Indlovu ye-trogonterium (i-Mammuthus trogontherii), ebizwa nangokuthi i-steppe mammoth, ibiphila eminyakeni eyi-1.5 - 0,2 edlule, kanti indlovu yakamuva ye-trogonterium yayihlala eceleni kwezilwane ezincelisayo. I-Trogonterium ndlovu, imamony, efana nezindlovu zesimanje zingamalungu omndeni ofanayo wezindlovu. Izindlovu ezanyisayo kanye ne-trogonterium ziyizihlobo ezisondelene kakhulu, ngoba izilwane ezincelisayo zazivela ezindlovu zetrogonterium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlovu ze-trogonterium, ngokusobala, zazingokhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zaseMelika.
Izindlovu eziyizigidi ezingama-trogonterium eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1,5 eyedlule bezihlala eNyakatho ye-Asia, lapho bekungabandi kangako njenganje, bese zisuka kule ndawo zisakazekele eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, zize zifike enkabeni yeChina naseSpain.
AmaMammoth ayehlala e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika - phela, ngalezozinsuku, i-isthmus yayikhona esizeni seBering Strait, futhi yaba khona isikhathi eside. Ngezikhathi ezithile (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 kuya kwengama-40) yayivalwa yiqhwa laseMelika Arctic isihlangu futhi, ngaphandle kwezinyoni, akekho noyedwa owayengangena eMelika abuyele emuva. Lapho iqhwa lincibilika, indlela yavula ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Middle Pleistocene (ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 eyedlule), okhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo - izindlovu ze-trogonterium, cishe zangena eNyakatho Melika, zahlala lapho futhi mammoths aseMelika aqhamuka kubo. Leli ligatsha elihlukile lezindlovu ezincelisayo. Igama labo lesayensi yi-Colombian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi). Kamuva, kwiphephethi yeLate Pleistocene epoch (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-70 eyedlule), lesi mammoth uqobo (isilwane esinyanyisayo se-Mammuthus primigenius) sangena eNyakatho Melika sivela eSiberia, futhi zombili izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo eMelika zihlala ndawonye.
Izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo zenza sikwazi ukubona ukuthi wayehlala nobani, ukuthi udlani, ukuthi imammoni yayigula ini. Amathambo ezilwane ezincelisayo "yi-matrix" lapho kutholakala ukukhula, izifo, ubudala, ukulimala, njll. Isibonelo, kuphela emathanjeni ama-mammoth cubs kusuka endaweni yaseSevsk (esifundeni saseBryansk) lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo lapho zizalwa zazingama-35-40% amancane kunamawundlovu endlovu yesimanje, kodwa ezinyangeni zokuqala ezingama-6-8 zokuphila zikhula ngokushesha kangangokuba zabamba izingane zezihlobo zazo zanamuhla. Ngemuva kwalokho ukukhula kwehla futhi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ebusika, okuthe nje kwaqala ngenyanga ye-6-7 impilo yezilwane ezincelisayo ezisanda kuzalwa, wadla kubi kakhulu, umama wakhe wayengasakwazi ukumondla ngobisi. Ngakho-ke, imamony yaqala ukudla ukudla okufanayo nabantu abadala. Ukususa amazinyo ezinsikazi ezincelisayo kuyaqinisekisa lokhu. Ezimweni ezincelisayo, amazinyo okushintsha kokuqala aqala ukugcwala futhi agugile kakhulu kunangaphambi kwezindlovu ezincane.
Iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela eSevsk cishe zafa ngenxa yezikhukhula ezinzima, ezinqume ukuphuma kwazo esigodini somfula, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Amadiphozi omfula, lapho kwakukhona khona amathambo, abonisa ukuthi kancane kancane amandla akhona abuthaka kanjani futhi ekugcineni endaweni lapho izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo zahlala khona, zaguquka kuqala zaba isalukazi, zabe sezisibhuqa.
Izidalwa eziphilayo zizalwa, zivuthwe futhi ziyafa. Uma kungenzeki lutho emvelweni ezungezile, izizukulwane eziningi ziyaphumelela, unyaka nonyaka, ikhulu leminyaka emva kwekhulu. Kepha uma kwenzeka okuthile kuguquka, kubanda kakhulu noma okuphikisana nalokho, izidalwa eziphilayo zijwayela ukuguqula noma zife. Ukuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yezinhlekelele kuyaqabukela. Ukuba khona kweqembu elilodwa noma elinye lezidalwa eziphilayo ezingapheli kwaphela ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene.
Izizathu zokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isilwane esikhulu kanye nowesilisa babehlala eThafeni laseRussia, eceleni iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30, futhi akukho ukuqothulwa okwenzeka. Kungemva kokuba kuphela kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yePleistocene lapho imamony iphela khona. Manje imidwebo yokuthi blockage enkulu yamathambo amakhulu ezinsizeni zasePaleolithic ayisiwona umphumela wokuzingela, kepha iminonjana yokuqoqa amathambo amakhulu kusukela ezindaweni zemvelo, isiya ngokuya ibhebhetheka. La mathambo ayedingeka njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa kwamathuluzi nokunye okuningi. Kuyiqiniso, abantu babezingela izilwane ezincelisayo, kepha zazingekho izizwe ezazizobandakanyeka ekuzingeleni kwazo. I-mammoth biology ikhulu kangangokuba ayikwazanga ukuba yisisekelo sempilo yomuntu, izinhlobo eziphambili zezentengiso kwakungamahhashi, inyathi, umhlanga nezinye izilwane zasikhathi seqhwa.
Okhokho bethu ngokuqinisekile bazingelwa, ngoba okhokho babantu benqaba ukondla ngotshani eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu ezedlule - lena akuyona indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kepha iAustralopithecus yahamba ngale ndlela futhi e-savannah yase-Afrika badla izimbabazane kanye nezimfene zasendulo - ama-geladas no-antelope, kepha banyamalala lapho isimo sezulu e-Afrika siba nzima kakhulu.
Ukuze umuntu adle umuntu, kufanele abanjwe kuqala. Umuntu wasendulo wayenedivayisi eyodwa kuphela yalokhu - ubuchopho bakhe. Isebenzisa leli "thuluzi", indoda yathuthukisa kancane amathuluzi ayo okuzingela namasu. Ngaphandle kwamathuluzi nezikhali, umuntu akanalo ithuba lokubamba esinye isilwane. Umlando wohlanga lwesintu mude kakhulu futhi ukhombisa ukuthi bekungeke kwenzeke njalo ukuba uzitholele ngempumelelo ukudla. Yebo, kufanele sivume ukuthi abantu bakudala babedla izidumbu zezilwane, okungenani ezigabeni zokuqala zomlando wesintu, kufaka phakathi imamony.
Lezi zilwane eziyizimangaliso ezingaqondakali
Umuntu ubelokhu enentshisekelo futhi uzoba nentshisekelo kulokho uMhlaba wethu owakudala, ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezakhula kuzo, yiziphi izilwane ezazihlalisa izindawo zazo ezinkulu.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zazinkulu ngempela!
Ngemivubukulo eminingi emisha, ososayensi bathole ukuthi kunezilwane ezingaqondakaliyo ezaziphila emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule.
Kutholwe emathanjeni nasemathanjeni, lezi zilwanyana ezinkulu, eziphakeme cishe ngo-6 m futhi zinesisindo samathani ayi-12, zivusa ukwesaba. Imisipha yawo, ebheke ku-4 m ubude, ibukeka isongela kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, ngaphandle kosayizi wazo omkhulu, lezi zilwane zazingenangozi, njengoba zazidla ukudla kwesitshalo esisodwa. Ukugaya lokhu kudla okunzima, imvelo yanika isilo ngesakhiwo esikhethekile samazinyo ngendlela yamapuleti amaningi amancanyana.
Obani mamms
Ngabe uqagele ukuthi ubani lo? Vele, lezi yizilwane ezincelisayo. Okhokho besikhathi eside bezindlovu zesimanje, baphila cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi - North America, Africa, Eurasia. Kepha yize amabele abukeka njengezindlovu, zazinkulu kabili kunezinhlobo zazo ezinkulu namuhla - izindlovu zase-Afrika.
Isinambuzane esibondwe eminyuziyamu
Kwezimpawu zangaphandle, ngaphezu komzimba omkhulu kanye namazinyo agobile, imilenze emifushane nezinwele ezinde kukhona.
Olunye lwezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezazihlala eSiberia eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 edlule zabizwa ngokuthi u-woolly.
Konke Mayelana Woolly Mammoth
Ijazi lakhe lalilugqinsi futhi licishe libe yi-1 m. Kucacile ukuthi wayehlala ebambeka emacansini okulengiswa. Icoco undercoat yayivimba isilwane ebandayo ebusika.
Ungqimba obukhulu lwamafutha ayi-10 cm ngaphansi kwesikhumba lwasebenzela injongo efanayo. Umbala wejazi kungenzeka ukuthi waba nsundu noma umnyama. Yize izinwele ezisele zihlala zibomvu ngokwengeziwe ngombala, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umane wanyamalala.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zoboya obukhulu zazingezinkulu njengezinhlobo zonke. Futhi baba ngabokugcina ukunyamalala eMhlabeni.
Kwakungenzeka kutholakale ukuthi indlela yokuphila yezilwane ezincelisayo yayifana nezindlovu. Bahlala eqenjini. Kuyo kwakuvame kakhulu mammoths 9 weminyaka ehlukene. Owesifazane wayala konke, okungukuthi, lezi zilwane zazine-matriarchy. Abesilisa babehlala ngokwehlukana neqembu.
IMammoth Tooth. Kumapheshana agcinwe kahle, amapuleti, isici esihlukanisayo samazinyo wezilwane ezincelisayo
Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko utshani. Kepha baphinde badla namagatsha ezihlahla ezihlukayo ezahlukahlukene ngisho nezihlahla zikaphayini. Lokhu kwasungulwa ngemuva kokuhlola okuqukethwe esiswini sezinyamazane ezitholakala emfuleni i-Indigirka.
Ngokuvamile, izidumbu zabo zazivame ukutholakala eSiberia. Umngcwabo omkhulu kakhulu watholakala esifundeni saseNovosibirsk. Amathambo abantu abayi-1,500 angcwatshwe ngaphansi komhlaba!
Amathambo amaningi asevele acubungulwe ngabantu. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside amathambo nama-mammoth nemisundu kusetshenziswa abantu ngezidingo zabo.
Namuhla, i-mammoth tusk iyinto ebalulekile yokwenziwa kwezithombe ezibizayo nezinhle, amakhabethe, ushizi, amasongo amahle, amasekhethi nezinye izikhumbuzo nobucwebe. Izikhali ezenziwe nge-Weapon nazo zaziswa kakhulu ngabaqoqi.
Kungani mam mams aphela
Babeka izizathu ezimbili zokunyamalala kwezilwane ezincelisayo.
- Esokuqala ukuthi bavele babhujiswa ngabantu ngenxa yokudla.
- Okwesibili ukuphola komhlaba. Izimila ezazidliwa yizilwane ezincelisayo futhi, izilwane zafa.
Akukenzeki ukuthi kutholakale izizathu ngqo, ngakho-ke, ezinye, ngezinye izikhathi ezihlukile, izinguqulo zidluliselwe phambili.
Izinsalela zezinyamazane ezithile zigcinwe kahle kangangokuba iminyuziyamu eminingi iqukethe izilwane ezinobukhulu bokuphila. Isibonelo, eMnyuziyamu we-Zoological Museum we-Institute of the Russian Academy of Science kukhona omunye wemibukiso enjalo eyingqayizivele. Kubukeka sengathi usezovusa iwashi elikhulu ashukumise.
Edolobheni laseKhanty-Mansiysk, okuyidolobha elikhulu leKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, eduze kwalelinye lamagquma kwenziwa umnyuziyamu wezilwane zasendulo ezibizwa nge- "Archeopark". Emoyeni ovulekile kunezingoma eziqanjiwe zezilwane zasendulo ezinobukhulu obugcwele.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona izilwane ezincelisayo. Kude kude, izilwane ezindala eziyi-11 nezilwane ezincelisayo kubukeka sengathi ziyaphila, sengathi zazisanda kuvela ku-taiga eyadlula amakhulu eminyaka.
AmaMammoths eKhanty-Mansiysk
Abavakashi abaningi beza ukujabulisa lezi zilwane zasendulo ezinhle.
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