Umbala we-integument uhlukaniswa ngemithunzi ehlukahlukene ansundu. Kukhona abantu ngombala okhanyayo onsundu nombala wesinaphi. Isisu sikhanya, kwesinye isikhathi sinemivimbo emincane noma amabala, simnyama emqaleni.

Imigqa engu-17 - 25 ephakathi yesikena idlula emzimbeni. IBlack Cobra incane, ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5.

I-cobra enkulu onsundu iconsisa amathe (Naja ashei).

Ukuhlanza ama-cobras kuhlala e-Asia. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ezinamabala amnyama ansundu namabala amnyama atholakala e-Afrika. Ziyakwazi ukukhafulela ubuthi, ziwe emehlweni esitha kude ngamasentimitha angama-60 ngokunemba okumangalisayo.

Isihlungu sokukhafulela amasiga singena emigudwini egobekile emazinyweni, esivula ingaphandle lezinyo ngaphambili, kanti izimbobo zokuphuma kobuthi ziyindilinga futhi zisondelene naphansi kwelezinyo. Kulesi simo, ubuthi "buthule" kalula phambili.

Kulokhu, inyoka enemisipha ekhethekile icindezela ngokuqinile izindlala ezinobuthi. Izinhlobo zingezindawo ezikhipha amathe cobra - cobra omkhulu onsundu amnyama, imhlophe cobra emhlophe, i-collared, i-cobra emnyama, ne-cobra ebomvu.

I-Central Asia cobra nayo inyakazisa ubuthi, kepha into enobuthi ingena emgodini osemhlathini ongezansi, lapho ulimi luphuma khona.

Ukudla ngamathe cobras

Ukhafulela ama-cobras adla ubuhlalu, izikhala, namasele. Bazingela izinyoni, amagundane amancane, izinyoka ezincane ngisho nezinyoka ezinobuthi kunabo bonke - ama-aspid kanye nezihlakala.

Ukufafaza ama-cobras kufaka ubuthi obunamandla emzimbeni wesisulu. Ziluma amazinyo azo zibe yisisulu futhi zingawukhululi masisha, kulokhu, into enobuthi ingeniswa ngempumelelo futhi isisulu asifakweli ngokushesha.

Amathe cobras athela kanjani?

Amathe cobras athalaza kanjani, futhi yini echaza ukunemba kwe-sniper kokuthola emehlweni wesisulu? Kepha ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izinyoka azikwazi ukufafaza ubuthi, ziphonsa into enobuthi emifudlaneni emincane evela kwizimbobo zamazinyo anobuthi ngokuqhamuka kwemisipha ebukhali. UBruce Young, osebenza eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts, wayefaka impilo yakhe engcupheni ngokuzama ukukhafulela i-cobras.

Usosayensi ucasule inyoka ukuthi ihlasele, kanti kwakufakwa into ekhethekile ekhanda lakhe futhi ixhumeke kwikhompyutha okwenze ukuthi akwazi ukubona ukunyakaza kwe-cobra.

Ukuze ubuthi bungangeni emehlweni ocwaningi, bavikelekile ngezibuko ezikhethekile. Ukunyakaza kwe-cobra eshayayo kwakufakwe yikhamera yevidiyo. Kuthathe "ukwedlula" okungaphezulu kwe-100 ukuqonda ukuthi indlela i-cobra esabela ngayo isisulu ifinyelela ukunemba okumangalisayo. I-cobra efafaza ibeka ubuthi obuyizigidi ezingama-200 ngaphambili endaweni ethandekayo lapho amehlo esonakekeli ayovela khona ngemuva kwesikhashana esifushane. Vele inyoka iyakwazi ukufika ngaphambi kokuhamba kwesisulu sayo.

Ijubane lapho ubuthi buthelekela emehlweni wesisulu lungaphambi kokubanjwa inyamazane bese inyoka iphumelela impi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba ubuthi bukhululwe, i-cobra eshayayo iqala ukuguqula ikhanda, ithola izicubu zomzimba futhi ikhulule izinto ezinobuthi. Ubuthi bufafazwa njenge-aerosol ngesimo sefu futhi buhlala buthinta amehlo womabili.

Ukudubula okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokufunda kanye ne-electromyography yemisipha yenyoka kuqinisekisile ukuthi le ndlela "yokukhafulela" ubuthi yenza ukuthi amathuba okuba phezulu. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, into enobuthi ayonakaliswa ngeze, kepha iyenziwa imihlatshelo.

Ukhafula i-Cobras - Izinyoka Ezinoshevu Eziyingozi

Ukufafaza ama-cobras kuphonsa ubuthi emehlweni abo ukuze kugqame inyamazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into enobuthi ibangela ubuhlungu obukhulu.

Kubantu, ubuthi banoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-cobra buyingozi, izinga lokuphathwa kwalo emzimbeni lihlukile.

Ama-secretion anobuthi be-cobra ese-Asia Ephakathi abuthakathaka, ukufa kusuka lapho ukuluma kungabi khona komuthi kwenzeka emahoreni ambalwa noma ezinsukwini. Ubuhlungu benkosi cobra isebenza kakhulu futhi kuholela ekufeni komuntu ngemizuzu engama-30.

Ngisho neNdlovu ayinabo ubuthi benkosi cobra.

Ukusakazeka kokuphalaza i-Cobras

Ukhafulela ama-cobras mate ngoJanuwari - uFebhuwari. E-clutch kuvame amaqanda ayi-6-15. Ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi, insikazi ibeka amaqanda emiqhekeni enhlabathini, endaweni yamahhala phakathi kwamatshe, ngezinqwaba zotshani noma amaqabunga. Insikazi ayishiyi i-clutch futhi ivikela izintokazi zaseNdiya nezasebukhosini zihlela isidleke esikhethekile. Kulokhu, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zibutha udoti wesitshalo epulazini elingaphambi komzimba inqwaba, bese zibeka amaqanda. Ubunono buvikelwa ezidlekeni ngabesilisa nabesifazane kuze kufike inzalo.

Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ezihuquzelayo ziba nolaka kakhulu futhi zihlasela noma yisiphi isidalwa esisondela esidlekeni. Ukuphalaza i-cobras okusha inyamazane encane okokuqala. Imizimba yabo ikhiqiza ubuthi obuncane kakhulu. Ama-cobras amancanyana anemibala yesikhumba.

Ekuthunjweni, izidumbu zingaphila iminyaka eyi-29.

Ama-cobras amathe amtoti ahlehliswa ukuze asindiswe. Ukuze ulondolozwe, kungcono ukuthatha okudingayo hhayi kwimvelo, kepha ukuthenga ama-cobras amasha angahle aguqulwe. Umbala wabo uphuzi, kepha awathelelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoka ezincane zijwayela ngokushesha futhi i-hood yazo incane.

ITerrarium ikhethwe ngobukhulu bamasentimitha ayi-120 x 50 x 50. Izinga lokushisa lisetwa cishe ku-25-280C, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zingamelana ne-34-380C ephezulu ngokwemvelo. Ingxube yesihlabathi somfula kanye ne-peat isetshenziswa njengendawo esetshenziswayo.

Ngomhlobiso endaweni yokubeka yethebula izingcezu zesihlabathi, ukusikwa kwesihlahla, izitshalo zasendlini ezitsheni. Amanzi anikezwa endishini encane yokuphuza.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayisithupha kuya kwayi-15 ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ku-terarium ebekelwe ibhokisi lokuzala nge-vermiculite. Amaqanda akhula ngamazinga okushisa angama-28- 30 degrees C kanye nomswakama ka-80%. Emswakama ophansi, amaqanda afafazwa ngamanzi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, kuvela izinyoka ezincane.

Ama-Cub molt okokuqala ezineminyaka engu-9 kuye ku-12. Lapho-ke amakhayithi angadliwa. Ekuthunjweni, ukondliwa kunqunyelwe kumagundane amancane namagundane. Unganikeza isikhonyane.

Ukuluma okukodwa kwesigaxa esikhulu esinsundu esifafaza ubuthi, okwanele ukubulala abantu abangama-20.

Ebusika, inani lokudla lilinganiselwe, ngoba ukugaya okuhuqayo kunciphisa ngenkathi yesibanda. Abalandeli bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezixakile kufanele bazi ukuthi ama-cobras ansundu ayizinyoka ezinobuthi, ezinobuqili. Lapho ugcina lezinhlobo, kufanele ugqoke imaskhi yokuvikela ukuvikela ubuthi ekuphaphazeni!

Isimo Sokulondolozwa kweGreat Brown Cobra

I-cobra enkulu onsundu ibhekene nokubhujiswa. Lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo luhlala ezindaweni ezisogwini lwaseKenya, lapho izindawo ezakhiwe yinyoka zithuthukiswa kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, abantu bamane baqothula i-cobra, bangashiyi thuba lokusinda.

Ukwesaba ngokweqile izinyoka ezinobuthi kuyaphazamisa isenzo esinengqondo. Futhi ochwepheshe bayazi ukuthi i-cobra enkulu onsundu ingumhlinzeki wezinhlungu zenyoka ezibalulekile. Ngesinye isikhathi, bathatha ama-millilitha ayi-6,2 wezinto ezinobuthi ezinesisindo esingu-7.1 amagremu ku-cobra. Isetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwemithi.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Ukubukeka nokudla

I-Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida ) - inyoka encane efinyelela kubude obungama-70 cm ukuya kumitha eli-1 (ubukhulu bamamitha ayi-1.5).

Ukudla kwama-cobras abomvu kuyahlukahluka emvelweni, badla konke okuphilayo, kusukela ezincelisayo ezincane kuya kwizinyoni, amaqanda, izibankwa nezinyoka, ekuthunjweni konke kukhawulelwe kumagundane kanye namagundane asayizi ofanele. Kakhulu izingane ezinenkohliso zingaqala ngokudla isikhonyane.

Isihlungu se-cobra ebomvu eshayayo

Ama-cobras amukelayo athole igama lawo ngenxa yekhono lokudubula ubuthi emehlweni esitha ebangeni elingamamitha amathathu ngokunemba okumangalisayo.

Eqinisweni, inyoka ayikukhiphi ubuthi - ukuphuma kwe-“cocktail” ebulalayo kusuka emafutheni ngendlela yamajezi amancane kubangelwa ukuqina kwemisipha ebukhali. Kwavela ukuthi i-cobra ilindela ukunyakaza kwekhanda futhi, ngokufanele, iso lesisulu, likhafulela “ngokuhola” wamamitha angama-200 - endaweni ethile lapho iso lesisulu lizoba khona ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi esibucayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngomthelela omkhulu, owesibili ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe ubuthi, inyoka yaqala ukuzungeza ikhanda layo ngemisipha yekhanda nentamo futhi yaqhubeka nokunyakaza, ikhulula uketshezi. Ngalokho-ke, ubuthi bufafazwa ngendlela yezinsimbi ezihlangene, ziwe ngezinga eliphakeme ebusweni besitha, nakuzo zombili amehlo ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuhlolwa kubuye kukhombise ukuthi i-cobra ikhipha ubuthi ngendlela engeyona ye-jet, kodwa kunalokho yi-aerosol.

Umshini wokuphimisa

Ukhafulela ama-cobras, izithombe zawo ezingabonakala ezibonakalayo zethu, zidubula ubuthi ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ezicijile ezitholakala emazinyweni. Ukuvuleka okunjalo uyakwazi ukuvula ngokushesha kunesidingo. Umuthi onobuthi ukhiqizwa eziteshini ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemisipha ekhethekile entanyeni yenyoka. Kulapha lapho kutholakala khona izindlala, ezenza ukunikezwa kwezinto ezinobuthi.

Ngemuva kokusuka emlonyeni we-cobra, izinto ezinobuthi ziyakwazi ukufinyelela ilitshe kude ngamamitha amathathu. Njengoba imiphumela yocwaningo olukhethekile ikhombisa, izinyoka ezinjalo zinamandla okuqongelela ubuthi, umthamo wawo owanele “isibhamu” eziningana ngesikhathi.

Le ndlela echaziwe ibonwa ekuphimeni ama-cobras ase-Afrika. Izinhlobonhlobo zase-Central Asia ziyakwazi futhi ukudubula ubuthi ebangeni elide. Kodwa-ke, kulolu hlobo, lo muthi onobuthi uphuma emgodini okhethekile ngaphansi kolimi, esifundeni somhlathi ophansi.

Inhloso eyinhloko yendlela evikelayo ingress yezinto ezinobuthi emehlweni esitha, kungaba isilwane noma umuntu. Lapho sebethole ingozi, i-cobra iphakamisa ikhanda ibambe ilitshe lapho ibona. Bese kuba nokukhafulelwa, okuqondiswe kancane ngenhla kwekhanda lesitha. Njengoba sesifinyelele lapho uya khona, ubuthi ngesikhathi esifushane buholela ekuthini i-cornea yeso ivele. Umphumela uvame ukuba ubumpumputhe obugcwele bohlukunyezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinobuthi zicasule isikhumba, zidale ukubulawa kwesakhiwo saso.

Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhafulela ama-cobras kuyawenza amaphutha. Kepha lokhu kwenzeka kaningi. Isizathu ngokuvamile siba ukusabela okuhle kusuka kwithagethi engaba khona. Kwezinye izimo, ama-cobras athatha amehlo awo akhanyele ezingutsheni zomuntu.

Ubudlelwano nomuntu

Lezi zinsuku, ukukhipha amathe kusengozini enkulu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjalo zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni lapho umuntu enza khona umsebenzi wezomnotho. Ngokwesaba ubuthi obulalayo, abantu baziqothula ngamabomu lezi zinyoka, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi ngabe lezo zenzo zinengqondo yini esimweni esithile.

Phakathi kokunye, umuntu uhlanganyela ekuzingeleni izilwane ezinjalo. Umgomo ukukhishwa kwesikhumba senyoka, kanye nobuthi obalulekile. Lokhu kokugcina kusebenza njengesithako esisemqoka ekukhiqizweni kwama-antidote nezidakamizwa.

Izinyoka ezinobuthi ziyizidalwa ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni. Abaningi bayakholelwa, yize lokhu akuyona umbono olungile. Kodwa-ke, zisabisa abantu nezilwane. Ungafunga ukuthi uma unesikhali esinamandla njengobuthi, awusoze walamba, awusoze wahlaselwa. Kodwa noma ngubani ucabanga kanjalo, hhayi izinyoka uqobo. Abaningi babo bayazi ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba badle, kuzofanela babuke isisulu ihora, bacashe lapho abaqamekele khona. Cha, akukhathalekile ukuthi isikhali senyoka esiyingozi kangakanani, asithembekile ngokuphelele. Manje, uma kungenzeka ukuthumela imicibisholo ukuhlangana nesitha. Isibonelo, njengoba kwenza amaNdiya. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo azinemicibisholo, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zama-cobras nenombolo ziyazi ukuthi zikhafulela kanjani ubuthi.

Phakathi kwezinyoka ezidonswa izinyoka, i-cobra emise okomuntu omnyama (Naja nigricollis) iyizwekazi lase-Afrika elisabalele, i-collared cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) futhi ikhafulela i-cobra yaseNdiya (Naja naja sputatrix). Amazinyo anobuthi walezi zinyoka ahlelwe ngokuhlukile okuhlukile kunabalingani bawo, ngokwesibonelo ,. Isiteshi okufakwa kuyo ithefu ubuthi asikuvuli kakhulu, kodwa kunalokho kukude kakhulu, ngokusobala ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukuba basikhafulele.

Eqinisweni, izinyoka azikukhafuzi ubuthi, ngoba ukufafaza kuhilela ukukuxubha ngamathe, futhi lezi ezihuquzelayo zidubula ubuthi ngqo esiteshini esivulwa esizinweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoka zidubula kahle futhi kude kakhulu - ukusuka kumamitha amabili kuya kwamane, kuhloswe ngaso iso. Uma ubuthi bungena emehlweni, ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwekhala noma lomlomo wesilwane esincane, luyafa. Cabanga manje ukuthi kanjani abahambi bokuqala ababese-Afrika noma eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, futhi ababhekene nokufafaza izinyoka ezinobuhlungu, besaba.

Kepha hhayi izinyoka hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi. Ama-splatter amise okobuhlalu noma ama-phrenosomes ngegazi lawo. Isikhali sabo esiyinhloko isikebhe esiyinhloko. Ngosizo lwayo, izibankwa zivikela izinyoka ezinobuthi nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Eqinisweni, bakhetha ukungayi nalutho lapho belwa, kodwa ngokwesabisa isitha ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kulokhu, imvelo inikeze izilwane ukuvumelana okuhle okumangalisayo. Ngomzuzwana wobungozi, izicubu ezikhethekile zakha enye yemithambo yegazi emikhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni okubukhali kwengcindezi yegazi emithanjeni yekhanda. Imithambo emincane elukhunjeni lwamehlo aluqhakazisayo ayisukumi futhi iqhume, futhi igazi lifafazwa ngqo emehlweni lize esitheni. Ukugeza kwegazi okungalindelekile kuvame ukubeka umhlaseli ekubalekeni, futhi isikhali esinjalo sisebenza cishe endaweni engaba yimitha elilodwa nesigamu.

Ukhipha amathe uziphatha njengomdlali we-basketball ngesikhathi sokukhafulela.

Lawa cobras anobuthi ahlala esifundeni se-savannah nasehlathini lase-Afrika naseNingizimu Asia. Mikhulu impela futhi angafinyelela kubude bamamitha ama-3. Baziphatha kahle, bedla okungeyona okunobuthi nezihlobo zabo - ama-cobras ezinye izinhlobo. Futhi ngezikhathi ezithile hlukanisa lokhu kudla ngezibankwakazi ezinkulu.

Fiphaza isitha ukuze usindise

Ukuphalaza i-cobras kuyaziwa ngomshini wokuzivikela oyingqayizivele. Uma bahlaselwa isitha esikhulu kakhulu, okungenakudla, bakhipha umfutho wobuthi kuye. Ububanzi bokukhafula bufika kumamitha ayi-2. Inhloso yezinyoka iqinisekile - amehlo omonile. Futhi bayifinyelela ngokunemba okumangalisayo ngisho noma kukude kangako.

I-Cobra venom iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yama-polypeptides anobuthi, ama-enzyme namaprotheni anezici ezithile zemvelo. Ama-polypeptides anobuthi kakhulu yi-neurotoxin I ne-neurotoxin II, ebangela ukukhubazeka kwezicubu zamathambo nokuphefumula. Uma ingena emehlweni akho, ubuthi bubangela ubuhlungu obungazelelwe futhi obungabekezeleleki, obuholela ebumpumputhe. Kamuva, ngemuva kokungena eweni legazi, ubuthi bubangela ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu emzimbeni. Ngenhlanhla, imvamisa ababulali.

Umbono onembile kuwo womabili amehlo

Ngenxa yocwaningo lwesayensi, kwenziwa imibono eminingi.

Lapho nje umuntu eshintsha isikhundla senhloko, i-cobra iyamlandela. Uma umuntu eyeka ukunyakaza, inyoka iyaqhubeka nokuhambisa ikhanda layo ukusuka ngapha nangapha. Ngokusho kukasosayensi, le nhlangano ifana nezenzo zomdlali we-basketball ozama ukudidanisa nokudidanisa isitha ngaphambi kokuphonsa ibhola kubhasikidi.

Ngemuva kwalokho, okwesibili ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe ubuthi, inyoka iqala ukujikelezisa ikhanda layo ngemisipha yekhanda nentamo bese iqhubeka nokunyakaza, ikhipha uketshezi. Ngalokho-ke, ubuthi bufafazwa ngendlela yezinsimbi ezihlangene, ziwe ngezinga eliphakeme ebusweni besitha, nakuzo zombili amehlo ngasikhathi sinye.

Ukuhlolwa kubuye kukhombise ukuthi i-cobra ikhipha ubuthi ngesimo sokungeyona i-jet, kepha isifutho. Imisipha ekhethekile icindezela izindlala ze-salivary ngendlela yokuthi ukugeleza kobuthi kuphenduke isifutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le misipha isebenza ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuba isifutho singakhuphuka size sifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2, okungukuthi, cishe ukuphakama kwamehlo esitha.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubuso besayensi buvikelwe yi-visor ekhethekile esobala, lokhu kuhlola kwabukeka kumangalisa.

Ukhafulela ama-cobras: incazelo nesithombe

Yini amathe cobras? Hlobo luni lwempilo eziholela? Zidlani futhi zizalela kanjani? Kungenzeka yini ukugcina cobra ikhafulela ekuthunjweni? Konke lokhu kuzodingidwa ekushicilelweni kwethu.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoka ezihlukile emandleni abo okunqoba isitha ngezinto ezinobuthi kude. Lokhu kufaka phakathi okulandelayo:

• I-cobra enkulu emsundu.
• I-cobra ebomvu yase-Central Asia.
• Colobred cobra.
• Isigaxa esimnyama.
• I-cobra emnyama nomhlophe.

I-Collared Spitting Cobra

I-Hemachatus haemachatus (BONNATERRE, 1790)
Enye yama-cobras amahle kakhulu, athakazelayo futhi afiswa yi-Afrika. I-Collared ikhafulela i-cobra.

Izinhlobo zezinto zohlobo lwe-monotypic, nokho, zihlobene kakhulu nohlobo oluphakathi i-Naja, ikakhulukazi ne-subgenus Afronaja, enengqondo impela. Kodwa-ke, i-folidosis ehluke ngokuphelele, ukulingana komzimba kanye nokuzala kwamaqanda kusesahlukanisa kakhulu lesi sici eqenjini lama-cobras wangempela.

Futhi kunjalo. Lolu hlobo luhlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ezikhukhula, ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi nezindawo ezinamahlathi aseNingizimu Afrika, eZimbabwe, eLesotho naseSwaziland. Futhi indawo encane engayodwa eningizimu yeMozambiki. Bahola kakhulu impilo yansuku zonke. Ukudla kuqukethe ubuhlalu, noma kunjalo, kungabuye futhi ukuzingela ezinye izinyoka.

Le cobra iyabonakala ngezindlela eziningi.

Okokuqala, lo mbono uphakama ngokunembile futhi kude. Ukufafaza lolu sayizi ophakathi nendawo (kuze kufike ku-130 cm okungenani) ama-cobras ayakwazi ukufinyelela ku-2,5 m !. Ukuze uqhathanise, i-cobra Ashe yamamitha amathathu ishonela esifundeni samamitha amathathu! Ngakho-ke ngokwesilinganiso nangobude bokuphala, ngokubona kwami ​​abanakulingana eqenjini leNaja. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi amathe abo ahlakazeka ngokwengeziwe futhi anembe ngokuthe xaxa. Kepha, uyaqonda, uma sikhuluma ngokuzigcina zithunjiwe, khona-ke egumbini elincane ngisho nokunemba okuphezulu kungenzeka kwanele.

Okwesibili, izinhlobo zohlobo oluthile zihlala esimweni sezulu esishisayo saseNingizimu Afrika futhi sidinga ubusika obunesihluku. Uma ama-cobras amaningi ebusika ejwayelekile kuma-20 - 23 degrees, khona-ke udinga okungenani ama-18, futhi ayi-16!

Elesithathu. Uma kubhekwa ubusika obunzima kakhulu, le hlobo alizali amaqanda, kepha lizala izinyoka ezakheka ngokushesha. Okuyikho, kweqiniso, okuhlukile eqenjini le-cobra lilonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, inani lezingane lingasukela kwezingu-15 liye kwezingama-30. Futhi umnikazi wamarekhodi we-cobra waletha okuningi kwangama-65 ngasikhathi! Engingakholelwa neze kukho, kepha yidatha enjalo.

Okwesine. Izinhlobo zinhle kakhulu zilingisa ukufa. Futhi uyayenza njengezinyoka zethu) Ibuye ihlekise futhi iwele emhlane wayo, ikhiphe ulimi lwayo nezikhalazo. Kubukeka kupholile impela, ikakhulukazi lapho, umzuzwana owedlule, inyoka ivela njengekhwehlela elinamandla!

Ngokuqondene nokuqukethwe okusekudingisweni, isici esinzima ukuthi kunzima ukuthola. Noma kubiza kakhulu. Ama-hemahatus amahle anezimbobo eziguquguqukayo avela eYurophu azobiza ama-euro angaphezu kwama-400 ngomsila ngamunye, futhi mhlawumbe ngaphezulu. Futhi-ke, ubusika obandayo obandayo, enayo yonke imiphumela elandelayo. Ukudla okuyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela yamashuni nakho kushiya uphawu lwawo, kepha, noma kunjalo, athuthela kalula kumagundane futhi, ngokuvamile, azikho izinkinga ngalokhu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, okuqukethwe kula ma-cobras akuhlukile kokuqukethwe kwezinhlobo zohlobo oluphambili, ezingathokozi kodwa.

Ubuhlungu benyoka le bobuhlobo obuxubile, kepha kubantu ingozi ayinkulu, esekukhonkolo futhi ngokuqukethwe yilenyoka emangalisayo. Uma ingena emehlweni, ivame ukuphela ngobuhlungu obukhulu nokuvuvukala okuncane, kepha angizukuzama. Futhi ukuluma kubangela izinqubo zokuvuvukala zasendaweni (okuvame ukuhambisana necrosis elingalingani) isicanucanu, isiyezi nokuqina. Akunandaba noma kuzwakala kusabisa kangakanani - ukufa kwabantu ekugcineni kuncane. Noma kunjalo, kukhona njalo okuhlukile, ngakho-ke musa ukufaka esikhundleni.

Yebo, futhi ekugcineni, esinakho. Inyoka ephakathi nendawo, evame ukugqama, ukubukeka kwe-cobra yangempela nayo yonke imikhuba nokuziphatha okulandelayo. Hhayi ubuthi obulalayo nokubekwa amaqanda. Umbono olwela ilungele i-terrarium, naphezu kobunzima obuthile (futhi lapho ngaphandle kwabo!). Ngakho-ke, usesho oluyimpumelelo, futhi ngithemba ukuthi ngolunye usuku uzokwabelana ngezithombe zamakhokho wakho we-cobra, lapho ngikufisela ngokweqiniso inhlanhla!

Ukuphalaza i-cobra ... Kuyini ukukhipha amathe?

Umndeni wakwa-Aspida (Elapidae)

Ukhafulela i-cobras - igama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoka ezihlala ezifundeni zasolwandle nasehlathini lase-Afrika naseNingizimu Asia futhi ezikwazi "ukudubula" ubuthi emehlweni esitha. Isibonelo, i-cobra emnyama emnyama, ingashisa “isibhamu” esingu-28 ngokulandelana, isikhathi ngasinye ikhipha ubuthi obuyi-3.7 mg ubuthi. Ukunciphisa, izinhlungu ezibukhali, ukungaboni okwesikhashana noma okuhlala njalo ngenxa yokugcwala kwesigaxa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuxhumana. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, la ma-cobras abulala isisulu ngokuluma, njengezinye izinyoka ezinobuthi.

I-Cobra venom iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yama-polypeptides anobuthi, ama-enzyme namaprotheni anezinto ezithile zemvelo, kufaka phakathi ukukhubazeka kwezicubu zamathambo nokuphefumula. Uma ingena emehlweni akho, ubuthi bubangela ubuhlungu obungazelelwe futhi obungabekezeleleki, obuholela ebumpumputhe. Ukungena ngeso legazi kungena egazini, ubuthi bubangela ukuphazamiseka okuhleliwe emzimbeni, imvamisa kungabulali. Okwesibili ngaphambi kokukhipha ubuthi, inyoka iqala ukuzungeza ikhanda layo ngemisipha yekhanda nentamo futhi iqhubeke nokunyakaza, ikhiphe uketshezi, ifafaze ubuthi ngendlela yokuhlangana kwama-ellipses, okungenzeka kube ukuwa ebusweni besitha, kanye namehlo womabili ngasikhathi sinye. Imisipha ekhethekile icindezela izindlala ze-salivary ngendlela yokuthi ijethe lobuthi liphenduke isifutho, futhi ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuba isifutho singakhuphuka size sifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2, okungukuthi, cishe ukuya kubude bamehlo besitha.

Ama-canaliculi emazinyweni alezi zinyoka aguqa emaphethelweni angakwesokudla futhi avuleke phambili engaphambili lezinyo, futhi izikhala ezivulekile ziyindilinga kakhulu kunalezo ezingagobeki, futhi zidluliselwa eduze kwesisekelo sezinyo, ukuze ubuthi, ngemuva kokudlula kubo, "bube" phambili. Kulokhu, inyoka ngosizo lwemisipha ekhethekile icindezela ngokuqinile izindlala ezinobuthi.

Ama-cobra ase-Asia, kufaka phakathi i-Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana), bangabuye bafafaze ubuthi, kepha imishini enobuthi yehlukile, futhi imishini yokudubula ihlukile: ngemuva kokuqoqa ubuthi emlonyeni, inyoka iyiphoqa ukuba ingene ngomgodi emhlathini ongezansi, lapho ivame ukusabalalisa ulimi lwayo.

Ukhafulela uCobra - uHowling Pixel

Ukhafulela i-cobras - igama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoka ezihlala ezifundeni zasolwandle nasehlathini lase-Afrika naseNingizimu Asia futhi ezikwazi "ukudubula" ubuthi emehlweni esitha.

Isibonelo, i-cobra emnyama emnyama, ingashisa “isibhamu” esingu-28 ngokulandelana, isikhathi ngasinye ikhipha ubuthi obuyi-3.7 mg ubuthi. Ukunciphisa, izinhlungu ezibukhali, ukungaboni okwesikhashana noma okuhlala njalo ngenxa yokugcwala kwesigaxa kwenzeka ngenxa yokumuncwa. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, la ma-cobras abulala isisulu ngokuluma, njengezinye izinyoka ezinobuthi.

Ama-canaliculi emazinyweni alezi zinyoka aguqa emaphethelweni angakwesokudla futhi avuleke phambili engaphambili lezinyo, futhi izikhala ezivulekile ziyindilinga kakhulu kunalezo ezingagobeki, futhi zidluliselwa eduze kwesisekelo sezinyo, ukuze ubuthi, ngemuva kokudlula kubo, "bube" phambili. Kulokhu, inyoka ngosizo lwemisipha ekhethekile icindezela ngokuqinile izindlala ezinobuthi.

Ama-cobra ase-Asia, kufaka phakathi i-Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana), bangabuye bafafaze ubuthi, kepha imishini enobuthi yehlukile, futhi imishini yokudubula ihlukile: ngemuva kokuqoqa ubuthi emlonyeni, inyoka iyiphoqa ukuba ingene ngomgodi emhlathini ongezansi, lapho ivame ukusabalalisa ulimi lwayo.

Umthelela emasikweni

• Ochungechungeni lwezithombe ezine-animated "LEGO Ninjago" (S2E5), esinye sezizwe sezinyoka, iVenomari, sikhafulela ubuthi, okuthi, ukuwela emehlweni, kubangele ukucatshangelwa.
• AbakwaDilophosaurus eJurassic Park (incwadi nefilimu) babezingela, behlasela izisulu ngamathe anobuthi.
• Encwadini yenoveli ethi "I-Star of Star" ephuma ochungechungeni oluthi "Taf Travels" olwenziwa uGeorge Martin, amakati aqobayo abulala izisulu, amfafaza ubuthi.
• Izinyoka-izinyoka ochungechungeni lwe-animated "I-Dinofros" zingakhipha ubuthi.
• Inyoka enamakhanda amathathu enamakhanda uMiva (owaziwa nangokuthi uKarai) ovela ochungechungeni lwe-animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012) iyakwazi nokukhipha ubuthi.
• Umgijimi we-Xenomorph kanye ne-xenomorph hybrids bayakwazi ukukhafulela ubuthi bokuvuvukala ngezakhiwo ze-acid.

Amanothi

Ukhafulela uCobra - uHowling Pixel

Ukhafulela i-cobras - igama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoka ezihlala ezifundeni zasolwandle nasehlathini lase-Afrika naseNingizimu Asia futhi ezikwazi "ukudubula" ubuthi emehlweni esitha.

Isibonelo, i-cobra emnyama emnyama, ingashisa “isibhamu” esingu-28 ngokulandelana, isikhathi ngasinye ikhipha ubuthi obuyi-3.7 mg ubuthi. Ukunciphisa, izinhlungu ezibukhali, ukungaboni okwesikhashana noma okuhlala njalo ngenxa yokugcwala kwesigaxa kwenzeka ngenxa yokumuncwa. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, la ma-cobras abulala isisulu ngokuluma, njengezinye izinyoka ezinobuthi.

Ama-canaliculi emazinyweni alezi zinyoka aguqa emaphethelweni angakwesokudla futhi avuleke phambili engaphambili lezinyo, futhi izikhala ezivulekile ziyindilinga kakhulu kunalezo ezingagobeki, futhi zidluliselwa eduze kwesisekelo sezinyo, ukuze ubuthi, ngemuva kokudlula kubo, "bube" phambili. Kulokhu, inyoka ngosizo lwemisipha ekhethekile icindezela ngokuqinile izindlala ezinobuthi.

Ama-cobra ase-Asia, kufaka phakathi i-Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana), bangabuye bafafaze ubuthi, kepha imishini enobuthi yehlukile, futhi imishini yokudubula ihlukile: ngemuva kokuqoqa ubuthi emlonyeni, inyoka iyiphoqa ukuba ingene ngomgodi emhlathini ongezansi, lapho ivame ukusabalalisa ulimi lwayo.

Umthelela emasikweni

• Ochungechungeni lwezithombe ezine-animated "LEGO Ninjago" (S2E5), esinye sezizwe sezinyoka, iVenomari, sikhafulela ubuthi, okuthi, ukuwela emehlweni, kubangele ukucatshangelwa.
• AbakwaDilophosaurus eJurassic Park (incwadi nefilimu) babezingela, behlasela izisulu ngamathe anobuthi.
• Encwadini yenoveli ethi "I-Star of Star" ephuma ochungechungeni oluthi "Taf Travels" olwenziwa uGeorge Martin, amakati aqobayo abulala izisulu, amfafaza ubuthi.
• Izinyoka-izinyoka ochungechungeni lwe-animated "I-Dinofros" zingakhipha ubuthi.
• Inyoka enamakhanda amathathu enamakhanda uMiva (owaziwa nangokuthi uKarai) ovela ochungechungeni lwe-animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012) iyakwazi nokukhipha ubuthi.
• Umgijimi we-Xenomorph kanye ne-xenomorph hybrids bayakwazi ukukhafulela ubuthi bokuvuvukala ngezakhiwo ze-acid.

Amanothi

1. ↑ UHamadriad, inyoka ebabazekayo kanye ne-cobra, ikhafulela ubuthi (isixhumanisi esingafinyeleleki)
2. ↑ 12Akimushkin I.I. Ama-Aspids anobuthi // Umhlaba Wezilwane: Izinyoni. Izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. - 3 ed. - M: Kucatshangelwe, 1995 .-- S. 447, 448. - 25,000 amakhophi. - I-ISBN 5-244-00803-X.

I-cobra enkulu emsundu emnyama (lat. Naja ashei) inyoka enobuthi evela emndenini wama-aspid, uhlobo lwama-cobras wangempela. Ihlala empumalanga nasenyakatho ne-Afrika. Abantu balolu hlobo bakhulu kakhulu phakathi kokuphalaza ama-cobras; ubude obuqoshwe ngomuntu oyedwa buzi amasentimitha angama-274.3.

Amadivayisi avikelekile ezilwaneni

Amadivaysi avikelekile ayindlela eyakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo esisiza ukondla izinto eziphilayo emzabalazweni wazo oqhubekayo wokulwa nezitha.

Indlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ayitholakali ngenxa yokufihlwa, ukuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba, ukufuya noma ukuhlala ebusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisulu zezilwane zingavimba umhlaseli, zikhombise ukungahambisani nezinto ezithile, zisebenzisa ukulingisa ngaphansi kwezilwane ezinemishini yokuzivikela, ukuphindisela kanye nokuziphatha okuphazamisayo, izinkomba ezibonisa ukwehluleka kwalokhu okulandelayo, namadivaysi avikela njengameva. Yize iqembu lilula ukubona, amalungu alo mancane amathuba okuthi ahlasele izinyamazane ngokwanda kokuqaphama, ekubambeni inyamazane, kanye nokuhlasela kokuhlasela kwesinye isisulu.

Ezinye izilwane eziyizisulu ziyakwazi ukulwa nezilwane ezidla ngokuphuma igazi ngokuzikhulula, ukuhlasela ngokuhlangana noma ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi. Ekugcineni, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, lapho zibanjiwe, zingasindiswa ngokulahlekelwa izingxenye ezithile zomzimba isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuphazamisa inyamazane zinikeze isisulu isikhathi sokuphunyuka: isikhuphashi siphinda siqambe uzipho, izibankwakazi ziphonsa imisila yazo.

ICobra yigama lendabuko lezinyoka ezinobuthi ezivela emndenini wama-aspid (lat. Elapidae), okuthi ekuhlukanisweni kwesayensi sanamuhla kungenalo iqembu elilodwa le-taxonomic. Banekhono, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ukuvula izimbambo zesifuba, bakha uhlobo lwe-hood. Uma ilunywa, ifaka umfutho ofinyelela ku-7 ml emzimbeni, ubuthi obangela izinkinga zokuphefumula kanye nokwehluleka kwenhliziyo emahoreni angama-24. Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-cobras abizwa ngokuthi abamele abavela kuhlobo lwe-cobras lweqiniso (Naja), kepha ezinye izinhlobo zingezolunye uhlobo lomndeni ofanayo:

Shield Cobras (Aspidelaps)

Ama-Cobras Amanzi (Boulengerina)

Collared Cobras (Hemachatus)

King Cobras (Ophiophagus)

I-Forest Cobras (i-Pseudohaje)

Desert Cobras (Walterinnesia)

Ukhafulela i-Cobra (Naja sputatrix) /

I-Cobra, noma i-cobra yangempela (lat. Naja) - uhlobo lwezinyoka ezinobuthi zomndeni wama-aspid. Lezi yizinyoka ezibonakalayo futhi ezinwebekayo, ezibizwa nge- "cobras", yize kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo oluthile zabamele ezibizwe ngegama elilingana nelincane. Ngokuya ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene, uhlobo lweNaja lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-20. Zitholakala e-Afrika, Middle East, Southeast Asia nase Indonesia. Ama-cobras asebenza kakhulu ukusuka maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya kuJuni kanye noSepthemba kuya maphakathi no-Novemba. NgoJulayi, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayi-9-19, okuvela kuyo izingane ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti nasekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Ama-cobras adla ngamagundane, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, kepha, njengamanye ama-spid, adla izinyoka ngokuzithandela, kufaka phakathi ezinobuthi.

I-hood iwuphawu lwawo wonke ama-cobras. Ingxenye yomzimba ibizwa nge-hood, lapho izimbambo zithuthelekela khona ngaphansi kwethonya lemisipha ekhethekile, eshintsha ngokumangalisayo ukwakheka kwazo. Esimweni esizolile, i-cobra cishe ayihlukile kwezinye izinyoka eziningi.

I-Cobra iyingozi engathandabuzekiyo kubantu nasezilwaneni, kepha ngokungafani nezinyoka ezihlala njalo zixwayisa ngokuba khona kwaso. Uma kwenzeka kusongelwa ngokushesha lapho i-cobra yenza ukuhlaselwa kombani okuningana nesitha, omunye wayo, njengomthetho, ophela ngokuluma okuhlosiwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokungafani nezinyoka, ama-cobras awalumi ngokushesha, kepha kunalokho “ahlafuna”, emunca imihlathi yawo amahlandla amaningi ngaphambi kokukhulula isisulu. Ezinye izinhlobo (ukukhafulela ama-cobras), ukuzivikela, zingadubula ngokunembile ubuthi emehlweni esitha.

Ukukhafulela - ukusula okucacile kwe-patity yomlomo, ngokwesibonelo, amathe.

Leli khasi lisuselwa ku-athikili ye-Wikipedia ebhalwe ngababhali (lapha).
Umbhalo uyatholakala ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-CC BY-SA 3.0, kungasebenza eminye imigomo.
Izithombe, amavidiyo kanye nomsindo kuyatholakala ngaphansi kwelayisense yazo.

COBRA: spinyful

Shield Cobras (Aspidelaps)
Ama-Cobras Amanzi (Boulengerina)
Collared Cobras (Hemachatus)
King Cobras (Ophiophagus)
I-Forest Cobras (i-Pseudohaje)
Desert Cobras (Walterinnesia)

Lezi yizinyoka ezibonakalayo futhi ezinwebekayo, ezibizwa nge- "cobras", yize kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo oluthile zabamele ezibizwe ngegama elifanayo.

Ama-cobras adla ngamagundane, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, kepha, njengamanye ama-spid, adla izinyoka ngokuzithandela, kufaka phakathi ezinobuthi.

Ukukhafula ama-cobras okwazi "ukudubula" ubuthi emehlweni esitha. I-cobra emise okomuntu omnyama ingabulala “isibhamu” esingu-28 ngokulandelana, isikhathi ngasinye ikhipha ubuthi obuyi-3.7 mg ubuthi. Ukunciphisa, izinhlungu ezibukhali, ukungaboni okwesikhashana noma okuhlala njalo ngenxa yokugcwala kwesigaxa kwenzeka ngenxa yokumuncwa. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, la ma-cobras abulala isisulu ngokuluma, njengezinye izinyoka ezinobuthi.

Ama-canaliculi emazinyweni alezi zinyoka aguqa emaphethelweni angakwesokudla futhi avuleke phambili engaphambili lezinyo, futhi izikhala ezivulekile ziyindilinga kakhulu kunalezo ezingagobeki, futhi zidluliselwa eduze kwesisekelo sezinyo, ukuze ubuthi, ngemuva kokudlula kubo, "bube" phambili. Kulokhu, inyoka ngosizo lwemisipha ekhethekile icindezela ngokuqinile izindlala ezinobuthi.

Ama-cobras ase-Asia nawo angafafaza ubuthi, kepha imishini yokudla enobuthi yehlukile, futhi imishini yokudubula ihlukile: ngemuva kokuqoqa ubuthi emlonyeni, inyoka iyiphoqa ukuba ingene ngomgodi emhlathini ongezansi, lapho ivame ukusabalalisa ulimi lwayo

Lapho abaseBrithani ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwamakoloni eNdiya, bathatha isinqumo sokunciphisa isibalo sama-cobras ababebabaza, lapho bememezela umvuzo ngamakhanda abo. Abantu bendawo baphuthuma bayobhubhisa izinyoka, ngaleyo ndlela banciphisa inani labo, kodwa-ke, esikhundleni salokho, bashintshela ekuzaleni kwabo ngemali elula. Ngemuva kokukhansela imivuzo yama-cobras asele, amaNdiya awadedela endle, okwenza ukuthi inani lezinyoka lenyuke kuphela uma liqhathaniswa nenani langempela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igama elithi "umphumela we-cobra" liye lahlelwa kunoma yiziphi izenzo ezihlose ukuxazulula inkinga, kepha ngenxa yalokho zimbi kakhulu.

Ngisho nendlovu ingabulawa ukulunywa yinyosi yasebukhosini, kepha lokhu kuyathakazelisa: amacala okufa komuntu ngokulunywa yinyoka awandile (yize abantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-50 babulawa ukulunywa ezinye izinyoka eNdiya ngonyaka). Lesi silwanyana esinobuhlakani sisindisa ubuthi ekuzingeleni futhi, emizameni yokwesabisa umuntu, senza "ukuluma okukodwa".

I-King cobra - inyoka ende ende enobuthi emhlabeni - ubude bomuntu ngamunye angafinyelela amamitha amahlanu nesigamu.

Ibhekene nensimu eyodwa, abesilisa benkosi cobra bangahlela izimpi phakathi kwabo, kanti bona abalumi. Owesilisa onqobayo uhlala eduzane nowesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma insikazi isivele ivundiswe omunye wesilisa, kuba nezikhathi ezithile lapho owesilisa owinayo ehlasela owesimame futhi ambulale, emva kwalokho adle. Uma owesimame ebulewe ehluleka ukumunca ngokuphelele ngenxa yobukhulu bakhe obukhulu, uyawukhipha. Owesifazane angahlasela owesilisa futhi ambulale

Phakathi kwezinyoka, kanye ne-cobra yenkosi, inyoka yama-Indian rat kuphela ekwazi ukwenza imisindo ngokuhamba kokuphefumula.

Ukuluma okukodwa kwe-cobra enkulu ekhafulela kuqukethe ubuthi, obanele ukubulala abantu abangama-20.

I-Cobra iyingozi engathandabuzekiyo kubantu nasezilwaneni, kepha ngokungafani nezinyoka ezihlala njalo zixwayisa ngokuba khona kwaso. Uma kwenzeka kusongelwa ngokushesha lapho i-cobra yenza ukuhlaselwa kombani okuningana nesitha, omunye wayo, njengomthetho, ophela ngokuluma okuhlosiwe.

I-hood iwuphawu lwawo wonke ama-cobras. Ingxenye yomzimba ibizwa nge-hood, lapho izimbambo zithuthelekela khona ngaphansi kwethonya lemisipha ekhethekile, eshintsha ngokumangalisayo ukwakheka kwazo. Esimweni esizolile, i-cobra cishe ayihlukile kwezinye izinyoka eziningi.

Ama-cobras aseScarabidae aqhuma ezihubhisayo

Ihlathi noma i-arboreal ihlasela kakhulu ehlathini lase-Equatorial Africa.

Ama-cobras wamanzi adla kuphela inhlanzi.

Phakathi kwesibalo samaNdiya, i-cobra yase-India ebabazekayo ithokozela inhlonipho ekhethekile; izinganekwane eziningi nezinsumansumane zihambisana nakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa kwizethulo zazo ngabathandi benyoka.

KumaGibhithe, i-cobra yaseGibhithe yayibhekwa njengophawu lwamandla, futhi ngalesi sizathu isithombe sayo sasihlobise isigodlo sokhakhayini. I-cobra yaseGibhithe, njenge-cobra yaseNdiya, imvamisa isetshenziswa ngabaculi bezinyoka emisebenzini yabo yasemgwaqweni, abaphumelela ngenani labantu bendawo kanye nezivakashi.

Lapho i-cobra esanda kubanjwa ihlala e-zoo, ingakajwayeli izivakashi ezithukuthelisayo, ingilazi ebonwa 'ingafafaza' ngokuphelele ngensimbi enobuthi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kokuzivikela okusebenzayo, i-cobra yekholeji isebenzisa inqubo evulekile, ijike ngemuva futhi yenze sengathi ifile. Indlela efanayo yokuvikelwa yathuthukiswa ezinye izinyoka esezivele zingajwayelekile. Ngokungafani nama-cobras angempela, i-cobra ene-collared ayizalela amaqanda, kodwa ibeletha amazinyane aphilayo.

I-cobra ese-Central Asia ayilindi aze afike kubo. Lapho ibona ingozi esondelayo, ithatha isimo sokuzivikela bese imemeza kakhulu. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwanele ukukholisa umuntu ngisho nemvu ukuthi indlela ivaliwe lapha. Kepha noma isitha sisondele, i-cobra ayihlali isebenzisa amazinyo anobuthi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ibeka ukuluma okungekuhle ekuqaleni, isheshe iphonse ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba phambili bese ishaya isitha ngekhanda nomlomo ovaliwe. Ngale ndlela, uzama ukwesabisa, angasebenzisi isikhali sakhe esiyinhloko, ngaleyo ndlela evikela amazinyo akhe emonakalweni ongaba khona. Ngakho-ke, cishe kunzima kakhulu ukubhekana ne-cobra ukuluma ezimweni zemvelo.

Kunecala elaziwayo lapho enye cobra emnyama nomhlophe igcina ku-zoo ihlala iminyaka engama-29, ihlanganyela ne-anaconda irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside phakathi kwezinyoka.

Chinese noma i-Taiwanese cobra

I-Monocle Cobra

I-Burmese Spitting Cobra

I-cobra yaseNdiya noma ekhangayo

I-Central Asia cobra

IPhilippine cobra

Andaman cobra

Samara cobra noma Petros cobra

I-Indochinese ikhafulela i-cobra

IJavanese noma i-indonesian ikhafulela i-cobra

Igolide noma iSumatran Spitting Cobra

I-Angoban cobra

Fringed cobra

I-cobra yase-Arabia

I-cobra yaseSenegal

I-cobra yaseGibhithe

ICape Cobra

I-cobra enamanzi ahlanganisiwe

Cobra wamanzi waseCongo noma uChristie cobra

Okumnyama nokumhlophe noma kwehlathi cobra

I-burobing noma i-cobra ehlelwe emaceleni amaningi

Ukuphalaza okukhulu kwe-cobra

I-Mozambique Spitting Cobra

I-West African noma iMali Spitting Cobra

I-Zebra Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricincta nigricincta)

I-Black Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricincta woodi)

Isigaxa esimnyama

I-Nubian Spitting Cobra

Ukhipha cobra obomvu

I-South African Flap Cobra (Cape Coral) i-aspidelaps lubricus lubricus

I-South African Flap Cobra (Cole) Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi

I-Cobra esejwayelekile

Colobred cobra

I-cobra noma i-hamadriad

I-Oriental noma iGolden Wood Cobra

I-cobra yaseNtshonalanga noma emnyama

Desert cobra

Ukufafaza i-cobra kufafaza ubuthi esidlekeni

Ukhipha amathe uziphatha njengomdlali we-basketball ngesikhathi sokukhafulela. Ukuthola, udokotela wezinyoka wabeka ikhanda lakhe ngaphansi koshaka obulalayo.

USerpentologist (onguchwepheshe ocwaningweni lwezinyoka) we-biology of the University of Washburn (Washburn University, Kansas, USA) U-Profesa Bruce Young uqobo wafaka ikhanda lakhe ngaphansi kobuhlungu bokukhafulela amasiga. Ngaphezu kwenjabulo eyeqile, ithole imininingwane enembile ngesimo sokunyakaza kwenyoka ngesikhathi sokukhafulela.

Fiphaza isitha ukuze usindise

Ukuphalaza i-cobras kuyaziwa ngomshini wokuzivikela oyingqayizivele. Uma bahlaselwa isitha esikhulu kakhulu, okungenakudla, bakhipha umfutho wobuthi kuye. Ububanzi bokukhafula bufika kumamitha ayi-2. Inhloso yezinyoka iqinisekile - amehlo omonile. Futhi bayifinyelela ngokunemba okumangalisayo ngisho noma kukude kangako.

I-Cobra venom iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yama-polypeptides anobuthi, ama-enzyme namaprotheni anezici ezithile zemvelo. Ama-polypeptides anobuthi kakhulu yi-neurotoxin I ne-neurotoxin II, ebangela ukukhubazeka kwezicubu zamathambo nokuphefumula. Uma ingena emehlweni akho, ubuthi bubangela ubuhlungu obungazelelwe futhi obungabekezeleleki, obuholela ebumpumputhe. Kamuva, ngemuva kokungena eweni legazi, ubuthi bubangela ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu emzimbeni. Ngenhlanhla, imvamisa ababulali.

Ukweqisa kwesayensi

Ngocwaningo, ithimba likaDkt Young labamba abantu abadala abaningi - abamele abamnyama, abamnyama abansundu nabamnyama nabamhlophe bekhipha amakhebhu.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yalolu cwaningo, uDkt. Young wayedlwengula inyoka ngokuhambisa ikhanda lakhe eduze kwezinyoka. Kwi-visor kaDkt. Young kwakuyithuluzi elikhethekile elixhunywe kwikhompyutha futhi likuvumela ukuthi ubheke ukuhamba kwenhloko yabo bobabili uDkt uYoung nenyoka. Ingxenye yesibili yokuhlola ibandakanya ukufakwa emlonyeni wenyoka into yokuhlola izicubu ezilawula ukukhishwa kwetyhefu.

Umbono onembile kuwo womabili amehlo

Lapho nje uDkt Young eshintsha isikhundla sekhanda lakhe, kuye kwamlandela i-cobra. Uma udokotela wenyoka eyeka ukunyakaza, inyoka yaqhubeka nokuhambisa ikhanda layo ukusuka ngapha nangapha. Ngokusho kukasosayensi, le nhlangano ifana nezenzo zomdlali we-basketball ozama ukudidanisa nokudidanisa isitha ngaphambi kokuphonsa ibhola kubhasikidi. Kwathi kwesesibili ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe ubuthi, inyoka yaqala ukuzungeza ikhanda layo ngemisipha yekhanda nentamo yaqhubeka nokunyakaza, ikhipha uketshezi. Ngalokho-ke, ubuthi bufafazwa ngendlela yezinsimbi ezihlangene, ziwe ngezinga eliphakeme ebusweni besitha, nakuzo zombili amehlo ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuhlolwa kubuye kukhombise ukuthi i-cobra ikhipha ubuthi ngesimo sokungeyona i-jet, kepha isifutho. Imisipha ekhethekile icindezela izindlala ze-salivary ngendlela yokuthi ukugeleza kobuthi kuphenduke isifutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le misipha isebenza ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuba isifutho singakhuphuka size sifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2, okungukuthi, cishe ukuphakama kwamehlo esitha.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubuso bukaBruce Young buvikelwe yi-visor ekhethekile esobala, lokhu kuhlola kwabukeka kumangalisa.

Imiphumela yocwaningo ishicilelwe kumagazini kaJanuwari we-Journal of Physiological and Biochemical Zoology.