1. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingaphezu kwesigidi.
2. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kusuka ezigidini ezimbili kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili izinhlobo ziphila emhlabeni.
3. Unyaka ngamunye, ososayensi bathola izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-7,000 ezintsha.
4. Abamele izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane ezingavamile bawela ezandleni zabaphenyi kanye kuphela.
5. Izinambuzane zavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-400 edlule futhi azange zisinde kuphela kuma-dinosaurs, kepha futhi nakwabathikameza abaningi bomhlaba.
Intuthwane
6. Emvelweni wemvelo, intuthwane inesikhathi sokuphila cishe konyaka. Kepha elabhorethri, lezi zinambuzane ziphila ngisho no-4, noma ngisho yonke iminyaka eyi-7, abesilisa neminyaka engama-20 - abesifazane.
7. Izinambuzane azinayo skeleton - ingaphandle lesikhumba sechitin lidlala le ndima.
8. EThailand, izinambuzane zisetshenziselwa ukupheka.
9. Isicabucabu esinobuthi kunabo bonke, ngokusho kwabadidiyeli beqoqo elidumile leGuinness Book of Record, "ngumzingeli waseBrazil." Isinambuzane sathola isidlaliso saso somsebenzi owenziwe ngokweqile.
10. Emngceleni weThailand neMalaysia, kwakubanjwa intethe, ubude bayo babu ngamasentimitha angama-25,5. Lesi sinambuzane sigxume ngamamitha angama-4.6 ubude.
Ikhilikithi yasendlini
11. Amakhethini ziyizinambuzane ezingavamile kakhulu. Izindlebe zabo zitholakala emilenzeni yangaphambili.
12. Ngokwakheke kwamakhemikhali, ubuthi benyosi bu-acid, kanti i-wasp yi-alkali.
13. Enye yezinambuzane ezindala emhlabeni. Iminyaka yabo yiminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100-130. Kuyathokozisa futhi ukuthi, njengoba besindile ezinsukwini zethu, empeleni abakashintshi ngaphandle. Isizathu salokhu kuvumelana, ngokusho kososayensi, kulele endleleni yokuphila yezenhlalo.
14. Isidalwa esijabulisayo sihlala ehlane lase-Afrika Namib - isicabucabu esigoqayo esibizwa ngeCarparachneaureoflava. Ukuvikela izitha zakhe eziyinhloko - iminyovu yomgwaqo - udonsa izimbobo ezijulile, emthambekeni aqonde kuwo, njenge wheel, ekuhlaselweni. Ijubane kuleli cala yimitha eli-1 ngomzuzwana, elingana nokuvukelwa okungu-44.
Isinambuzane esiqine kunazo zonke yile ntuthwane, iyakwazi ukuphakamisa izinsimbi eziphindwe kaningi kunezaso.
Umiyane ojwayelekile
16. Enye yezizathu zokusabalala komiyane endaweni ezungezile yindawo ephezulu yamaqanda abo. Izimo ezingezinhle ezizayo zezinambuzane azilutho. Amaqanda omiyane angalala emhlabathini obandayo nowomile kuze kube iminyaka emi-3, bese ephila ngokuqala kokushisa lapho umhlaba umanzi.
17. Omiyane badla isithako sesitshalo nompe. Kepha abanye babo bancela igazi hhayi ngenxa yendlala, kepha ukuze bathole amaprotheni adingekayo ukuzala inzalo, ngakho-ke abesifazane kuphela abesilisa abasebenza ngegazi, kanti abesilisa yibo abadla imifino ngokuphelele.
18. Kokugxuma okukodwa flea ikwazi ukugxuma amasentimitha angama-33. Uma udlulisela lokhu kufinyelela kithi, umuntu angagxuma ngamamitha angama-213.
19. Isibonelo esimangazayo samandla ayihlosi. Ikhishwe ikhanda, angaphila amasonto. Ukuze uphendule lapho uthinta futhi uzulazula, lesi sinambuzane asidingi ubuchopho. Esikhundleni salokho, imisebenzi eyisisekelo ye-reflex yenziwa ngokuqongelela izicubu zomzimba.
20. Kancane kancane ungafiki isihloko se "red butterflies" rediculosis, esihlala eCanary Islands.
Isikhonyane sogwadule
21. Isinambuzane esidla ubhedu emhlabeni yisikhonyane. Lesi sinambuzane, esihlala e-Asia nase-Afrika, sidla nsuku zonke njengoba sizilinganisa.
22. Kukhona izimvemvane ezikwazi ukuzalwa, zishiya inzalo futhi zife ngosuku olulodwa. Izimvemvane ezinjalo azidingi ukufuna ukudla, njengoba izitho zazo zokugaya zigcwele umoya.
Weevil
23. Izingubo ezembatho ekhabethe azidliwa yinundu elidala, kepha yizibungu zalo.
24. Ezinye izintuthwane azigcini nje ngokuzingela, kepha futhi zibandakanyeka ekufuyeni izinkomo. Izintuthwane zezinkomo “zidla” izikelemu, amakhokho, ama-aphid, futhi ziqukethe izilwane ezinamaphiko ezinamaphiko “ezitolo”. Umvuzo wemisebenzi ukuthungwa okumnandi "kwemfuyo" okungena ekudleni.
25. Uquqaba lwesikhonyane lungafaka abantu abangafika ezigidini eziyikhulu.
I-Cockchafer endizeni
26. Ososayensi namanje abaqondi ukuthi izimbungulu ezindiza kanjani, ngoba ngayo yonke imithetho ye-physics ne-aerodynamics akufanele zindize.
27. Izimpiko zamamamilimitha amabili kuphela zinovemvane oluncane kunazo zonke - i-Acetosa. Ungabona lezi zingane zasebusuku e-UK.
28. Isicabucabu esikhulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni yi-goliath tarantula (blond teraphosis). Lesi sinambuzane sihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseLatin America, sidla izinyoka ezincane, amagundane, amasele namaqhude. Ubukhulu bomzimba wesicabucabu esinemilenze yokusabalalisa ngamasentimitha angama-25- 28.
29. Amabafu angagxuma ibanga elilingana nobude obuyi-120-130 yemizimba yabo.
30. Umsebenzi oyisisekelo sezintuthwane zase-Amazon impi, phakathi kwalokho athumba pupae wakwamanye amazwe. Kamuva, iziboshwa zisetshenziswa njengezigqila. Izintuthwane ezinjengempi ngokwazo azikwazi ukuzondla, ngoba azikwazi ukuhlela impilo.
Umkhokho - Butterfly Larva - Lonomia
31. Hhayi izicabucabu kuphela, kepha namacimbi anobuthi. Isibungu sebhabhathane esiyingozi kakhulu umnotho ohlala emahlathini emvula aseMelika. Unokuthula okuzolile nombala we-nondescript, kepha izipikili ezisemzimbeni weChungane ziqukethe ubuthi obuqine kakhulu, obusebenza njenge-anticoagulant.
32. Umhlatshelo womiyane wesifazane unqunywa ngokuhogela: bathanda abantu abanonile, abasubathi, abesifazane abakhulelwe, abanikazi beqembu lesibili nelesithathu lamagazi.
Beetle Vodolyub
33. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umiyane wesifazane uphoqelelwa ukusebenzisa igazi, ukhetha “isidlo” ngokucophelela. Abesifazane baluma abesifazane njalo kunabesilisa, futhi bakhetha ama-brunette kuma-blondes.
34. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo, ijubane lokundiza lezimpukane lingafinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-22.4 ngehora. Lezi zinambuzane ziwugwema kahle ama-swatter ebulalayo ngoba ahlela kahle.
35. Izimvemvane zinambitha ngosizo lwezidwaba - kulapha lapho zinamahlamvu wokunambitha.
Udrako
36. Isinambuzane esisheshayo kuleplanethi uyi-dragonfly, singafinyelela ijubane elingamakhilomitha angama-60 ngehora.
37. Njalo ngonyaka, cishe ingxenye yesine yezilimo zomhlaba idliwa yizinambuzane.
38. Omiyane bayakwazi ukuphuza lonke igazi eliphuma kumuntu. Enye into ukuthi kufanele kube nomiyane abaningi, njengoba imvamisa ingenzeki khona lapho endaweni eyodwa.
39. Ezinye izinhlobo zamadrako ziphila cishe ngosuku.
40. Iso ngalinye likadrako liqukethe ama-lens amancane angaba ngamashumi amabili.
I-mantis ejwayelekile
41. Ukuphela kwesinambuzane esingaphendulela ikhanda emaceleni yi-mantis.
42. Indlela ehehayo yokuzingela isetshenziswa yizicabucabu ze-gladiator ezihlala e-Australia. Bafaka iwebhu ngesimo sesikwele, bebambe iziphelo zayo phakathi kwemilenze yangaphambili. Lapho isisulu singena kwinethiwekhi, isicabucabu siyimboza ngewebhu ngokunyakaza okukodwa okusheshayo.
ladybug
43. Njalo ngonyaka, abantu abaningi bafa ngokugwazwa yinyosi kunokulunywa yinyoka.
44. Izintuthwane zohlobo lweDorylus zisetshenziswa ngabantu bomdabu e-Afrika ukusikeka nezinhloso zokuhlinzwa. Ngokudinwa kwabo bapholisa amanxeba.
45. Umhlambi wezinkumbi zasogwadayo ezizigidi ezingama-50 ngosuku ubhubhisa ukudla, obekunokwanela abantu abayinkulungwane izinyanga izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Inyosi yezinyosi
46. Ukubhidlizwa kwenyosi yezinyosi kudalwe ngenxa yokuphaphazeka okusheshayo kwamaphiko - imivimbo eyi-11,400 ngomzuzu owodwa.
47. Ngosuku lunye, isixuku sonke sesikhonyane sabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50 sidla ukudla okuphindwe kane kuneNew Yorkers sisonke.
48. Ubhungane noma ilokishi langaphakathi lihlala eCentral America. Yathola igama layo ngenxa yesimo sekhanda esingajwayelekile.
49. Ukushisa komzimba kwamakhilikithi kungalinganiswa ngamadigri Celsius ngokukhala kwabo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bala inani lemisindo abayikhiqizayo ngomzuzu, uhlukanise le nombolo ngamabili, bese ufaka ayisishiyagalolunye bese uhlukanisa futhi ngababili.
50. Njengoba wazi, izicabucabu zidla ezinye izinambuzane. Futhi isisindo sezisulu zabo ngonyaka owodwa kungaphezu kwesisindo sabo bonke abantu abahlala emhlabeni.
1. Izinambuzane zisebenzisa usayizi wazo omncane ukuze zizuze
Kungabonakala ukuthi emhlabeni omkhulu kunzima impela ukusinda esinyamelweni esincane. Kepha usayizi omncane unezinzuzo zawo. Lapho lesi sinambuzane siwa, isisindo siyasivumela ukuba semhlabeni onomonakalo omncane. Bangakwazi ukuhamba phezu kwamanzi, ophahleni futhi benze amanye amaqhinga amaningi, angatholakali ezilwaneni nakubantu.
2. Kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, izinambuzane emhlabeni
Izinambuzane zibusa umhlaba wethu. Ngokusho kososayensi, kunezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-30. Futhi eziningi zazo azifundwanga. Mhlawumbe zizonyamalala ebusweni boMhlaba, ngaphambi kokuba sibathole.
Ikakhulu izinambuzane eziningi emazweni ashisayo. Iqembu labathanda lenza ucwaningo, bafunda izinambuzane endaweni yabo. Abanye bathole amakhulukhulu ezinkulungwane zezinhlobo. Futhi lokhu kusegcekeni lakhe kuphela.
Ungayisusa kanjani umkhaza?
Ngakho-ke, bayakwazi ukuthi ilanga likuphi, noma lifihlwe ngemuva kwamafu futhi babavumela ukuba bakwazi ukuhamba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kuyinhlobo ehlukile. Zingaphezu kwenkulungwane izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimpukane ezichazwe. I-flea inganikeza ukugxuma okuningana okuphakeme ngamasentimitha ayishumi nangaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuze uthole usayizi wethonsi lamanzi ngamathe akho, uzodinga namapheya angaphezu kwesigidi nesigamu. Iphutha elingenamakhanda lingaphila izinyanga eziningi lize lifinyelele eminyakeni esekhulile kakhulu kunodadewabo abangamakhanda. Igundane lingathwala imilenze yalo yangaphambili ngomzuzu owodwa, isisindo esilingana nesalo siphindaphindwe ngamakhulu amabili. Baphila njengezidalwa, futhi bazila ukudla njalo lapho bekhona, ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, baze bafa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla. Ngenkathi abesilisa bethuthumela ngenjabulo, izinsikazi azivunyelwe ukundiza futhi zithanda ukuhlala zifihlwe emphethweni nasemifantwini. Zingenye zezinambuzane zakudala kakhulu zalabo abaphila namuhla naphakathi kwezidala kakhulu eMhlabeni. Konke okuzelwe ngabesifazane abaphindaphindeka ngama-partogenetics, amaqanda akhiqizwa kuma-ovari womama ngaphandle kokukhulelwa, futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo samadoda nabomama bangazala ama-aphid asevele enziwe ngamafomu abo okugcina. Kuphela lapho kwenzeka ushintsho lokushisa, abesilisa bavela lapho abesifazane bebeka amaqanda avundisiwe angamelana nobusika. Ngemuva kwalokho ujusi ukhuphuka wedwa nge-grinder, ngoba ingaphansi kwengcindezi. Kakhulu kangangokuba uma sisika umzimba we-aphid, udla ujusi, ukhonjwe ngomlomo, ugxuma ekhanda efile izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezine. Imiphakathi yabo isukela kokunye okungadluli kubantu abayishumi nambili, kwabanye abanezigidi ezingaphezu kweshumi. Isigaxa esikhulu senkonyane yezintuthwane sakhiwa ngabesifazane abanezitho zangasese ezifuywayo. Uma sichoboza esinye sazo, lezi zikali zizonamathela emunweni wethu, njengothuli lwesiliva oluhle. Endle, ezinye izinambuzane ze-aperitogenic zihlala, njengezinhlanzi ezincane ezivela kubhedu noma inhlanzi encane ezintuthwaneni ezihlala nazo futhi zithola ukudla emlonyeni wazo. Izicabucabu akuzona izinambuzane, zixhumene komunye nomunye, kepha zingamaqembu amabili ezilwane ahlukaniswe ngokusobala komunye nomunye. Izinambuzane, izicabucabu, ama-myriapod kanye nama-crustaceans akha uhlobo lwe-arthropod olunezingxenye ezine. Isicabucabu esivandeni sisebenzisa indwangu yaso ngasikhathi sinye lapho kuhlala khona futhi kubanjiswa. Izindwangu zinezinhlobo ezimbili zemicu, izibukeli eziphakathi nendawo neredi eziphuma emicu eyomile nesipele esijabulisayo, imicu ye-viscous yazo engaphansi kwezinaliti zokugoba futhi yakhiqizwa indlala ekhethekile ye-sericenic. Babona lapho isinambuzane siwela phezu kwezicubu ngenxa yokuqhaqhazela. Lapho edida inyamazane, ubulala uchungechunge lokulimala nge-cheliceur eqinile, lapho enezindlala ezinobuthi. Isicabucabu sikhala ngejusi yaso esiswini, ngokwesibonelo, ngesimpukane, siyilume, bese sithatha okuqukethwe okuvele okuchithululiwe kanye namajusi wokugaya ukudla. futhi ngenxa yalokho kancane kancane uqeda yonke imisipha nokwakheka kwalowo ohlukunyeziwe. Okungafinyeleleki kugcina kuyiphonsa lapho isiqeda. Kwezinye izifunda zaseChina, usilika owenziwe izicabucabu usetshenziswa njengentambo yokuthunga. Ispider we spider webs sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 ububanzi. Owesifazane angandisa isisindo sakhe sokuqala amahlandla angama-200 ngezinsuku ezimbalwa. Imikhaza emincane ingaba unyaka ingadli. Kukhona imikhaza eiphile ngaphandle kokudla iminyaka emi-4. Imikhaza ayinawo amehlo, iyanuka futhi inomqondo ofudumele kakhulu othuthukile.
- Bangabamba ukuqondiswa kokusakazwa kokukhanya kwelanga.
- Ubukhulu bempukane akuyona inkomba yobusha bakhe.
- Izimpukane ziyazalwa futhi zife ngosayizi ofanayo.
- Ngakho-ke, ungacabangi ukuthi ezincane zincanyana.
- Ukuphela komiyane abancela igazi ngabesifazane.
- Ngokuwa lokhu, singenza isikhumba sibe ngumbala wabantu abayizigidi ezi-2.
- Amapheya e-Amber atholakala afana nalawo ayekhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60 edlule.
- Izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ziyaziwa.
- Iphutha lingaba ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-4 ngaphandle kokudla.
- Amabhu awazenzi izimbobo ezingutsheni; angama-lepidopteran, njengamavemvane.
- Abagqokayo amathrekhi abo.
- Izingubo zembobo azinalutho oludliwayo.
- Lezi izinambuzane ezihlobene kakhulu notshani kanye nezikhokho.
- Imfucumfucu etholwe ngamaphela kusuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule
- Bafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-1 ngehora.
- Ama-aphid okuqala azalwa emaqandeni abekwe ubusika obudlule.
- Ama-aphid anenalithi ezimbili ezincane ngaphakathi kwe-proboscis engena kulesi sitshalo.
- Izinhlobo zamanje sezivele zikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha edlule.
- Kunezinhlobo ezindala ezisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100.
- Zingaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyisithupha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezichaziwe.
- Ushukela ubalwa phakathi kokudla okuthandayo.
- Ubeka amaqanda emiqhekeni nasemifantweni, ebashiya lapho beya khona.
- Lapho kukhona kuphela lezo ezinamaphiko, kukhona izinambuzane.
- Zingaphezu kwenkulungwane izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicabucabu ezichazwe.
- Isinambuzane sinemilenze eyi-6, kanti isicabucabu sinemilenze eyi-8.
- I-Aranuelo yizinhlobo zemikhaza ezivame kakhulu kulabo abahlala eYurophu.
- Zifakwa eqenjini le-arachnid, lapho zingamalungu imikhaza.
- Futhi banemilenze eyi-8.
- Abesifazane bahlukile kwabesilisa ngenani elikhulu lamafolda umzimba onawo.
- Abesifazane kuphela abaphenduka amabhola enziwe ngotshani agcwele igazi.
Ama-squads abaluleke kakhulu ekilasini
Impilo yezinambuzane ezihlala kule planethi ingaphansi kokuhlolisisa kososayensi bezilwane. Ukuze kube lula ukutadisha izilwane, zahlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwakususelwa kuzici ezilandelayo:
- uhlobo lwentuthuko luqondile (ngaphandle kwe-metamorphosis), ngokungaqondile (nge-metamorphosis),
- Izici zokubumba zezinto zomlomo - ukumunca, ukugunda, ukukhotha, ukumunca,
- ukuba khona nokwakheka kwamaphiko.
I-Hymenoptera
Abamele okuhle balesi sigcawu bumblebees, izinyosi, iminyovu, izintuthwane. Zibonakaliswa umjikelezo ophelele wokuthuthuka, ukuba khona kwamabili amabili ezimpiko ezinamakhompiyutha, imishini yokuncela nokuphuza umlomo. Lezi zilwane zathola elinye igama - izinambuzane zomphakathi.
Uma umkhaza ungavuvukalanga, singabopha ucezu lwetheyiphu yokunamathela bese silishiya amahora angama-24, lapho silisusa, lizodonsa izingwegwe emzimbeni wethu. Uma sinenkinga ye-iodine, siyayihluza ngotshwala kanye nokwehla okwanele ukuyihlukanisa, futhi ngasikhathi sinye siyohlonza isilonda esilimele. Uma sezivele zikhulu, khona-ke kuzodingeka ukuthi ubeke ijekethi eligxishwe ligxishwe ku-turpentine, ene-bandage. Ingasebenza futhi nophethiloli. . Ngemuva kokususwa, kunzima kakhulu ukuyichoboza; kungcono ukuyishisa, ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa umdlalo.
Bawumndeni wezinambuzane zenhlalo okuthi, njengeminyovu nezinyosi, kungokuhleleka kweHymenoptera. Zakha amakoloni osayizi wawo osuka eziningini zabantu abazingelayo abahlala emikhondweni emincane yemvelo iye kumakholoni ahlelwe kahle angahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinabantu abayizigidi. Lawa makoloni amakhulu anezinsikazi ezingenazimpawu ezingenamaphiko, ezakha “abasebenzi”, “amasosha” namanye amaqembu akhethekile.
Indlela yabo yokuphila ibilokhu ijabulisa abantu.Namuhla, izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili zezinyosi ziyaziwa ukuthi zikhona, eziningi zazo ezifuywe ngabantu ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo obalulekile njengoju.
Kepha akubona bonke abantu ukuthi lezi zinambuzane kufanele zisebenze kanzima impilo yazo yonke. Ukuze ama-gramu ayi-500 oju akwazi ukwakha ocezwini, inyosi eyodwa idinga ukwenza izindiza eziyizigidi eziyishumi ukusuka esidlekeni kuya ezimbalini nakulokho okuphambene nalokho. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuzwakala umsindo wokushaywa kwezimpawu. Kubonakala ngesizathu sokuthi izinambuzane zigawula emoyeni, zenze amaphiko azo njalo. Kwesinye isikhathi imvamisa yabo ifinyelela ku-11500 imivimbo ngomzuzu. Kepha lokhu akulona irekhodi. Izinambuzane ezigwazayo ziyaziwa ukuthi zikwazi ukwenza izingqimba zamaphiko eziyizinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-62 ngomzuzu owodwa.
Umuntu, njengoba efunde imikhuba yezinyosi zezinyosi, wafunda ukuzakhela izimo ezinhle zokuthola imikhiqizo yezinyosi esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ngamanani amakhulu.
Ama-Waster kanye nama-bumblebees nakho kuyizinambuzane zomphakathi. Imindeni yabo ayihlali isikhathi eside - yihlobo elilodwa kuphela. Kusala kuphela isibeletho esincane ebusika, esidala siyafa. Ngokubambisana naye, ekupheleni kwehlobo, abesilisa nezinambuzane ezisebenzayo baqeda izimpilo zabo.
Abamele i-oda ye-hymenoptera bangabavoti abahle kakhulu.
Amakoloni wezintuthane anazo ezinye izinsikazi ezivundile kanye nowesifazane oyedwa noma abaningi abavundile ababizwa ngokuthi “izindlovukazi”. Lawa makholoni kwesinye isikhathi achazwa ngokuthi izidalwa eziphezulu, njengoba izintuthwane zibonakala zisebenza njengeyunithi, zisebenza ngokubambisana ukusekela ikoloni.
Ngaphezu kwethu, okuwukuphela kwezilwane ezikhona cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba ziyizintuthwane. Futhi hhayi lokho kuphela, kepha njengomuntu, kuvame ukuchuma kuzo zonke izimiso zemvelo ezikwenzayo. Zibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni zezigidi emhlabeni wonke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti ayi-15 kuye kwangama-25 omhlaba omnyama wezilwane embozwe izintuthwane, ezicishe zifane nezethu thina bantu. Baphumelela nje ngesizathu esifanayo nathi, senhlangano yabo yezenhlalo namandla abo okuguqula i-niche yemvelo abahlala kuyo.
I-Cockroach
Amaqhude abomvu namnyama angabamele abaphambili beqembu. Bahlala kulezo zindawo lapho umuntu eyeka khona ukunakekela inhlanzeko yekhaya lakhe. Lezi zinambuzane eziyingozi zingadala ukusakazeka kwezifo ezithathelanayo. Amachaphaza angena ezindaweni lapho kugcinwa khona ukudla kwabantu, azingcolise ngemikhiqizo yedoti.
Futhi ukuze uqhubeke unezela, izintuthwane futhi “zithambisa” ezinye izinhlobo ukubasiza emsebenzini wabo. Izintuthwane ziyakwazi ukuxhumana nazo zisebenzisa ama-pheromones, okuyizimpawu zamakhemikhali ezingawakhipha ngemizimba yazo. Ngakho-ke, zivame ukubashiya emhlabathini, ukuze ezinye izintuthwane zikwazi ukuhogela imiyalezo. Bangakwazi ukufaka zonke izinhlobo zephunga ngama-antenna abo amade eselula, azwelayo kakhulu kangangokuba bawazisa amandla nokusuka kwephunga okukhulunywa ngalo.
Isizathu esenza babonakale bemilingo ngokushesha nje lapho umuntu echitha ushukela etafuleni. Izintuthwane zihlasela futhi zizivikele ngokuluma futhi, ngezindlela eziningi, zilume, zivame ukujova noma zifafaze amakhemikhali, njenge-formic acid. Kunezigidi zezintuthwane kule supercolony ezihlala ezigidini zezintuthwane. Intuthwane iyakwazi ukuphakamisa isisindo sayo izikhathi ezingama-50 nezikhathi zayo ezingama-30. Kufakazelwe ukuthi isilwane esinobuchopho obukhulu kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso saso siyintuthwane. Yize izintuthwane zaziwa ukuthi zisebenza ngamaqembu futhi zibeka okuhle okujwayelekile ebusweni bazo, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi amakoloni abo awokuziphatha okukhohlakele nobonakele okubenza babukeke njengabantu. Izintuthwane zikhona cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 futhi zitholakala cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemvelo yomhlaba. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezintuthwane. Lapho intuthane ifuna ukuheha ukunakwa omunye umuntu, ibeka ikhanda le-satellite ngama-antenna alo. Izintuthwane ziyaxhumana ngamakhemikhali, ukuthinta, umsindo, iphunga nombono. Ngayinye inqwaba yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zemikhosi yezitha iqala ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, ebhubhisa konke okuyivimbelayo. Ngesikhathi sohambo, baphatha amaqanda, kuthi lapho bema, bashelele ndawonye ukuze bakhe isidleke esiphilayo esakhiwe imizimba yabo. Lezi zintuthwane zithola uketshezi olumnandi oluqoqwe ngabalingani bazo futhi zilugcine esiswini sazo, oluvuvukala luze luthinteke ngokuphelele emzimbeni. Ngezikhathi zokushoda, athela ukudla futhi abuyisele ukubukeka kwawo okujwayelekile. Ezinye izintuthwane zifunda ukuthola udonga olwenziwe ngeqabunga futhi zikwazi ukwakha ibhuloho "lezintuthwane." bebambene ukuze abanye badlule. Uma ngabe lolu uhlobo lobuthi lobuthi kubo, balusongela ngohlobo "lwesikhwama." Lapho bethola ukudla, bashiya iphunga ukuze abanye balandele indlela futhi bafinyelele iphuzu eliqondile. Izilwane eziningi zingafundisisa indlela yokuziphatha ngokulingisa, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi izintuthwane ukuphela kweqembu ngaphandle kwezilwane ezincelisayo lapho kugcinwa khona ukufundisa okusebenzayo. Bobabili uthisha kanye nomfundi bazofunda ukuthi inqubekela phambili yomlingani wabo uthuthuka kanjani, ukuphoqa ofundisayo ukuthi ahambe kancane lapho umfundi esele emuva, futhi asheshise lapho umfundi esenele kakhulu. ENingizimu Afrika, asetshenziselwa ukusiza ukuqoqa iziyaluyalu, izihlahlana ezinembewu encane esetshenziselwa ukwenza i-herbal infusions. Izintuthwane ziqoqa lezi nezinye izimbewu futhi zizigcine e-anthill, lapho abantu bengaziqoqa khona ndawonye.
- Intuthwane ingaphila amasonto amabili ngaphansi kwamanzi.
- Kutholakale indawo enkulu yezintuthwane emhlabeni.
- Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izintuthwane zakha u-10% wesisindo somzimba wezwe.
- Imbovane ihlala iwela ngakwesokunene lapho isidakiwe.
- Izintuthwane azinamaphaphu.
- Baphefumula ngokuvuleka okuncane ezinhlangothini, okubizwa ngokuthi yimiklamo.
- Kuze kube manje, sekutholwe izinhlobo ezingama-500 zezintuthwane futhi zaqanjwa ngegama.
- Ibhubesi lezintuthwane lithola leli gama ngoba lidla abangane balo.
- Ngaphakathi, indlovukazi ilele ngokuphepha.
- Kukhona izintuthwane ezikwazi ukutshala.
- Zithatha izimpande kanye nembewu ku-pantry ye-anthill yazo.
- Lapho bebamba izinambuzane eziphilayo, into yokuqala abayenzayo ukuyiqambisa.
- Abanye banesibopho sokunqunywa kwezitho.
- Isitshalo siphindaphindeka imbewu kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuvuna okwenziwa ngesandla.
- Ukusuka ku-anthill ngayinye ungafinyelela ku-200 amagremu wembewu.
Iqhude lowesifazane liyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda acishe abe yizigidi ezimbili ngonyaka. Kulezi, izinambuzane ezincane ezimhlophe ezifanayo nabadala ziyavela. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, bayancibilika, bethola umbala wabantu abadala.
I-Lepidoptera
Zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane zingezokuhleleka; zihlala zithinta impilo yaleli qembu labameleli bezilwane. Ama-Butterflies ahlukahlukene ngombala wamaphiko nosayizi. Isibonelo, kunezinambuzane kwesinye isikhathi eziyiphutha ngezezinyoni - linjalo amaphiko alezi zimvemvane.
Ezinye izinhlobo zihamba ebusuku kuphela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izimvemvane zinambitha ukudla ngendlela engajwayelekile - ngemilenze yazo yangemuva. Ukwakheka kwamaphiko awo sekuyindaba yokufunda ngelebhu engaphezu kwesayensi.
I-Orthoptera
Isikhonyane, amakhethini nezintethe kungokwesigaba saleli qembu kuhlukile kumjikelezo wokuthuthuka ongaphelele (ngaphandle koguquko), ukuba khona kwesixhobo somlomo wokugedla, ngazimbili zamaphiko akhethekile ososayensi abawubiza ngokuthi i-elytra.
Izinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zale oda yizikhonyane. Izinhlobo zinamandla okuzala kabusha. Ukubuthana emhlambini omkhulu (inani lingafinyelela abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50), isikhonyane sihamba amabanga amade. Zonke izimila ezisendleleni yamaqhubu ezinambuzane ziyabhujiswa. Umhlambi wesikhonyane udla inani elilinganayo lokudla ngosuku idolobha elizizigidi eziningi, njengeNew York, elizodinga ngalo leso sikhathi. Ukulimala okubangelwa yisikhonyane akunakulungiswa kwezinye izimo.
Isigcawu sinelinye igama - amabhungane. Abamele abalingiswa babandakanya ibhungane lobhejane, uMay beetle, i-ladybug, ibhungane lomhlabathi, i-weevil nabanye abaningi. Impilo yezinambuzane yalesi sigcawu igcwele izimfihlakalo, izimfihlo nezinganekwane. Cishe ziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400 emhlabeni ezaziwayo - Ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke bokusabalalisa - ibhungane le-titan - lifinyelela ubude amasentimitha alishumi nesikhombisa. Izinhlobo ezaziwa futhi, ubude bazo okungamamilimitha ambalwa.
Amaqiniso amasha athakazelayo ngezinambuzane zaleli qembu avela njalo ezincwadini. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ibhungane ledwala likhula libe ngamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili ubude. Izibungu zaso ziqala ukubola iziqu zezihlahla iminyaka emihlanu. Ngalesi sikhathi bafinyelela osayizi abakhulu - cishe amasentimitha ayi-14.
Mabhungane amaningi ayizinambuzane. Bacekela phansi ukutshala izitshalo ezitshaliwe, amahlathi, ukudla, imikhiqizo yezinkuni, isikhumba nezinye izinto zemvelo.
Umhlaba waziwa ngokuthi uyi-dragonfly. Uyakwazi ukuhamba ngejubane lamakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu nesikhombisa ngehora.
Kunamazwe lapho izitsha zezinambuzane zingukudla okumnandi ngokweqiniso. Ukudla okuvela kumakhekhe athosiwe nesikhonyane kucebile ngamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate nezinye izinto ezizuzisayo.
Ama-Grasshopper angagxuma ibanga elingaphezu kwamashumi amane ubude bomzimba wabo.
Izimpukane eziningi ezindlini zihlala endaweni ezalelwa kuyo, kodwa kunezimo lapho izinambuzane zisuswa ezindaweni zazo zomdabu ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamashumi amane. Kuyavela ukuthi izimpukane azikwazi ukumelana namandla omoya futhi zihambe nomoya.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso endaweni elingana nekhilomitha-skwele, izinambuzane ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-26 zihlala, ezihlukile komunye nomunye ngendlela yazo yokuphila, ukuthanda ukudla, izindlela zentuthuko,
Isayensi yanamuhla ayikwazi konke ngezinambuzane ngesizathu sokuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaziwa. Kepha ngisho nalabo abachazwa ososayensi abakaqondakali ngokuphelele. Umhlaba wezinambuzane uyingxenye engaqondakali futhi engafundiswanga kangako yezilwane zasendle.
Amaqiniso athakazelayo ngezinambuzane, ulwazi lwabo lufundisa umuntu ukuthi ahlobane nemvelo, aqonde imithetho yayo, futhi angalimazi umhlaba omzungezile.
izinambuzane okuyinto zonke izicabucabu eMhlabeni zidla ngonyaka, ngaphezu kwesisindo sabo bonke abantu abahlala emhlabeni.
Omiyane bakhangwa iphunga labantu abasanda kudla ubhanana.
I-Dragonfly ihlala amahora angama-24.
Ama-termites alola ukhuni kabili njengetshe.
Ama-Scorpion angadla cishe iminyaka emibili, futhi imikhaza - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10.
Ama-Butterflies anambitha ukudla ngemilenze yawoangemuva. Futhi umbala wamaphiko awo wenziwe ngezikali ezincane ezigqagqene ezibonisa ukukhanya.
Izintuthwane azilali. Kukhona cishe izinhlobo eziningi zezintuthwane (8800) emhlabeni njengoba kunezinhlobo zezinyoni (9000).
Izinyoka ziyizinambuzane ezindiza ngokushesha kakhulu. Ijubane labo lifinyelela ku-57 km / h.
I-Aphid iba yisinambuzane esidala kusuka kwiqanda ezinsukwini eziyisithupha futhi iphila ezinye izinsuku ezingama-4-5.
Igazi lentethe limhlophe, ama-lobster aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izinambuzane ziyizidalwa zokuqala eziphilayo ezavela eMhlabeni, ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-400 edlule. Kusukela lapho, basinde ezinhlekeleleni ezinhlanu ezinkulu futhi bakhombisa ukuthi banesibindi ukwedlula onobushiqela.
Minyaka yonke abantu abaningi bafa ngenxa yokulunywa yinyosi kunokulunywa yinyoka.
Izinambuzane ngonyaka zidla ama-25-30% ezitshalo zomhlaba.
Esweni likadrako kunezinhlayiya ezincane ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20, ezinjengezicucu ze-mosaic, i-multifaceted (faceted) surface.
Njengoba kuhlaziywa okuqukethwe esiswini somiyane besifazane ababanjwa ezindaweni zokuhlala kukhombisa, ama-80% alezi zinambuzane adla egazini lezilwane ezifuywayo.
Umndeni owodwa wezinyosi uvuna uju olungu-150kg ehlobo.
Inyosi inezisu ezimbili - esinye senzelwe uju, esinye ngukudla.
Izicabucabu-zidlozi zidla inetha lazo njalo ekuseni, bese ziyakha kabusha.
Isikhathi sokuphila konke, inyosi ikhiqiza u-1/12 wezipuni zikaju.
Iqhude lowesifazane liyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhude lingaphila ngaphandle kwekhanda izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-35 ezaziwayo zesicabucabu futhi ezintsha zivula ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ukudla okunothe ngamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amavithamini kanye namaminerali. E-Thailand, zithathwa njengezibiliboco; amakheli athosiwe nesikhonyane kuyathandwa lapho.
Inundu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - Attacus Altas. Njengoba inamaphiko angama-30 cm, imvamisa yiphutha lenyoni.
Ama-Grasshopper ayebizwa ngokuthi izintethe eRussia.
Nsuku zonke, izinyosi zeplanethi yethu zivundisa izimbali ezingama-3 trillion futhi zikhiqize amathani ayi-3000 uju.
Izinambuzane ziyizidalwa zokuqala eziphilayo ezavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400 edlule. Kusukela lapho, basinde ezinhlekeleleni ezinhlanu ezinkulu futhi bakhombisa ukuthi banesibindi ukwedlula onobushiqela.
Manje emhlabeni kunezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 zezinyosi. Futhi ukukhiqiza uju olu-500 g, inyosi eyodwa idinga ukundiza izikhathi eziyisigidi eziyishumi ukusuka esidlekeni kuya ezimbalini nakokuphambene nalokho.
Iqhude lowesifazane liyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhude lingaphila ngaphandle kwekhanda izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Isisindo sezinambuzane esidliwa yizicabucabu emhlabeni ngonyaka ngaphezu kwesisindo sabo bonke abantu abaphila emhlabeni.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-35 ezaziwayo zesicabucabu futhi ezintsha zivula ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Igazi lama scorpion eqhwa liqukethe ama-antifreeze, ukuze akwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aze afike ku-6 degrees Celsius. Kodwa-ke, uma uphatha ufezela olunjalo esandleni sakho, luzokufa.
I-Earwig yeduna inemizila emibili, ngalinye lide kune-earwig ubude. Lezi zitho zintekenteke kakhulu futhi ziqhekeka kalula, yingakho lesi sinambuzane sizalwa sinesikhala.
Izintuthwane azilali. Kukhona cishe izinhlobo eziningi zezintuthwane (8800) emhlabeni njengoba kunezinhlobo zezinyoni (9000).
Ama-Butterflies anambitha ukudla ngemilenze yawoangemuva. Futhi umbala wamaphiko awo wenziwe ngezikali ezincane ezigqagqene ezibonisa ukukhanya.
Ama-Aborigine enza izibungu zezinkuni zeVitchetti ngokuzifaka kumlotha oshisayo. Ngakho-ke, zinambitha njenge-omelet.
Izinyosi zinamehlo amahlanu. Abathathu ngenhla kwekhanda nababili ngaphambili. Inyosi yezinyosi idonsa amaphiko ayo ngejubane eliphindwe izikhathi eziyi-11,400 ngomzuzu, yakha isimilo esiyingqayizivele.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-400 zamabhungane. Ubukhulu bhungane elikhulu kunazo zonke, i-titanium, lingafinyelela ku-17 cm.
Izinyoka ziyizinambuzane ezindiza ngokushesha kakhulu. Ijubane labo lifinyelela ku-57 km / h.
Izibungu zeVitchetti zidliwa kangcono ziphila. Izibungu ezinkulu eziyishumi zinikeza umuntu omdala wonke amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate namafutha.
Izinambuzane zingukudla okucebile ngamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amavithamini kanye namaminerali. E-Thailand, zithathwa njengezibiliboco; amakheli athosiwe nesikhonyane kuyathandwa lapho.
Amawebhu esicabucabu e-Amarobia adla unina ngemuva kokuzalwa. Abanye besifazane baqala ukushwabadela abesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngakho-ke, ubaba ongasekho uba ukudla kwezingane zakhe.
Kumakhethini, izindlebe zitholakala emilenzeni yangaphambili, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa linganqunywa ngamakhethini: kulokhu, udinga ukubala inani lama-chirps ngomzuzu, uhlukanise ngamabili, bese ungeza ngeyisishiyagalolunye uphinde uphinde uhlukanise ngamabili. Umphumela uba izinga lokushisa ngama-degree Celsius.
Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke izinambuzane zingama-carnivores futhi iningi lizingela ukudla, kunokuba zidle u-carrion kanye nemfucuza.
Ama-Grasshopper angagxuma ibanga elingaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-40 ubude bomzimba wabo, futhi namabafu angagxuma ibanga izikhathi eziphindwe ka-130.
Emhlabeni, izinambuzane ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-26 zihlala kuwo wonke amamayela ayisikwele ezindaweni ezakhiwe. Ngokusho kososayensi, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo eziyizigidi ezingama-5- 10 ezingaziwa kwisayensi.
Izinambuzane ezincane ezigwazayo, eziluma imidlwane, zigoqa amaphiko azo ngejubane elimangalisayo lezikhathi ezingama-62,760 ngomzuzu.
Izimpukane ezifuywayo zivame ukuhlala eduzane nezindawo lapho zibambe khona, kepha kwavela ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya zingakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elingama-45 km.
Inundu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - Attacus Altas. Njengoba inamaphiko angama-30 cm, imvamisa yiphutha lenyoni.
Ihlokomo lesikhonyane sogwadule lingaba nezinambuzane eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50. Njengoba isikhonyane ngasinye singadla inani lokudla elilingana nesisindo saso, lesi sidleke sidla ukudla okuphindwe kane ngosuku njengoba kwenza bonke abaseNew York.
Yonke into esemhlabeni yezinambuzane iyamangalisa - kanye nokwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo, nezinamba ezinkulu kakhulu, nendlela yokuphila, kanye nokungaqondakali ekwinkimbinkimbi nokwelula kwesakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isenzo esingaqondakali somuntu ngamunye, imindeni, amakoloni. Izinambuzane zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwemvelo kokuxhumeka okuningi nakuzo zintambo ezinhle kakhulu ezingabonakali.
Iqembu lezilwane elicebe kunazo zonke izilwane. Inezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingaba yisigidi ezisanda kuchazwa, futhi ukutholwa kuyaqhubeka. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okungenani kunezinhlobo zezigidi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu zezinambuzane eMhlabeni. Lokhu kungaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izilwane nezitshalo ezihlangene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo ngalunye lwesinambuzane lunezinto zalo zokwakheka, izinqubo ezibalulekile nokuziphatha. Ngokusho kwesinye isazi semvelo esidumile, kusuka kolunye uhlobo lwesinambuzane kwesinye kwesinye kwesinye isikhathi akusondelani nokusuka endizeni kuya endlovu. Futhi njengoba izinhlobo zohlobo lokuphila ziluhlobo oluhlukile, bonke abameleli bazo bazalelwa ekwakhekeni kwenzalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, iziphambano ezinqabile azikhiqizi inzalo egcwele ngokuphelele ekwazi ukuzala nokudluliswa kwezinhlamvu "zezinhlobo". Lapha, uhlelo lozalo lokuvikela ubumsulwa bezinhlobo ngazinye, ezigxunyekwe ezintweni eziphilayo, luyenziwa.
Izinambuzane zakha amayunithi angama-29. Ezinye zazo yilezi: i-Orthoptera - izintethe, izinkumbi, amakhethini, amabhere, amachwane, umthandazo wokukhuleka, ama-termite, ama-dragonflies, imayflies, izintwala, iLepidoptera (arthropods) - amakhokho, izibungu, ama-aphid, iHemoptera (noma izimbungulu), Izimbotshana (noma amabhungane) noma izimvemvane), ama-dipterans - izimpukane, omiyane, omiyane, amabele, amabhungane, ama-hymenopterans - izinyosi, iminyovu, izintuthwane, abagibeli nabanye.
Izinambuzane ziyisimangaliso esisetshenziswa emaceleni izilwane zasendle, zinenhloso yazo ekhethekile Emhlabeni, engenakuqhathaniswa kakhulu. Bangama-pollinators amahle kakhulu, abalimi benhlabathi, ukuhleleka kwemvelo, nokuthi yini ebalulekile kubantu - izinambuzane zithuthukisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi, zivimbela ukwabiwa ngokweqile kwezinambuzane eziningi zezolimo, zikhiqize uju kanye nezinto zokwelapha, udayi wemibala ecebile, usilika. Ngaphezu kwesigamu sokudla kwethu kokudla kwezitshalo. Futhi i-15% yayo ikweleta isivuno saso ezinambuzaneni zokugcina impova. Zifaka impova yezitshalo ezilwaneni eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusinikeza injabulo ukubabaza ubuhle bemilo emangazayo, amaphethini kanye nemibala yomzimba, kanye nokunyakaza okuhle. Ingxenye encane kuphela (cishe i-1%) yezinambuzane ebangela ukulimala okungahleliwe emisebenzini yabantu. Kepha lokhu akulutho uma kuqhathaniswa nendima ebalulekile abayidlalayo ezimpilweni zabantu nasekugcinweni kokulingana kwemvelo yemvelo.
Izinambuzane zinesiphiwo esivulekile ngakho konke okudingekayo ukuze siphile ngentshiseko nokuhlanganisa ukuthunywa kwazo emhlabeni. Zinezitho nezinhlelo eziphelele, kanye nengqondo nohlobo lwenhliziyo. Izinqubo zemizwa nezinzwa (ezihambisana nezinzwa zomzimba) zivumela izinambuzane ukuzwa futhi zibone umhlaba ozungezile, izitho zokunyakaza - zihamba esikhaleni futhi zenze yonke imisebenzi ehlobene nempilo, nezinhlelo zokuxhumana nokulawula ngamabomu zonke izinqubo nezakhiwo zomzimba, kanye nokuziphatha kwezinambuzane .
Ngayo yonke ingcebo yezindlela nemibala, ukuphelela kwesakhiwo somzimba, amadivayisi ngamanye, amasistimu nezinqubo zomzimba ezihambisanayo, indlela yokuziphatha kwezinambuzane nayo ayihlukile kangako. Zombili lezi zindlela zokuziphatha zokuzalwa kwemvelo kanye nokuthola ulwazi ngakunye kuyamangaza ngobulukhuni bazo, expediency nobunye. Azikho izinhlobo ezimbili zezinambuzane eziziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Ummeleli wohlobo ngalunye angaqashelwa ngecebo lokuphamba lokukhiqiza ukudla, umsebenzi wokwakha, ngalezo zinto ezikubekayo, imisindo, amakhemikhali akhipha okukhona kuwo ekudleni, ukuzala, ukuvikela, ukuzibandakanya komphakathi kanye nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha.
Ubulukhuni obungaqondakali bokuziphatha nokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo zezinambuzane zenhlalo - izintuthwane, izinyosi, imichilo, izidakwa. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, imisebenzi yabo eminingi ibangela umuzwa wokunconywa. Ngisho noSt Augustine wabhala: "Simangazwe kakhulu yizenzo zezintuthwane ezincane nezinyosi kunemizimba emikhulu yemikhomo." Kulezi zinambuzane kukhona abalimi abadla, bavikele futhi “bisi” izilwane eziwusizo kubo, nezinambuzane, ezingakwazi nje ukuvuna, kodwa futhi nokuzikhulisa, ngoba sezilungisile umhlabathi futhi zitshala imbewu ngaphambili. Zonke izinambuzane zenhlalo zingabakhi abahle kakhulu, abakha, kuye ngezinhlobo zabo, izakhiwo ezincane zabantu, izindlu ezinkulu zomphakathi, kanye namadolobha wonke anezinhlelo ezinamandla zokuxhumana. Konke kubhekwa kubo impilo ejwayelekile yomuntu kanye nomndeni, kuze kudalwe i-microclimate edingekayo, kanye nempilo yamakoloni kanye nemifelandawonye emikhulu yezinambuzane zenhlalo.
I-entomology yesimanje ayiziboni izizathu eziyisisekelo zokuphikisana nokuziphatha kwezinambuzane nalokho okubizwa nge- "ephakeme" ama-vertebrates. Ngempela, ezinambuzaneni zezinhlobo ezithile, izinqubo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokucabanga, ukucabanga okungaqondakali, ukufanekisela, inkumbulo, amandla okufunda nokukhulisa izikhombisi ezinesimo, "ulimi" lomuntu uqobo, kanye nomsebenzi oqondile wokuzibandakanya uhlanganyela ekuziphatheni. Umhlaba wezinambuzane, ohlanganisa lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo neziphelele, uthambile futhi uhlukile kuzo zonke izindlela zawo zokubonisa okuhlukahlukene. Akumele ithandwe kuphela, kodwa futhi kumele ivikelwe.
Amathuba ayinqaba
Izinambuzane - lesi sigaba esikhulu esingajwayelekile sezidalwa ezincane, zibonakaliswa iqiniso lokuthi ziphila ngempumelelo futhi zizalela cishe yonke indawo - ukusuka e-Arctic kuya ogwadule olukhathele ngokushisa, futhi azikho kuphela ekujuleni kolwandle. Inhlabathi igcwele izinambuzane. Izinkulungwane zazo zithwalwa emoyeni, futhi ngisho nangaphakeme ngamakhilomitha amabili, lezi zidalwa zakha ungqimba omkhulu weplankton, osebenza njengokudla kwezinyoni.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezindawo ezinambuzelayo
Izinambuzane zohlobo ngalunye luhlala kuleyo ndawo kuphela futhi ziyakwazi ukubekezelela lezo zimo zemvelo okuhloselwe kuzo izinto eziphilayo; izindlela zangaphakathi zokuphila nokuziphatha "zibunjiwe". Ngenxa yalokhu, izinambuzane zingaphila ezimweni ezibucayi kakhulu, ngisho nase-Arctic tundra ebandayo naseziqongweni zeqhwa ezinentaba eqhweni, emisebeni yelanga nasezinkangala, emahlathini ashisayo nasentabeni, ezindaweni ezihlala abantu nasezilwaneni. Isibonelo, izimvemvane, kungabonakala, ziyizidalwa ezintekenteke kakhulu ezihlala emhlabeni jikelele cishe yonke indawo. Impilo yabo esebenzayo kungenzeka ngenxa yokuqashelwa okukhethekile kohlobo lwezitho zomzimba, ezinokuthi ngesimo esibizwa ngokuthi "eningizimu", "enyakatho", "tropical", "universal". Ngakho-ke, i-universal organis butterflies yezinhlobo ezithile iqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwazo ezindaweni eziningi ezinezinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Futhi izinto eziphilayo zabanye zenzelwe indawo yokuhlala ethile, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ezimvemvaneni ezihlala kuphela e-Alps, ngaphezulu komugqa weqhwa kumazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-100 ° C. Noma, ngokwesibonelo, kwesinye sezakhamuzi zasehlane - ibhungane elimnyama lezinhlobo ezithile, ukwakheka okuqondile komzimba kuqinisekisa impilo esebenzayo kule ndawo ethile. Lesi sinambuzane siyakubekezelela ukushisa futhi siqede ukoma, kuvumela umswakama onikeza impilo wezinkungu zasebusuku.
Izici zezinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezithile zezinambuzane zikuvumela: ukusindisa impilo ngemuva kokubanda nokuncipha, kuhlala iziphethu ezishisayo ezinamazinga okushisa wamanzi we- + 500С, uphile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi ngenxa ye-oxidation yezakhi ezigciniwe, usinde endaweni evulekile futhi uchithe amahora amaningi kwikhabhoni dioksiamu, uhlala kusawoti i-brine, uwoyela ongahluziwe, njll.
Vele, ezindaweni ezibandayo nezomile, futhi ezimweni ezibucayi kangaka zokuphila, abamele izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinambuzane bahlala. Kodwa-ke, yizo ezibonisa ngokusobala ngesibonelo sazo ukuthi yiziphi izidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu ezingenakuzivikela ezinikezwe amandla amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengezinye izilwane eziningi, izinambuzane “aziphili” endaweni enzima futhi enzima kangako, kodwa ziphila kuyo ukuthi impilo ephelele, izici zayo ezifakiwe ohlelweni lwazo lofuzo. Cabanga ngalokhu ngezibonelo ezithile.
Ezinye izinambuzane zingabanqobi nezakhamuzi ezingapheli zeziqongo zezintaba. Esihlalweni esibuhlungu sika-Elbrus endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-5300 ungabona ama-dragonflies kanye ne-urticaria. Futhi izimpukane eziphilayo, izimbungulu, ama-aphid, izimvemvane, isikhonyane zitholakale zixazululiwe eHimalaya ngisho nasendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-6000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Zidla ngempova yezitshalo nezinsalela eziphilayo eziletha umoya oshisayo ezintabeni. Izinambuzane zihlala ngaphansi kwamatshe, enhlabathini, ezindaweni ezingavamile zamakhaphethi ezitshalo ze-alpine ngisho naseqhweni. Kepha kukhona iningi lazo emaphethelweni eqhwa ancibilikayo, lapho kunomswakama omningi khona futhi kulula ukuthola ukudla okulethwa ngamanzi ancibilikayo. Ngokuphila okujwayelekile nokukhiqizwa kabusha, amakhethini ohlobo olulodwa lwalezi zilwane ahlala ngokuqondile endaweni enentaba embozwe yiqhwa, ngoba ithuluzi lomzimba wazo lenzelwe kuphela indawo enendawo yokushisa ephansi. Futhi i-jaundice, ehlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zasenyakatho futhi ephakeme ezintabeni, iphathiswe impahla emangalisayo yokuzalwa bukhoma, okuxaka kakhulu ama-entomologists ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba lokhu akuyona into ejwayelekile kumveve. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuzalwa bukhoma kusiza inzalo yakhe ukuqeda ukuthuthukiswa ngesikhathi sasehlobo esifushane kulezi zindawo.
I-fleot isotome ihlala kuphela ebusweni bezinyoka zaphakade. Ubusuku ngabunye, umzimba walesi sinambuzane esincane uvivinywa kakhulu, kepha lesi sinambuzane sibonisa ikhono elihle kakhulu lokuphila ezimeni ezinzima kakhulu. Kugobhoza ngokuphelele lapho nje ilanga selishonile, kodwa ngenxa yombala wayo omnyama futhi incipha ngokushesha imisebe yasekuseni efudumele. Lapho seyiphilile, inhlwathi ye-isotome iyaqhubeka nokubhekana nazo zonke izinkinga zempilo, isebenzisa uhlelo lwayo lwendlalifa, oluzodlulisela ezizalweni. Muva nje, izazi zezitshalo ziye zathola ukuthi omiyane bezilwane ezithile zezinyoni ezithile bayakwazi nokuphila futhi baqhubeke nezinhlobo zabo ezimeni ezibucayi kangangokuba kungenzeka, zingahambisani nokuphila. Zihlala imifantu nemihubhe yeqhwa emithambekeni ephezulu yeHimalaya. Lesi sinambuzane sinikezwe isinyama esihle kangangokuba sizizwa sisihle futhi singabandi ku -160С. Umiyane wesifazane ubukisa ngisho nomsebenzi ebusika, lapho iqhwa ligcwele ezintabeni. Akukacaci kososayensi ukuthi amajezi ahlala kanjani futhi aqhubeke naluphi uhlobo emazingeni okushisa aphansi kangako, nokuthi izimfanelo zomzimba wawo ziyimiyane yaluphi uhlobo.
Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-40 zezinambuzane (omiyane, ama-bumblebees, amabhungane, izimvemvane zemini nobusuku) zihlala ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle - lapho kunezitshalo eziqhakaza khona. Ngenxa yohlobo lwenyakatho lwezinto eziphilayo, omiyane bezinye izinhlobo badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo zase-Arctic nasezindaweni ezishisayo. Abesilisa nabesifazane babo, bendiza kusuka ezimbalini kuya ezimbalini, bondla umpe futhi ngasikhathi sinye izitshalo zokwenza impova. Ngempela, kuyi-tundra ne-taiga cishe azikho izinyosi. E-Arctic, izimbali eziqhakaza impova zimatasa futhi ziyindunduma. Imizimba yabo ihlomele kahle ukusebenza ezindaweni ezibandayo. Umsebenzi osebenzayo wezicubu kanye nejazi le-shaggy efudumele le-bumblebee linikeza ukufudumala komzimba wakhe ukuze + 370С ekushiseni komoya kwangaphandle kwe-00С. Lokhu kushisa kukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sendiza ngenxa yokuvela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka emisipha.
Isidalwa sokuphila hhayi nje kuphela izakhamuzi zezindawo eziphakemeyo, kodwa futhi nezakhamizi zezindunduma nama-lichens eziqhingini zase-Antarctic, ngokwesibonelo, amabhungane ezinhlobo ezithile, angeke abhujiswe ngokuphola okusheshayo kuze kube cishe - 400C. Uhlelo lwabo lofuzo lulawula ukukhiqizwa okuhlukile kwe-mini kwamafutha e-glycerin nezinye izinto ezikhethekile, isenzo sazo sifana nesenzo se-antifreeze yezimoto eyaziwayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-amphibians nabanye abamele izwe elibandayo lokumelana nezilwane zinikezwe izinto ezifanayo zokusindisa. Futhi izimbungulu nezimpukane ezihlala e-Alaska zinikezwe amandla amangalisayo okubekezelela ngisho namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku -600С. Yebo, izinambuzane ziyabanda, kepha imizimba yazo ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi amakristalu eqhwa akhiwa ngaphandle ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli, izitho nezicubu.
Ukusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinomswakama kuya eziwugwadule ezingenamanzi
Kumakhulu ezinambuzane, i-niche yemvelo ingamahlathi ashisayo, anendawo enkulu yomhlaba. Amagatsha ezihlahla, aqala kusuka ekuphakameni okungenani kwamamitha ayi-15, ahlangana kakhulu futhi afakwa ngokuqinile nemivini kangangokuba cishe akukho ukukhanya okuqhuma phakathi komqhele okwakhiwe. I-canopy yehlathi, kwesinye isikhathi engama-30 m ubukhulu, igcwele izilwane ezinjengezinkawu, izinyoni, amagundane, amasele, izinambuzane ngisho nomhlonyane wasemhlabeni (!). Izakhamizi zalapha zizalwa, zikhula, ziphila impilo esebenzayo futhi ziyafa. Futhi abaningi babo empilweni yabo yonke abalokothi bathinte umhlaba. Futhi izinambuzane zihlala kuyo yonke “phansi” yehlathi: emhlabathini, udoti wamaqabunga, iziqu zemithi, ekujuleni kwephango lasezindaweni ezishisayo nasethambekeni eliphakeme kakhulu lehlathi - emagatsheni nakumaqabunga ale ndawo ebizwa ngokuthi “uphahla lomhlaba”.
Kwezinambuzane ezisehlathini lemvula, izimvemvane, izimbungulu, izintuthwane, amasimu, kanye ne-cicadas kuqala. Ama-Butterflies namabhungane makhulu ngokungafani futhi muhle. Wanikezwa umbala ogqamile ukuze athole umusi wawo nawo, ngoba uma kungenjalo akunakwenzeka ukuthi sibone noma sizwe omunye komunye eminyene yamagatsha ahlanganisiwe. Kukhona nezimvemvane ezimangazayo ezinamaphiko ezinyoni, ezinamaphiko amakhulu (amasentimitha angama-30) okuvumela abesilisa nabesifazane ukundiza ngaphezulu komqhele oqhubekayo wezihlahla ezishisayo phakathi nenkathi yokuzalela.
Izinambuzane zakha ingxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi zasehlane. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kukhona izintuthwane, umiyane, omiyane, amabhungane amnyama kanye negolidefish enhle, ikakhulukazi emnyama negolide. Zonke zifihle ekushiseni kosuku kumaminkini ajulile, futhi zikhethelwa ukuzingela kuphela ngemuva kobumnyama. Amandla amangalisayo omzimba nokuziphatha kuboniswa amabhungane amnyama ezinye izinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu nezingenamanzi kakhulu ogwadule. Ngenxa yezinqubo zemvelo zokuziphatha, zihamba ebusuku ziye ezinqwabeni zesihlabathi zendunduma ukuze "ziphuze umswakama wezibi." Lapho sehlise ikhanda, ibhungane liphakamisa isisu salo phezulu bese liphendukela emoyeni oswakeme ovela olwandle. Umswakama, onqenqemuva emhlane wakhe okhethekile onobuthi, wehlela kulesi sinambuzane ngqo emlonyeni.
Ukusuka emanzini anosawoti kuya ku-oyela
Abamele izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane bahlala emhlabeni, kepha iningi labo lihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi okungekhona okwendabuko. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka okukhethekile kwesibalo sezibungu zezinhlobo ezithile zomiyane kuvumela ukuba bakhule kahle kumagilosa ashisayo, lapho kungasekhona kuphela amagciwane. Amandla afanayo akhonjiswa ama-dragonflies aluhlaza, abantu abasebasha abangabakhileyo kumagumbi okushisa anamazinga okushisa we- + 400C. Ubuningi bezibungu zomiyane bungazalela emanzini ashubile oLwandle iCaspian. Futhi izinambuzane ezinje, ezinjengezinambuzane zohlobo oluthile, zinamathuba okuphila okuvamile olwandle - i-Atlantic nePacific.
Ngokumangazayo, kukhona impukane yamafutha aseCalifornia, indawo yokuhlala kanye nakho konke okuhambisana kuphela namafutha aminyene amnyama. Ngokwenqubo yefa, idla izinambuzane eziye zanamathela zaze zakhiqiza inzalo yayo emafutheni. Emzimbeni wakhe, konke “kusengaphambili” kwalokhu. Amathumbu empukane ahlala ama-bacterialt bacterium, aphula uphalafini kawoyela futhi enze ukutholwa kwawo kungangeni. Impukane ingagijima ngokukhululekile emilenzeni yayo emafilimu kawoyela ngaphandle kokunamathela kuyo, kepha ukuthinta ifilimu nganoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yomzimba kuyabulala impukane. Umzimba wezibungu zale mpukane, ovela kukawoyela ongahluziwe futhi ondla izinambuzane ezinamathele, uhlinzekwa nakho konke okudingekayo.Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokuziphatha ngokwemvelo lwenza lezi zingane, njengezibungu zamanzi, zibambe amathiphu wenziwe ngokukhethekile amashubhu okuphefumula womzimba ngaphezulu kobuso bamafutha ukuze kuphefumule umoya-mpilo
5. Izinambuzane zokuqala zabonakala kule planethi eminyakeni engama-400 ezigidi edlule
Izinsalela zezinambuzane zitholakala emafosheni aneminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-400 ubudala. Futhi usuku lokuphila kwezinambuzane cishe lwawa ngesikhathi seCarboniferous.
Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezinambuzane esizibonayo manje, imizimba yazo yayincane kakhulu. Isibonelo, amaphiko kaGriffenfly, ukhokho kadrako, acishe abe amasentimitha ayi-7.
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