I-Martes flavigula (i-Boddaert, 1785)
Umndeni wakwaCunyi Mustelidae
Isimo nesigaba. I-3 - uhlobo olunqabile emngceleni osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa.
Incazelo emfushane. I-Kharza isilo esikhulu futhi esiqinile esinomzimba omude omude kakhulu, intamo ende, inhloko encane nomsila omude omfishane. Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-80 cm, umsila - kuze kufike ku-44 cm, isisindo - kuze kufike ku-5.7 kg. I-hairline iyivelakancane, kunalokho iphansi, inenkani, icwebezela kakhulu. Umbala uyakhanya: intamo nengaphambili langemuva ligolide ngombala, kancane kancane kube mnyama engxenyeni engezansi bese ijika i-rump ibe ngumthunzi onsundu onsundu, inhloko ekhanda ibukeka kahle ngombala onsundu, uhlangothi olungaphakathi lubphuzi obunsundu, isifuba sinendawo emhlophe, imilenze nomsila onsundu cishe umnyama (1).
Ukubhebhetheka. Ezintanjeni zaseRussia, i-charza ivela ezindaweni ezishisayo, ngoba ingxenye enkulu yobubanzi bayo ihlanganisa iziqhingi zaseGreat Sunda, iPhalamende laseMalacca, i-Indochina, ezansi kweHimalayas, China neNhlonhlo yaseKorea. Indawo yokuhlala eyodwa eyaziwa eningizimu ye-Indian subcontinent. Esifundeni sase-Amur, sihlala emahlathini acwengile futhi axutshwe ohlobo lweManchurian eceleni kwamathambeka ezintaba, eduze nemifula yezifunda ze-Arkharin ne-Bureysk. E-Russia kuyaziwa ukusuka ezindaweni zase Khabarovsk nase Primorsky, iSifunda samaJuda Autonomous. Izindawo zokuhlala kanye biology. ICharza itholakala ikakhulu kumaConifers, ngokwengxenye emahlathini anabanzi futhi axubekile. Ugijima kahle emhlabathini nasemagatsheni ezihlahla, lapho ebamba khona ngisho nama-squirrel. Uyakwazi ukwenza gxuma. Idla kuma-vertebrates ahlukahlukene, aqala kusuka kumagundwane kuya ezinjeni ze-raccoon, inyamazane yenyathi kanye nethanga le-roe deer. I-Kharza ihlasela nezingulube zezingulube zasendle, amathole ezinyamazane, amahashe, izinyoni, njll. Amantongomane wepine kanye amajikijolo asebenza njengokudla okwengeziwe (2). I-Biology ye-Harza ngaphakathi kwesifunda sase-Amur ayifundiswanga kahle.
Amandla, imikhawulo yokulinganisa nezinsongo. Ayikho imininingwane yokulinganisa esifundeni sase-Amur. Harza akuvamile. Izizathu zokwehla ngokushesha kobubanzi nobuningi be-charza azifundwanga. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukwehla kokuphakelwa kokudla kanye nethonya lezinto ze-anthropogenic ezindaweni zokuhlala zalolu hlobo ezithintekile.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezithathiwe nezidingakalayo. Kufakwe ku-Annex III kwi-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Izinhlobo of Fauna and Flora (CITES). Ukuvinjelwa kokudoba, ukutadisha kwe-biology yezinhlobo zezilwane, nokuqapha njalo kobuningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela kuyadingeka.
Imithombo yolwazi. 1. Doppelmair et al., 1951, 2. Yudin, Batalov, 1982. Kuhlanganiswe. K.S. UGaunt.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ukuchazwa okokuqala kwe-harza kwanikezwa isazi semvelo samaNgisi uThomas Pennat emlandweni owenziwe umsebenzi we-ezine-Legged ngo-1781. Lapho kwakukhulunywa khona ngokuthi uthando olubhekene nabamhlophe. Eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokukhululwa komsebenzi kaBoddert, lapho anikeza khona umhlaseli incazelo yesimanje negama - iMartes flavigula, ukuba khona komfanyana onamabele aphuzi aphuzi kwabizwa ngokuthi umbuzo kuze kube yilapho umlimi waseNgilandi u-Thomas Hardwig ebuyisa isikhumba sezilwane eNdiya emnyuziyamu we-East India Company.
Lokhu kungenye yezindlela zakudala zokubulawa komuntu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kwavela ngesikhathi sePliocene. Le nguqulo iqinisekiswa yindawo yayo kanye nombala we-atypical. Kutholakale izidumbu zezinyamazane eRussia engxenyeni eseningizimu yePrimorye emhumeni weGeographical Society (Upper Quaternary) naseBat Cave (iHallcene). Ukutholwa kokuqala kwatholakala eLate Pliocene enyakatho neNdiya nase-Pleistocene eseningizimu yeChina.
I-genus harza inezinhlobo ezimbili (okuyi-subspecies eziyisithupha ezichazwe ngokuphelele), i-Amur itholakala eRussia, kanti eNdiya kunezinhlobo zemvelo ezingaziwa kakhulu - i-Nilgir (ehlala ezintabeni ezintabeni ze-Nilgiri massif). Enyakatho yendawo yokuhlala, enkudlwana isilwane, zinamakhaza amancanyana noboya obude nombala womzimba okhanyayo okhanyayo. Ngokuya ngokukhazimula, kufana nesilwane esishisayo, esiyikho, kepha emahlathini ePrimorye umphangi ubukeka ungajwayelekile futhi ngandlela thile kungalindelekile.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Harza Animal
Lo omele izilwane ezincelisayo uqinile, unomzimba onemisipha, omude, intamo ende kanye nekhanda elincane. Umsila awugugi kakhulu, kepha mkhulu ngosayizi kunamanye ama-marten, umbono uqiniswa yiqiniso lokuthi awubucayi njengalowomndeni. I-muzzle ekhomba ifakwe izindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga, inesimo esingunxantathu. IHarza inkulu ngosayizi.
- ubude bomzimba - 50-65 cm,
- usayizi womsila - 35-42 cm,
- isisindo - 1,2-3,8 kg.
- ubude bomzimba - 50-72 cm,
- ubude bomsila - 35-44 cm,
- isisindo - 1.8-5.8 kg.
Uboya besilwane bufushane, bucwebezela, bukhali, kumsila buyimbobo yobude obufanayo. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda, izindlebe, isihlakala, umsila kanye nezingxenye ezingezansi zemilenze kumnyama. Imivimbo ngesimo se-wedge yehla ivela ezindlebeni ezinhlangothini zentamo. Izindebe eziphansi, i-chin imhlophe. Isici esiyingqayizivele umbala okhanyayo wesidumbu. Ingaphambili langemuva liphuzi-nsundu, liya ngokuya linsundu.
Umbala lo udlulela emilenzeni yasemuva. Isifuba, izinhlangothi, imilenze yangaphambili ukuya phakathi komzimba okhanyayo ophuzi. Umphimbo nesifuba zinombala ogqamile ophuzi noma owolintshi-ophuzi. Amacala amnyama, emaphethelweni amhlophe. Ehlobo, umbala awukhanyi kangako, mnyama kancane futhi amathunzi aphuzi abe buthaka. Intsha ilula kunabantu abadala.
Ihlala kuphi i-charza?
Isithombe: Harza Marten
Umdlwenguli uhlala ePrimorye, enhlonhlo yaseKorea, empumalanga yeChina, eTaiwan naseHainan, emaphethelweni ezansi kweHimalaya, ngasentshonalanga ukuya eKashmir. Ngaseningizimu, uhla lufinyelela e-Indochina lusakazekela e-Bangladesh, Thailand, eNhlonhlo yeMalay, eCambodia, eLaos, naseVietnam. Kunesilwane esiQhingini SaseGreat Sunda (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Kusenendawo ehlukile eningizimu yeNdiya.
Umuthi ophuza ibele ophuzi uyawathanda amahlathi, kodwa atholakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule zezintaba zasePakistan. EBurma, izilwane ezincelisayo zihlala ezixhaphozini. Esigodini semvelo saseNepalese, uKanchenjunga uhlala endaweni yamamitha aphakeme endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-4,5 000. E-Russia, enyakatho, uhlu lwe-Ussuri marten luqala ukusuka eMfuleni i-Amur, ogudle neR Bureya Range luye esiqongweni soMfula i-Urmi.
Ngabe i-harza idlani?
Photo: Ussuri Harza
Ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla ingululates encane. Umhlaseli unikeza izintandokazi inyamazane edla izimbaza: lapho lokhu kukhanya okungenazimpondo esifundeni, kuphakama inani lalowo omele ukholo.
Ubuye azingele amawundlu:
Isisindo sokukhishwa kwesinye isikhathi asikho ngaphezu kwe-12 kg. Isilo sihlasela amaphara amancanyana. Ingxenye yemenyu ingama hares, squirrels, voles yegundane namanye amagundane. Ezisulu ezinemithambo zingaba i-hazel grouse noma ama-pheasants, amaqanda aqhamuka ezidlekeni. Isilwane singadla usalimoni ngemuva kokuhluma. Akuzigwebi ama-amphibians nezinyoka. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu omkhulu usebenzisa abanye abamele ama-marten, isibonelo, isable noma ikholamu. Ingxenye engasho lutho ekudleni, njengokwengeza, yenziwa ngama-invertebrates nokudla kwezitshalo, amantongomane zikaphayini, amajikijolo, izithelo, izinambuzane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Harza isilo
Lesi silwane sithanda ama-wide-leaved, amahlathi emisedari kanye namahlathi ahlanganisiwe ezigodini zemifula nasemithambekeni yezintaba; kwesinye isikhathi sitholakala kuma-conifera amnyama. Imvamisa, ixazulula lapho kutholakala khona inyamazane - umgomo oyinhloko wokuzingela kwayo, kepha ingahlala lapho ingekho i-artiodactyl yayo eyithandayo. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba lukhuphukela emngceleni ongenhla wamahlathi, izindawo ezingenalutho nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu abadlula kuzo.
Umzingeli omncane ugibela izihlahla kahle, kepha uncamela isikhathi esiningi sokuba ngaphezulu komhlaba. Uyakwazi ukugxuma kude negatsha uye kwelinye igatsha, kepha uncamela ukwehla esihlahleni phezulu. Uyakwazi ukubhukuda. Kusukela kwabanye abamele ukholo, i-harz ihlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi bazingela ngamaqembu. Ngenqubo yokuthola isisulu, abantu ngabanye baya ebangeni elithile, bahlanganise ihlathi. Kwesinye isikhathi amaqhinga ayaguquka, bese ahlangana ngokuxhuma. UKharza akaze ahambe ekuphaphameni kwakhe, uhlala evala indlela entsha.
Isilwane sihamba kakhulu futhi sisebenza kungakhathalekile imini nobusuku futhi singagijima ama-20 km ngosuku. Lapho umgwaqo ubanda, ucashe endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku eziningana. Isilwane molts kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo - ngoMashi-Agasti, ekwindla - ngo-Okthoba. Umuntu oyedwa angazingela endaweni kusukela ku-2 kuye ku-12 m2. Iqondiswe endaweni ngenxa yendawo yokuzwa, ukuhogela, ukubona. Kwezokuxhumana, kwenza ukugoba, futhi izingane zinemisindo ecashile efana nokuncipha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Le marten, ngokungafani nomndeni wayo oseduze, ihlala ngamaqembu abantu abathile nokuzingela, ibuthana imihlambi yezingcezu ezi-2 kuya kwezingu-2. Ehlobo, amaqembu anjalo ahlala ehlukana futhi izilwane zizingela zodwa. Isilwane asihambisi impilo ehleliwe futhi asiboshelwe endaweni eyodwa, kepha izinsikazi zakha izidleke zesikhathi sokuthandana kwezingane, zihlela emigodini noma kwezinye izindawo ezivalekile. Labamele laba bafel 'ukholo bafinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba ngonyaka wesibili. Isisulu, okungenzeka kakhulu, siyisidididi, ngoba sakha ngababili abazinzile. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka kwesinye sezikhathi: ngoFebhuwari-Mashi noma ngoJuni-Agasti. Kwesinye isikhathi umjaho uqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Okthoba.
Ukukhulelwa kuyizinsuku ezingama-200 noma ngaphezulu, kufaka phakathi isikhathi sokuzala lapho ingane ingakhuli. Lokhu kwehluka kwamagama kunomthelela ekubonakaleni kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezimweni ezinhle. Izinsana zizalwa ngo-Ephreli, kaningi imidlwane engama-3-4 ilitha ngalinye, okumbalwa kakhulu 5. Ekuqaleni zingaboni futhi azizwa kahle, futhi isisindo sazo sifinyelela ku-60 g. Umama unakekela izingane, uzifundisa amakhono okuzingela. Ngemuva kokuba izingane zikhulile futhi zishiya isidleke, ziyaqhubeka nokuba nonina zizingele naye kuze kube sentwasahlobo, kepha zona ngokwazo ziyakwazi ukusinda ngokudla izinambuzane nezinambuzane ezisezingeni lokuqala.
Izitha zemvelo zikaHarza
Photo: Harza Animal
Ummbele ophuzi webele cishe akanazitha endaweni yakhe yemvelo. Mikhulu ngokwanele kwezinye izakhamizi zehlathi nobunyoninco. Amandla abo okugibela izihlahla nokushintshana ukusuka kwelinye kuya kwesinye kusiza ekugwemeni ukuhlaselwa yizilwane ezincelisayo ezisindayo: i-lynx noma i-wolverine. Iminyaka yobudala yesilo endle yiminyaka engu-7,5, kepha uma igcinwe ekudingisweni, baphila iminyaka eyi-15-16.
UMarten akavamile, kodwa angaba inyamazane yesikhova, isikhozi se-Ussuri, iHimalayan nezinye izinhlobo zamabhere. Kodwa izinyamazane zigwema ukuzingela ummbila ophuziwe, ngoba inyama inephunga elithile, elenzelwa yizindlala. Yize ihlosi lingasihlasela lesi silwanyana esanyisayo, i-charza ivame ukuhlala isondelene nalesi sakhamuzi samahlathi ase Ussuri ukuze ihlanganyele ekudleni inyamazane esele ngemuva kokudla isidlo sakusihlwa esinemichilo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isibalo esiseRussia ngokwezibalo ezingalungile silingana nezinjongo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5. Akukho ukudoba okwenziwayo kuwo, ngoba uboya besilwane bukhethiwe futhi abubalulekanga kangako. Ngokusho kwenqubo ye-IUCN, iKharza ihlukaniswe njengobangela ukukhathazeka okuncane. Isilwane sinendawo ebanzi yokuhlala futhi sihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezindaweni ezivikelwe. Akukho okusongela lolu hlobo, ngoba ngokwemvelo alunazitha ezisobala. Umhlaseli akabi ngaphansi kokudoba. Ezindaweni ezithile kuphela izindawo ezingabekwa engcupheni ezingabekwa engcupheni.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuholele ekunciphiseni okuvamile kwezinamba. Kepha ezinhlizweni ezisatshalaliswa emahlathini anamaqabunga anamaqabunga, kusenezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuhlala. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla okuncane kwesibalo kwabantu akubeki usongo ezinhlotsheni.
Isilo sisinda kahle emahlathini asele nakumahlathi okwenziwa ngezizathu eziningi:
- iningi labazingeli lisebenzisa kancane i-harza njengokudla,
- bacishe bangamzingeli,
- isimilo nokuziphatha kwakhe kunciphisa ithuba lokuwela esicupheni,
- ubalekela kalula izinja ezifuywayo nezasendle.
Yize kungekho okusongelayo ezakhamizi zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ubuhle obugcwele ubisi buzinzwa eLaos, Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan nase-Afghanistan. INuristan ingumhlinzeki oyinhloko woboya ezimakethe zaseKabul. Isilwane sivikelwe ngumthetho kwezinye izindawo zobubanzi baso, yilezi: Manyama, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia. Kubhalwe eNdiya ku-CITES Isithasiselo III, esigabeni II soMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwemvelo wase China, kuleli lizwe kufakiwe kwi-Red Book.
Umgomo oyinhloko wokuvikelwa kwemvelo ukuqapha kwesimanje kwesibalo sabantu baseKharz ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisheshayo uma noma yikuphi okubhalwe esiqwini okuqhelile kuqale ukuncipha ngenani. Harza - Isidlakela esihle, esikhanyayo asinakubaluleka kwezentengiso eRussia, kepha kuyaqabukela. Asikho isidingo sokwandisa umonakalo odalwe yisilwane lapho uzingela inyamazane yedayimane, noma usable. Ufanelwe inhlonipho nokuvikelwa.
Incazelo yeHarza
Iphayona le-charza kwakunguThomas Pennant, owambiza ngo-1781 i-Weasel enesihlakala esimhlophe (umhlophe onamahloni amhlophe). Isazi sezilwane saseDashi uPeter Boddert wavumelana nomuntu ayesebenza naye futhi wasiqamba kabusha lesi silwane ku-Mustela flavigula (marten yellow-throated).
Akusibo bonke ososayensi abakholelwa ukuthi isilo empeleni sikhona, kepha ukungabaza kwabo kwaqedwa ngo-1824, lapho umbukiso omusha, isikhumba senkawu ephuzi, ungena emnyuziyamu we-East India Company.
Indlela yokuphila yeHarza
Lesi isilo somphakathi esihlonipha izisekelo zomndeni. Iningi lonyaka lwama-chart ligcinwa emaphaketheni ka-2-3, kaningi kakhulu ezihlotsheni ezi-5-7. Bazingela ngendlela efanayo, behlukanisa baba ngamaqembu amabili: elinye lidonsa isisulu, elinye lihlala lapho liqamekele. Ama-martens aphethwe ngotshani awafani nokuhlala nokuhlala lapho kuphela: abesifazane kuphela abondla izilwane ezisencane ezikoneni ezikude kakhulu zetena ekhombisa ikhwalithi yesibili.
Kwezinye izikhathi, umhlaseli uyahlaselwa efuna izisulu ngemizila yokuphikisana, aphumule emikhoselweni yesikhashana (imigodi, izihlahla eziwile, imigodi yamadwala, ezisekelweni zezihlahla ezisontekile nakwavela emifuleni).
Kuyathakazelisa! Umsebenzi kaKharza ucishe uzimele ngesikhathi sosuku, noma azingela emini, futhi kancane ebusuku (lapho inyanga ekhanyayo ikhanya). Isilo asesabi ukuphakama futhi, uma kunesidingo, indiza isuka esihlahleni iye kwesinye, ihlukaniswe nge-8-9 m ngokwahlukana.
Ukuhamba kukaHarza kuhambisana nokukhuthazela nezimfanelo ezinhle zokugcina: ekufuneni inyamazane, umfelokazi uyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha futhi isikhathi eside. Ngosuku, i-charza inqoba kalula i-10-20 km, ishiye izinguquko ezinde, uma ziningi izidalwa eziphilayo ezifanelekileyo eduze. Ukuqashelwa kokutholakala kwama-martens amasha kukhombisa ukuthi ebusika babehlanganisa cishe amakhilomitha angama-90 ngeviki, bahlala endaweni eyodwa isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku. Ngendlela, ukuhamba nge-harza yeqhwa ngokulinganisela evulekile kusungulwa kakhulu ngesakhiwo sama-paws abanzi.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
INepalese marten ihlala eNepal (okunengqondo impela), kanye nase India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Afghanistan, China naseNingizimu / North Korea. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa ihlanganisa amaphenathi aseMalacca nase-Indochina, iziqhingi zaseHainan, iTaiwan, iJava, iBorneo kanye neSumatra, ifinyelela (engxenyeni esentshonalanga yebanga) emingceleni ye-Iran.
E-Russia, umfel 'ukholo wase-Ussuri wazinza ePrimorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories (Sikhote-Alin), isizinda somfula. I-Ussuri, Isifunda i-Amur, e-Jewish Autonomous Oblast naseSifundeni i-Amur (ngokwengxenye). Ukwamukelwa kwe-charza kuyaqhubeka eCrimea (eduzane naseYalta), eKrasnodar Territory (eduzane naseNovorossiysk neSochi), eNyakatho Ossetia, eDagestan (eduzane neDerbent) nase-Adygea.
Kubalulekile! Uhla luhlanganisa izindawo ezinomswakama nezindawo eziphakemeyo, umgwaqo weSiberia kanye nolwandle - futhi cishe yonke indawo lapho i-charza ikhetha khona amahlathi amade amade, angathintwa ngumuntu.
EPrimorye, pine marten ibonakala emahlathini axubekile akhula emithambekeni yezintaba (kude nempucuko), kepha emazweni aseningizimu ibuye ihlale ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, futhi enyakatho-nentshonalanga yeHimalaya, phakathi kwamawa afulelwe izihlahla nasezindaweni zehlathi zejuniper.
Ukudla kweHarza
I-cgenivore ye-Congenital ayivimbeli uHarza ekushintsheni ngezikhathi ezithile etafuleni lezemifino, ngakho-ke imenyu yakhe (ngokuya ngenkathi nendawo) ifaka phakathi:
- inyamazane edonsa kanye ne-Mountzhak (imvamisa kakhulu emincane yayo),
- ama-deer, i-elk, inyamazane ebomvu namathole omagwababa,
- Ama-goral ama-Chinese (izingane) nezinkukhu zasendle (izingulube),
- squirrel yasemini, chipmunk kanye squirrel ezindizayo,
- izinyoni (kufaka phakathi ama-pheasants kanye ne-hazel grouse), namachwane awo namaqanda,
- izinhlanzi ze-salmon (ngemuva kokukhula) kanye nama-mollusks,
- ama-amphibians, izibankwa zezihlahla nezinambuzane,
- uju lwezinyosi noju,
- amantongomane zikaphayini, amagilebhisi / amajikijolo we-Actinidia.
Kunezimo lapho ama-chargoes amadala / agulayo ayefuna ukudla ngisho nasezindlini zokuphamba zasemadolobheni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kharza ukuphela komfelikazi ozingela eqenjini: lokhu kusiza ukunqoba isilwane esikhulu. Njengoba kukhona inyamazane noma ingulube encane, umhlaseli ukopela eyedwa.
Lapho isisulu siphishekela isisulu, sinqamula indlela, sinqamula izigodi / imfucumfucu eneqhwa. Kodwa-ke, akamiswa yiqhwa elijulile, lona (ngenxa yama-paws alo amakhulu) linqoba kalula. Kepha ikhava leqhwa, njengeqhwa, liba yisicupho sabangcolisiwe. Isisindo esiphezulu somkhiqizo owodwa ngu-10-12 kg: lokhu kwanele ukondla ama-martens angama-2-3 izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Lo mkhakha wokuphila we-marten ephuziweyo ufundwa ngokweqile. Kwasungulwa ukuthi inkathi yokuzalela, lapho abesilisa belwela abesifazane, ivula ekupheleni kwehlobo, noma kunalokho, ngo-Agasti. Ukuzala kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-220-290, njengasezenzakalweni eziningi zokubeletha, lapho umbungu uqina isikhathi eside ekukhuleni, nokukhulelwa kudlulela esigabeni sokugcina. Njengegatsha lomndeni, insikazi isebenzisa ihlane lasehlathini, enezindawo ezinamaphiko okugqwala komoya kanye namathanga angenakubekeka, lapho entwasahlobo ikhiqiza udoti wezihlanyana ezi-2 kuya kwezi-4.
Zizalwa zakhiwe ngaphansi (njengawo wonke ama-marten), ziyimpumputhe futhi zinemisele evaliwe yokuvalwa kwamacala. Ukunakekelwa kwenzalo kulele kuphela kumama, lowo oshade naye amshiya ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphumelela kokuzala. Ngokwindla, ukukhula okuncane kuqhathaniswa ngosayizi nonina, kepha akushiyi. Ama-charz asekhulile ahlala futhi azingele naye kuze kube kuvela izingane ezintsha. Lokhu kwenzeka, njengomthetho, entwasahlobo elandelayo, kepha, beshiya omama, abafowethu nodadewethu abahlukani ngokushesha.
Incazelo Nezici
I-Kharza ingabikwa njengezazi ezidla ezinye. Isakhiwo esivamile somzimba we-charza sifana nawo wonke ama-martens. Ukunyakaza kanye ne-dexterity kuqashelwa emzimbeni oguqukayo, omude, imilenze eqinile nomsila omude. Isisindo sowesilisa ovuthiwe esikhathini esondliwe singafinyelela ku-3.8-4 kg. Ubude bomzimba bufika kuma-64-70 cm. Umsila udlula ngo-40-45 cm.
Ikhanda lincane. Ubude bekhebethi yi-10-12% yobude bomzimba. Ububanzi besigaxa buphansi kancane ubude. Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi, uma usibheka kusuka phezulu, sikunxantathu. Isisekelo sonxantathu umugqa phakathi kwezindlebe ezincane, eziyindilinga. Phezulu isicoco samalahle-amnyama ekhaleni. Ingxenye engenhla ye-muzzle inombala onsundu, icishe ibe mnyama, ingxenye engezansi imhlophe.
Umzimba uphumula hhayi emilenzeni ende. Umbhangqwana ongemuva ubonakala unemisipha futhi mude kunowangaphambili. Zombili zimbozwe buthaka ngokuphelelwa amandla, ziphela ngamawele anezici ezinhlanu. Harza— isilwane ukuma. Ngakho-ke, imilenze ye-harza ithuthukiswe kahle, kusuka ezinhlafunweni kuya esithendeni.
I-Kharza yinkulu kunayo yonke ye-marten futhi enemibala ekhanyayo kakhulu
Umzimba wonke wesilwane, ngaphandle kwesiqalo sekhala nangomunwe, umbozwe ngoboya. Okufushane, noboya obunzima buhlala busezinzwaneni. Ngobude bezinwele zoboya, i-charza isala ngemuva kwezihlobo zayo. Ngisho nomsila wayo umbozwe kabi ngoboya. Uhlobo lwasehlobo unzima kunobusika. Izinwele zimfushane futhi zikhula kaningi.
Hhayi boya bekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ne-undercoat isuswe ngombala ohlukile. Harza esithombeni Kubukeka kuyamangalisa. Isikimu sombala ngokusobala singokwesilwane esishisayo futhi sibukeka singejwayelekile ikakhulukazi ku-Far East enobunzima bomsindo.
Ingaphezulu lekhanda lesilwane limnyama nge-tint nsundu. Ezihlathini, isembozo sathola i-tint ebomvu, izinwele zombala oyinhloko zifakwa ngoboya obumhlophe emaphethelweni. Ngemuva kwezindlebe kumnyama, ingaphakathi liphuzi-grey. I-nape imdaka ngombala ophuzi wegolide. I-scruff kanye nomhlane wonke kudwetshwe ngombala onjalo.
Ezinhlangothini nasiswini, umbala uba ophuzi. Intamo nesifuba sesilwane kunemibala egqamile kakhulu e-orange, igolide elikhanyayo. Ingxenye engenhla yezandulelo insundu, ingxenye engezansi nemilenze imnyama. Izingalo ezisemuva zinemibala efanayo. Isisekelo somsila onsundu. Umsila ngokwawo umnyama jet. Esiqongweni sokubonakaliswa okusobala.
Onke ama-marten, kufaka phakathi i-charza, anezindlala ezithambile. Lezi zitho zithoza imfihlo enephunga eliphikelelayo nelingathandeki. Empilweni yasemphakathini, imfihlo yalezi zindlala isetshenziselwa ukwazisa ezinye izilwane ngokuba khona kwazo, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala. Uma kwenzeka wesaba, iphunga elikhutshiwe liqinile kangangokuba lingabesabisa inyamazane ehlasele i-harzah.
Isigaxa somphimbo ophuzi, IHarza Far Eastern, I-Nepalese marten, chong wang yigama lesilwane esifanayo, elibandakanywa ku-classical biology ngaphansi kwegama lesiLatini elithi Martes flavigula noma i-harza. Ungowendabuko yohlobo lobufazi. Kutholakala kuzo:
Esithombeni marten ilka
- i-american, ihlathi, ukubulawa kwamatshe,
Ngejazi elimhlophe esifubeni, umthi wamatshe ubizwa ngokuthi i-whitetail
- Kharza (Far Eastern, Ussuri marten),
- Nilgir Harza,
- AmaSapanish nama-sables ajwayelekile (amaSiberia).
Ukusondela kombala nosayizi kungabonakala phakathi komsunguli we-Ussuri ne-Nilgir harzah engafani ehlala eningizimu yeNdiya. Ukufana kwangaphandle kwaveza amagama afanayo. I-epithet yengezwa egameni lesakhamuzi saseNdiya, esihlotshaniswa nendawo ahlala kuyo - i-Nilgiri Upland.
I-Kharza luhlobo lwe-monotypic, okungukuthi, aluhlukaniswa ngezigaba. Amandla aphezulu okuzivumelanisa nawo avumela ukuba kube khona ezingxenyeni zaseBurmese nasezintabeni zasehlane zasePakistan, amathayi aseSiberia. Ngobunjalo bendawo ahlala kuyo lo mbangi, okulandelayo kungahlukaniswa izinhlobo ze-charza:
Izici zezwe zivame ukulandela ushintsho ekudleni, izindlela zokuzingela, neminye imikhuba yempilo. Okungathinta ngqo izici ze-morphological and anatomical. Kepha i-charza yahlala yeqiniso kuye futhi isamelelwa kuphela njenge-Martes flavigula.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Kuhlala uHarza kuma-biospheres ahluke kakhulu. Uhla lwayo lusuka enyakatho neNdiya luye e-Russian Far East. Ivame ukutholakala e-Indochina, isinda ngempumelelo esifundeni saseKorea naseziqhingini zase-Indonesia. Ihlelelwe impilo nokuzingela ezinhlelweni eziningi zemvelo, kodwa izizwa ihamba phambili ehlathini.
Ama-martens aphuzi amabele aphile futhi azingele njengengxenye yamaqembu amancane, ahlanganisa izilwane ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-7. Imvamisa isisekelo seqembu ngowesifazane onemidlwane yedoti yangonyaka odlule. Ukuzingela kweqembu ebusika kusebenza kakhulu. Ngokuya kwehlobo, ukuhlangana kwabazingeli kungahlukana. Okusho ukuthi, i-charza ibonakala ngokuphila kumhlambi ongapheli futhi ophethe isikhundla esingaziwa.
Kharza uphila impilo esebenzayo kakhulu
Umfelwa ophethwe amabele ophuzi angathola ukudla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Akanalo ikhono lokubona ebumnyameni, ngakho-ke uzingela ngobusuku obungenamafu, lapho inyanga ikhanya ngokwanele. UKharza unethemba lokuthi uzomamatheka futhi angezwa njengoba nje ebonwa.
Ijubane, okuyinto umthengisi oyithengisayo ngokuyinhloko ethengisa emhlabathini, yengezwa ekubukeni okuhle kwamehlo, ukuzwa nokuhogela. Isilwane siyahamba, sincike kulo lonke unyawo. Indawo eyandayo yokusekelwa ikuvumela ukuba uhambe ngokushesha hhayi emhlabathini oqinile kuphela, kepha futhi nasendaweni enamakhaza noma egcwele iqhwa.
I-harza inganqoba izingxenye ezingenakungena ngokugxuma esihlahleni iye kwesinye, kusukela egatsheni kuya kwelinye igatsha. Amandla okuhamba ngokushesha kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi, ukubalekela phansi ngokugxuma kwesihlahla kunikeza ithuba lapho uphishekela isisulu noma ugwema ukujaha.
Azikho izitha eziningi kakhulu ukuthi ama-martens aphuza amabele kufanele asabe. Emncane, izilwane ezisencane zihlaselwa ama-martens noma ama-lynxes afanayo. Endaweni evulekile, iqembu lezimpisi lingabamba i-charza egulayo, ebuthakathaka. Iningi labazingeli bayazi ngesikhali esiyimfihlo sika-charza - izindlala ezifaka uketshezi ngephunga elingathandeki - ngakho-ke asihlasele kakhulu.
Isitha esikhulu seKharza yindoda. Njengomthombo wenyama noma uboya, i-marten enobisi oluphuzi ayibathandi abantu. I-Fur nenyama esezingeni eliphansi. Abazingeli abangochwepheshe bakholelwa ngokungathi sína ukuthi i-charza iqothula amathole amaningi kakhulu we-musk deer, deer, and elk. Ngakho-ke, ama-martens aphuzi amabele aqoshwa njengezinambuzane futhi adutshulwa ngendlela efanayo njengoba kudutshulwa izimpisi noma izinja ze-raccoon.
Ukulimala okukhulu kakhulu kwemfuyo akubangelwa abazingeli abafuna ukonga inyamazane noma i-elk. Izitha eziyinhloko zezilwane ezihlala ku-taiga izingodo. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu ukubhujiswa kwe-biocenosis eyingqayizivele yase-Far Eastern, ukuhlaselwa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Umsoco
Ensimini yaseRussia, eTaiga eseMpumalanga Ekude, Kharza uthatha isikhundla somunye wezilwane ezinamandla kakhulu. Yena, kunjalo, akanakuqhathaniswa ne-Amur tiger noma ingwe. Izibonda zeHarza, ubudlova kanye nemvelo yokuphangwa kuyibeka par parot. Izisulu ezincane kunazo zonke yizinambuzane. Kungaphansi kwamabhungane notshani, amachwane nezinyoni ezincane zingena ekudleni kwakhe.
Amakhono okukhuphuka kanye nobunyoninco baye benza ukuthi i-charza ibe usongo oluhlala njalo ezidlekeni zezinyoni nasezilwaneni ezihlala phansi naphansi kwehlathi. Ukucasha nge-protein eyize noma i-bat ayitholi iziqinisekiso zokuphepha. UKharza ungena emashalofini afihlwe kakhulu kweziqu zezihlahla. U-Kharza nabanye, abamele abancane be-marten abalusizi.
Ekuzingeleni kwamagundane, i-charza incintisana ngempumelelo nezidlakudla eziphakathi nezincane zaphakathi kwe-taiga. Amahashe ayimfihlo futhi asheshayo ngezikhathi ezithile awela emhlolweni webele ophuzi lesidlo sasemini. Imvamisa abantu abangamhloniphanga abasebasha abangathathi ntweni bahlushwa iKharza. Amatholejana namathole asuka ezingulube zasendle aye eManchurian deer kanye ne-elk alethwa ekudleni yi-marten enomfutho ophuzi yize kuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezindala.
U-Kharza ungomunye wabahlaseli abambalwa be-taiga abasebenzise izindlela zokuhlaselwa okuhlangene. Icebo lokuqala ukuzingela. Iqembu lezinkolelo-mbala ezinamabele aphuzi ligijimisa isisulu endaweni lapho kuhlelwa khona. Enye indlela yokuzingela ngokushayela isilwane esingamesabi eweni lomfula noma echibini. Lapho isendaweni eshelelayo, inyamazane ilahlekelwa uzinzo, amandla okucasha kwabasukelayo.
Izinyamazane ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, ikakhulukazi inyamazane yama-musk, ziyisithandwa sokuzingela i-harz. Ukulungiswa kwesilwane esisodwa kuhlinzekela izilwane ezidla inyama eziningana izinsuku eziningi. Ukuzingela ngokuhlanganyela kwenziwa ikakhulu ebusika. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ukuvela kwezingane iningi lezakhamuzi ze-taiga, isidingo sezenzo ezihlelekile siyanyamalala.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ngokuqala kwekwindla, izilwane ezineminyaka emibili ziqala ukufuna izithandani. Ukulandelwa kwe-Odor kuyabasiza kulokhu. Lezi zidlova azinamathele ngokuqinile endaweni ethile; abesilisa bashiya izindawo abazizingelayo futhi bathuthele esifundeni sowesifazane esilungele ukuzala.
Uma kwenzeka umhlangano nomphikisi, izimpi ezinolaka zenzeka. Izinto azifiki ekubulaweni komphikisi, owesilisa olunywe buthakathaka kakhulu uyaxoshwa. Ngemuva kokuxhuma kwesifazane nowesilisa, imisebenzi yabazali yokuphela komuntu wesilisa. Owesifazane uthwala ama-martens esizayo kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Umbala ophuziwe webele uvame ukuzala imidlwane engu 2-5. Isibalo sabo sincike eminyakeni yobudala kanye nokukhuluphala kukamama. Amawundlu awaboni, awunaboya, awasizi ngalutho. Ukwakheka ngokuphelele kwezilwane kuthatha ihlobo lonke. Ngo-ekwindla, ama-charzas asemasha aqala ukuhamba nonina ekuzingeleni. Bahlala eduze komzali ngisho nangemva kokuzimela.
Zizwa isifiso nethuba lokuqhubeka nomjaho, izilwane ezincane zishiya iqembu lomndeni ziye ziyofuna abalingani. Mangaki ama-martens aphuzi amabele ahlala ku-taiga engakasungulwa ncamashi. Ngokunokwenzeka iminyaka eyi-10-12. Impilo ekudingisweni iyaziwa. Kwi-zoo noma ekhaya, i-charza ingaphila iminyaka eyi-15-17. Kulokhu, izinsikazi ziphila kancane kunabesilisa.
Ukunakekelwa ekhaya nokunakekelwa
Ukudinwa kweHorza kuzanywe kaningi futhi kuyaphumelela njalo. Ngokwemvelo, ungumzingeli ongenasibindi nozithembayo. Kharzu akazange akwesatshwe yindoda ikakhulukazi, futhi ibheka izinja ukuthi zilingana naye. Lapho ungenisa i-charza endlini, umuntu kufanele akhumbule izici ezimbalwa zalesi silwane:
- Njengamanje ingozi, i-horza ingakhipha iphunga elizwisisayo.
- Harza — ukholo. Imvelo yokuhlanya kuye ayinakuqedwa. Kepha, njengekati, uyakwazi ukuhlangana nezinyoni.
- Lesi silwane siyiselula kakhulu futhi siyadlala. Efulethini noma endlini lapho kuhlala khona umdlwenguli kufanele kube banzi. Izinto zokuphamba ezivela endaweni ehlala i-charza zisuswa kangcono.
- Ukuqeqeshwa kudoti we-Ussuri marten kufanele kwenziwe kusuka kumaviki okuqala emva kokuzalwa.
- UHarza, ohlala endaweni yezindiza, uzosondelana nomhlaseli wasendle kunowendabuko yakhe ngemikhuba yakhe.
Lapho ukondla isilwane, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi kungumdlwane. Ngakho-ke, isakhi esiyinhloko sokuphakelayo yinyama, mhlawumbe hhayi okunamafutha. Ngaphezu kwenyama ebomvu noma yenkukhu, izingcezu zenyama ezibilisiwe ziyafaneleka. Ukudla oku-Offal kungukudla okuhle kwamaprotheni: isibindi, amaphaphu, inhliziyo. Imifino eluhlaza noma eyakhiwe njalo ihlala ifakwa endishini.
Ivolumu ekhonzayo ibalwa njengenja ehambayo. Cishe ngama-20 g nge-1 kg yesisindo sesilwane. Ungondla i-harza izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngosuku. Ama-martens aphuzi amabele anomkhuba wokucasha izingcezu angazidlanga ngosuku lwemvula. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukubheka ukuthi isidlo siphela kanjani. Yehlisa ingxenye uma kwenzeka ushiye izinsalela ezingabonakali.
Izilwane ezingamalungu omndeni we-marten ziye zahlala isikhathi eside futhi ngempumelelo emizini yabantu - lezi yizinto ezibucayi. Abantu bafundile ukubasekela, bazala kahle izingane. Imidlwane yalezi zilwane ingathengwa esitolo sezilwane noma kumuntu ozimele ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-5 - 10. Ama-Harza amawundlu noma ama-Ussuri martens amadala kunzima ukuwathenga.
Kuzofanele uqale ngokubheka umfuyi wezinyosi, umthandazi obambe izimbotshana ezinombala ophuzi ekhaya. Uzosiza ukuthola i-harzu. Kunenye indlela enzima. EVietnam naseKorea, lezi zilwane zithengiswa ngokukhululeka. Kepha inani lentengo yomfelokazi alethwe ngasese lizobe liphezulu kakhulu.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
I-Amur Travel yinkundla yokuvakasha yomhlaba wonke. Okwesibili yenzeka ngoJulayi 2019 edolobheni laseZeya. UKharza wakhethwa njengophawu. Isilwane esihle, esisheshayo, njengokungathi sizalwa ngenjongo yokufanekisela ukubuthwa kwama-exoisseurs wesimo SaseMpumalanga Ekude. Ukungaboni ngaso linye kwavela negama. Kuze kube ngumzuzu wokugcina, akukho ukukhetha okwenziwe phakathi kwezinketho: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Ngemuva kokuvota kwi-Intanethi, isithangami senkundla saqala ukubizwa ngegama elithi Taiga.
Ehlobo lika-2019, kwenzeka isigameko esingajwayelekile e-zoo ye-Khabarovsk Territory - uKharza othunjiweyo waletha inzalo: abesilisa aba-2 nowesifazane. Eminyakeni emibili edlule, umcimbi ofanayo waphela kabuhlungu - umama akazondlanga izingane, zashona. Amawundlu akhona ngaleso sikhathi ayenenhlanhla - insikazi u-Kharza wawemukela, ikusasa ephephile lemidlwane alingabazi.
Izazi zebhayoloji zikholelwa ukuthi imbumbulu ephuziweyo ayesongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Uhlala esikhaleni esikhulu. Isibalo sezilwane sizinzile, akubangeli ukukhathazeka. Okubhalwe kwi-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba. Kepha izwe lethu lithinteka emngceleni osenyakatho webanga leKharza. Emaphethelweni endawo, ubuningi bayo buphansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-charza yafakwa ohlwini lweBhuku elibomvu le-Far Eastern Federal District ngo-2007 njengohlobo olusengozini yokuphela.
