Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Encane (incane kunondlunkulu), inyoni enombala onesizotha wokubukeka okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okunokwehlukaniswa okumnyama nezihlathi ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Ubude bomzimba 11 cm ngo-12 ukuya ku-12 cm, isisindo 8- 15 g. In iningi le-Europe, indawo ye-puff igcwele indawo yenothi enamakhanda amnyama ngokweqile, kungaba nzima ukuyihlukanisa ngokweqiniso.

Incazelo. Owesilisa nowesifazane banemibala efanayo. Isidumbu esingaphezulu sinombala onsundu, ingaphansi ilula, icishe ibe mhlophe nge-ocher hue ekhanyayo ezinhlangothini zesifuba nesisu. Izimpiko nomsila zicishe zifane nombala emuva, kube mnyama kancane. Ezintanjeni ezingaphandle zezimpaphe zesekondari nezasezingeni eliphakeme, kukhiqizwa izinhlanga ezimhlophe, eziphephezelana zenza insimu ekhanyayo ende emincane. Ingaphezulu lonke lekhanda liye emgqeni wamatomu namehlo akha i-cap emnyama ehlukile, ethi, kancane kancane idonsa, ifinyelele emuva, okwenza ikhanda libukeke likhulu ngokungafani. Izinhlangothi zekhanda elingezansi kwekhwapha zimhlophe qwa, kuhluke kakhulu ne-cap. Ngaphansi koqhwaku kukhona indawo enkulu emnyama enomngcele ophansi onsundu. Uqhwaku lumnyama, imiphetho yoqhwaku ingwevu. Iso limnyama, ama-paws aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izinyoni ezincane ziyafana nabantu abadala, kepha umbala wephuhla ungwephuzi, isigqoko simumbala, sinsundu ngombala obomvu, esihlathini esinenhlanganisela evelelayo, ibala emqaleni limpundile. Ngaphansi komzimba kumhlophe, kukhona okuhlanganayo okubonakalayo okusobala ezinhlangothini nangaphansi komsila. Uqhwaku lunsundu, linemiphetho ephuzi yoqhwaku futhi olusebenzayo.

Ngokufana okuphambili kwelenhloko enekhanda elimnyama, kuyahlukahluka kwezibonakaliso eziningi ezingabonakali njalo enkundleni. I-puffer ibukeka inamakhanda amakhulu futhi inomsila omfishane, i-cap ye-puffer imnyama buthuntu, ngaphandle kwe-gloss futhi iya kude emuva. I-gaiter enamakhanda amnyama ine-cap cap emnyama egqamile futhi empeleni ayihambi ngomhlane wayo. Ibala elingaphansi komlomo we-puffer likhulu kakhulu, likunxantathu kakhulu kuneliyindilinga. Ithoni yombala iyonke ye-puffer impunga kakhudlwana, inombala onsundu, itholakala endaweni enkudlwana kunalenkethi emhlophe, icwebile imhlophe, icishe ibe ngaphandle kokugibela okuhlanganayo. Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu se-puffer yimingcele ekhanyayo yezimpaphe zesibili, ezakha insimu ekhanyayo ephikweni olumnyama. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yobubanzi bayo, i-puffer itholakala kanye ne-nati enamakhanda grey, kwesinye isikhathi ize ibuye ixubeke nayo. Ihlukahluka kuye ngamasayizi amancane, ubukhona bekhompiyutha ehlukanisiwe hhayi okombala onsundu, indawo yomphimbo engeyona enkulu kangako nokukhula okuncane kombala we-ocher ezinhlangothini.

Vota. I-puffer incane, ithule futhi ifane kakhulu kunelenhloko enekhanda elimnyama. Isifiso esivelele kunazo zonke ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpondo ezimbili ezimfushane ezinemisindo "zhe. »: «tsi-tsi. jzhe-jzhe-jzhe". Iphinde futhi ikhiphe neziqu ezomile "I-Crrrrr. ". ikhwela elilodwa eliphakeme "lezi. », «isilo. "noma"cit. ". Izingcingo ezihlekisayo "zhee-zhee. "noma"i-charr-charr. »Umuntu okhukhumala uthule, uthambile, uphakeme ngezwi. Ingoma kaChubby - uchungechunge oluncane lokuphinda izimpempe ze-monosyllabic "tee-tee-tee. "noma"sip sip sip. ", Izingcwethi ezingaphansi kwesinye isikhathi zivame ukuvumelaniswa kabili"tiu-tiu-tiu. ". Ngokuvamile abesilisa bacula nabakhukhumezayo, izinsikazi zivame kakhulu.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Ububanzi buhlanganisa indawo yonke yamahlathi ePalearctic ukusuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuye eSakhalin naseKamchatka, eYurophu yaseYurophu ukuya endaweni ese-steppe. Inyoni ehlala phansi yenza ukufuduka okuningana kokubamba isidleke, abantu basenyakatho bazulazula kabanzi kunaseningizimu. Emahlathini asenyakatho, ama-puffer ajwayele ukudlula zonke ezinye izinyoni. Ukufika emngceleni oseningizimu yebanga, amanani ayo ayancipha, noma kunjalo, lapha iyaqhubeka inyoni ejwayelekile kakhulu.

Indlela yokuphila. Umehluko kokuthandwayo kwe-biotopic kwe-chubby kanye namagajethi anekhanda elimnyama asiza ukunquma izinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo endle. I-Pukhlyak ithambekele kuyo yonke indawo izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu zamahlathi e-coniferous, ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele endaweni ye-tundra. Imvamisa ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinamaqabunga amancane, kugwenywa amahlathi avulekile nasemahlombe. Ijikela ezindaweni eziseceleni kanye nezikhukhula zesikhukhula. Ngomthamo owanele wokuphakelayo, ungamelana nobusika obunzima kakhulu; ngokuhluleka okukhulu kwezitshalo zezinhlamvu ezinamandla, umuntu angabona ukuhlaselwa okukhulu ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka, ama-puffers ahlala ngazimbili nangemihlambi emincane, lapho kuneqembu eliphakeme eliyinkimbinkimbi, kuya ngobulili kanye nobudala bezinyoni.

Ukudla okunhlobonhlobo kuhlukile, kufaka phakathi ama-invertebrates, kanye nezithelo nembewu yezitshalo zasendle nezilinywe. Udla izimbali, ama-buds, aphuze ujusi lwezihlahla ezahlukahlukene. Ekupheleni kwehlobo nokwindla, kugcina ukudla ebusika. Kuvamile ebusika kuma-feeders, umhlanganyeli ojwayelekile emihlanganweni yezinyoni exubile. Ukuzala kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi. Ukubukeka okuhle, imibhangqwana ihlala impilo yonke.

Isidleke sihlelwe endaweni endala noma engamvelo engamamitha ngamamitha ayi-10 ngaphezu komhlaba, imvamisa ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1. Ngokuvamile yenza umgodi ngokwawo. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ezihlahleni ezinezinkuni ezithambile ezibolile, lapho bobabili abazali bekha izingcezwana ezincane. Isebenzisa izinkuni ezindala eziyize. Ukwakha isidleke kusuka ezingxenyeni zamagxolo, ukhuni, utshani, imicu yezitshalo, uvolo nezimpaphe zakhiwa ngowesifazane, akavamile ukusebenzisa i-moss. I-clutch iqukethe amaqanda ama-5-9 amhlophe anamaqanda abomvu noma ansundu. Insikazi ifaka i-clutch izinsuku eziyi-13- ​​13, yondla amantshontsho izinsuku eziyi-17 kuya kowesilisa. Abazali bayaqhubeka bondla lezi zilwane ngezinsuku ezingaba ngu-12-16 zishiyile.

Igajethi le-Puff, noma le-brown (Parus montanus)

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Isithombe: I-gait enekhanda elinsundu

Igajethi enamakhanda ansundu ibizwa nangokuthi i-titmouse encane, etholakala ikakhulukazi emahlathini ase-Eshiya naseYurophu. Lo mbono uqale wachazwa yisazi semvelo kusuka eSwitzerland, uThomas Kornad von Baldenstein. Phambilini, izithiyo ezazinamakhanda ansundu zazibhekwa njengohlobo lweGadic (Poecile), olwaluhlobo olukhudlwana lwe-tits (Parus).

Ividiyo: Igajethi enekhanda kaBrown

Emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa igama lesiLatini lalezi zinhlobo - Parus montanus. Kodwa-ke, muva nje, ososayensi, ngokususelwa ekuhlolweni kofuzo, bathola ukuthi le nyoni inobudlelwano obude namanye amagajethi. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha baseMelika bahlongoza ukubuyisa igama langaphambili lale nyoni, ngesiLatin elizwakala njengePoecile montanus. Izinhlobo zezinselo ezinamakhanda ansundu zingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu kulo lonke uhlobo lobuhlanga; zingaphansi kancane kwe-tit enkulu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Endle, inyoni enjalo ihlala iminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-3. Ngokusho kwe-ornithologists, akuvamile ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenyoni lungaphila iminyaka eyi-9.

Emhlabeni, gait ejwayelekile yegajethi enekhanda brown ichazwa njengesinyathelo esisheshayo - phakathi kokuhamba nokugxuma. Izinyoni zihamba ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokudla, zivame ukuguqula indlela, kwesinye isikhathi ngokugxuma okukodwa. Izinyoni zibuye zibonise “ukungqongqoza” noma ukudlidliza okusheshayo kwama-paws ngesikhathi sokudla, ezingasiza ukugeza izisulu futhi zidale umuzwa wesithukuthezi esingaguquki.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani igajethi enamakhanda ansundu

Lolu hlobo lwezinyoni lunamapulangwe angenakuchazwa wombala onsundu. Ikhanda elikhulu lisentanyeni emfishane. Le nyoni incane ngosayizi kepha inkulu ekwakhiweni. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda, njengasemuva, inezimpaphe ezimnyama. Lo mbala udlulela emuva emuva kwekhanda kuya phambili emuva. Amanye wonke emuva, amaphiko, amahlombe, isifunda esine-lumbar nomsila onsundu ngokumpunga. Igajethi enamakhanda ansundu inezihlathi ezimhlophe.

Izinhlangothi zentamo nazo zilula, kepha yithinte i-ocher. Kukhona ibala elimnyama ngokusobala ngaphambili komphimbo. Ingxenye engezansi yenothi enamakhanda ansundu inenqwaba yezinhlamvu ezimhlophe-grey ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-ocher ezinhlangothini nasendaweni yomsila ophansi. Isimo somlomo walezi zinyoni sinsundu. Amawashi enyoni amnyama grey.

Igajethi enamakhanda ansundu ixubeka kalula nekhozi elimnyama. Isici sayo esihlukanisayo isigqoko esimnyama, esinombala obuthuntu kunombala ocwebezelayo nendawo enkulu emnyama enomugqa ompunga endaweni yezinsiba. Kulula futhi ukuhlukanisa kusuka kusihloko esinamakhanda amnyama nge-gait.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Isici esibalulekile sokwehlukanisa inyoni ukukhulisa amagama. Ngokungafani naleyo enamakhanda amnyama, igajethi enekhanda elimdaka ine-repertoire encane. Le nyoni inezinhlobo ezi-3 kuphela zokucula.

Ihlala kuphi igajethi enamakhanda ansundu?

Isithombe: I-gaiter enekhanda elinsundu

Isici esiyingqayizivele sama gaits anekhanda ansundu ukuthanda kwawo indawo. Lolu hlobo lwezinyoni luhlala emahlathini ama-coniffort. Kulokhu, zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Endaweni abahlala kuyo, izinyoni zikhetha amahlathi aminyene, osebeni lomfula kanye nezinye izindawo ezikude nabantu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, bathakazela kakhulu abantu futhi bakhetha ukujabulela izinsalela zokudla kwabantu.

Izinsikazi zilala esidlekeni futhi zibonakala zishintsha phakathi kwezikhathi zokulala nokuphaphama, zivame ukuguqula amaqanda abe izinkathi zokuphaphama. Ezinsukwini zokugcina zokudla isidleke, insikazi ayikwazi ukubuyela esidlekeni ukuze ilale. Kude nesidleke, izinyoni zibonakala ngathi zichitha ubusuku bonke endaweni yokukhosela eminyene engenhla komhlaba. Zihlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi aminyene, izihlahlana eziluhlaza okotshani namahhashi asezingeni eliphansi.

Izivuno ezingamaduna ansundu zivikela indawo kwamanye amaduna ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Uhlobo nekhwalithi yendawo, kanye nesigaba somjikelezo wohlobo lokuzala, mhlawumbe izinto ezibalulekile ezinquma ubukhulu bendawo. Imingcele yensimu nomakhelwane ibukeka icishe ifane nesikhathi sokuzalela, kepha ukuguquguquka komjikelezo wokuzalela kungathinta ukuthi ingakanani indawo noma indawo yokuhlala yowesilisa.

Manje usuyazi ukuthi litholakala kuphi igajethi enamakhanda ansundu. Asibone ukuthi idlani le nyoni.

Ngabe lidlani igajethi elinombala onsundu?

Photo: Tit-ikhanda ikhanda Gaiter

Ebusika, ukudla okune-brown-ikhanda okune-nati kuqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo ezinjengembewu yejuniper, i-spruce nephayini. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezine zokudla konke iqukethe ukudla kwemvelo yezilwane ngendlela yezinambuzane ezilala ngayo, okuthi amagajethi anamakhanda ansundu akhiphe ngokuqondile ezindaweni ezikhethekile zezihlahla nezinaliti.

Ngenkathi yehlobo, lokhu kudla kuqukethe ingxenye yokudla kwesitshalo ngendlela yezithelo namajikijolo, nengxenye yokudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane, ezinjengezibungu nezinambuzane. Izinyoni ezisencane zidla ikakhulukazi izicabucabu, izibungu ze-sawfly, kanye namacimbi amancane ama-butterflies esikhathi esizayo. Kamuva bengeza imikhiqizo yezitshalo ekudleni kwabo.

Kubantu abadala, lokhu kudla kwehluka kakhulu, futhi ukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane kufaka phakathi:

• izimvemvane kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula,
• izicabucabu ezincane
• amabhungane amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-weevil,
• izinambuzane ze-hymenopteran, ezinjengeminyovu nezinyosi,
• izinambuzane ezi-dipteran - izimpukane, imidlwane, umiyane,
• izinambuzane ezinamaphiko
• izintethe
• Earthworms
• iminenke
• imikhaza.

Imikhiqizo yezitshalo ifaka:

• okusanhlamvu okufana nama-oats nommbila,
• imbewu, izithelo zezitshalo, ezinjenge-horse sorrel, i-burdock, i-cornflower, njll,
• imbewu, izithelo zezihlahla, ngokwesibonelo, i-birch ne-alder,
• amajikijolo wezihlahla, izihlahla, isibonelo, ama-blueberries, umlotha wentaba, ama-cranberry, ama-lingonberry.

Ama-gaiters anekhanda elinsundu adla ngamabhola aphakathi naphansi ehlathi, futhi ezimweni ezingandile awela phansi. Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukulengiselwa phezulu phansi ezindongeni ezondile, kulesi simo zivame ukutholakala ehlathini noma kwenye indawo yokuhlala.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Igajethi enhloko kaBrown eRussia

Ama-gaiters angenamakhanda ansundu ayizinyoni ezomnotho kakhulu. Izinyoni ziqala ukugcinela ukudla ubusika ehlobo bese ziwa. Kwesinye isikhathi bafihla ukudla okutholakala ngisho nasebusika. Abantu abasha baqoqa amasheya ngoJulayi. Izindawo zokugcina kulezi sitoko zingahluka kakhulu. Imvamisa bafihla ukudla ezihlahleni zezihlahla, ezihlahleni naseziqu. Ukuvikela ukuthi angatholakali, amagajethi anekhanda ansundu amboza ukudla ngezingcezu zegxolo. Ngosuku olulodwa nje, le nyoni encane ingakwazi ukuqoqa ukudla okufika ezinkulungwaneni ezi-2.

Amagajethi anekhanda elinsundu kwesinye isikhathi akhohlwa yizindawo lapho kufihlwe khona ukudla, abese ekuthola ngengozi. Amanye amasheya adliwa ngemuva nje kokutholakala, kanti amanye acasha futhi. Ngenxa yalezi zenzo, ukudla kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke insimu. Ngokubambisana namagajethi anekhanda brown, ezinye izinyoni nazo zisebenzisa lezi zitoko.

Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa, njengomthetho, abakubekezeleli ukuhlaselwa kwezinye izintokazi futhi bazobasukela ezindaweni. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, abawulandeli abanye besifazane, kepha owesilisa oyedwa wayehlala engqongqoza lapho enye intokazi yayiseduze kwakhe nomlingani wakhe isikhashana. Abesifazane kwesinye isikhathi bahambisana nabalingani babo ngesikhathi sempi yezwe, futhi bavame ukukhala ngenjabulo. Kokunye, bayabekezelela abanye besifazane.

Kwezinye izimo, isithembu senzeka ezingutsheni ezinamakhanda ansundu. Ngenkathi yokuthandana nokukhwelana, umbhangqwana uchitha iningi losuku ukhipha ukudla okungamamitha ayi-10 komunye nomunye, imvamisa ebangeni elingaphansi kwamamitha ukusuka kwelinye.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: I-gait enekhanda elinsundu

Isikhathi sokuzala sama-gaits anekhanda ansundu sisukela ngo-Ephreli kuze kube nguMeyi. Izinyoni ezilungele ukundiza zizalwa ngoJulayi. Lezi zinyoni zithola abangane bazo ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ikakhulukazi ebusika, futhi zihlala ndawonye kuze kufe omunye wabalingani. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, ungabona ukuthi owesilisa ugijima kanjani ngemuva kowesifazane, kuyilapho bobabili ubulili benza ukunyakaza okuthuthumela ngamaphiko abo, kanye nokugoba umzimba. Ngaphambi kokukhwelana, owesilisa uletha insikazi ngokudla futhi ngaleso sikhathi ucula iculo lakhe eliyimbumbulu.

Lezi zinyoni zidla ikakhulukazi endaweni eyodwa, evikelwe unyaka nonyaka. Amagajethi anekhanda elinsundu adala izidleke endaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha amathathu futhi zakhiwe ngeziqu zezihlahla ezifile noma iziqu zezihlahla, njenge-aspen, i-birch noma i-larch. Inyoni ngokwayo yenza i-notch noma isebenzise eseqedile, esele kwesinye inyoni. Kwesinye isikhathi, amagajethi anekhanda ansundu asebenzisa ama-squirrel angenalutho.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Izinsikazi zesifazane ziyahlomisa isidleke. Le yinqubo ende ethatha izinsuku ezi-4 iye emavikini amabili. Uma yandulelwa yizimo ezingezinhle, inqubo yokwakha isidleke iyahlehliswa kuze kuba yizinsuku ezingama-24-25.

Inqubo yokudonswa kwamaqanda ihlala cishe amasonto ama-2. Ngenkathi insikazi ilungiselela amaqanda ukuba iqandeke, iduna livikela indawo yalo eduze kwesidleke, futhi linakekele nokudla. Ezimweni ezingavamile, insikazi ngokwayo iyofuna ukudla. Izinkukhu azibonakali ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa esisodwa ngasikhathi. Le nqubo ithatha izinsuku ezingama-2-3. I-fluff engabonakali e-brownish-grey ehlanganisa izindawo ezincane zekhanda nasemuva iyimpawu zezinyoni ezisanda kuzalwa. Amakati nawo abe nomthunzi we-tan noma ophuzi woqhwaku.

Ukondla kwenziwa ngabazali bobabili, abangaletha ukudla kuze kube ngama-300 ngosuku. Ebusuku, kanye nasikhathi sezulu esibandayo, insikazi ifudumeza amawundlu ngomzimba wayo futhi ayihambi umzuzu. Ezinsukwini eziyi-17 ukuya kwezingu-20 ngemuva kokuqokwa, amachwane angandiza, kodwa angazi ukuthi angakuthola kanjani ukudla kwawo, ngakho-ke impilo yawo namanje incike kubazali bawo ngokuphelele.

Kusukela maphakathi noJulayi, amaphuphu aqinile, kanye nabazali bawo, bajoyina ezinye izinyoni ukwenza imihlambi. Kulesi simo, bazulazula beya ezindaweni ngezindawo kuze kube sebusika. Ebusika, imihlambi ibheka amandla obukhosi, lapho abesilisa babusa izintokazi, nezinyoni ezindala zibusa abasha. Lolu hlobo lwezinyoni luvame ukuhlala endaweni efanayo, ezimweni ezingandile, lushintsha indawo yalo endaweni engaba ngaphezu kwama-5 km.

Izitha Zemvelo Zamagajethi ansundu

Isithombe: I-gaiter enekhanda elinsundu

Izimbangela zenzondo zabantu abadala abanamakhanda ansundu azaziwa kakhulu, kepha yize kunjalo ubufakazi bukhona ngokufa kwabantu abadala ezidlekeni. Izilwane eziningi ezidla amaqanda nabantu abasha ziye zabikwa. Izinyoka zamagundwane zingenye yezilwane ezihlaselayo ezivame kakhulu ngezihloko ezinamakhanda ansundu. Amakhamera we-video izidleke zaseNyakatho Carolina aveze i-raccoon, igundane legolide, uphisi obomvu, ne-scoop yangaphandle, ebulala izidleke zalezi zinyoni.

Amakhamera we-video izidleke e-Arkansas akhombe inyoni enezinwele ezibomvu njengokudla okuhlala njalo nezinhlobonhlobo zezikhova, ama-jay aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oklebe abanamaphiko kanye ne-scoop yasempumalanga njengezisulu zamaqanda noma izingane. Lawa makhamera abonise nonyazi olulodwa olunomsila omhlophe kanye nebhere elimnyama elilodwa laseMelika elinyathela izidleke, cishe ngengozi.

Besatshiswa izinyamazane, abantu abadala baqhwa esidlekeni futhi bahlala bengashibanga isikhathi eside. Izinsikazi ezihlafunayo zihlala zingatatazeli kuze kube yilapho ingozi idlula, futhi abesilisa esidlekeni bathule ngokuthula lapho ingozi inyamalala. Izinsikazi zihlala ziqinile esidlekeni, zivumele izinyamazane ukuba zisondele ngaphambi kokuba zindize, ngokungangabazeki iplamu lamakhaza ansundu afaka amaqanda amhlophe alula, elaliyabonakala kulayini obumnyama besidleke uma owesifazana eshiya isidleke. Izintokazi ezizibambayo zivame ukuvumela ukulingana ngamasentimitha ambalwa.

Lapho insikazi ishiya isidleke phambi komhlaseli ongaba khona, iwela phansi futhi ifuleke njengenyama ekhubazekile, ngomsila wayo kanye nelinye noma zombili amaphiko, kwehle imisindo ethambile. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kungenzeka kuhloselwe ukukhipha inyamazane esidlekeni.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani igajethi enamakhanda ansundu

Ngokusho kocwaningo emahlathini engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, kukhona izithiyo ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-20-25 ezinamakhanda ansundu. Cishe kunezikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezingama-5-7 ngaphezulu kwazo eRussia. Ingabe kuningi noma kukuncane? Ukuhlangana okumangazayo - kuvela ukuthi inani lamagajethi anombala onsundu eRussia licishe lilingane nenani labantu, futhi engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia baphindwe kane kunabantu. Kubukeka sengathi kufanele kube nezinyoni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezejwayelekile, kunabantu. Kepha lokhu akunjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibalo sokubanda ubusika engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia sehle ngaphezulu kwekota kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.

Ngakho-ke, ngeminyaka yama-1980-1990s, inani labo elalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-26- 28, eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala ka-2000- 21- 26, elesibili - izigidi eziyi-19 ukuya kwezi-20. Izizathu zalokhu kwehla azicaci ngokuphelele. Okusemqoka, okungenzeka kakhulu, ukugawula okukhulu nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kokudla okunamakhanda ansundu, ubusika obumanzi obunamawunga bukhulu kunobusika obuneqhwa nobusika.

Abathandi bezinyoni eRussia banaka kakhulu izinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile, kepha isibonelo segajethi esinombala onsundu sifakazela ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile sokucabanga ngezinhlobo zezinyoni - empeleni, azisikhulu kangako. Ikakhulu uma ucubungula "ukonga imvelo": inyoni eyodwa inesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-12, umuntu oyedwa - yithi, cishe ngama-60 kg. Okusho ukuthi, i-biomass yegajethi enamakhanda ansundu incane izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-5 kune-biomass yabantu.

Noma inani lamagajethi anombala onsundu nenani labantu licishe lifane, cabanga ukuthi bangaki abantu abaningi abasebenzisa izinsiza ezihlukile? Ngomthwalo onjalo, ukusinda ngisho nasezinhlotsheni ezivame kakhulu, uma zingadingi i-anthropogenic, kodwa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo, kuba nzima.

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule i-gait enamakhanda ansundumhlawumbe kwalandela imihlambi yezinyathi eziGodini eziKhulu, idla izinambuzane. Namuhla kulandela izinkomo futhi kutholakala ngobuningi ukusuka ogwini kuya ogwini. Ukusakazeka kwayo sekuyindaba embi kwezinye izingoma zezingoma: ama-gaiters abeka amaqanda ezidlekeni zezinye izinyoni. I-parasitism yama gaits isunduzele ezinye izinhlobo kwisimo "esisengozini".

I-gait enamakhanda ansundu: incazelo yokubukeka

Le nyoni inomzimba omncane ominyene, ongafika ku-14 cm ubude futhi unesisindo esingu-9-14 g, intamo emfushane nezinsimbi zombala onsundu. Isihloko esingaphezulu kwekhanda elikhulu ne-nape ngumthunzi omnyama obuthuntu. Iningi lamaphiko angemuva, aphakathi namancane, amahlombe, ama-nadhvoste kanye naphansi emuva anombala onsundu-grey. Ushizi umhlophe-grey. Umthunzi ocher ubonwa ezinhlangothini zentamo. Ngaphambili komphimbo kukhona ihembe elibizwa ngehembe - ibala elikhulu elimnyama. Uqhwathu unombala onsundu onsundu. Ngaphansi kwale nyoni kumhlophe ngokungcolile nge-ocher tinge ezinhlangothini zayo, emilenzeni nasezinyaweni ngampunga emnyama.

Ensimini, igajethi enamakhasi ansundu ingadidaniswa kalula nekhohlakala elimnyama. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili ukuthi i-puffer ine-matte kune-cap ecwebezelayo emnyama kanye nomucu omude obude obukumpunga. Isici esivelele kunazo zonke salezi zinyoni singabizwa ngokuthi ukucula kwabo.

Habitat

I-gait enamakhanda ansundu itholakala ezindaweni ezisehlathini ze-Eurasia, kusukela empumalanga yeGreat Britain nezindawo ezimaphakathi neFrance, iphele nangogu lwePacific neziqhingi zaseJapan. Enyakatho, uhlala ezindaweni ezinezimila ezinamahlahla, kanye ne-tundra ye-Scandinavia neFinland. Kutholakala eningizimu emaqeleni.

Igajethi enamakhanda ansundu ithambekele ekuthini ihlale ezindaweni eziphansi ezisezintabeni, ezintabeni, kanye nasehlathini elixubile, lapho kukhula khona uphayini, i-larch, ne-spruce, futhi kutholakala nezikhukhula zomfula nezindawo ezimanzi. ESiberia, ihlala endaweni emnyama ye-taiga enobuhlalu enama-sphagnum bogs, ama-willow kanye namathanga e-alder.

EYurophu, ihlala kakhulu phakathi kwezihlahla ezinamahlumela ezinamahlathi akhukhulayo, emaphethelweni naseziqongolweni. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba kutholakala endaweni ephakeme ka-2000 m kuya ku-2745 m, ngokwesibonelo, eTien Shan. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzalela, inyoni ivame ukukhuphuka kakhulu. Isibonelo, eTibet puff ibonwe endaweni ephakeme engama-3960 m ngaphezu kolwandle.

Indlela yokuphila

Izinyoni zalezi zinhlobo izidleke ngo-Ephreli noMeyi. Iningi labantu abahlala phansi bahlala emigodini, etholakala ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni ezishibhile kude nebanga. I-gaiter enamakhasi ansundu, njengamapulangwe, ithanda ukukhipha indawo yokuhlala ngokhuni olubolile. Ukujula okuyize kungama-20 cm, kanti ububanzi bungama-6-8 cm.

Ama-puffers abandakanyeka ekuhleleni isidleke ngamabili azithola ekwindla. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, abesilisa bafuna abesifazane endaweni eseduze (akukho ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amahlanu). Uma behluleka ukwenza lokhu, bandiza baye ezindaweni ezikude zehlathi.

Ngokuhlelwa kwesidleke ku-chubs ngokwesilinganiso kuthatha isonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili. Kulokhu, izinyoni zisebenzisa amagatsha, amagxolo ezihlahla, amagxolo, uvolo kanye nezimpaphe. Izinhlungu zabakhukhumezayo zihlukile lapho kuhlalwa khona ezinye izinhlobo zezidwaba ngoba aziphathi moss endlini yazo. I-tit - igajethi enamakhanda ansundu - iyathanda ukwenza izindawo zokucasha ngezimila zezitshalo, kodwa kaningi ikhohlwa indawo yengcebo.

Ama-Puffers adla ama-invertebrates amancane amancane nezibungu. Ngakho-ke, ama-gait azuzisa kakhulu emvelweni yehlathi, ngoba alawula inani lezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidla izithelo nembewu yezitshalo.

Ehlobo, ukudla kwegajethi yabantu abadala kuhlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kokudla kwezilwane nemvelaphi yemifino. Ebusika, zondla ikakhulu ngembewu yejuniper, uphayini kanye ne-spruce. Amathanga aphekelwa izicabucabu, amacimbi wezimvemvane ngokufakwa kokudla kwemifino. Abadala abahlaseli badla iminyundu, izinyosi, iminyundu, izimpukane, omiyane, izintuthwane, imikhaza, yebo iminenke.

Kokudla kwezitshalo, okusanhlamvu okufana nokolweni, ummbila, i-oats nebhali kufakiwe ekudleni kwabo. Ukusuka kumajikijolo, amantongomane akhetha ama-cranberries, umlotha wasentabeni, ama-lingonberry, ama-blueberries kanye ne-cotoneaster. Ukuvakashela abondli bezinyoni kuyaqabukela.

Ukuzala

Le sizini ihlangana nesikhathi sokuhlelwa kwezidleke. Abahlukumezayo bathola umngane womshado ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila futhi bahlala ndawonye kuze kube yilapho omunye wabo efa. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-gaits anekhanda ansundu asikho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye.

Ukuthandana kwabesilisa kuhambisana nezingoma nokuqhaqhazela kwamaphiko. Ngaphambi kokuzalela, ngokweqile ziletha ukudla kwabantu besifazane. Ngaphambi kokulala, izinyoni ziqala ukuhlela isidleke. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kokubekeka, amaqanda enadi embozwe ungqimba kadoti. I-Clutch imvamisa iqukethe amaqanda amhlophe angama-5-9 anemibala ebomvu ngokubomvu. Ukubamba kuyaqhubeka okwesikhashana. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa uthola ukudla kukamama futhi aqaphe isidleke. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi iyandiza iphume ngaphandle kwendlu isikhashana bese iyondla yodwa.

Amathanga aqandusele ngenhla izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu. Ekuqaleni zazimbozwa ngumbala onsundu onsundu onsundu, ubhontshisi obunomlomo obunesihlwathi bunombala ophuzi onsundu. Owesifazane nowesilisa bondla ndawonye amawundlu. Ngokwesilinganiso, baletha ukukhiqizwa amahlandla angama-250-300 ngosuku. Ebusuku nangezinsuku ezipholile, leli gajethi elinombala onsundu lihlala ngokungenamkhawulo emgodini, lifudumeza inzalo yalo. Amachwane aqala ukundiza kancane ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-17-20 ngemuva kokuzalwa, noma kunjalo, ahlala encike kubazali bawo ngoba awakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla ngokuzimela. Maphakathi noJulayi, imindeni yezinyoni iphambuka iye emhlanjini odukayo, okuthi, ngaphandle kwe-tits, ungahlangana namaphiks, amakhosi kanye nuthatch.

Ukucula

I-repertoire yezwi yegajethi enekhanda brown ayinazo izinhlobo ezinjengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ezinamakhanda amnyama. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezingoma zihlukaniswa: zibonisa (zisetshenziselwa ukuheha umbhangqwana) nethala lezimpawu (kumaka indawo enendawo yokwakha isidleke). Uhlobo lokuqala luqukethe uchungechunge lwamakhompiyutha alula atholakalayo “wena. okwakho. "Noma" tii ... tii ... ". Igajethi enamakhanda ansundu (isithombe ngezansi) yenza le ngoma ngokuphakama okufanayo noma iphakamisa ithoni ngezikhathi ezithile. Ama-puffers ahlabelela unyaka wonke, kepha imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka entwasahlobo nangengxenye yesibili yehlobo.

Ikhwela lendawo lapho liqhathaniswa nalena yokubonisa kuthule kakhulu futhi kufana nethilogremu egigitheka nge-squeak ephakathi nendawo. Yenziwa kaningi ngabesilisa kunabesifazane. Futhi, ochwepheshe abaningi be-ornithologists baqokomisa ingoma ethi "babbling". Ikholi ehlangabezana kaningi ifaka phakathi imisindo ephezulu ye-chi-chi ejwayelekile yomndeni we-titmouse, ngemuva lapho ungacishe ulalele khona ukukhonkotha kanye ne-coarser "jee ... jee ...".

Igajethi enamakhanda amnyama nezinsundu: izithombe namaqiniso

Isikhathi eside, lezi zinyoni zaziyilungu lohlobo lwe-tits, kepha muva nje ziye zaculwa ngokobuzwe obuhlukile - amagugu. Kukhona abamele abaningana balolu hlobo lobuhlobo, kodwa ababili babo batholakala kakhulu - ama-gaiters ansundu kanye namakhanda amnyama.

Zombili lezi zinhlobo zinezimpawu ezicacile nezimpawu ezenza kube lula ukuzibona, kepha ekuqaleni kuzoba nzima ngomuntu ongazihlulile ukubahlukanisa.

Incazelo yezinhlobo zezinhlobo: i-gait enamakhanda amnyama nezinsundu

Ama-gaiters ansundu anombala onsundu futhi amnyama afane kakhulu: anezimpaphe ezimpunga ezimpunga ezinsundu, afinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha ayi-14, amaphiko aphezulu kakhulu afinyelela amasentimitha angama-22, isisindo asidluli amagremu ayi-14, intamo emfushane kakhulu nenhloko enkulu, izihlathi nentamo ezinhlangothini zilula, cishe zimhlophe. Ngaphansi kungcolile okumhlophe, uqhwaku onsundu-mnyama, kanti imilenze impunga.

I-gaiter enamakhanda amnyama yachazwa okokuqala ngonyaka ka-1758, yona enenhloko ansundu - ngonyaka we-1827, kwaba kusukela kulo nyaka ukuthi ukufunda kwabo okugcwele kwaqala, kanye nokusesha umehluko ophambili nezinto ezifakiwe kuhlobo ngalunye.

Ama-gaiters angenamakhanda ansundu angenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, abizwa ngegama lawo lesibili - ukugoba, ngoba izimpaphe zibukeka kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibi. Zine-matte black cap ekhanda kanye nape, ibala elifanayo umbala linendawo ngaphambili komphimbo. Ama-gaiters anekhanda ansundu afuna ukwazi ukwedlula abanye abamele le nhlobo.

Ezimfaneni ezinamakhanda amnyama, isigqoko asibuthuntu, kepha sicwebezela, futhi ibala entanyeni lincane kakhulu. Izici eziphawuleka zezinsimbi ezinamakhanda amnyama zifaka umsila omude nekhanda elincane, kanye nokuhamba okukhulu kakhulu, zindiza futhi zihlabelela ngokushesha.

Amakhono we-Vocal wamagajethi

Kude kude, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinyoni zingahlukaniswa ngemisindo yazo; ama-gaiters angenamakhanda ansundu anezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zezingoma ezimpendulweni yawo: izwe, ukubukisa, nokuthandana kwabantu besifazane. Owokuqala nowokugcina uvame ukusetshenziswa owesilisa, futhi ukubonakaliswa kungazwakala kusuka kowesilisa nakowesifazane ngesikhathi sokufuna umlingani.

I-repertoire yezwi yezimpi ezinekhanda elimnyama ihluke kakhulu. Benza bobabili imisindo ejwayelekile yokushaqeka, futhi bahlose izinhloso ezithile: ukuqomisana, ukuvikela isidleke nowesifazane, ukuvikela insimu nowesilisa, ukudlala ngothando, njalonjalo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwengoma luvame ukuba nokuhluka okungaba ngama-20.

Indawo yokuhlala yezinyoni

Lezi zinyoni zihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neNyakatho Melika, i-Europe ne-Asia futhi ziphila impilo yokuhlala - lezi zingomunye wabamele abambalwa bezinyoni abagcina ukudla ebusika futhi bazulazula kuphela njengendawo yokugcina - ukuthola ukudla ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo noma ubusika obubandayo.

Kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo, ama-gaits ahlala endaweni engamakhilomitha ayi-5 - le nsimu encane ikhethwa ngesikhathi sokudalwa kokuqala kwale nyoni futhi igcinwe kumemori yakhe impilo yakhe yonke. Le ndawo encane ifundelwa kahle ukwakha izidleke, ukuthola ukudla kanye nendawo yokuhlala.

Izindawo zezinselo ezinamakhanda ansundu nezinhloko-zimnyama zihlukile. Amahlumela ansundu athanda ukuqina, anamahlathi aminyene, angatholakala kalula eThaiga noma osebeni lwemifula egcwele izihlahla, lapho kucishe kube nzima khona ukuhlangana nomuntu.

Ama-Blackheads ajwayele ukutholakala eduzane nemizana, amadolobha, amadolobhana, kepha okuyisimo esiqinile noma, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, amahlathi ahlanganisiwe afanele kakhulu kuwo. Kuthandwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamanzi aphansi futhi asezingeni eliphansi ezinezindawo zokubhukuda, lapho kukhona khona izihlahla eziningi ezifile.

Uhla lwendawo yokuhlala yabo ejwayelekile, ama-gaiters anekhanda elimnyama ahlala elawula amakhanda ansundu futhi angabekezeleli abazalwane abanamakhanda ansundu endaweni yabo, yize kwesinye isikhathi bekhetha abamele babo abanomzwangedwa ebusika.

Zidlani lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni?

Zonke izinhlobo zama-gaits zidla cishe okufanayo: okuphakelayo okuyinhloko kufaka imbewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene (ngokwesibonelo, umjunipha nojongilanga), izithelo zezihlahla, amantongomane amancane, izinambuzane (izimbungulu, izibungu, njll.). Ngenxa yokuthi ukudla kwabo kufaka izimbungulu eziyingozi, izithiyo zibhekwa njengabalaphi bemvelo abasiza amahlathi.

Ehlobo badla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane, kuthi ebusika nasentwasahlobo batshala kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ama-gaiters anekhanda elimnyama aphuza ujusi we-birch, i-aspen ne-maple, bese kuthi ebusika avakashele ama-feeders akhiwe eduze nepulazi (yize ewavakashela kakhulu) futhi, okumangazayo kakhulu ukuthi, afihla amabele atholakala ku-feed ehlathini.

Amachwane ezinhlobo zombili ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila adla kuphela ukudla kwezilwane futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukudla kwezitshalo kuyaqala ukufakwa ekudleni. Ukuthambekela kwesitoko kuma-gaits kuvela ekuqaleni kakhulu - sekuvele eneminyaka yenyanga eyodwa. Kuyo yonke intwasahlobo, ihlobo nokwindla, izinyoni zenza okuqhubekayo ebusika.

Entwasahlobo, imbewu yepayini kanye ne-spruce igcinwa; ekwindla, ama-gaiters afihla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene nembewu yezitshalo. Ngenkathi kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ebusika, inyoni eyodwa yakha kuze kube ngama-5 kg ​​wemali ebekelwe indawo ehlala kuyo (ekhoneni lezihlahla, izigaxa nakwezinye izindawo ezivalekile), yize kudliwa ingxenye eyodwa kuphela kwezintathu ebusika obubodwa (inqwaba yezindawo ezigcinelwe ukumane zilahleke).

Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye gait enamakhanda ansundu

Isigqi esinekhanda elinsundu, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-puffer ngenxa yokuthi inyoni ithanda ukufudumeza uquqaba lwayo ebusika nasendaweni yesimo sezulu esingeyinhle, isikhathi eside besingezomndeni we-tit, nokho, muva nje, izazi zezilwane zikuhlukanise ngohlobo olwehlukile, oluthola igama elithandekayo - ama-gaiters.

Kunedlanzana labamele abamele lolu hlobo, okuvame kakhulu ama-gaiters ansundu anombala onsundu, imayelana neyokuqala ezodingidwa kulesi sihloko.

Igajethi enamakhanda ansundu iphila emahlathini aminyene e-Eurasia, eCanada, eMelika naseCaucasus, akuvamisile ukuba sezindaweni ezinezintaba ezisenyakatho hemisphere, Izintaba zaseCaucasus, iCarpathians. Bancamela ukuhlala kude nabantu ehlane lehlathi.

Ngezikhathi zokushoda kokudla, abantu bangaba nelukuluku futhi badle ukudla okusele. Ama-feed ezinyoni akhethekile akhiwe ngabantu akavamile ukuvakashelwa. Iqembu elikhulu kakhulu lomndeni we-tit, ngokuya ngezinombolo ezilandelwayo kuphela kwi-tit enkulu.

Kubukeka kanjani igajethi enamakhanda ansundu. Onke ama-tiles, ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwe-gaits enamakhanda ansundu, mancane - amasentimitha ayi-12 ubude, nomsila (5-6 cm) - 17-20 cm. Isisindo somzimba ngama-gramu ayi-10-15 kuphela.

Imvamisa etholakala kakhulu ngamapayipi ansundu omthunzi omnyama, ingaphezulu lekhanda limnyama, isicephu sihlehlela emuva emuva ekhanda. Intamo imhlophe ngazo zombili izinhlangothi, nebala elimnyama emqaleni. Ingxenye engezansi yeplamu nendawo yaphansi kwephansi kunomthunzi okhilimu okhanyayo.

UPukhlyak ungumculi wezinyoni, amakhono akhe wezwi amangalisa ngokumangazayo. Kuyintokozo ukulalela izingoma zalezi zinyoni, yize i-repertoire yazo ingahlukile futhi iqukethe ukwahlukahluka kathathu "kwezingoma", ezithi:

• Indawo
• Okukhombisayo (yenza bobabili ubulili ukuthola umlingani),
• Ukunakekela (okwenziwa ngabesilisa ngesikhathi sokuthandana kwabantu besifazane).

Isisetshenziswa sedokhethi

Izidleke ezinamabala ansundu ezinsundu kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Meyi, kanye ne-gaiter enamakhanda amnyama kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, ngalezi zikhathi, ama-gaiters ajabule kakhulu, acula kakhulu, andiza, alwele abesifazane, funa indawo yesidleke. Imibhangqwana ibamba kuze kufe omunye wabalingani.

Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, izinyoni ezincane zibheka umbhangqwana osensimini eseduze ekhaya labo. Uma umlingani engatholakalanga, bayashiya lezi zindawo futhi bafune inhlanhla ezindaweni ezikude zehlathi.

Emnyakeni wokuqala wokuphila, kubantu abangu-1000, kusinda abangama-300 kuphela, izinyoni ezingaba ngu-50 zisinda ziye eminyakeni emi-5, kanti ezineminyaka emi-3 kuya kwele-6, yize ekhaya lezi zinyoni zivame ukusinda ziye eminyakeni eyi-9.

I-Nesting yezinyoni ezindala yenzeka cishe endaweni eyodwa, endaweni ethile, lapho onogada besilisa beqapha unyaka wonke. Imvamisa, amagajethi anamakhanda ansundu enza izidleke ezintsha; ezinamakhanda amnyama zithanda ukusebenzisa izimbobo ezindala noma ezingaziwa.

Ukuze zenze umgodi omusha, izinyoni zihluthula izinkuni zihambe nazo ukuze zingadaluli indawo esidleke. Izimbobo zenziwe ezihlahleni ezifile noma ezinosodiyadi, ngoba izinkuni eziphilayo zilukhuni kakhulu kungabhali ntekenteke futhi oluncane lwegajethi.

Ngaphambi kokugcobhoza imbobo, iyahlanzwa futhi ijule ukuze ibuyekezwe futhi yenziwe yamukeleke kakhulu esidlekeni. Imvamisa izinhlobo ezithile zezihlahla zikhethwa, lokhu kufaka i-alder, i-larch, i-birch, i-aspen. Kuthatha izinsuku ezifika ku-12 ukwenza i-hollow entsha noma ukubuyekeza endala. Ukujula kufanele kube ngu-20 cm.

Ukuze kwakhiwe isidleke, izinhlobo ezihlukile zamagajethi zisebenzisa izinto ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ama-blackheads asebenzisa ama-moss, uboya, amaswidi, izimpaphe, nezinhloko ezinsundu asebenzisa amahlumela, amagxolo, izimpaphe, uvolo kanye namagxolo e-birch.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila yempi enekhanda elinsundu

Amagajethi Wokujija - Izinyonieziholela esidlekeni sokuphila esimisiwe ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi emigodini naseziqu zezihlahla kude nebanga elifushane ukusuka emhlabathini.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ama-tins, amantongomane anekhanda ansundu bakhetha ukukhipha imigodi emincane, njengama-woodpeckers, ngokujula okufika ku-20 cm kanye nobubanzi obuyi-7-8 cm.

Ngenxa yoqhwaku oluncane, alukwazi ukusika amagxolo esihlahla esisha esinamandla, ngakho-ke zikhetha iziqu zemithi efile ebolile ngokhuni olunciphile ngokuhleleka kwezidleke. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abakhukhumali bahlanganyela ekuhlelweni kwezidleke ngababili, ezakhiwe ekwindla.

Owesilisa osemusha ngonyaka wakhe wokuqala wokuphila ufuna umuntu azoshada naye endaweni eseduze (cishe amakhilomitha ayi-5). Uma lokhu kwehluleka, ushiya umhlaba wakhe wokuzalwa bese endiza ayofuna inhlanhla ezindaweni ezikude zehlathi. Amagajethi athandwayo athandwa kakhulu yizihlahla:

Ngokwesilinganiso, izinyoni zithatha cishe isonto ukwenza lo msebenzi, kwesinye isikhathi zibe zimbili. Songa ukujula okungamasentimitha angamashumi amabili, sebenzisa amagxolo, amahlumela, izimpaphe, uvolo ukuze udale. Isici esibalulekile sokuhlukanisa izidleke ze-chubby ukuthi emigodini yazo awusoze wakuthola ama-moss, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zama-gaits.

Kuyaqabukela, abahlaseli bangahlala emigodini eyenziwe ngomumo noma izidleke ezenziwe ngonyaka owedlule. Kwi-clutch kuvame ukuba namaqanda ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili; ama-broods amabili ngesizini anqabile kakhulu.

Sekuvele ihlobo elilandelayo, abazali abanamachwane amancane bajoyina imihlambi ye-nomadic, okungahlanganisi kuphela amahansi anombala onsundu, angafaka namakhosi nezinye izinyoni.

Ekwindla, abakhukhumali bahlala futhi babheke abalingani bokuzihlanganisa. Eminye yale mihlambi iyaqhubeka nokuzula ebusika, kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi eside ifuna indawo engcono yokuhlala noma umbhangqwana.

Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukufihla ama-cache ngembewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kodwa cishe njalo ziyakhohlwa ukuthi zifihle kuphi ingcebo, ngakho-ke ekujuleni kwehlathi ungathola inani elikhulu lezindawo ezinjalo.

Ngendlela efanayo, asiza ukukhulisa izihlahla ezintsha futhi andise indawo yamahlathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zabakhukhumali zizokwazi ukuhlalisa, zidale izidleke kulezi zihlahla.

Futhi, ama-gaiters anekhanda ansundu ahlakaniphile kakhulu, ngoba lapho ezigogela isidleke ngokwawo, awusoze wawashiya ama-sliver khona lapho ngaphansi kwesihlahla, uwahambisa kwenye ingxenye yehlathi noma acashe phakathi kwenaliti.

Izinduku ezincane zokhuni emgqonyeni weqhwa elimhlophe zingembula indawo esidleke. Izidleke ezishiywe ubusika ngamantongomane anombala onsundu zisebenza ngonyaka olandelayo njengekhaya lezinye izinyoni ezincane, njenge-flytraps noma ama-tits.

Ukunakekelwa Kwezinkukhu

Ama-gaiters anekhanda elinsundu aqala ukubeka amaqanda kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, kanye namagajethi anombala omnyama kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, endaweni eyodwa enamaqanda afinyelela ku-9 amnyama entweni ebomvu ngokubomvu. Ubukhulu beqanda elilodwa bucishe bube ngu-15x12 mm.

Izinsuku zokuqala eziyi-15, insikazi ibamba amaqanda ngaphandle kokushiya esidlekeni, kanti owesilisa uyondla futhi ayivikele. Owesifazane angashiya isidleke kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile, uma isikhathi eside kungekho owesilisa ozitholela ukudla. Kakade ngo-Ephreli - Meyi kuqhamuke amachwane ezinselo ezinekhanda elimnyama, kwathi ngoJulayi - anombala onsundu.

Owesifazane nowesilisa babondla kanyekanye, belethela ukudla njalo. Esikhathini esibandayo, insikazi isesidlekeni namathoyizi, iyazifudumeza, futhi lapho ifudumele ingashiya ukudla.

Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-18, amaphuphu ayakwazi ukundiza, kodwa nokho angakutholi ukudla kwawo. Ezinsukwini eziyi-12 ezilandelayo, owesilisa nowesifazane ubafundisa ukuthola ukudla, badabule kuleyo ndawo, bathole isidleke.

Empilweni yabo yonke, bazalanisa futhi banakekele izingane ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, bazinakekele bekhathazekile kuze kube yilapho amaphuphu esezokwazi ukuzihlalela ehlathini lasendle. Impilo yama-gaits iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayilindelekile, kuphela enamandla, ajwayelana kakhulu endle, futhi, maye, okuncane, asinda eqenjini elikhulu lonyaka lamachwane.

Umsoco onekhanda elinsundu

Zonke izinhlobo zezinselo ezinamakhanda ansundu zidla ngobuningi bezinambuzane ezincane ezinhlobonhlobo, ikakhulukazi ama-invertebrates nezibungu. Ama-puffers asiza kakhulu ekuhlaselweni kwemvelo yezinyoni, ngoba adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni inani lezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene.

Basiza izihlahla ukuqeda izinambuzane ngokuxosha izinambuzane ezincane ngaphansi kwamagxolo. Ama-puffers nawo adla ngembewu nezithelo zezitshalo. Ehlobo, i-½ yokudla kwabo iqukethe izitshalo ne-½ yokudla kwezilwane.

Ebusika, i-¾ yokudla izitshalo ngokunembile, ikakhulukazi imbewu ye-conifers - Izihlahla zikaKhisimusi, umsedari kanye yew. Amachwane amancanyana athanda ukudla amacimbi, izicabucabu ezincane, izibungu nezinye izinambuzane ezincane ngokufakwa kwezitshalo. Kwezitshalo, izilimo ezinoshukela nezinhlamvu zinendawo ekhethekile ekudleni, okungukuthi:

Bancamela ukufuna inzuzo phakathi nehlathi eliphakathi nephansi lehlathi, ezihlahleni eziminyene, kepha empeleni abawehli emhlabathini. Emahlathini aseYurophu anobuhlakani ungabona isithombe esihlekisayo sokuthi izinyoni zalolu hlobo zihlala kanjani phansi egatsheni elincane, zizama ukubamba izinyosi ezithile.

Ebusika, bafuna izinambuzane ngokuxosha amagxolo ezihlahla. Njengoba sekushiwo, phakathi nonyaka inani elikhulu lezitoko zembewu lifihlwa izimbobo eziphakathi kwegxolo nesiqu sesihlahla, ezihlahleni. Ukuphatha abantu ngokuqapha, ukuze bangasondeli kwabondli, bebhekene nendlala enkulu.

Ukubhebhetheka

Uhlobo luhlala phansi futhi lufuduka, kanye nokubhaliswa okungu-10 - 11 e-Eurasia. Uhla oluphambili lwaseYurophu alungenisi eningizimu ye-45 ° inyakatho ye-latitude. Abantu baseNyakatho bathuthela kancane ebusika baye eningizimu yebanga.

E-Italy, i-puffer izalela kuphela ezintabeni zohlobo lwe-Alps; isibalo sabantu sibalwa ngamabili angama-30-50 ezinkulungwane, ezihlala ikakhulu ngamamitha kusuka kumamitha ayi-1 kuye kwangama-2,100 ngaphezulu kolwandle. Ukuba khona kwale zinhlobo eCentral Apennines kudinga ukuqinisekiswa.

Habitat

EYurophu, kunabantu ababili abahlukene imvelaphi nemvelo: “imashi” kanye “nentaba”. I-Puffy ivame ukutholakala emahlathini acwengile futhi aqobayo, kuwo wonke amathafa futhi aphakeme ezintabeni.

E-Alps, ihlotshaniswa namahlathi ahlanzekile we-larch, ikakhulukazi anciphisa ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kwe-altitudinal. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kunezihlahla ezanele nezibolile ezanele ezidlekayo.

Ibhayoloji

Ukusuka maphakathi no-Ephreli, kuvame ukubeka amaqanda ama-6-9, owesifazana afukamela izinsuku eziyi-13-16. Imikhaza ishiya isidleke ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-16 kuya kwengu-20 zokuphila. I-clutch eyodwa ngonyaka.

Ingoma ye-chubby iyindlela elandelanayo ephindaphindayo yemisindo emnene nelusizi efana nezwi le-nuthatch noma i-stanza evamile evela engomeni ye-Nightingale yaseningizimu, isici esijwayelekile ukubizwa kokhokho, okucaphuna kancane (okuvame ukudluliswa ngamagama: "yebo-jae-jee"), inyoni isebenzisa kaningi. Iyondla ngembewu nangezinambuzane, kanti ehlobo ayivikeleki ngokwengeziwe.