Ungowomndeni wakwa-scapanorinch futhi ungommeleli wawo kuphela. Lona ushaka ojulile osolwandle obukeka kahle ngokungajwayelekile, ngenxa yawo obizwa nangokuthi ushaka we-goblin. Ihlala ekujuleni okungamamitha angaphezu kwama-200 emanzini afudumele nawofudumele emanzini olwandle ayi-3. Lolu hlobo selwaziwa kusukela ngo-1897 lapho lubamba ushaka wokuqala ngaseJapan. Abamele lezi zinhlobo babuye babanjwa eGulf of Mexico, ogwini oluseningizimu yeBrazil, ngasogwini lweFrance, Portugal, South Africa, Mozambique, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, California, Sri Lanka.
Ngokuvamile, oshaka be-goblin batholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-270-960. Izinyo lale nhlanzi e-cartilaginous latholakala lapho kufakwa ikhebula elingaphansi kwamanzi ngamamitha ayi-1370. Futhi ukujula okuphezulu kokubanjwa ngamamitha ayi-1300. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlanzi ezivuthiwe zihlala ngokujula okukhulu kunezingane. Lezi zokugcina ikakhulukazi zihlala kukholamu yamamitha ayi-100-350, zitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-40. Isayensi yazi abambalwa kuphela oshaka abansundu. Babanjwa noma bagezwa ngasogwini.
Incazelo
Isibalo mude futhi siyisicaba, ngesimo saso sifana necala lenkemba. Amehlo mancane ngaphandle kokuvikela imichamo yokuchama. Umlomo mkhulu, unesimo sokuphamba. Kunemigqa yamazinyo engu-35-52 ephezulu ne-31-63 engezansi. Phambi komhlathi zinde futhi zimincane, futhi ezinhlangothini zincanyana futhi zibophezela ukuchoboza ukudla namagobolondo. Kunamabili ama-5 we-gill slits. Umzimba unciphile.
Kunama-2 dinsal fins amancane wesimo esiyindilinga, esingagxiliwe oshaka. Amaphiko we-pectoral nawo ayindilinga. Ama-anal kanye ne-pelvic fins amakhudlwana kunama-dorsal fins. I-caudal fin ine-lobe ende ephezulu, kanti engaphansi icishe yangakhiwa. Isikhumba siyadlula, sipinki, njengoba imithambo yegazi ikhanya ngayo. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, ukuvela kwesikhumba kuyanda, futhi namanzi oshaka abasha acishe abe mhlophe. Ngemuva kwekufa, umbala wemtimba uba nsundu noma ube mpunga. Amanoni abonakala nge-tint eblue.
Ubude be-shark-brownie bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4. Ngo-2000, kwabanjwa owesimame, obude bawo ngamamitha angama-5.4. Ngakho-ke kunombono wokuthi abamele izinhlobo bangakhula babe ngamakhulu amakhulu. Isisindo esiphezulu esibhalisiwe singama-210 kg ubude bamamitha ayi-3.8. Ngokuvamile, izinsikazi zikhulu kunabesilisa.
Ukuzala
Kakhulu kakhulu okwaziwayo ngokuzalwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Okungenzeka ukuthi laba oshaka bangama-viviparous. Imibungu ikhula ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kuthi lapho izalwa isayizi ifinyelele kuma-80 cm. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi ubude bomzimba obungamamitha ayi-2,6. Futhi ubukhulu bokuvuthwa kwabesifazane abaziwa. Akukho datha ekukhuleni, ukuguga kanye nesikhathi sokuphila.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Ukwakheka kuka-shark-brownie kuphakamisa indlela yokuphila engasebenzi futhi enobuvila. Izicubu azithuthukiswanga kahle, futhi amaphini athambile futhi mancane. Ifishi elide le-caudal libonisa ijubane lokuhamba okuhamba kancane. I-snout ithambile, ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukukhipha inyamazane ezansi. Umbono udlala indima encane ekutholeni ukudla.
Ukudla kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezingama-bony, ama-cephalopods, ama-crustaceans. Ukondla kwenziwa ikakhulukazi eduze nolwandle. Kunzima ukubiza ushaka we-goblin inyamazane eyingozi. Ushayeka ekholini lamanzi futhi ngasikhathi sinye wenza ubuncane bokunyakaza. Lapho inyamazane isiseduze, imihlathi iya phambili iyibambe noma amanzi ayanyathelwa emlonyeni kanye nesisulu.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
Le nhlobo ihlala ekujuleni okukhulu, ngakho-ke akuyona ingozi kubantu. IShark-brownie inesimo sengozi encane, ngoba ayimeleli noma yiliphi inani lentengiso. Usongo kuye ukungcola. Kungabanjwa nangengozi ngesikhathi sokudoba. Ngo-2003, ababalelwa ku-100 bezilwane ababanjwa eduze kwaseTaiwan. Abatholanga ncazelo yalokhu, kodwa ochwepheshe baphakamise ukuthi imbangela kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba okungaphansi kwamanzi.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Le nhlanzi eyisimanga yathola igama layo ngenxa yokwakheka kwekhanda layo. Ingaphambili layo, ishebe elikhulu eliphakeme liyakhanya, elibukeka lakhona lifana nomlomo omkhulu noma indunduma. Lo muntu futhi ungowangempela ngoba unombala wesikhumba ongajwayelekile - opinki.
Umbala lo ukhona enhlanzini ngenxa yokuvela ngokuphelele kwesikhumba sayo. Futhi, kusene-peb ebb. Lokhu akusho ukuthi isikhumba senhlanzi mncane kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo zonke izitsha zikashaka zibonakala kuzo. Ngakho-ke umbala wayo onsundu opinki.
Ngo-1898, ngokokuqala ngqa ukuthi kwaziwa ngalo shark brownie. Yaqala ukubonwa eLwandle Olubomvu osebeni lweJordani. Kusukela kuleso sikhathi, futhi okwamanje, isintu sazi kuphela oshaka abangu-54 balolu hlobo. Ngokwemvelo, leli nani lincane kakhulu ukuze utadishe ngokucophelela lolu lukuluku, umlingiswa walo, imikhuba nendawo yokuhlala, imvelaphi futhi kungahle kube nezinhlobonhlobo.
Ngokwaziwa yidatha ethile kuphela, ososayensi benza iziphetho ezithile. Isibonelo, kumhlali ohlala ekujuleni okungaka osayizi be-brownie shark omncane, umuntu angasho ngisho nesizotha. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinhlanzi zifinyelela kumamitha angama-2-3 ubude futhi zinesisindo esingama-200 kg. Kunezincazelo eziningi zokuhlangana nabashaka abangamamitha amahlanu wama-goblins, kepha lezi zincazelo azinabo ubufakazi bangempela.
Ushaka uhlala ngokujule kakhulu. Awusoze wahlangana naye kulezo zinzulu lapho ungabona khona abanye abamele abomndeni wakhe. UBrownie shark uhlala khona kujule ngamamitha ayi-200, ngakho bafunda ngakho hhayi kudala. Akuyona yonke indawo, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezithile. Sambona emanzini oLwandle iPacific, iGulf of Mexico, ogwini lwaseJapan, esifundeni sase-Australia noLwandle Olubomvu.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Ushaka we-goblin unesibindi esikhulu kakhulu, esenza cishe ama-25% wesisindo sawo sonke. Isibindi esikhulu esinjalo sisiza inhlanzi ukubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi, yisibungu sayo sokubhukuda okungavamile. Omunye umsebenzi owusizo wesibindi ukuthi ugcina zonke izakhamzimba zikashaka. Ngenxa yalokhu kusebenza kwesibindi, le nhlanzi ingenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside, kuze kufike amasonto ambalwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubumbana kwayo kuba kubi kakhulu.
Umbono wezinhlanzi awulungile neze ngoba ihlala ihlala ekujuleni kobumnyama bezidumbu zamanzi. Kepha unethiwekhi eyakhiwe kahle yezinzwa ze-receptor esetshenziswa ngoshaka lapho ufuna ukudla.
Lama-receptors atholakale kuqhwaku lwawo olukhulu futhi anganuka iphunga lesisulu ebumnyameni ngokuphelele basolwandle amashumi ambalwa amamitha. Ushaka unesakhiwo esikhethekile semihlathi namazinyo aqinile kakhulu. Umane ukwazile ukuklebhula amagobolondo aqinile namathambo amakhulu.
Le nhlanzi ayivamisile ukubanjwa isisulu. Uzigalela amanzi endaweni lapho i-shark receptor ikhombise khona ukuba khona kwesisulu. Ngakho-ke, ukudla kungena inhlanzi ngqo emlonyeni. Umhlathi wayo omkhulu ukwazi ukugoba futhi welulele ngaphandle. Amandla anjalo kunzima ukuthola ukuxabana, ngakho-ke, uma ushaka ezwa isisulu, kubalulekile ukubuyisa.
Le nhlanzi enakho konke ukubukeka kwayo ifaka ukwesaba nokwesaba, kepha kumuntu ayinikezi ingozi ethile, ngoba cishe ayenzeki. Akuwona wonke umuntu onikezwa ithuba lokunqoba ibanga elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200 ngokujula.
Habitat
Ushaka osolwandle olujulile utholakala emanzini afudumele futhi afudumele cishe kuwo wonke olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujula okuphezulu kokubanjwa kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1300. Ngokuyisisekelo, yabanjwa futhi ibanjwa ogwini lweLand of the Rising Sun (Japan), ezindaweni eziphakathi kweBoso Peninsula neTosa Bay. Ngakho-ke, bafundwa kakhulu lapha.
Zingatholakala futhi ezigodini zase-Australia, New Zealand, French Guiana, South Africa, e-Bay of Biscay, ngasogwini lwePortugal naseMadeira naseGulf of Mexico. Indawo abahlala kuyo ibanzi.
Yini enye eyaziwayo ngoshaka? 5 amaqiniso ezithokozisayo
- Igama elingajwayelekile kangako lo shark-brownie lalingenxa yokubukeka kwalo okungajwayelekile. I-Shark muzzle iphetha ngokuphuma isikhathi eside okungabonakali, okufana nomlomo. Futhi i-goblin shark ihlukaniswa umbala wayo, isondele ngombala opinki, futhi nemithambo yegazi ikhanya esikhunjeni sayo.
- Ukujula kwezindawo okuhlala kuzo kuvela kumamitha angamakhulu amabili.
- Ushaka wokuqala wokuqala we-goblin watholakala futhi waphangwa ngo-1897 ogwini lwaseJapan. Kodwa-ke, lesi silwane asiqondakali kahle. Akukaziwa ngisho nangokuthi bangaki abantu abakhona, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukwahlulela ukuthi ngabe le nhlobo isongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.
- Oshaka abakhulu kakhulu bafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu, futhi isisindo sabo sangena cishe ngamakhilogremu ayi-160. Sekukonke, cishe amacala angama-50 oshaka abafanayo ayaziwa.
- Ngokuya ngezinsalela ezitholakele zamathambo asendulo ka-goblin shark, bekuzimisele ngokuthi inomsuka wasendulo (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-80). Lesi silo esikhulu besilokhu sizungezwe izinganekwane ezimangalisayo nezinsumansumane.
Konke mayelana nokudla okunempilo
Idla izidlozi ezihlala ekujuleni. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amazinyo angemuva asetshenziselwa ukuchoboza amagobolondo (noma amagobolondo) ezilwane ezondla kuwo.
Ngenxa yokuhamba komhlathi woshaka namandla okuphuma, kulula kakhulu kuye ukuthi abambe inyamazane ngosizo lwabo. Isilo sikhulule umhlathi waso futhi sidonsa amanzi emlonyeni waso kanye nesisulu saso. Ubuye adle ama-squid, amakhreyithi nezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle.
Mayelana nokuzalela
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukile: ngokubeka amaqanda, ukusebenzisa amaqanda noma ukuzalwa bukhoma.
Iqanda elivundisiwe lezinhlobo ezibekwa eqandeni lihla nge-oviduct, lidlula emaprotheni nasezimbanjeni zegobolondo bese limbozwa ngegobolondo elenza igobolondo, emva kwalokho iqanda libekwe phansi impela.
Iningi labasakazi abakhona ezindlini ziyizinhlobo ze-ovoviviparous. Babonakala ngokuthi iqanda elivundisiwe alishiyi engxenyeni engemuva yama-oviducts (ngenye indlela kusuka esibelethweni) kuze kufike lapho kuzalwa khona omncane.
Ekugcineni, ushaka we-viviparous, lapho umbungu ukhula khona esibelethweni, unokuthile okufana nendawo yengane (i-placenta), esebenza ukondla lo mbungu ngegazi lowesifazane.
Kuzo zonke lezi zigameko, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa njalo zilungele indlela yokuphila ezimele.
Izici zesakhiwo sikashaka, yini izinzuzo zabo
Impumulo ende emangazayo isebenza njengohlobo lukashaka woshaka - kuyasiza ukufuna inyamazane futhi uzulazule kangcono ekujuleni okukhulu, ebumnyameni.
Ushaka ka-goblin waqala wachazwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule.
Yini enye ethokozisayo kuyo? Isibindi senhlanzi sikhulu kangangokuba sisebenza njengesibambo sokubhukuda (njengasolwandle oluningi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi oshaka), futhi sithatha cishe ama-25% esisindo somzimba sonke. Ngibonga yena, le nhlanzi inobuhle obuhle.
Ukuba khona kwesisulu soshaka kuzwakala ngosizo lwezitho ezikhethekile ezibucayi. Umbono wabo abuthakathaka ngenxa yendawo yabo yaphakade ezinzulwini zobumnyama.
Ukusebenzisana kwabantu
Inani lentengo yehark-brownie ayinayo. Imihlathi yoshaka yaziswa kakhulu ngabaqoqi.
Ekudingisweni, ushaka oyedwa onsundu, wabanjwa ephila, wayehlala eTokyo University isonto elilodwa kuphela.
Noma yimuphi ushaka ungaba yingozi kubantu uma umkhulu kunama-80 cm, kepha ngenxa yokuthi uyinto engaziwa kakhulu futhi uhlala ekujuleni okukhulu (yize inendawo enkulu), amathuba wokuhlangana ngengozi nawo awekho.
Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo okwesabekayo, okwesabisayo, ushaka we-goblin uyisidalwa esibalulekile esimisweni semvelo samanzi angenakubonwa esimnyama, njengezinye izilwane eziningi eziphilayo kuzo.
Ukubukeka
Ubude obuphakathi kowesilisa oshaka shark-domovoy buyehluka phakathi kuka-2.4-3.7 m, kanye nabesifazane - ezingeni le-3.1-3.5 m. I-shark-domovoy inomzimba omise okwesibhakabhaka onamaphini oyindilinga. Ama-anal and isisu esiswini akhule kahle kakhulu futhi adlula usayizi we-dorsal fin. I-lobe engenhla ye-caudal heterocercal fin ibonakala ngokuthuthuka okuhle nokubukeka kufana nomsila woshaka we-fox.
Amaphiko kukhona amabala aluhlaza okotshani, i-lobe engezansi ayikho ngokuphelele. Oshaka bezindlu zasePacific, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi abatadisha izinhlanzi ezinjengalezi zasolwandle, babonakala ngosayizi omkhulu futhi omkhulu kakhulu.
I-shark-domovoy ibonakala ngokungabikho kwekhulu lesithathu, i-carinae yamuva esifundeni se-caudal stem kanye ne-precaudal notch. Amazinyo angaphambili alabo abamele i-genus scapanorinchs noma oshaka mude futhi abukhali impela, anemiphetho ebushelelezi. Amazinyo asemuva koshaka avumelaniswe kahle ngokuqhekeza amagobolondo ngokushesha nokuqhekeka inyamazane. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yokubukeka okungeyona ejwayelekile kwesidleke esikhulu esinjalo samanzini, ushaka we-goblin ubizwa.
Ngaphansi kwesihlwitha somdlwenguli, ngqo emhlathini ongenhla, kutholakala amathumbu amancane, kanye nomucu wokufakelwa wokukhanya. Amehlo ama-scapanorinchs noma oshaka-indlu, angenkulu kakhulu ngosayizi, ayakwazi ukukhazimula impela ebumnyameni bamanzi ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani. Kodwa-ke, impahla enjalo engajwayelekile ekuqaleni ubheka kahle izakhamizi eziningi zanamuhla ezijulile olwandle. Isifunda esiswini soshaka we-goblin sinombala okhanyayo ophuzi, futhi emuva kukhona izithunzi ezinsundu ezingahlukaniseki kahle.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu abaphilayo kuphela abanombala opinki, futhi ngemuva kokufa, i-shark-brownie ithola umbala ojwayelekile onsundu.
Isibindi sikhulu kakhulu, sifinyelela ikota yesisindo somzimba esiphelele. Kanye nezinye izinhlobo zikashaka, isibindi sikashaka-brownie sisebenza njengendawo efanelekile ebangeni lokubhukuda. Omunye umsebenzi owusizo kakhulu wesibindi ukugcinwa kwazo zonke izakhamzimba zoshaka.
Ngenxa yalesi sici sesibindi, izinhlanzi ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Kunezimo lapho abamele i-genus scapanorinchs noma oshaka-brownies bengondlanga amasonto ambalwa. Kodwa-ke, ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwezakhi zomzimba ezithweni zesibindi kungathinta kabi ukusebenza kokusebenza koshaka.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Namuhla, indlela yokuphila koshaka-brownie ifundwa kabi. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, oshaka be-goblin babenikezwa igama elithi oshaka noma obhejane, ngoba incazelo yegama elisha elithi "goblin" kubantu baseSoviet yayingaziwa futhi ingaqondakali. Ngemuva kokufunda ngokushelelayo izici zomzimba wale nhlanzi, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi kuwushaka wangempela ohola indlela yokuphila yasolwandle ejulile. Ukufakazelwa kwale hypothesis kwakuyi-cartilaginous skeleton, kanye nesimo nokwakheka komzimba, okungahlanganisi ngokuphelele okungelokwamithambeka.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngokwesimo sefosili, abamele uhlobo lweSkapanorinhs noma oshaka-domovoys abaziwa, kepha banezinto ezifanayo nezimo zokuphila ezifanayo nezinhlobo ezithile zabasakazi basendulo.
Ukufudumala okwandayo kwamanzi olwandle kancane kancane kwabangela ushintsho olubonakalayo ekwakhiweni kwendawo yonke yasemanzini, kufaka phakathi abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zeLamiformiformes nomndeni wakwaSkapanorinkh. Izici zokuziphatha zikasolwandle oshaka-domovoy ngokujulile zishintshe kakhulu futhi kancane kancane nezinhlanzi zaqala ukuhamba endaweni yamanzi angajulile. Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi umhlaseli omkhulu wasemanzini ungokwesigaba sabantu abajwayelekile abangabodwa abangavunyelwe ukwakha izangqa noma amafomu amaqoqo abalulekile kunani labantu, noma ngabe bayindawo yabo.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
I-shark-brownie yokuqala yokuqala yolwandle yabanjwa ngo-1897. Umuntu omdala wabanjwa eduze nolwandle lwaseJapan.Isisulu semanzini sithanda ukujula okungamamitha angama-200-250, futhi singatholakala emanzini afudumele noma athambile olwandle. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bokubamba okwaziwa njengamanje noburekhodwe ngokusemthethweni abudluli kumamitha ayi-1300.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yendlu yoshaka yabanjwa eduze nogu lwaseJapan, endaweni ephakathi kwePeninsula yaseBosoruen neTosa Bay enkulu. Futhi, abameleli abaningi bohlobo lwe-scapanorinchs noma izilwane zasendlini koshaka bavame ukutholakala eduze nogu lwase-Australia, eduze naseNew Republic kanye neRiphabhlikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika, eFrench Guiana naseBay of Biscay, eduze nolwandle lwasePortugal neMadeira, kanye nasemanzini aseGulf of Mexico.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Sekukonke, kuze kube manje, isayensi yazi izinhlobo ezingama-45 kuphela zoshaka ojulile onjengo-scapanorinch, ababanjwa noma baphonswa ogwini.
Njengamanje, ngesisekelo sokwehluleka kwamaqiniso amaningi kakhulu okubanjwa komuntu ngamunye oshaka, kanye nokutholakale okumbalwa kwezidumbu zalolu dli olujulile olwandle ogwini, kungenzeka ukusho ngezinga eliphakeme lokuthi izimo zawo wonke amanzi olwandle, ngaphandle, okungenzeka, amanzi aseNyakatho. I-Arctic Ocean, abamele uhlobo lweScapanorinchs bayakwazi ukuhlala.
Ukudla Shark-Brownie
Imbaza ejulile yolwandle izingela inyamazane yayo ngokwelula imihlathi eyenziwe kahle nenamandla, nangokudonsa amanzi ngenkani emlonyeni nesisulu sayo. Ingqimba ekhethekile ekhaleni lwalesi simangalo semanzini ibonakala ngokuba khona kwenqwaba yamaseli angama-electrosensitive asiza oshaka akwazi ukubona kalula inyamazane yakhe ngisho nasebumnyameni bolwandle.
Nquma ngokunembile ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-shark-brownie namuhla akunakwenzeka. Iqiniso ngukuthi okuqukethwe esiswini sezinhlobo ezibanjiwe akuzange kulondolozwe. Imvamisa, isisu sikashaka sasiqedwa lapho kwehla ingcindezi lapho siphakamisa izinhlanzi kusuka ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bakwazi ukujwayelana kuphela nezindonga ezihlanzekile ngokwanele zesistimu yokugaya ukudla.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ushaka we-goblin unomqondo obabayo kakhulu wephunga, futhi umbono ophansi awudlali indima enkulu ekufuneni inyamazane.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kwesakhiwo semishini yamazinyo yabamele ama-genus scapanorinchs noma izilwane zasekhaya oshaka, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola iziphetho ezithile zangaphambilini. Ngokusho kokucatshangelwa okunjalo, oshaka be-goblin olujulile bangadla kahle izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene - ukusuka ku-zooplankton kuya kwezinhlanzi ezinobukhulu obukhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi, umhlaseli omkhulu wasemanzini akakuthandi ukudla zonke izinhlobo zama-invertebrates ngisho ne-carrion, squid, octopus ne-cuttlefish. Ngamazinyo ayo abukhali angaphambili, inyamazane ibamba inyamazane ngobuhlakani, futhi ngosizo lwamazinyo ayo asemuva iyayibopha.
Izitha zemvelo
Okunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi, abamele uhlobo lwe-scapanorinchs noma izilwane ezishaka zasendlini azinazo izitha ezibalulekile endaweni yemvelo ezingathinta kabi inani eliphelele lomhlaseli wasemanzini ongajwayelekile kangako. Phakathi kokunye, akunangqondo ukuthi kudingidwe ngenani lokuhweba kukashaka we-goblin.
Kuzoba nokuthakazelisa:
Noma kunjalo, imihlathi yesakhamuzi esingasolwandle esijwayelekile ibhekwa kakhulu ngabaqoqi bangaphandle nabasekhaya kakhulu, ngakho-ke okwamanje ithengiswa ngentengo enhle kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kolwazi kanye nokwehluleka ukunquma kahle inani eliphelele labashaka be-goblin abakhona namuhla kuvumele ososayensi ukuba banqume ngokufakwa kwawo kwi-International Red Book njengezinhlobo ezingafundile nezingafundanga kahle.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Izici ze-biology nezokuziphatha koshaka-domovoy azifundiswanga kahle ngokwanele okwamanje. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi okwamanje akwaziwa ukuthi ziningi kangakanani lezi zinhlobo, kanye nesimo sazo nokusongela kokuqothulwa.
Yize kunjalo, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature iveze izinhlobo eziningana ezibalulekile nezisabekayo ongabeka obala ngazo oshaka abasebenza ushaka. Izici ezingezinhle kakhulu ezingathinta inani labamele abamele i-genus scapanorinch noma indlu yoshaka ukudoba okuhlosiwe nokungcoliswa okusebenzayo kwendawo, kanye nokubanjwa kwabantu ngendlela yokubamba okujwayelekile.
Indawo
Yaqale yagqitshwa ngo-1897 osebeni lwaseJapan. Ihlala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-200, etholakala emanzini afudumele futhi athambile kuwo wonke olwandle. Ubunzulu bokubamba obukhulu ngamamitha ayi-1300. Iningi labasakazi labanjwa ogwini lwaseJapan endaweni ephakathi kweTosa Bay neBoso Peninsula ru en. Labo shaka batholakala ogwini lwase-Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, French Guiana, eBay of Biscay, ngasogwini lwaseMadeira nasePortugal, naseGulf of Mexico.
Yini ososayensi abayaziyo ngoshaka abajulile olwandle?
Ushaka osolwandle lujamele womndeni wasendulo, okukhona kuwo uhlobo oluthile nohlobo kuphela olusekhona nanamuhla. Igama laso lesayensi nguMitsukurina owstoni, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, lo shark kwesinye isikhathi ubizwa nge- mitzecurin. Akunamathambo walolu hlobo atholakele, kepha izinsalela zezinto ezihlobene ezitholakala ezingqimbeni zazo ezineminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-70 ziyaziwa.
Umbono wokuqala wento-yoshaka ejulile olwandle utholakale usondelene nogu lwaseJapan (1897): wawumdala. Incazelo yesayensi yalolu hlobo lwenziwa ngonyaka olandelayo. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bazi abantu baseMitzecurin abangama-45 kuphela, abanye babo abatholakala ogwini (amasampula afile), abanye babanjwa olwandle (amasampula aphilayo).
Ibhayoloji
I-biology ye-shark-brownie ifundwe kancane. Akwaziwa nokuthi zingaki lezi zinhlobo futhi ukuthi zisengozini. Idla izidalwa ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle: izinhlanzi, igobolondo, kanye nama-crustaceans. Imihlathi iyasebenza, iyakwazi ukuphuma. Oshaka-brownie babamba inyamazane, bacindezele umhlathi wayo bese bedonsa amanzi emlonyeni kanye nesisulu. Ukudlula ekhaleni kuqukethe inani elikhulu lamaseli we-electrosensitive futhi kusiza oshaka ukuthola inyamazane ebumnyameni bolwandle obukhulu. Isibindi sikhulu kakhulu - sifinyelela kuma-25% esisindo somzimba (njengakwezinye izinhlobo zikashaka, sithatha indawo yesinye sokubhukuda). Kungenzeka ukuthi i-shark-brownie i-ovoviviparous. Emvelweni yemvelo, oshaka bezindlu abanazitha.
Esimweni sefossil, akwaziwa (yize ifana nabanye oshaka basendulo).
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Shark Goblin
Emndenini oshaka wabashaka be-scapanorinch, lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengokuphela komuntu osindayo. Kukholakala - ngoba i-goblin iyivelakancane kakhulu kubacwaningi ngenxa yendawo yayo ejulile yamanzi nendawo koshaka, ngakho-ke akekho owaziyo ukuthi ngabe ukujula kolwandle nezinye izinhlobo zalo mndeni kuyazifela ngokwazo, noma imbala.
Ushaka wokuqala we-goblin wabanjwa ngonyaka we-1898. Ngenxa yesimo senhlanzi esingajwayelekile, incazelo yaso yesayensi ayizange yenziwe ngokushesha, kepha kwaba kuphela ngemuva kocwaningo oluningiliziwe, olwathatha cishe unyaka, lwenziwa nguD.S. Jordan. Izinhlanzi zokuqala ezabanjwa zazisencane, zazingamamitha kuphela ubude, ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni, ososayensi babenombono ongalungile ngosayizi wezinhlobo.
Ukusakazeka, indlela yokuphila nokuzalwa kabusha
Inani elikhulu kakhulu labasakazi be-goblin (khumbula - kusenegama elinjalo lale nhlanzi eyinqwaba ngokubukeka okungajwayelekile) yabanjwa eduze kweziqhingi zaseJapan. Kepha indawo yabo yokuhlala ibanzi kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa amanzi afudumele futhi athambile olwandlekazi lwanamuhla:
- entshonalanga nasempumalanga yePacific: ngasogwini lwaseJapan, e-Australia naseNew Zealand, eduze naseningizimu yeCalifornia (North America),
- entshonalanga nasempumalanga ye-Atlantic: IGuyana, iSuriname, iBay of Biscay, amanzi aseNingizimu, eNyakatho neNtshonalanga Afrika,
- I-Western Indian Ocean.
Ushaka-brownie uhlala emanzini ajulile (ngaphansi kophawu lwamamitha angama-200). Ukujula kwamamitha ayi-1300 okwamanje kungukuphela, lapho kutholakala khona ubukhona bale zinhlobo. Kwakungaphansi kokujula koLwandlekazi i-Indian lapho ikhebula le-telegraph ligijima khona ezansi, lapho kwenzeke khona ikhefu. Ngemuva kokuphakamisela intambo phezulu, kwafunyanwa izinyo eliboshiwe le-shark-brownie kulo. Imbangela yokulimala kukhebula yaqashelwa yile shark, okungenzeka ukuthi yanquma ngokuzumayo le ntambo. Kwakuqabukela kakhulu, lolu shark olwandle olujulile lubonwe emanzini angajulile eduze nogu lolwandle.
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana nendlela yokuphila koshaka we-goblin. Ososayensi basikisela, futhi ngokuvamile kwamukelwa, ukuthi baphila impilo bebodwa. Amaqoqo amakhulu noma izikole zalezi zinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous azisakhiwa.
Ividiyo: IGoblin Shark
Uqokwe njengoMitsukurina owstoni ukuhlonipha u-Alan Auston noProfessor Kakechi Mitsukuri - owokuqala wambamba, kwathi owesibili wenza isifundo sakhe. Abaphenyi basheshe babona ukufana kwe-Mesozoic shark scapanorinch, futhi isikhathi esithile bakholelwa ukuthi yikho.
Ngemuva kwalokho kwaqalwa ukungezwani, kepha njengamagama angekho emthethweni, i- "skapanorinh" yahlelwa. Izinhlobo lezi zihlobene impela, futhi njengoba i-scapanorinch yangempela ingasindanga, kufanelekile ukuyibiza ngokuthi yisihlobo esisondele kakhulu.
Ushaka we-goblin ungowezinhlobo ezingama-relict: ukhona iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-50, unezici eziningi zezinto eziphindwe kabili futhi ngenxa yalokho kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukufundelwa. Abamele abadala bomndeni wakwaSkapanorinch babehlala olwandle cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-125 edlule.
Ngabe uhlala kuphi ushaka we-goblin?
Photo: goblin shark emanzini
Ngokuqinisekile indawo yokuhlala ayikaziwa, singathola kuphela iziphetho mayelana nalezo zindawo lapho ama-skapanorinhs abanjwa khona.
Indawo yokuhlala ye-Goblin Shark:
- China Sea
- Isifunda sePacific empumalanga yogu lwaseJapan,
- Ulwandle lwaseTasman
- I-Great Australia Gulf,
- Amanzi eningizimu neNingizimu Afrika,
- IGreat of Guinea
- Ikhaphethi
- I-Bay of Biscay,
- Ulwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic olwandle lwasePortugal.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi abantu abangaphansi kwamashumi amahlanu babanjwa, futhi ngokususelwa kwisampula enjalo akunakwenzeka ukuthola iziphetho eziqinile ngemingcele yobubanzi.
IJapan ihola phambili enanini labasakazi be-goblin ababanjiwe - kwaba olwandle lapho bekugeza lapho iningi labo latholakala. Lokhu, noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi amaJapan asebekhulile kahle ukudoba olwandle, futhi lokhu akusho ukuthi kulawa manzi lapho iningi lama-panpanorins lihlala khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho: yizilwandle nemikhondo ebhalwe phansi, kuyilapho olwandle oluvulekile inani elikhulu kakhulu labashisi be-goblin mhlawumbe lihlala, kepha ukudoba olwandle olujulile kuwo kwenziwa ngamanani amancane amancane. Ngokuvamile, amanzi awo wonke olwandle alungele indawo yokuhlala kwawo - ulwandlekazi i-Arctic kuphela olungathandeki, noma kunjalo, futhi abacwaningi abanathemba ngalokhu.
Umuntu wokuqala futhi wabanjwa eduze nasogwini lwaseJapan, kuleli lizwe izinhlobo zazinikwa igama elithi goblin shark - yize ngesiRussia lalingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Babekhetha ukumbiza ngama-brownies - lokhu kudalwa kwabantu kwakwaziwa kakhulu ngabantu baseSoviet.
Ngenxa yokufudumala kolwandle, obekulokhu kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, ama-scapanorinhs aguqula kancane indawo abehlala kuyo, enyukela phezulu. Kepha ukujula kusabalulekile: lo shark ukhetha ukungabi namamitha ayi-200-250 amanzi ngaphezulu kwekhanda lakhe. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyabhukuda futhi kujule kakhulu - kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1500.
Ngabe udobe we-goblin udlani?
Isithombeni: Shark olwandle olujulile lwe-goblin
Ngokuthembekile lokhu kudla akucacisiwe, ngoba inhlanzi ayigcinanga okuqukethwe esiswini: yakhishwa ngenxa yokwehla kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sokunyuka. Ngakho-ke, kusale kuphela ukwakha imicabango yokuthi yiziphi izinto eziphilayo abazidlayo.
Iziphetho zazigxile, phakathi kokunye, ekwakhekeni kwemihlatsi nempahla yamazinyo yale nhlanzi - njengoba abacwaningi besikisela, ama-scapanorinhs angondla ngezilwane ezijulile zolwandle ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ku-plankton kuya ezinhlanzini ezinkulu. Ama-Cephalopod nawo afakiwe ekudleni.
Ngokunokwenzeka, i-goblin shark idla:
- inhlanzi
- ipulankton
- squid
- i-octopus
- i-cuttlefish
- ama-invertebrates amancane,
- crustaceans
- imikhaza
- i-carrion.
Usebenzisa amazinyo akhe angaphambili ukubamba inyamazane, futhi imququde ngomhlane. Imihlathi ithuthukiswe kahle, lapho ukuzingela kudonsela kude phambili, ibambe futhi ibambe isisulu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye futhi idonsa ngamandla amanzi emlonyeni.
Akakwazi ukubamba inyamazane ikwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha, ngakho-ke imvamisa izakhamizi zasemanzini ezihamba kancane - umane azibambe futhi ancishe uma zincane, azibambe ngamazinyo amakhulu.
Uma ngale ndlela kungenzeki ukuthi kube nokwanele, kufanele ubheke i-carrion - uhlelo lokugaya koshaka we-goblin lushintshwa ukuze lusebenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqolobane zezinto esibindini ziyamvumela ukuba aphile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla, uma ukusesha inyamazane akuphumelelanga.
Sesha inyamazane nokudla
Ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho kuhlala khona ushaka we-goblin, kumnyama kakhulu, ngakho-ke umbono awusizi ekutholeni inyamazane. Akhiwe ngamanani amakhulu ekhaleni elide lempumulo, amaseli we-electrosensitive asebenza ekubambeni amasimu kagesi ezinhlanzi ezidlulayo, futhi asize ekutholeni indawo akuyo futhi ngale ndlela kulula kakhulu ukuthola ukudla.
IShark-brownie idla izakhamizi zasolwandle olujulile. Ososayensi bangavele bacabange ukuthi lokhu kudla kumelelwa inhlanzi, squid, igobolondo kanye necala. Akunakwenzeka ukucacisa kahle ukuthi yini laba shaka abayibamba ebumnyameni bolwandle obukhulu. Zonke izehlakalo zalaba oshaka eziye zawela ezandleni zososayensi zokutadisha kwakuyizisu ezingenalutho. Ngokunokwenzeka, ngesikhathi sokuphakanyiswa kwezinhlanzi kusuka ekujuleni, amaconsi okucindezela abe nomthelela ekuthulisweni kwesisu.
Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ushaka we-goblin unezitha endaweni yawo yemvelo. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi azikho izilwane ezingathinta kakhulu ubuningi balo shark ongaziwa.
Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele soshaka olwandle olujulile
Isakhiwo esiyinqaba sekhanda lale "sea goblin" yisizathu segama laso. Esihlalweni sezinyawo ngaphezulu komlomo kuphuma ibanga elide phambili. Ukusuka ngaphezulu, lokhu kufana kufana necala elikhonjisiwe, futhi njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, wonke umphezulu uhleli ngamaseli e-electrosensitive asiza ekufuneni inyamazane. Umlomo ongabuyiselwa ubaba njengomlomo ohleliwe ngamazinyo abukhali.
Ushaka wendlu ungafinyelela osayizi abahlaba umxhwele (kufinyelela kumamitha ama-4), kepha ngokuvamile ubude bawo busebangeni elingamasentimitha angama-240 kuya ku-3550. Umzimba unesimo se-fusiform.
Ama-fins ahlukaniswa yizimpawu ezisetshenziswayo koshaka:
- wonke amaphiko ayindilinga emikhawulweni,
- dorsal - omncane, futhi ukhula kahle esiswini nesisu no-anal - omkhulu,
- i-caudal fin ihlukile ngoba ine-lobe engenhla kuphela eyakhiwe, kanti ephansi kayikho nakancane, ngakho-ke ngesimo sayo ifana nomsila woshaka we-fox,
Ama-Scapanorinch oshaka (brownies) anesibindi esikhulu kakhulu. Isisindo saso sicishe sibe yingxenye yesine yesisindo senhlanzi ephelele.
Umbala ongajwayelekile kanye nombala wamehlo
Umbala ohlukanisa ushaka ojulile olwandle kolunye "amaqabane ekilasi" nawo awujwayelekile. Abantu abaphilayo banombala opinki ngenxa yesikhumba esiguqukayo lapho imithambo yegazi ikhanya ngayo. Izinhlobo zethu ezifayo ziba nsundu. Futhi namaphayi “amanzi asolwandle” anombala omfushane.
Amehlo alaba ushaka mancane futhi akanayo i-century yesithathu. Zibonakaliswa amandla okukhanya ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani, okufanele kube umbono omuhle impela ebumnyameni bamanzi.Ngombala wamehlo aluhlaza okotshani, afana kancane nenye inhlanzi eyi-cartilaginous (chimera), engatholakala nasekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu.
Ulwandle goblin nomuntu
I-Shark-brownie ayisebenzi ezinhlotsheni zohlobo loshaka. Kepha imihlathi yakhe eyingqayizivele ibaluleke kakhulu kubaqoqi emhlabeni wonke abazimisele ukubakhokhela imali enkulu.
Kunolwazi lokuthi umuntu oyedwa, ebanjwa ephila, wagcinwa e-aquarium eJapan (e-University of Tokyo). Ekudingisweni, wakwazi ukuphila izinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuphela.
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi kanye nokungabikhona kokubala inani langempela lwalesi zinhlobo, indlu eshaka ibhalwe kwi-International Red Book njengezinhlobo ezingandile ezingqondakali kahle. Akunamininingwane mayelana nokwenziwa kwalezinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous, ngaphandle kweqiniso eliyinqaba: bonke abantu abaziwa ososayensi (ababanjiwe noma abatholakala ogwini) babengabesilisa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Shark Goblin
Akufundwa kabi ngenxa yendlela yokuphila: ihlala emanzini ajulile, futhi kunzima ukuhlola le ndawo. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bathola iziphetho eziphambili kusuka kumasampula ambalwa abanjwa. Ngemuva kokufunda kubo, kwaphethwa ngokuthi yize ebonakala ngokungajwayelekile, lo ushaka wangempela, hhayi umgwaqo - phambilini bekukhona ukuqagela okunjalo.
Ososayensi bayaqiniseka futhi ngemvelo yale nhlobo - yize oshaka abengatholakali, kodwa banendlela yokuphila, kakhulu kangangokuba ezinye izinhlobo zabashaka basendulo zahola. Lokhu kukhonjiswa nangokwakheka kwabo, ngezindlela eziningi ezifanayo nezidalwa ezide ezingapheli.
Yize lokhu kungaziwa ngokuthembekile, kubhekwe ukuthi banesizungu - okungenani akukho okubonisa ukuthi bakha amaqoqo bese bebabamba kanyekanye. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukutadisha ushaka we-goblin shark ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa - okuwukuphela komuntu osindile ngemuva kokubanjwa eshonile ngemuva kwesonto, ukuvimbela ukuthi kuqoqwe imininingwane eminingi.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Eqinisweni, igama elingelona igama alizange linikezwe ukuhlonipha ama-goblins, kodwa i-tengu - izidalwa ezivela ezinganekwaneni zaseJapan. Isici sabo esiyingqayizivele sokuhlukanisa yikhala elikude kakhulu, yingakho abadobi baseJapan basheshe bavela nesifaniso. Njengoba kwakungekho tengu ezinganekwaneni zaseNtshonalanga, aqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi ama-goblins, futhi e-USSR ngendlela efanayo - ngo-brownies.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Shark goblin, ungumuntu brownie shark
Babhekwa njengabazidlayo bodwa ngokufana nezinhlobo ezifanayo. Izinhlanzi zihlangana zodwa phakathi nesikhathi sokuzalela, imininingwane nesikhathi esingakafundwa ngazo. Uza kanye njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Isikhathi sonke abasichitha bezingela abanye abahlala ekujuleni, kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abamele izinhlobo zabo, nabo.
Ososayensi bangenza kuphela imibono mayelana nokuzalela, ngoba owesifazana okhulelwe akakaze abanjwe - kepha lokhu kungenziwa ngezinga eliphakeme lokuthembela ngokusekelwe ekufundeni kwabanye oshaka, kufaka phakathi nolwandle olujulile. Ngokunokwenzeka, ama-scapanorinchas angama-ovoviviparous, imibungu ikhula ngqo emzimbeni kamama.
Babonakala sebekulungele ngokuphelele ukuzimela - futhi ngokushesha kuqala. Umama akanendaba nefry, akafundisi futhi akabondli, kepha ushiya ngokushesha, ngakho-ke kufanele azingele futhi azifihle kubazingeli ngokwabo - kuhle ukuthi akunabaningi babo njengoba besondele ebusweni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukuphuma isikhathi eside okubonakala ngaphambili, kunika ingxenye "yothando" loshaka we-goblin, isebenza njenge-electro-locator. Inama-bubble aseLorenzini, athatha izimbambo zikagesi ezibuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi enze sikwazi ukubona inyamazane ebumnyameni - kufaka phakathi engashukumi.