Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Okukhulu kwama-grebes ethu. Ubude bomzimba buyi-46-51 cm, ngamaphiko ama-85-90 cm. Unentamo ende, emincane nekhanda elikhulu, eliphakeme elinomlomo omncane futhi obukhali oqondile. Engutsheni yomshado, ikhanda libonakala likhudlwana ngenxa “yezimpondo” ezixakile kanye nezimpondo eziqoqiwe ezifana nezimpondo. Uthanda ukuhlala emanzini avulekile, ushona esengozini, uthatha kanzima kanzima futhi ngokunqikanqika, ngemuva kwesikhathi eside. Emoyeni, kwesinye isikhathi, i-chomga kwesinye isikhathi iba nemihlambi yohlobo oluthile lwamanzi angenasici (kusukela ngo-grebes ukwakhiwa okunjalo kwakudingeka kubonwe nakuyo i-sulcus). Engubeni yokugqoka ebusika, ihluka ngohlaza oluhlaza okwenziwe ngombala olufana nalo lapho kukhona ishiya elimhlophe elihlukanisa iso kanye “nesigqoko” esimnyama.

Incazelo. Engutsheni yomshado, umzimba uphuzi-onsundu (izinhlangothi zibomvu, isisu simhlophe), intamo ilula, kuphela umucu omnyama welula eceleni kwayo ngemuva, “amakhovu” abomvu esifubeni, isigqoko “nezimpondo” zimnyama, “ubuso” bumhlophe, busuka emakhoneni omlomo kuphela. imivimbo emnyama yelulekela emehlweni. Amehlo ngokwawo abomvu, futhi umbala woqhwaku ungasukela ku-grey-iron uye ku-pink okhanyayo. Kwinyoni endizayo, amabala amhlophe amhlophe asezimpikweni abonakala ngokucacile - izimpaphe zephiko lesibili kanye nangasemaphethelweni aholayo, ngokusondela kuso sonke isisekelo sephiko. Ekugqokeni kobusika, "amachashazi" kanye "nezimpondo" ziyanyamalala, ngaphandle kwalokho umbala uhlala ucishe ufane nasehlobo (kuphela amathoni ansundu nokubomvu athathelwa indawo yizimpunga). Cishe ngendlela efanayo nezinyoni ezindala ebusika, ukubukeka okuncane okugcwele, kepha kuhlukaniswa ubukhona bemaki amnyama ezinhlangothini zezintamo nezihlathi. Amachwane aphansi anemigqa ngokuphelele (kufaka phakathi ingemuva ngisho noqhwaku), ngeminyaka, imivimbo emhlane iyashabalala kancane kancane, ekhanda nasentanjeni ziyabonakala isikhathi eside, kuze kubonakale iplamu yabantu abadala. Amachwane amancanyana aqhamukele iziqeshana ezibomvu zesikhumba phakathi kwamakhona nasemlomo nasebunzini.

Vota i-chomga inomsindo omkhulu, futhi iyathanda ukuklabalasa. Imvamisa ngizwa ukugoqa "kroro", Futhi ngenenjabulo - jerky"hlola". Amabhuqa ancipha cishe njalo, ezindaweni zokugcina lapho i-chomga ijwayelekile, lokhu kufiphalisa kwakheka isizinda somsindo ehlobo.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Izinhlobo ezizalwe cishe kulo lonke elase-Esasia (eSiberia - eningizimu kuphela), ezigxile endawo e-Afrika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand. Izindawo zobusika zitholakala endaweni eshisayo. E-Russia yase-Yurobhu, udlame olubanzi kakhulu futhi oluningi. Ifinyelela eKarelia enyakatho, nasogwini lolwandle Olumnyama ngaseningizimu. Izinyoni zethu ziyabusika emanzini asogwini olwandle olumnyama kanye nolwandle i-Azov, kepha njengamanye ama-grebes, lapho kunamanzi angenawo u-ice, i-chomga ingabusika cishe yonke indawo. Yonke indawo akujwayelekile.

Indlela yokuphila. Ukuze zizalaniswe, i-chomge idinga indawo yokugcina ebanzi enenhlanzi. Uhlala ngokuzithandela ezindaweni zokugcina, amachibi amapulazi ezinhlanzi, namachibi emvelo. Ihlala ihlala eduze kwangaphandle (okungukuthi, ebheke ekufinyeleleni) emaphethelweni emibhede yomhlanga, isidleke siyinqwaba elintantayo yezinsalela zezitshalo ezimanzi. Lapho kukhona ama-chomg amaningi, ayabekezelela nakancane indawo yakwamhlobo wawo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izidleke zitholakala amamitha ambalwa ukusuka komunye. Kodwa-ke, lezi zikoloni ezidlekayo, ngokungafani nama-grebes anombala omnyama, awakheki. Ngemuva kokubopha amantshontsho, abazali, njengomthetho, bathuthela nabo emhlane ukuze bayovula amanzi, lapho bahlala khona kuze kube yilapho abasha benyukela ephikweni. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-chomgas izinhlanzi ezincane (azikho ngaphezu kwama-15 cm ubude), kwesinye isikhathi zinikeza izinambuzane zasemanzini kumachwane amancane.

I-Chomga, noma i-Great Grebe (I-Podiceps cristatus)

Incazelo

Umbala. Owesilisa nowesifazane egqoke izingubo zokugqoka Ibunzi, umqhele, nenhloko yekhanda kumnyama, izimpaphe zakamuva nezokuphefumula ziyaphakanyiswa bese kuthi lapho zijabule, zakhe izimpondo eziphuma kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Umugqa omhlophe uhlala phakathi kwekhanda elimnyama lekhanda neso. Ibhuloho alinamikhono. Ushizi umhlophe. Izimpaphe zezindlebe nezingaphansi ze-buccal ziphakeme ngombala obomvu, zakha ikholaji, zindilinga ngombala omnyama, ezimile ngokugqamile lapho zijabule. Ngemuva kwentamo ngimpunga emnyama. Izinhlangothi nangaphambili kwentamo zimhlophe ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganiswa okuncane kwamathoni abomvu. Umzimba ongaphezulu onsundu ngombala omnyama onemiphetho yama-oval grey emaphethelweni ezinsiba. Izinhlangothi zomzimba zibomvu. Ngezansi komzimba, esifubeni, ngaphansi nangaphansi kwephiko kumhlophe. Uhlobo lwendiza eyindizayo ngombala onsundu, olula ngaphansi ngaphansi olunezisekelo ezimhlophe, ingaphakathi lazo linemisuka emhlophe. Ama-flewheel amancane amhlophe ngokuphelele noma amhlophe anendawo emnyama eziseleni ezingaphandle. Uqhwaku cishe lubomvu ngokuphelele; umgibeli walo unsundu, umucu walo ulula. Uthingo lubomvu, lo mfundi uzungezwe yindandatho yewolintshi ekhanyayo. I-Tarsus nama-lobes eminwe ngaphandle, insimbi eluhlaza okotshani, ngaphakathi okuluhlaza okotshani, ocishe abe mnyama ngombala.

Owesilisa nowesifazane ngubo ebusika. Ingaphezulu lekhanda limnyama mpunga,. kunezindawo ezimbili ezimhlophe kwi-nape, izimpondo zimfushane, i-strak ekhanyayo ihlala ngaphezulu kweso ne-frenulum. Ikhola ayikho noma icaciswe kancane yizimpaphe ezimnyama nezibomvu. Ushizi, isifunda sendlebe nokuzingekelayo. Intamo imhlophe, ngasohlangothini lwayo emuva kukhona umucu ompunga omncane. Isidumbu esingaphezulu simnyama ngemiphetho ebanzi ebanzi ezimpaphe. Umzimba ophansi nesifuba kumhlophe. Izinhlangothi zomzimba zingwevu. Ngokuvamile, abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane futhi ekugqokeni kwabo mating baba nokhola obanzi nezimpondo ezinde.

I-Downy chick. Ikhanda limdaka omnyama, umucu omhlophe obanzi ugijimela phezulu ukusuka phakathi, imigwaqo emincane eminye emincane "idlula emaceleni ekhanda ngokusebenzisa ishiya nangebhulozi elineso. Kunamabala amabala ansundu emqaleni omhlophe wobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, intamo ifakwe umucu omude nemisho emide. Amajakethi aphansi anenkanyezi enombala onsundu enemigqa emide emide, emincane inombala onsomi omnyama.Umzimba ophansi nesifuba kumhlophe.Kukhona amabala anombala obomvu ebhulohweni, ngaphezulu komqhele naphambi kwamehlo. Uqhwaku lubomvu olubomvu olunamasongo amabili amnyama iziqongo futhi main I-Bani, izungeza ngokuphelele: Iminwe enguBobbin evunyelwe kanye nebala yensimbi-grey nge-pink kaomkami, emaphethelweni amabala ..

Izingubo zenkukhu. Kuyafana nokugqoka kwasebusika kwabantu abadala. Amabala amhlophe ahlala ebunzini elimnyama, imivimbo ekhanyayo ezinhlangothini zekhanda ngemuva kwamehlo kanye nezinga lebrown. Ikhola ichazwa izimpaphe ezihlukene ezimnyama nezibomvu. Ama-flyworms ayisisekelo anombala onsundu, izisekelo zawo zimhlophe, ingaphakathi lazo linemisipha ekhanyayo, amaflaya angaphandle amhlophe ngamabala ansundu kwizinsimbi ezingaphandle futhi ansundu ezansi. Uhlangothi olungaphambili lwephiko lumhlophe, lunemigca enamabala ampunga. Uqhwaku lubomvu futhi lube mpunga ezinhlangothini. I-rainbow orange.

Izingubo zokuqala zobusika. Kuboniswa hhayi ngokumhlophe okumsulwa, kepha kumhlophe ngezimpunga ezimnyama ngombala ohlangothini olungaphambili lwephiko. Uhlangothi lwangemuva lwentanjana lusetshenziswe buthaka, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwalo “amafayili ezipikili” sekuvele kuchaziwe. Imvamisa, i-fluff ihlala ekhanda naseceleni lomzimba.

Ingubo yokuqala yomshado. Ihluke kweyokugcina yikhola ekhule kancane, hhayi umbala omhlophe ohlanzekile wangaphambili wephiko.

I-Molting

Njengazo zonke i-toadstools, abantu abadala bayabiluka kabili ngonyaka - kusukela engutsheni yokuhlobisa ebusika (ihlobo - ekwindla - ebusika bokuqala) futhi ukusuka ebusika kuya ekuhlanganeni (sekwephuze ubusika - entwasahlobo). Ukuvuthwa ngokugcwele kuqala ekuseni, ekuphakameni kokudlekwa ngoJuni, kuqhubeke kuze kube nguDisemba, kuye ngokuthi isikhathi sokudalwa komuntu ngamunye, ngokuvamile ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba noma ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, izinyoni zizoncibilikiswa ngokuphelele ezingubeni zasebusika [Izinyoni zaseSoviet Union, 1951-1954, Gordienko, 1978, Nanzak, 1952]. AmaFlyworms athathelwa indawo kanyekanye ekupheleni kukaJulayi [Gordienko, 1978], ngo-Agasti [Hanzak, 1952, Elkin, 1970]; ukungakwazi ukundiza kugcina cishe inyanga [Hanzak, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Abesilisa baqala ukuqothuka emasontweni amabili kuya amathathu ngaphambi kwezinsikazi [iCramp, Simmons, 1977].

Okokuqala, izimpaphe ezincane ezincane zohlobo lwazo, bese izimpaphe ezindizayo, izimpondo kanye nekhola zigcine okokugcina. Ukulungisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuqala ebusika ngoDisemba noma ngoFebhuwari, kugcina kubantu abadala ekupheleni kukaMashi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli [Izinyoni zeSoviet Union, 1951-554, Dementyev, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Ezinyoni ezincane, ihudula kuze kube uMeyi. Le molt enengxenye idonsa izinqwaba zekhanda, intamo, ingxenye yohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba. Amapayipi amhlophe ohlangothi olungezansi lomzimba ayashintsha kanye ngonyaka. Ezinyoni ezincane, kufakwa ama-molts amabili - kusuka engutsheni ekhuphukayo kuya engutsheni yenkukhu nasekugqokeni ingubo yenkukhu ebusika bokuqala. Ingubo yenkukhu igqokwa ngomhla wamashumi amabili ku-Agasti - maphakathi noSepthemba [Kozlova, 1947]. Izingubo zokuqala zobusika zithengwa ngo-Okthoba - Novemba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuphela ngoDisemba, kuyilapho amaplamu amancane eshintsha kuwo wonke umzimba, ngaphandle kwamahlombe namahlombe omzimba aphansi [eCramp, Simmons, 1977]. Ngakho-ke, phakathi konyaka wokuqala nengxenye yokuphila, i-chomga molt icishe iqhubeke njalo.

Ukubhebhetheka

Ububanzi be-Nesting. I-Europe, i-Asia, iNyakatho kanye neNingizimu Afrika, i-Australia neNew Zealand. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, inyakatho ifinyelela ku-60 ° C. w. eNorway, kudlulela phambili eSweden kuze kufike ku-65 ° C. w. eFinland.

Umdwebo 36. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kweChomga
- umngcele wobubanzi bokuzalela, b - umngcele ongacaciswanga kahle wobubanzi bokuzalela, c - indawo ebusika. Izingqinamba: 1 - Podiceps cristatus cristatus, 2 - P. s. infuscatus, 3 - P. s. australis

E-USSR - cishe yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu, iCentral Asia neKazakhstan, eningizimu yeSiberia eseNtshonalanga naseCentral, ingxenye eseningizimu yePrimorsky Territory.

Umdwebo 37. Ububanzi beChomga e-USSR
- umngcele wobubanzi bokuzalela, b - umngcele ocacisiwe ngokungafanele wobubanzi bokuzalela, c - izindawo ezinokubakhona izidleke, d - izindawo zobusika

Umngcele osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa usuka empumalanga usuka eLake Onega udlulela enyakatho yeVologda Oblast uye endaweni ephakeme ye-Kama basin kanye nesikebhe se-Vyatka, udlula ngale kwe-Urals uyise ebhafini i-Ob, lapho ifika khona kuze kube seqeleni kweTyumen, Tara neTomsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho - eKrasnoyarsk Territory (ukucindezelwa kweMinusinsk), esifundeni saseBaikal [Bratsk Reservoir, Angara, Tolchin, 1979] naseTransbaikalia (Torean Lakes, Selenga Delta [Leont'ev, 1965, Tolchin, 1979]). Ngokusho kuka-Amur, azikho i-chomgi. Ivela ngaphakathi kwe-USSR kuphela ezindaweni ezise-Iman, eLake Lake. IKhanka nasemachibini aseNingizimu yePrimorye, lapho ingahlala khona [Izinyoni zaseSoviet Union, 1951-1954, Ptushenko, 1962, Leontiev, 1965, Spangenberg, 1965, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Panov, 1973, Ivanov, 1976, Popov, 1977 , I-Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Umngcele oseningizimu webanga le-chomga yonke indawo ugijima kakhulu eningizimu yemingcele ye-USSR. Izidalwa ezinesibalo esikhulu emfuleni wamadolobhana nakuyo yonke imifula emikhulu egelezela oLwandle Olumnyama, Azov naseCaspian, eNyakatho eCrimea [Dementiev, Gladkov et al., 1951-1954], emachibini nasezindizeni e-Azerbaijan, emachibini amakhulu nasezindongeni eKazakhstan, e-Asia Ephakathi naseSiberia eseNtshonalanga kuhlala zonke iziqiwi ezifanelekileyo. ETranscaucasia, ihlalisa eAzerbaijan nase-Armenia (iLake Sevan, izinkangala kanye nemifula), futhi ayihlali eGeorgia [Leister, Sosnin, 1944, Zhordania, 1962]. EKyrgyzstan, izidleke eziseLake. Issyk-Kul futhi phezulu ezintabeni eLake. USonkel (3 016 m ngaphezu kwamazinga olwandle, uvele eminyakeni edlule, ngemuva kokunconywa kwe-Ottoman, i-peled), e-Altai echibini. IKarakul (2,300 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle) [U-Abdusalyamov, 1971, Dementiev, 1952, Strautman, 1954, 1963, Dolgushin, I960, Minoransky, 1963, Irisov, Totunov, 1972, Tuaev, Vasiliev, 1972, Oleynikov et al., 1973, Tatarinov, 1973, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].

ECentral Asia, kuhlala amachibi aseWestern Mongolia, mhlawumbe eseChina kumachibi i-Alak-Nor neKuku-Nor, eKashgar [amakhophi eqoqo le-ZIN le-USSR Academy of Sciences, Sudilovskaya, 1973]. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, uhla lwe-chomga luye lwanda ngokuthe xaxa enyakatho, futhi kwezinye izindawo isibalo sezinyoni ezidlekayo sikhuphukile. ENetherlands, i-chomga cishe yayingaziwa ngekhulu le-16 - le-17. futhi kwavela ngekhulu le-XVIII. Ukuqothulwa kwenani elikhulu lama-chomgs ekuqaleni kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu lokugcina ku-bird fur kwaholela ekwehleni kwenhlekelele kwamanani (kubabili abangama-42 eNgilandi). Kamuva, ngo-1900-1925. inani le-chomgas laqala ukukhula ngokushesha, eGreat Britain ngonyaka we-1931 - 2 800 wezinyoni, 1965 - 4 132-4 734 izinyoni, eNetherlands ngo-1932 - ngamabili angama-300 noma ngaphansi, ngo-1966 - ama-3 300-3 500 ngababili, ngo-1967 G. - 3 600-3 700 ngazimbili, eBelgium - inani laqala ukwanda ngemuva kuka-1900, ngonyaka we-1953-1954. - ngababili abangama-40, ngonyaka we-1959 - ngababili abangama-50, ngonyaka ka-1966 - ngababili abangama-60-70. Inani le-chomgs zokuzalela e-Austria, eSwitzerland, eSpain, eMpumalanga Jalimane, kanye naseRiphabhliki yaseBaltic e-USSR liyakhula. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900s, kube nokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kobubanzi kuya enyakatho eFinland, eNorway (isidlo sokuqala ngo-1904, ngamabili angama-30 ngonyaka we-1968). Ngasikhathi sinye, akubanga bikho ukunyakaza okuningana nobuningi okwabonwa eFrance; ubuningi bokwehla kwezinye izifunda zeJalimane (Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia), ngaphambili ezakhiwe eCyprus naseSicily [Oppo, 1970, Cramp, Simmons, 1977, European News, 1978 ].

Izizathu zokushintsha kobubanzi nobuningi be-chomga eYurophu bebonke zicacile - okokuqala, kuqondile ukulandela komuntu ngenhloso yokulungiselela ama-pelts, kamuva ngekhulu lama-20. ushintsho ezindaweni zokuhlala zamanzi - ukugcwala izindawo zokugcina amanzi, inethiwekhi yezindawo zokugcina amanzi, inqwaba yamabhodlela amakhulu eNetherlands, ukukhathazeka kwabasubathi, izivakashi kanye nabazingeli ezindaweni zokuthola izidleke, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezibulala zinambuzane ngo-1940-1950s, eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule kudalwa inethiwekhi ebanzi yezindawo ezivikelekile zezinyoni ezimanzi. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokushisa okujwayelekile kwesimo sezulu esibonwe eminyakeni engama-50 eyedlule, ukuqondana kwezizathu ezinhle kwavela kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-chomga kunenkimbinkimbi yamathonya amabi, okuholele ekwandeni kwesibalo nokukhula kwebanga. Kepha ezingxenyeni eziphakathi nengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR, inani le-chomg nesting emanzini emvelo lehle kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izindawo zanyamalala ngokuphelele ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940. EBashkiria yayikhona yonke indawo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, manje kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, akukho ndawo lapho inabaningi [Ilyichev, Fomin, 1979]. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinguquko ezibalulekile kwinethiwekhi ye-hydrographic kanye nokwakhiwa kwamanani amakhulu ezindawo zokugcina amanzi endaweni ephakeme yeVolga kuholele ekuqubukeni kwenani elikhulu lezinyoni ezidlekayo kulezi zindawo ezinkulu zokugcina [Ptushenko, 1962, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968].

Izikhukhula zaqoshwa eceleni kwe-Ob kuya ku-62-64 ° C. sh., eChukotka (Anadyr), e-Iceland, kuma-Azores [amakhophi eqoqo leZIN le-USSR Academy of Sciences, Ivanov, 1976, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Ubusika

E-USSR, amathuna ebusika ngamanani amakhulu eningizimu yeCaspian Sea, oLwandle Olumnyama ngasogwini lwaseCrimea naseCaucasus, ngamanani amancane oLwandle lwase-Azov, ezindaweni ezihlukene eziphakathi nendawo eCentral Asia (Issyk-Kul, amasampula angama-200-250, amadamu okugcina o-Uzboy noKara-Kumsky umsele eTurkmenistan, ezindaweni ezigcina izidumbu eduze kweSyr Darya eTajikistan), emachibini nasezindongeni zase-Azabajani, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlayiya ngazinye ziye zahlala ebusika kwizakhiwo ze-hydraulic eLatvia, eWestern Ukraine, ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi e-Dnieper [e-Adusalyamov, 1971, Viksne, 1963, Vinokurov, , Tu Aev, Vasiliev, 1972, Mustafayev, 1972, Strokov, 1974, Sabinevsky, Sevastyanov, 1975, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Ngokubanda ubusika, ama-chomks andiza aze afike sekwephuzile, aqandiswe ngokuphelele ama-reservoirs, ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. Bavela eningizimu yeCaspian ngasogwini lwase-Azerbaijan ngoNovemba, futhi bandiza ukusuka ebusika ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - maphakathi no-Mashi [Kozlova, 1947].

Bavela olwandle lweCaspian ngasogwini lwaseTurkmenistan ngoNovemba, ngoDisemba izinyoni ziba zincane olwandle, lapho izidumbu zamanzi zaseTurkmenistan zindiza zivela maphakathi no-Okthoba kuya maphakathi no-Novemba, ukusuka ebusika eCaspian kwenzeka ekuqaleni kukaMashi, ukuthutha kwezidumbu zamanzi eTurkmenistan engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi. —Ukuqaleni kuka-Ephreli [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977]. Bafika oLwandle Olumnyama phambilini - ekupheleni kukaSepthemba - maphakathi no-Okthoba, zigcinwa ngamaqoqo amakhulu, ziphindela emuva ngasekupheleni kukaMashi futhi zindiza kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli [Strokov, 1974]. I-Azsanse yasogwini lolwandle lweCaspian ihlakazekile, amasampula angama-98-102 nge-1 km2 [iMetafayev, 1972].

ENtshonalanga Yurophu, avela ngamanani amakhulu ngasogwini lwe-Atlantic ngo-Okthoba-Novemba futhi alapha kuze kube sekupheleni kukaFebhuwari nokuqala kukaMashi, aze afike ebusika abayizinkulungwane ezingama-22 minyaka yonke kumachibi amakhulu (iGeneva, Bodene, Neuchatel). Bambalwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sasebusika entshonalanga nasentshonalanga yeMedithera, ngasogwini lwePortugal, ogwini lwaseMoriya, mhlawumbe i-Palaearctic chomga yaqoshwa endaweni yaseSenegal. Izinkulungwane ze-chomg ziqhubeka ebusika oLwandle Olumnyama zisuka ogwini lwaseTurkey, eCaspian - ngasogwini, e-Iran. Ayizange ibe miningi ngesikhathi sasebusika ePersian Gulf, empumalanga yeMedithera [eCramp, Simmons, 1977].

Ukufuduka

Ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, i-chomga ivela ekuseni, eCiscaucasia ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo phakathi noFebhuwari, imvamisa yokufuduka kwabantu abaningi kwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi kaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. KuLwandle Olumnyama ngasogwini lweCaucasus eduze nasePoti, i-chomgi indiza imihlambi emikhulu kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli [Vronsky, Tomkovich, 1975]. E-Priazovye enyakatho (iBerdyansk, iGenichensk), indiza enkulu yamaChomga ngokusho kokubonwa isikhathi eside kungoMashi 21-23 [Lysenko, 1975]. Ngo-1976, inqwaba ye-chomg indiza esiqiwini saseKanevskoe ngoMashi 26 - Ephreli 4, izinyoni zindiza emihlanjini yabantu abangu-16-60 ukuphakama okufika kumamitha angama-20, indinyana ibonwa ngokubona ekuseni kusuka emahoreni ayi-6 imizuzu engama-30 kuya emahoreni angama-8.

Ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga ye-Ukraine bafika ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - eshumini sokuqala sika-Ephreli [Strautman, 1963, Tatarinov, 1973]. Zindiza ziye eBelarus ukusuka ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli [Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967]. EVolga ephakathi nendawo (iTatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), i-chomga iyavela kuze kube yilapho imifula ivulwa ngokuphelele engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli, umhlangano wokuqala wawungo-Ephreli 6 [Popov, 1977]. Esifundeni saseKursk, i-chomga yokuqala ivela ngokuya ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo kusuka ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ekuqaleni kukaMashi, kodwa indiza ebizwayo yenzeka maphakathi no-Ephreli. Esifundeni saseMoscow eminyakeni ehlukene ukusuka ngoMashi 15 kuya ku-Meyi 5, kepha span lapha asisavezwa. Esifundeni se-Perm esifundeni somfula. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kufika ngoMeyi 10 [Kozlova, 1947]. ELithuania eduze kwasePalanga, kwaqoshwa ama-chomgs ezindiza maphakathi no-Ephreli; andiza ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphezu kolwandle [iPetraitis, 1975]. E-Estonia, amathuna avela ngamanani aphakeme eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala ka-Ephreli, yize eminyakeni ethile abantu abathile bandizela engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi (Mashi 19, 1957, Mashi 28, 1950). Ukufuduka okuningi kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi [Jogi, 1970].

Emachibini eNyakatho Kazakhstan (Naurzum kanye nokudangala konke kweTurayi), ama-chomigas avela kuze kube yilapho iqhwa lincibilika ngokuphelele lapho amafomu amakhulu eqala ngo-Ephreli 11 - 23, kanti ukufuduka kwabantu ngobuningi kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kundiza ngamaqembu ezinyoni ezifika ku-3, 9. U-Elkin, 1975, Gordienko, 1978]. Eningizimu impela yeKazakhstan (eTurkestan), ama-chomgs okuqala avela ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari noma ekuqaleni kukaMashi, andiza wonke uMashi nengxenye yokuqala ka-Ephreli, enyakatho - eSyr Darya ngaseKyzyl-Orda - ngasekupheleni kukaMashi futhi andiza kulo lonke u-Ephreli, e-Ural delta kuqhubeke U-Embe wavela okokuqala maphakathi no-Ephreli, wafika e-Ili delta engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi, eZaysan maphakathi no-Ephreli [Dolgushin, 1960]. EKyrgyzstan, abaningi entwasahlobo babalekela echibini. U-Issyk-Kul ngonyaka ka-1958 ngasekupheleni kukaMashi- Ephreli, wanyamalala ngo-Ephreli 17 [uYanushevich et al., 1959]. Echibini US Sonkel Chomga ufika maphakathi no-Ephreli, nokushiswa kweqhwa ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba, uthutha ubusika, mhlawumbe oLwandle. Ngakho-ke, u-Issyk-Kul, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi inani labantu baseKyrgyz be-chomg liqhubeke nendlela yokuphila yokuphila [iKydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].

ENtshonalanga yeSiberia echibini. I-Chan engaphansi, i-chomgy indiza eshumini lesithathu lika-Ephreli, lapho kuvulwa amachibi, kuqala izinyoni zodwa, bese ngababili namaqembu ngababili, indiza ebizwayo yenzeka ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaMeyi, ama-chomks andiza ebusuku, ngaphezulu kwamachibi, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-20-50, phakathi nosuku kutholakala kuphela emanzini [Koshelev, 1977].

ETransbaikalia, amachibi aseTorean maningi ekuthwaseni kwentwasahlobo kusuka ngo-Ephreli 23 kuya ngoMeyi 12 [Leont'ev, 1965]. ESouthern Primorye, indiza emachibini ngenani elincane engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi - ingxenye yokuqala kaMeyi [Panov, 1973].

I-Chomgy iqala ukufuduka ekwindla sekwephuzile, sekwedlule isikhathi eside kunamanye ama-grebes. Ezindlini eziningi zokugcina amanzi, ziyabambezeleka kuze kube yiqhwa ngoNovemba-Disemba. ENyakatho Primorye, indlela edlula kumachibi ibuthakathaka kakhulu, ngoSepthemba 11-12, 1961, izifiso nemibhangqwana yagcinwa, kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yokuqala eyishumi kaNovemba, kwaqoshwa izinyoni ezizodwa [Panov, 1973]. Emachibini aseTorean eTransbaikalia, ukufuduka kwasekwindla kwenzeka kusukela ngo-Agasti 10 kuya kuSepthemba 15 [Leontyev, 1965]. Kusuka echibini USonkel wandizela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba, mhlawumbe ebusika e-Issyk-Kul [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Emachibini aseBaraba, ukunyakaza kwasekwindla kuqala ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, lapho i-chomga ibonakala emizimbeni engenamanzi esidlekayo, ukusuka kuqala kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kufinyelela inani eliphakeme engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba, kuqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni kukaSepthemba, okugcina kuyahlangana kuze kube ngumhlaka 20 ku-Okthoba, intsha ihlale ndawonye kuze kube ngokuhamba kuka-Okthoba. izinyoni ezindala futhi, mhlawumbe, ziyingxenye yezidleke ze-chomg ngamaqembu emindeni yezinyoni ezimbili kuya kwezine, kodwa eziningi zihamba zodwa futhi kuyaqabukela kunamaqembu wezinyoni eziyisikhombisa noma ngaphezulu Shchechelev, 1977].

Indiza futhi yenzeka ebusuku, phakathi nosuku bekukhona ukubhukuda okubuthakathaka kokubhukuda ngasemfuleni nasemiseleni. Kumachibi aseNaurzum, izinyoni ezindala zihlala nama-broods kuze kube sekupheleni - kokuphela kukaSepthemba, bese indiza ihamba, izingane zihlala zodwa, zindiza ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba [Gordienko, 1978]. Emachibini okucindezelwa kweTurayi, indiza enkulu yasekwindla ye-chomg iya maphakathi no-Okthoba [Elkin, 1970]. Olwandle lweCaspian, eduze kweMangyshlak zindiza ngamaqembu amancane maphakathi no-Okthoba [Zaletaev, 1962]. Engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba - engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Okthoba bandiza ngamanani amakhulu eningizimu yeKazakhstan esigodini somfula. Noma, eBalkhash, eceleni kweSyr Darya, ogwini lweLwandle lwe-Aral neCaspian, lapha ngalesi sikhathi bandiza ikakhulukazi emihlanjini yabantu abangu-10-15, kanti eNyakatho Caspian baqoqana ngobuningi futhi bagcinwa emihlambini emikhulu eceleni komfula. I-Urals ibone ukufuduka ngokubhukuda [iDolgushin, 1960]. ETurkmenistan, zindiza kusuka maphakathi no-Okthoba kuya maphakathi no-Novemba zilandelana nase-Amu Darya nase-Uzboy, nasogwini lweCaspian - ikakhulukazi ngoNovemba [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977].

Ezifundeni zaseMoscow, iRyazan neKursk, ama-chomga ahlala ezindaweni zawo ezidlekayo kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kanti ngoSepthemba athuthela kwezinye izindawo zokugcina, ekupheleni kukaSepthemba aqala ukuzulazula kakhulu, indawo ebizwayo esifundeni saseMoscow yenzeka ngoSepthemba 13 - Okthoba 28 - Novemba 23 futhi ibonakala kakhulu 22 -Okthoba 27, izinyoni zokugcina zitholakala cishe kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, kanti eKursk - kuze kube maphakathi no-Novemba [Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968]. Enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ukraine, i-chomga indiza kuze kube sekupheleni kweshumi lesibili likaZibandlela; eNtshonalanga Ukraine, ukuhamba nendiza kwenzeka eminyakeni ehlukene kusukela ekupheleni kukaSepthemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaDisemba [Strautman, 1963, Matvienko, 1978]. Eningizimu ye-Ukraine, ukunyakaza kwasekwindla kuyaqala ukuqalwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, lapho isizungu, imihlambi engama-3-5, kuyaqabukela abantu abangafika ku-40 bevela emifuleni nasezindlini zokugcina amanzi lapho bezingekho ngaphambili, indawo ebizwayo ephakathi ne-Dnieper ephakathi kwenzeka ngo-Okthoba, amakhulu kakhulu - emashumini eminyaka okuqala noma okwesithathu kule nyanga. Ogwini lwase-Estonia, indiza ye-chomgi ebhalwe phansi iqala ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba iye maphakathi noDisemba, kakhulu ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kepha ngokuvamile inani lezinhlonhlo ze-chomg ezindizayo lincane - inyanga yokubonwa ngo-1960, amasampula angama-112, ngo-1962 - I-99, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezimpukane ze-chomg kusihlwa ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga [uYogi, 1963, Jogi, 1970].

Imiphumela yokuhlaselwa kwe-chomg eYurophu ikhombisa ukuthi ekuweni kokuqala kokuphila ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, izinyoni ezihlasele emanzini ezifundeni eziphakathi ze-RSFSR, amazwe aseBaltic, iGerman Democratic Republic, nePoland athuthela ezindaweni ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi enyakatho 100-120 km [Kishchinsky, 1978]. Kamuva, ngo-Okthoba-Novemba, bandizela eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga, bavele esifundeni esisenkabeni ye-Ukraine, beya ogwini oluseNyakatho Olwandle Olwandle kanye naseBaltic, kanti ebusika ngo-December-Januwari enyakatho yeMedithera. Entwasahlobo ka-Ephreli-Meyi, baphinda bavele esifundeni saseLwandle Olumnyama. Ama-Chomgy izidleke oLwandle i-Azov, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla, ahlala endaweni yezindawo zokudlela, nobusika eduze noLwandle Olumnyama. AmaChomks esidlekeni seVolga delta andiza ubusika aya ogwini lolwandle olumnyama eCaucasus.

Ngokusobala, izinkumbi zase West Siberian ne Kazakh zase Chomg ebusika eCaspian, azikho izimpendulo eziqondile eziqinisekisa lo mbono, kepha uChomg ekhala ezidlekeni zamachibi eSifunda i-Omsk wakhombisa izinkomba zasentshonalanga nezasentshonalanga ngasentshonalanga zokuzula kwasendaweni ngoSepthemba. Okthoba. Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukubopha izihlabani zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu zibonisa ukuthi ezinye izinyoni ezivela eScandinavia ubusika zidlula ogwini oluseningizimu yeBaltic neNetherlands, yize iningi lindizela eningizimu-mpumalanga bedlula e-Ukraine naseLwandle Olumnyama luya eMedithera. I-Chomgy evela eJalimane, eNetherlands nasenkabeni yeFrance indizela eningizimu ebusika emachibini aseSwitzerland, kanti izidleke naseSwitzerland zenzeka ngoNovemba - Mashi ngokugudla ulwandle iMedithera ne-Atlantic eFrance, i-Italy, i-Austria neBavaria [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Inombolo

Kuyinto engalingani kakhulu futhi incike ekusatshalaliswa kwezindawo ezifanele zokuzalela. Isibalo esiphelele sezidleke ze-chomg e-Estonia zingamabhangqa angaba ngu-1,400 [Oppo, 1970], ngonyaka we-1951-1957. lalilingana ngababili abangama-775 [Oppo, 1969]. Isidleke saseChomgi lapha eziqhingini zolwandle, ogwini olusempumalanga, emachibini aseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Estonia, sigwema izindawo zokugcina ezingaphansi kwamahektha angama-20 nendawo futhi cishe njalo kuhlala amachibi anendawo enamahektha angaphezu kwama-50, isilinganiso sabantu esijwayelekile samamawelana ama-5 ngamahektha ayi-100. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, kwakhiwa amakoloni abantu abangafika kwabayikhulu, imvamisa kanyekanye nama-lake gulls [Oppot 1970]. Emizimbeni yamanzi ezifundeni eziphakathi nengxenye ye-Europe ye-RSFSR, eVolga-Kama Territory, eBelarus, isidleke se-chomgi ngababili abahlukene.

Engxenyeni ephakathi ye-Volga delta, ubukhulu bawo buphakeme, ngababili abangama-1-3 ngamahektha ayi-100 [Markuse, 1965]. Emachibini aseNyakatho Kazakhstan - eNaurzum, i-chomgy ifinyelela kubantu abasondelene kakhulu ngo-0- 01.5 ngazimbili ngehektare lezimila ezigcwele kakhulu [Gordienko, 1978], ngamabili amahektha ayi-100 amanzi echibini eliphakathi kwe-Ubagani Ishim [Elkin, 1975]. Enyakatho yeTurkmenistan, endaweni yokugcina amanzi echibini. IDelhi Encane enendawo engamahektha angama-700 ngonyaka we-1973 yahlala cishe ngababili abangama-45, ngonyaka we-1974 - ama-5-6 ngababili, ngonyaka we-1975 - ngababili abangama-33, ukwakhiwa kwamakholoni ahlakazekile asatshalaliswa lapha - kuze kufinyelele kumabhuzu ayi-8 ngehektha elilodwa [iKaravaev, 1979 ]. Ezikhukhuleni zomfula. IBeisug eTrrasnodar Territory ngonyaka we-1967 ngendlela ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-15 endaweni ebanzi imitha engama-40, kubhekwe izidleke eziyisithupha ze-chomg, mayelana nayo yonke indawo enezikhukhula (amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20), cishe ngamawele ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zezidleke ze-chomg okufanele zidleke lapha [Kostoglod, 1977]. Emachibini ehlathi lase-Baraba-steppe eduze kwechibi. I-Chan encane inani lokuzala i-chomg lincane, echibini. IBeluga enendawo engaba ngamahektare angama-600 ngonyaka we-1975, ngamabili angu-15, eGolden Placers 4X1 km ubukhulu ngo-1975 - ngamabili ama-[Koshelev, 1977]. Echibini le-alpine I-Sonkel enendawo engama-292 km2 ngonyaka we-1974-1975 cishe i-100 lamabhuthi e-chomg anakwa [i-Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Ezindongeni zaseCzechoslovakia ezinendawo enamahektha angaphezu kwe-100, isilinganiso sobukhulu singama-4,2 izidleke ngababili, nasemakhazeni endawo amancane - ngababili abangu-8.9 [HanzakT 1952].

Emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, kunedatha enanini eliphelele lokuzala kwe-chomg nezinguquko zayo zomlando. Ngemuva kokuwa kwayo okukhulu maphakathi nekhulu le-19, okubangelwa ukuqothulwa kwama-grebes ngenxa yesidingo soboya bezinyoni kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, yaqala ukukhuphuka isuka kumakhulu ambalwa nezinkulungwane zababili kuma-60s. ENgilandi ngonyaka we-1860 kwakunezibhangqa ezingama-32 kuphela, kuyo yonke iGreat Britain ngo-1931 - izinyoni ezingama-2 800 kwathi ngo-1965 - 4 132-4 734 izinyoni, eNetherlands ngo-1932 - ngababili abangama-300, ngonyaka ka-1966 - 3 300-3 500 ngazibini, ngonyaka we-1967 - 3 600-3 700 ngababili. Inani eliphelele kwamanye amazwe: IBelgium - ngababili - 60-70 ngababili (1966), eNorway - ngababili abangama-50 (1968), eDenmark - ngababili abangama-2 200-22 500 (1960-1967), eSweden - ngababili abangaba ngu-500 (ngaphambi kuka-1971), eFinland - ngababili ngababili (kuze kube ngu-1958), eJalimane: uBaden-Württemberg - okungenani amabhangqa ayi-1250 (1968), eBavaria - ngababili ngabathathu (ngo-1968 kuya ku-1970), eHesse —54-62 imibhangqwana (1964-1966), eSpain - imibhangqwana engu 6 - 12 (1960s), eNyakatho Afrika eTunisia eLake. UKelba - ngababili abangama-60 (1968) [Cramp, Simmons, 1977], Austria - ngababili abangama-50 ngonyaka we-1970, ngababili abangama-200 ngo-1978 [i-European News, 1978]. Ngenxa yalokho, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kuye kwabonwa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwabantu be-chomg eYurophu, kanye nokwanda kobubanzi kuya enyakatho. Lokhu kungenxa yokugcwala kokugcwala kwezidumbu zamanzi, okuyinto enhle kulezi zinyoni, ukudalwa kwenethiwekhi ebanzi yamachibi, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zezinyoni zamanzi, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni engama-20 edlule.

Umsoco

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zama-grebes, i-chomga ikakhulukazi idla izinhlanzi. Kunokwehluka okubonakalayo emvelweni wokondliwa emizimbeni ehlukene yamanzi naphakathi kwenqwaba yabantu be-chomgas. Kumachibi aseNaurzum, i-chomga iyona edla okuncane kunazo zonke izinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi zakha i-1,2% yazo zonke izinto zokudla futhi zitholakala kuphela kwisisu esingu-12,4%, isisekelo sokondliwa sakhiwe ngamabhungane amadala nezimbungulu (78 no-50% zokuhlangana), ama-crustaceans, izibungu zomiyane, izinsongo, umiyane abadala. , izimpukane ze-caddis, izicabucabu [Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. Ukusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Agasti, i-chomga ese-Ust-Manych reservoir eWestern Ciscaucasia idla kakhulu izinhlanzi (ipikeyi, ipherishi, irudhi, ibaram, nezinye ezinye), okwenza ama-65,8% esisindo sokuqukethwe okuqukethwe esiswini, noma ama-42% azo zonke izinto zokudla. Izinambuzane zakha ama-23,7% esisindo sokudla (kufaka phakathi ama-7.3% - amabhungane, 1.5% - izimbungulu, i-1,2% - ama-dipterans), kepha zinqoba ngenani lezinto (84.3%). Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, i-akhawunti yezinhlanzi icishe ibe ngama-50% wakho konke ukudla, ngoJuni-Agasti - ngaphezu kwama-70%, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngemuva kokuqhekeka, i-chomga iya ezindaweni ezinamanzi nasezihlotsheni ezijulile [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. UV. K. Markuse, owenza izifundo ezikhethekile ekunikezelweni kwama-grebes emapulazini akhula ngezinhlanzi akhula enkabeni yeVolga delta, uthole ukuthi isisekelo sokudla i-chomga kukhona izinhlanzi (i-51-90% yesisindo esiphelele sokudla kubantu abadala kanye nama-32% ngamachwane).

NgoMeyi, kudotshwa izinhlanzi zokhula ikakhulukazi, ngoJuni (ngemuva kokukhishwa kwezinhlanzi zentengiso ezivela e-ilmeni), izinhlanzi ezincane ezentengiso zakha ama-50% esisindo sokudla, ngoJulayi-Agasti leli phesenti landa kakhulu. UChomgi udla inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinsana ezijwayelekile ze-carp ezi-3-8 cm, ngaphansi - i-pike perch engu-2,5 ukuya ku-3,5, ubhule obuncane esiswini se-chomg alutholakalanga. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphandle kwemboni yokudoba, i-chomga ibanjwa ikakhulu ingulube yabantwana 9-16 cm ubude. Kwama-invertebrates, ingxenye ebalulekile ekunikezelweni kwe-chomg iwela kumabhungane amadala kanye nezibungu zazo. Noma kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukukhuluma ngokulimala kwe-chomgas kulesi sifunda, noma ngaphansi kwezimo zokudoba amasiko, ngenxa yenani eliphelele lama-carp ajwayelekile, i-chomgis idle u-0.04%, kanye ne-zander - 0,24%. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwezisu ezingama-87 ze-chomgas ezitholakala ezinyangeni ezahlukahlukene zonyaka eningizimu, entshonalanga kanye nasenkabeni ye-Ukraine, isilinganiso sezinhlanzi nezinambuzane ekudleni cishe silingana.

Phakathi kwezinhlanzi, izinhlobo eziphansi zenani eliphakeme - i-goby, i-melon kanye ne-dace; phakathi kwezinambuzane - ama-weevil, amabhungane okumbila, amabhungane omhlaba, kanye nezintanta [Smogorzhevsky, 1979]. Emachibini eCzechoslovakia, ukudla kwe-chomga nakho kususelwa ezinhlanzini (83%), ezingaba ngu-8 cm ubude [Hanzak, 1952]. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, ama-60-90% esisu se-chomg nawo aqukethe izinhlanzi (i-roach, i-blak, i-gudgeon, i-perch), kanye namanzi abrackish, gobies, herring, stickleback, cod, ne-cyprinids. Ziphinde zidle inani elikhulu lezinambuzane zasemanzini, ezikhula kakhulu ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks, ama-polychaetes, amasele kanye namadududu. Kwesinye isikhathi, imbewu yezitshalo nokunye imfucumfucu yesitshalo kutholakala ngobuningi obonakalayo. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu kanye ne-stickleback zihlala zilethwa ngaphezulu futhi, lapho sezidlulile phakathi kwemihlathi, zigwinyiwe kusuka ekhanda, enye inhlanzi igwinywa ngaphansi kwamanzi [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Ngesikhathi sasebusika, bondla cishe izinhlanzi kuphela [uYanushevich et al., 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Zondla ngezindlela eziningana - ukudonsela amanzi, ukuqoqa ukudla okuvela ebusweni bamanzi nezitshalo zasemanzini, ezweni elingaphansi komhlaba, kunciphisa amakhanda nentamo ngaphansi kwamanzi, kuthatha izinambuzane ezindizayo emoyeni, kusabisa inhlanzi nezinambuzane ezivela emahlathini ezitshalo zasemanzini ngokunyakaza okubukhali kwemilenze yazo bese zizibamba ngaphansi kwamanzi [ I-Cramp, Simmons, 1977, Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. I-Chomg diving iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthola ukudla. Bantshontshelwa ezindaweni ezinamanzi avulekile (ngokungafani nama-grebes agrey acwebile, bakhetha ukondla emahlathini entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla). Imvamisa yokumba emanzini amachibi aseNaurzum iyiphindwe kabili kuya kathathu ngomzuzu, ibhukuda ngaphezu kwamanzi 5- m m, futhi ngaphansi kwamanzi imaphakathi nesilinganiso esingu-17.4 s [Gordienko, 1978]. Ngokuya kwezinye izilinganiso, ngokwesilinganiso, bachitha ama-26 s ngaphansi kwamanzi, kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-41 g, inani elingama-56 s [Hanzak, 1952], ukuphuma kwezi-450 dives esitokisini esisodwa ngokwesilinganiso se-19.5 s, kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 ​​[Simmons, 1955]. Isikhathi esichithwa ngaphansi kwamanzi sincike ekujuleni echibini nasekuchichimeni kokudla. Imvamisa ungene ngaphansi kobukhulu be-1-4 m, yize echibini. I-Zempach eSwitzerland yaziwa ngamacala ayi-161 okuthola i-chomg enetheni aze afike kumamitha angama-30. Ngokusobala, ebusika bangena ngokujulile ezimweni eziningi kunakwezinye izinkathi zonyaka [eCramp, Simmons, 1977].

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Izitha zemvelo ze-chomga ngesikhathi sezidleke 'ziyizinyoni ezidla inyama' efanayo kuzo zonke ezinye izinyoni ezidla emanzini, phakathi kwazo indawo yokuqala kungoqhude nenyanga yenkangala, ikhahlela cishe ama-20% amqubu wama-chomgs. I-30% yazo zonke izintethe ziyafa ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi, futhi enye ingxenye iyafa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Ukufa okubalulekile kwamajackethi aqhamuka kwizinyamazane, kufaka phakathi izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidliwayo, kanye nezimo zezulu, nakho kubalulekile.Ukukhuphukela phezulu kwephiko, amaphuphu angu-2-2.3 isekhondi ngasinye sezinyoni ezindala asale. Lokhu kuvela ukuthi kwanele ekuvuseleleni okungokwemvelo kwesibalo sabantu, kepha i-chomga iwela esimweni esongelayo uma abanye abasha befakwa ezintweni ezingezinhle zemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, ukushushiswa umuntu noma ukufa ngenxa yokuxhumana naye ngokungaqondile.

Ukuzingela okuqondile kwama-toadstools manje akukho. Bavele badubule, ngengozi, inyama yabo ayinamatheli.

Manje inani elikhulu lama-grebes liyafa ngamanetha okudoba, zombili ezindaweni ezidlekayo emachibini amakhulu nasezindaweni zobusika. AmaToadstools, kufaka phakathi i-chomga, ahlupheke kakhulu ngenxa yokushushiswa kwezinyoni ezi-1 ezidla izinhlanzi, okusolwa ukuthi zonakalisa izisekelo zezindawo zokudoba amasiko. Njengoba izifundo ezikhethekile kuVolga delta zikhombisile, ukulimala kwazo akunakuthinta ukuzalwa kwenhlanzi okwenziwe ngobukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokudalwa engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR eminyakeni engama-30v edlule yenethiwekhi enkulu yezindawo zokugcina zokwenziwa, i-chomga cishe yonke indawo yaba yizinyoni ezingavamile. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, ukusakazwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, ukudalwa kwenqwaba yezindawo zokugcina ezakhiwe nokubekwa kahle kwezokulondolozwa kwezinyoni: ngokuvamile, kanye nokuvikelwa kwendawo yezinyoni zamanzi, ikakhulukazi, kuholele ekwandeni okuningana kwenani lama-chomgs okuzalanisa eminyakeni engama-20 edlule.