama” elimbiwa noma lihlelelwa khona.
Abasebenzi beNorway Wildlife Fund balungiselela amavolontiya ukubhekana nokuchitheka kawoyela, ngokungangabazeki okuzohambisana nawo wonke umjikelezo womsebenzi. Amabala ka-oyela abukeka kabi. Abane badinga ihora noma ngisho namabili ukusula indawo yemitha eyodwa.
Kusukela ngo-1987, zingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili nengxenye izehlakalo zokungcoliswa komhlaba zenzekile emanzini aseNorway, ngesikhathi lapho ngaphezulu kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezine nesigamu salo mkhiqizo wemvelo aphonswa olwandle. Ukuvuza okuningi kususiwe ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu imvelo, kepha e-Arctic, ubungozi buyanda. Kumakhaza, uwoyela ubola kancane. Amagciwane namagciwane amancane awususa endaweni yokushisa efudumele empeleni awasizi lapha.
Ukuhlanza imishini kuhlala kusiza, kepha ngenxa yeqhwa, ukufinyelela endaweni yokugcola kunzima. Kwesinye isikhathi uwoyela uvele ngqo eqhweni noma ugeleze ngaphansi kwawo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuyifinyelela kuze kube yilapho iqhwa selincibilikile. Izinyanga zingadlula, ngoba ulwandle luzungeze iSvalbard, cishe bonke ubusika bungaphansi kweqhwa. Ingxenye eseningizimu yoLwandle iBarents okungenani ayinawo amaqhwa unyaka wonke, futhi enyakatho, imimoya ebusika, ebusika nobusika obude benza ukuba umsebenzi wokuzithandela ube nzima.
Inkinga futhi ukuthi uma uwoyela ufika ogwini, uzobuthana ngaphansi kwetshe ngalinye. Uma kwenzeka ukungcola okubanzi, khona-ke amakhulu abantu kuzofanele asebenze iminyaka engamashumi amabili noma amashumi amathathu ukukususa, ngaphandle kokuthi kungenzeka nakancane.
Ulwandle iBarents lungenye yezindawo zokugcina ezisele emhlabeni ezinendawo yemvelo engafakwanga. Isikhwama Sezwe Lonke Lokuvikelwa Kwemvelo, sisaba ukuthi ukukhishwa nokuthuthwa kwemithombo yamafutha negesi kuzomlimaza. Izinkulungwane zezilwane zingathinteka uma kwenzeka kuba nenhlekelele enkulu yemvelo, futhi lesi sifunda ngeke sisasifanele isikhathi eside. Ulwandle iBarents luyindawo enhle. Inomunye wemithombo emangalisa kakhulu yemvelo emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi zihlala lapha, amakoloni amakhulu wezinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwazo. Akumele sivumele ukukhiqizwa kawoyela ukuba kulimaze konke.
Kuzo zonke izinkinga zemvelo esezishiwo, ukuvuza kuka-oyela kubhekwa njengokubi kakhulu olwandle i-Barents Sea. Izingozi zenzeka kumathangi namapayipi kawoyela ngenkathi kukhiqizwa nokuhamba. Uma le ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwezomnotho, ngakho-ke akumele sikhohlwe ngemvelo yalesi sifunda esihle.