Emvelweni, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamakamela we-bactrian ahlukile komunye nomunye ezimweni zokuphila:

1. Zabo. EMongolia, abizwa ngokuthi amaBactrian.
2. Isilo. Elinye igama labo nguHaptagai. Uhlobo oluncane olubhalwe kwiBhuku elibomvu ngenxa yokulandela ukuqothuka.

Kokubili nangokwasekhaya, bayamangala ngobuso bawo obukhulu. Abesilisa ngokuphakama basebenza ngamamitha angama-2,7, isisindo sifinyelela kufinyelela ku-1 ton. Amakamela besifazane amancane amancane ngosayizi, isisindo sawo siyehluka kusuka ku-500 kuya ku-800 kg. Umsila wekamela unebhulashi ekugcineni, ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-0.5. Amakamela amabili wamakamela ahambahamba, eduze kwamanqatha esilwane, anwebekile, ame aqine, futhi esimweni sokulamba abambelele ohlangothini noma ngokuyinxenye, ebambekile lapho ehamba. Ama-Humps aqongelela amanoni omzimba, okuyisakhi esidingekayo sezilwane ukuze kubulawe isilwane. Amandla wokuqongelela isisindo samafutha omzimba akhawulelwe kuma-150 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbotshana zivikela ogqokile ekushiseni ngokweqile ngokuvala umhlane wakhe kusibonakaliso ekuvezweni okuqondile yimisebe yelanga eshisayo. Ubude obuphakathi kwama-humps buyi-40 cm, okukuvumela ukuthi uxhobise phakathi nabo isilenge somgibeli.

Imilenze yamakamela anwebekile amade, izinyawo zombili zigcotshwe izingxenye ezimbili, phansi umcamelo wamaqhubu awugqinsi, phambi kwesikhafu kufana neziphundu, kufana nethusi. Lesi sakhiwo semilenze sivumela amakamela ukuba ahambe phezu kwetshe noma ngaphezulu kwefa lefa ngaphezu kokusebenza okukhethekile. Kuyisici ukuthi amakamela asekhaya aba ne-corpus callosum esemboza amadolo abo asendaweni yangaphambili nesifuba, okungekhona okwenziwe ngabalingani babo basendle.

Intamo yesilwane igobile, yinde kakhulu, kusukela phansi kwesisekelo sothandekayo kuguqa phansi, bese isukuma. Ikhanda likhulu kakhulu, libekwe phezulu kolayini owodwa namahlombe. Ama-eyelashes aphindwe kabili, amehlo ngokubukeka okuzwakalayo. Amakhala asesimweni sokuqhekeka, ama-mugs mancane kakhulu. Isindebe esingaphezulu senziwe ngamehlo, okwenza kube lula ukulalela ukuhlafuna ukudla okuqinile okuqinile.

Ijazi lidwetshwa ikakhulu ezinhlotsheni zombala wesihlabathi, kwesinye isikhathi lifinyelela umbala omnyama noma obomvu. Abantu abahlutshiwe bavame kakhulu (ngombala onsundu, kepha kukhona abamele lolu hlobo lwemibala grey, emhlophe, nemnyama. Amakamela akhanyayo athathwa njenganqabile kakhulu.

Isakhiwo soboya bekamela sifanekiselwa izinwele ezingenalutho ezizungezwe i-undercoat, njengokungathi zivikela ikamela ezishintsheni emazingeni okushisa nomoya omuhle. Ibanga lejazi lisukela ku-5 kuye ku-7 cm, ezindaweni eziqongweni zeziqalo nasengxenyeni engezansi yentamo uzwela lude kunalo - lufika ku-25 cm. Ebusika, ijazi lide kakhulu futhi lingafinyelela ku-30 ​​cm ubude. I-cigake lekamela iwela emifudlaneni yentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sabo sokuncibilika. Emavikini amathathu alandelayo, ngakusasa lapho kuvela ijazi elisha, zihamba ziyimpandla futhi ziluhlaza.

Ezwini lalaba bantu kufana nembongolo. Ukukhala kwabo ngentukuthelo kuhambisana nokwanda kwesisindo, lapho kunesidingo sokuvuka emadolweni abo noma ukubathobela besesimweni esindayo.

Habitat

Ukuzalaniswa kwamakamela anezinhlavu ezimbili kudlangile kakhulu kunakuqala ezindaweni ezinezindawo eziwugwadule kanye nemithambeka embozwe ngamatshe, noma ngabe kukhona ukunikezwa okulinganiselwe kwamanzi nemvelo. Isidingo senjongo yokuhlala kwabo isimo sezulu esomile, umswakama kubo awemukeleki. Izindawo eziphambili zokuhlala kuzo (izinhlobo zamakamela yiMongolia, i-Asia, i-Buryatia, iChina, kanye ne-phalanx yezinye izindawo ezinezimo zezulu ezomile.

Amakamela we-Bactrian, angalawuleki. Intuthwane. ngokuya ngokuhlangana kwabo nezinhlobo zasendle noma ezifuywayo, ezinikezwe amandla okuphila kwesinye isikhathi izimo ezinzima zingahlekezeleleki zezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa yikhono labo lokuphila ezikhathini eziyisimangaliso) njengehlobo elishisayo nelomile noma ebusika kakhulu.

Lapho befuna imithombo yamanzi, abamele izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo bayakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade afinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-90 nsuku zonke. Babuyisela umzimba ngamanzi, bavakashela imifula engatholakali, izimvula zesikhashana. Esikhathini sasebusika, ukuchelela eduze nemifula kuthathelwa indawo ukuthola amanzi adingekayo kwikhava yeqhwa.

Ukubukeka kwesimilo nendlela yokuphila

Ukushisa eHaptagai naseBactrian kuhlukile. Amakamela afihliwe ayigwala futhi azolile ngokuziphatha kwawo. Abantu basendle banamahloni, ngakho ngasikhathi sinye banolaka. Benamandla ngokwemvelo ebukhali, babona ubungozi bekude futhi babalekele kuyo. Ijubane leHaptagai lingafika ku-60 km. ngehora, nokukhuthazela kukhulu kakhulu, futhi ukugijima kwabo kungahlala izinsuku ezingama-2-3, kuze kube yilapho amandla eseqedile ngokuphelele futhi ikamela liwela ukukhathala. AmaHaptagai esaba amakamela asendlini, azibheka njengezitha zawo ingxenye enkulu njengamahlosi noma izimpisi.

Njengoba inamakhanda amakhulu nesisindo somzimba omkhulu, amakamela anamahlwili amabili awakude, awavikelekile ngokuhlaselwa izilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi ziyabhonga noma zikhafule. Imvamisa, ngisho namaqhude ayakwazi ukuphula amanxeba ekamela ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nokumelana. Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa yizitha, umkhumbi ogwadule awunakuzivikela.

Amathe, amakamela aphalaza, amelela ngaphezu kwawo okuqukethwe esiswini sesilwane esithukuthele.

Isikhathi seqhwa sasebusika senza ukuthi amakamela aphazamiseke, awakwazi ukudonsa kalula eqhweni, futhi ngaphezulu kokuthola ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa. Thola futhi ubhalise usizo lwamakamela asendlini. Amahhashi eza egijima eqhweni, ayimise bese anika amakamela ithuba lokudla okumbiwe ngaphansi kweqhwa. Izilwane ezinamafutha zidinga ngokuzimela ukufuna izindawo lapho izilwane ezingenacala zazidlula khona.

Izincwadi zokudla okunempilo

Ukudla okuphambili okunomsoco ngamakamela anamahloni amabili amelelwa ukungondleki kahle, okungabalulekile (= okungabalulekile) kubo bonke abamele umhlaba wezilwane. Ama-Giant adla izitshalo ezinameva, amahlumela omhlanga, utshani obulukhuni. Bondla ukudla okungabalulekile (= okungabalulekile) izitshalo zokudla kuphela; izinsalela nezikhumba zabamele izilo zilungele ukondliwa kwazo. Bayakwazi nokubulawa yindlala isikhathi eside, ukunqunyelwa kokudla kungayiphazamisi impilo yabo. Futhi ubona ukudla ngokweqile kuholela ekukhuluphisweni kwesilwane, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise umsebenzi wezitho zalo zangaphakathi. Ngokuvamile, amakamela awekho emthethweni ekudleni, adla ngotshani be-aspermic, okusanhlamvu okuhlukahlukene nesinkwa esomile.

Ukuphuza amanzi, kufaka namanzi anosawoti, abamele le nhlobo bayakwazi ubukhulu obukhulu, amalitha ayikhulu. ngasikhathi sinye ukungabi namanzi isikhathi eside. Ngokwesilinganiso, hhayi kude nomfula, bayasondela kuye ukuze bacime ukoma kwabo kanye ezinsukwini ezi-3. Ngokungezelela amakhemikhali ahlala amasonto ama-2-3, angakwenza ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo, athathe indawo yokuntuleka kwamanzi ngotshani.

Ukuzala, isikhathi sokuphila

Amakamela afinyelela ebudaleni ngeminyaka yobudala engama-3-4. Ngalesi sikhathi, banganda. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwalezinhlobo zezilwane siqala ekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi, abesilisa banolaka olukhulu, olukhonjiswa ngokubhonga kwabo, ukugquma kwamagwebu, bathathe izindebe, baphonse njalo futhi baphonse abanye. Abesilisa balwa nezimbangi zabo, bayamluma futhi bamshaye, aqhubeke nokushaya ngokushaya kuze kube sekufeni kwesitha. Amakamela ahlaselwe ngokuhlukumezeka ngenkathi yomshado amakwa ngezinti ezixhunywe kuwo futhi azame ukuqukatha ngokuqondile kwabanye abantu. Abesilisa basendle baba nesibindi futhi bayakwazi ukuhola izintokazi ezifuywayo ngenxa yazo, futhi babhubhise abesilisa empini yezitha zabo.

Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-13, ithole liyavela entwasahlobo, isisindo salo lifinyelela ku-45 kg. Iqine kunengane eyodwa lapho owesifazane ezalwa kakhulu, ngaphezu kwengabili - ekhuphukeni. Ingane inamandla okuhamba ngemuva kwamahora ama-2 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Idla ubisi lukamama unyaka nengxenye. Abazali banakekela ingane ize ivuthwe. Ngokuzayo, izimela, owesilisa osanda kubhakwa ushiya umndeni wakhe umndeni wakhe, kuyilapho owesifazana ehlala nonina emhlambini wakhe.

Amacala okuwela amakamela anamahloni amaningi nanyakazisiwe ayaziwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho abantu bavele benwebekile owodwa ngobude bonke emuva kwesilwane. UPava uthole igama - ngoMeyi, neliduna - uBirtugan.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwamakamela asendle anamabili ancibilikisiwe cishe iminyaka engama-40, amakamela agcinwe ekhaya, angakhathali konke ukukhishwa kwempahla, athole isabelo sezilwane zasendle, aphile iminyaka engama-5-7 isikhathi eside ukwedlula ezinye izizwe.

Okapi

Amakamela anamaqhugwane angawodwa, ama-dromedaries, noma ama-Arabhiya ayizilwane ezincelisayo ezingamalungu omndeni wakwaCamelidae, wona, kanye namakamela anamahloni amabili (amaBactrian), angamalungu e-Camus Camelus (Camelus).

Sebenzisa

Phambilini, imihlambi emikhulu yamakamela asendle enamuntu munye yayizulazula ogwadule enyakatho ye-Afrika naseMiddle East, kepha manje kunabantu abakhethwe kuphela e-Asia nase-Afrika, lapho zigcinwa khona njengezilwane ezifuywayo (ukuthutha izimpahla nokugibela amahhashi). Imihlambi yamakamela asendle ancibilikisiwe endalweni ayigcinwanga. E-Australia kuphela kutholakala imihlambi yesibili yezwe.

Incazelo

Ngokungafani ne-bactrian, i-dromeder ine-hump eyodwa kuphela. Ubukhulu bawo buphinde bube buncane: ubude bomzimba bungu-2,3,3,4 m, ukuphakama okungu-1.8-2.3 m. Isisindo sedrinked yabantu abadala sisebangeni ukusuka kuma-300 kuye kuma-700 kg. Umsila umfushane, kuze kufike ku-50 cm.I-physique imvama, imilenze yinde. Ikamela elinomunyu owodwa lipendiwe ikakhulu ngemibala e-umlotha. Ijazi linesihlabathi esiningi ngombala, yize lingahluka kusuka kokumhlophe noku nsundu. Izinwele ezinde zimboza ikhanda kusuka phezulu, intamo kanye nomhlane.

Intamo yinde nekhanda enwetshiwe. Isindebe esingaphezulu senziwe bodwa, amathumbu abonakala ngesimo esinjengokungqubuzana; uma kunesidingo, ikamela liyazivalela. Ama-eyelashes amade kakhulu. Amadolo, izinyawo nezinye izitho zomzimba zimbozwe ngamabele amaningi. Kunezinzwane ezimbili kuphela emilenzeni enamaphampu we-callus. Isisu yigumbi elinamakamelo amaningi.
Isilwane sivumelaniswe kahle nokuhlala esimweni sezulu esomile. Ingaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuphuza amanzi, igcine inani layo eliningi emzimbeni. Ukulahleka kukamanzi umzimba wamadomedaries kunciphisa ngobuchule. Ngenxa yengubo eminyene, ukuhwamuka ngokweqile akuvunyelwe, izindlala izithukuthuku ziyindlala, futhi izithukuthuku zikhishwa kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa le-ambient likhuphuka ngaphezulu kwe-40 ºС. Ebusuku, izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyehla, kuthi phakathi nosuku kuqale ukushisa kancane. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-dromedaries awazibekezeleli isithwathwa ngenxa yezinwele zawo ezimfushane nezine-sparse uma ziqhathaniswa neBactrian.

I-Dromedary

I-dromedary iyakwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuphuza amanzi (isonto ngaphansi kwephakethe nezinyanga ngaphandle komthwalo). Ukulahlekelwa uketshezi emzimbeni wakhe kungafinyelela kuma-40% umthamo, kepha uphuza ikamela ngokushesha okukhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kunxephezele umthamo olahlekile we-fluid. Ngemizuzu eyi-10, lesi silwane sikwazi ukuphuza amalitha amanzi ayi-100.
I-domorary dorsal hump iqukethe izinqolobane ezinamafutha, ezisetshenziswa kancane kancane amandla. Amakamela ewuketshezi agcinwa esiswini.

Ukusatshalaliswa

IDomedari isatshalaliswa njengesilwane enyakatho ye-Afrika naseMiddle East yonke indlela eya eNdiya. Izinhlobo zalethwa eBalkan, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika kanye naseCanary Islands, kanye nase-Australia. Kusendaweni yabasubathi ukusuka kwabangama-50 000 kuye kwabangu-100 000, futhi namuhla ukuphela kwesibalo esikhulu sekamela elinomuntu munye emhlabeni elihlala endle.

Ukuziphatha

Amakamela anamuntu munye ahola impilo esebenzayo ntambama. Endle, bakha amaqembu abizwa ngokuthi yi- "harem", ahlanganisa owesilisa oyedwa, abesifazane abaningana nezizukulwane zabo. Njengoba bekhula, abesilisa abasebasha bakha amaqembu ahlukile kwezamadoda, kodwa bendawonye abaphili isikhathi eside. Kwesinye isikhathi phakathi kwabesilisa kuba khona ukulwa (ngokulunywa nokukhahlela) okucacisa indima yomholi eqenjini.

Ukuzala

Ukumatanisa emakameleni angenwebu elilodwa kwenzeka ebusika, ngenxa yesikhathi semvula. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-360 kuye kwezingama-440, kuthi ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane eyodwa, amawele azalwe kakhulu. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala lwempilo, amakamela asanda kuzalwa angakwazi ukuzimela. Omama banakekela inzalo iminyaka engu-1-2, yize ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha zokuqala zokuphila. Ukukhulelwa okulandelayo kowesifazane kungenzeka eminyakeni emibili kuphela emva kokuzalwa. Ukuthomba kwabesifazane kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3, kwabesilisa abaseminyakeni engama-4-6. Isikhathi sokuphila sisemugqeni weminyaka engama-40-50.

Izinsongo

Namuhla, kungatholakali amakamela asendle, anamahloni athile endle. Ngokuqondene nama-dromedaries asendle, kunolwazi oluncane kakhulu ngabo kangangokuthi abanye ososayensi baze bangabaza ubukhona babo bokuqala. Kepha noma kunjalo lokhu kufakazelwa yimidwebo yomhume waseNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, kusukela ngo-3000 BC. futhi zifanekisela ukuzingela amakamela asendle, nomhlathi ophansi we-Dromedari owatholakala eSaudi Arabia (iminyaka engama-7,000). Kukholakala ukuthi amakamela asendle ancibilikile afile ngokuphelele ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu.