I-Octopus (ngenye indlela ibizwa ngesilwane se-octopus) emlandweni wobuciko bomlomo wesintu yathola indima embi yezilo zasolwandle. Futhi ezincwadini zombhali, i-cephalopod enkulu enamasende amade yaba yinto ephelele yomgomo omubi (incazelo enjalo itholakala kwinoveli nguMarie Hugo "Workers of the Sea"). Empeleni, lesi sidalwa esingenangozi sihlupheka kakhulu ngabantu kunokuba singazilimaza okungenani.
Ukubukeka
Isimo se-octopus siyingqayizivele impela: ikhanda liphinyiswa ngengubo, futhi amatende amade (okuvame ukuba ayisishiyagalombili ngokuhambisana negama, kepha kunezinhlobo ezinamazwana ambalwa) adonswa ngamazwibela avela ngaphansi, edlala indima yokunambitheka kwama-ectopus. Njengamaqhubu eligoqa umsila wawo, uma kungenzeka asongele, i-octopus ingasusa omunye wemilenze yayo ukuze iphambukise ukunaka kwesitha: isigaxa esilahliwe sibhukuda futhi sibambe isikhathi esithile. Okunye isikhali se-octopus yi-ink, ifu okukhishwa ngalo izimbumbulu esikhwameni sazo, lihlazisa umhlaseli wazo. Imishini enjalo enemishini yokuvikela ayiyona ngengozi; ngokwemvelo, ama-octopus anezitha ezanele. Kudliwa ngobumnandi ngabazingeli basolwandle: oshaka, ama-eay Moray, ama-eels, amahlengethwa, ama-seals, amasondo, amabhubesi olwandle.
Ama-Octopus, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane, angahlukahluka ngosayizi: ukusuka kuma-20 cm kuye ku-3 metres. Ubude bamatende ngokuvamile bukhulu kakhulu ngosayizi womzimba. Iningi labamele umndeni alifinyeleli kumitha eyodwa nesigamu, kepha phakathi kwazo kunezidalwa ezinkulu ezinesisindo esingama-50 kg. Ngo-1945, kwaqoshwa irekhodi: i-octopus enkulu enesisindo esingu-180 kg kanye nobude obuyi-8 m yabanjwa ogwini lwaseMelika. Futhi i-octopus encane kunazo zonke ayifinyeleli isentimitha eyodwa (ibizwa ngokuthi i-Octopus Wolfi).
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-octopus yolwandle, edume kakhulu yazo:
- ulwandle olujulile (ngaphandle kwalokho babizwa ngokuthi ama-fin)
- olunemikhono eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (eyingozi kakhulu futhi enobuthi),
- Ama-Argonauts (abesifazane bawo babheka i-cephalopods ngoba inegobolondo),
- I-octopus kaDoflein (i-Enteroctopus dofleini, i-octopus enkulu ehlala olwandle olusenyakatho yePacific nolwandle olusondele).
Isakhiwo samatende noqhwaku
Amatende asuka ekhanda le-mollusk, ancipha njengoba ehamba. Kuwo ngamunye wabo kunemigqa eyodwa kuya kwemithathu yenkomishi yokudonsa, futhi isiyonke ingabalwa ifinyelele ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili kumuntu omdala. Kwabesilisa, enye yetende - i-hectocotyl - idlala indima yesitho sangasese. Ingxenye ye-octopus futhi inama-fins akhethekile enza indima yohlobo lwesiqalo lapho ihamba. I-Shellfish ijwayele ukubhukuda kancane, kaningi futhi ayibhukudi, kepha iqhubekela ezansi emathendeni asemaphethelweni.
Umlomo we-octopus ubizwa ngokuthi uqhwaku ngoba uzungezwe imihlathi eqinile yezitinous egaya izinhlanzi nokunye ukudla. I-octopus ayikwazi ukugwinya inyamazane iyonke, futhi ngisho nangemva kokusebenza kwemihlathi, ukudla akuchotshozwa ngokwanele: imbumbulu iyidlula nge-grater ekhethekile emphinjeni, ilethe ukudla kwisimo se-mushy.
Amehlo amangaki
I-octopus inamehlo amabili, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuyefana nokwakheka kwezitho zombono. Ziqukethe:
- ilensi, uhlobo lens lens yemvelaphi yemvelo,
- i-cornea esobala
- irises
- i-retina, eguqula ukukhanya okungena iso kube izibonakaliso zezinzwa.
Inani lama-chromosomes
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-invertebrates amaningi, ama-octopus athuthukiswa ngokwengqondo. Ukuthuthuka okuphezulu kangako kwama-octopus, okuqhathaniswa nalokho kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo, ngokwengxenye kungenxa yohlobo lwazo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, yize inani lama-chromosome kuzo lingahambelani nomuntu, ososayensi bayaqinisekisa: ngamanye amapharamitha, ukuqhathanisa ne-homo sapiens kungenzeka.
Nazi ezinye izinkomba:
- I-genome ye-octopus ingama-2.7 billion billion nucleotides, nokungaphezulu kwezigidigidi ezintathu kubantu,
- amaprotheni wokufaka amakhodi ezinhlobo zama-octopus - ama-33 ayinkulungwane, kubantu - ayizinkulungwane ezingama-28.
Inani lama-chromosome ku-octopus, ngokuya ngezincazelo zocwaningo, liyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezithile: kungahle kube nama-28, 56, 60.
Ochwepheshe bathi lo mbangi usizakala ngokuziqeqesha. Kunethiwekhi ungathola izithombe namavidiyo akhombisa ukuthi ngobuhlakani ngosizo lwezinto ezibunjiweyo ama-octopus asusa izithiyo ezivimbayo futhi aze akhulule namabhodlela ezintini. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ososayensi abaningi babheka lezi zinambuzane zingasho lutho njengalezi ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Ingabe i-octopus ingukudlana?
Igama elithi mollusk ngokwalo livela egameni lesiLatini elithi molluscus “soft”. Lolu hlobo lombuso wezilwane lubizwa nangokuthi abesilisa abanenhliziyo ethambile (babonakala ngokungabikho kwamathambo). Njengama-mollusks amaningi, umzimba we-octopus wakhiwa izigaba ezintathu: imilenze, ikhanda ne-torso-mantle.
Ama-Cephalopods anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezitho zangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ama-octopus anezinhliziyo ezinjengezintathu (gill main kanye nama-asiza amabili) nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvaliwe. Iqiniso elikhangayo: ama-octopus angama-aristocrat, ngoba i-pigment hyoscyamine ibala igazi labo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Enye into emangazayo ye-octopus i-siphon, lapho isilwane sidonsa khona amanzi futhi siyikhiphe ngokungazelelwe ngejet enamandla, ngaleyo ndlela isiqinisekisa ukuthi umzimba uya phambili. "Isisetshenziswa esisebenzayo" esifanayo sakwamanye ama-mollusks - squid. Ngendlela, ochwepheshe bathi: kwakuyi-squid siphon eyethule umbono obalulekile wobunjiniyela kubadali bamarokhethi.
Ubunkimbinkimbi besakhiwo sohlelo lwezitho zangaphakathi ze-octopus, kanye nokungabikho kwegobolondo kanye nokubonakala ngokweqile okwenza abanye bangabaze ukuthi lesi silwane siyindathane. Kepha ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo basusa isikhathi eside lokhu kungabaza.
Habitat
I-Octopus ayithandi amanzi abandayo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, cishe abahlali olwandle olwandle nasolwandle. Kepha ezinye ngokuqondile indawo yokuhlala enkulu yabamele iningi lesigaba se-cephalopod. Emvelweni, kunezinhlobo zombili ezijulile nolwandle nemanzini angajulile. Ukujula okuntofontofo kwezindawo lapho ama-octopus ahlala khona kungamamitha ayi-150. Njengoba le ndlela yokuphila yama-mollusk ingasebenzi, ahlanganiswe ngokuphelele “endaweni yokuhlala” ekhethiwe, evame ukuba yizindawo ezinamadwala, izinqwaba zamatshe nezixhobo zamakhorali.
Mangaki ama-octopus aphila
Ngokwesilinganiso, impilo ye-octopus isukela eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kwengama-4. Izazi zesayensi yeminyaka emine sezivele zithathwa njengezikhulu zeminyaka. Ngokusho kocwaningo, isikhathi sokuphila ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zingahluka.
Amanye ama-octopus awafi ngokufa kwawo: amanye amadoda aba izisulu zabesifazane. Ngokusho kokubonwa kososayensi, kwesinye isikhathi abesifazane babamba iqhaza ngabalingani besikhathi sokulala nomuntu ocansini, mhlawumbe ngokudla kamuva. Ukufa kwesizukulwane esisha kukhulu: kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zezibungu ezincane, bambalwa kuphela abantu abasindayo ekufeni.
Okudingayo
I-Octopus ibhekise ezilwaneni ezidla inyama, ukudla kwayo kwansuku zonke kungafaka:
- izinhlobo ezincane zezinhlanzi,
- iminenke
- ipulankton
- izihlobo ezikude - izinkalankala, ama-spiny lobsters namanye ama-mollusks.
Abanye abacwaningi abafunda ukuthi i-octopus idla bathi udla konke okunyakazayo. Izilwane ezihlaselayo zizingela ngamatende, abamba inyamazane. Isisulu sibulawa yisihlungu se-octopus futhi sihlikihlwe ngomlomo onamandla.
Izici eziwusizo
Inyama ye-octopus ingumkhiqizo wokudla oqukethe amavithamini amaningi namavithamini B. Inani lamandla alo (nge-100 g yenyama eshisayo):
- 82 kcal,
- cishe i-15 g yamaprotheni
- ngaphezulu kwe-1 g yamafutha,
- I-2.2 g yama-carbohydrate.
Inyama ye-octopus iyenzeka futhi kulabo abaphethe ukudla ukunciphisa umzimba, nalabo abahlushwa yizifo zomgudu wesisu. Izazi zokudla okunempilo zithi: lo mkhiqizo ucebe kakhulu e-omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, ngakho-ke kunconyelwa ukusetshenziselwa ukunqanda izifo zenhliziyo kanye nokuqeda okuthiwa yi-cholesterol ebizwa ngokuthi "kubi" emzimbeni. Futhi amavithamini e-B ayadingeka ukuze kulawulwe umzimba.
- unesibopho sokuphendula okuvela kumaseli we-phosphorus,
- ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni i-zinc immune system,
- ibalulekile kwi-yegilo yegilo futhi iphazamisa umsebenzi wokuzala we-selenium,
- ukuvimbela ukuvela kwe-anemia futhi kunikeze inani elanele le-hemoglobin egazini, i-iron,
- i-potassium yokulawula ukuxhumana kwezinzwa,
- ukusekela uhlelo lwezinzwa nokuqinisa i-magnesium yemisipha yenhliziyo.
Contraindication ekufakweni kwe-octopus ekudleni kuyizinto zokwaliwa kuphela nokungabekezelelani ngakunye.
"Inganekwane yasolwandle" - inganekwane yakho engokoqobo
Ama-Octopus angama-intra-shell cephalopod mollusks anamalungu ayisishiyagalombili avele olwandle nasolwandle lweplanethi yethu eyizigidi ezingama-250 edlule futhi ahlala phakathi kwezilwandle ekujuleni kuka-150 m.
Ukulungiselela ukuqhubeka emadwaleni e-coral nasezikebheni zamatshe angaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngemuva kwemikhomo namahlengethwa yizidalwa ezihlakaniphe kakhulu zolwandle zomhlaba. Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa emuntwini ukuthi ama-octopuse aboleka kahle ekuziqeqesheni, adambise kalula futhi abe nememori emangalisayo.
Kuliqiniso, ukuvikela isidleke nge-brood, i-octopus ingadonsa kabuhlungu, kanti amathe ayo aqukethe ubuthi, isimila okungaveli kuso cishe inyanga. Futhi kusuka kubuthi be-octopus eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umuntu angafa kungakapheli ihora.
Eqinisweni, ama-octopus anezingalo eziyisithupha nemilenze emibili. Kunzima ukubatshela ngokwehlukana, kepha i-octopus iyazi ukuthi ikuphi. Ngemilenze emibili (le yimilenze) ziyahamba, zikhasa ngaphansi kolwandle nezinye izindawo, lezi eziyisithupha ezisele zisetshenziselwa ukudla. Uma i-octopus ligcwele futhi lizolile, usebenzisa kalula izandla zakhe uku ... ukugoqa ikhebula likaRubik.
Kuwo wonke amatende ayisishiyagalombili we-octopus yabantu abadala, kunabantu abangaba ngu-2000 babo, ngalinye linamandla acishe abe yi-100 g, futhi, ngokungafani neyabantu, abancela be-octopus badinga umzamo wokubamba, hhayi ukumunca, okungukuthi, babanjwa kuphela ngokuzikhandla kwemisipha.
I-octopus inezinhliziyo ezintathu: eyodwa (eyinhloko) idonsa igazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emzimbeni wonke, kanti enye emibili - gill - iqhubukusha igazi ngokusebenzisa amagazi.
Amehlo ama-octopus makhulu, enelensi efana neyomuntu. Umfundi unxantathu ngesimo.
Ama-Octopus ayakwazi ukubona umsindo, kufaka phakathi i-infrasound.
Kuyo “ingalo” ngayinye kunezinhlamvu zokunambitha eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezihlonza ukuguquguquka noma ukungeneka kwendaba yento.
Emandleni okushintsha umbala womzimba, ama-octopus angowesibili kuphela ku-cuttlefish. Ngisho nangemva kokushona, ama-chromatophores abo ayaqhubeka esebenza.
Ngokushintshwa kombala kwe-octopus, ukusabela okuhle kwayo, amehlo ngokuyikho anomthwalo wemfanelo. Amehlo ekati kuphela, isikhova nomuntu angancintisana nabo. Amehlo e-octopus makhulu kakhulu kuye kangangokuthi insimu yokubuka isondele ku-360 degrees. Ziphinde zibonakaliswe yilokho okubizwa nge- "expression" - emehlweni we-octopus umuntu angafunda injabulo, ukwesaba nentukuthelo.
Ukuthola ukudla, ama-octopus enza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu ... ngokuvula amathini.
Ezilwandle zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, okuthiwa i-octopus imitator Thaumoctopus mimicus uhlala, ofinyelela ku-60 cm ubude futhi alingise ngesimo nangezindlela zokunyakaza okufana nezidalwa ezinjengezinyoka zasolwandle, ama-founders, ophiuras, crabs, jellyfish kanye nezimfanzi. I-octopus yokulingisa ayisiyo ubuthi, ngakho-ke iyathanda ukudla ngama-barracudas nakoshaka. Ukuthatha isimo sezidalwa ezinobuthi zolwandle kungukusindiswa kwakhe empilweni efushane.
Kepha ama-octopus anobuthi, i-mollusk encane enomusa i-Hapalochlaena maculosa, esesimweni esijabulile simbozwe ngamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ibizwa ngokuthi "ukufa kwesibhakabhaka" e-Australia. Owokuqala akabahlaseli abantu, ngoba mncane futhi unomusa omuhle. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi obuqukethwe yi-octopus eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka banele abantu abangama-40. Okuwukuphela kwekhambi yisikhathi sokuphefumula sesikhashana.
Ama-Octopus, njengama-cephalopod amaningi, anesikhwama se-ink emzimbeni wawo aqukethe umbala ovela eqenjini le-melanin. Ngehora eliyingozi, ama-octopus alahla umfula weinki abaleke ngokuphepha, eshiya isitha sizulazula ebumnyameni.
ECalifornia octopus, isitha esiyinhloko esidla ezinye izinhlanzi ezi-moray eel. Kwavela ukuthi i-octopus uyinki iqinisa izikhungo zokuzenzela ama-moray eels ngehora, noma ngaphezulu. Uma i-octopus ngokwayo, njengoba 'imangele' inhlanzi, ayinaso isikhathi sokuphuma, khona-ke uqobo lwayo iwela kuyinki. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi kuma-aquariums, lapho, ngenxa yesikhala esinqunyelwe, imollusks ezivulekayo kalula ezingenamandla ngaphambi kokwesaba kwazo.
Ama-Octopus nawo anedivaysi evikela - i-autotomy: isende elithunjwe yisitha lingaqhamuka ngenxa yokuqina okuqinile kwemisipha, okuthi kulokhu izephule.
Endaweni elukhuni (kufaka phakathi indawo engaphezulu), i-octopus ihambahamba ngokukhasa isebenzisa ama-tentpaper ngezinkomishi zokumunca. Ingadonsa futhi isende ibheke emuva, iqale ukusebenza ngohlobo lwedivayisi ye-jet propulsion - iqoqele amanzi ngaphakathi kwethambo lapho kufakwa khona amagebula nangamandla ngokuwadonsela endaweni ephambene nokunyakaza nge-funnel, edlala indawo yomsindo. Ukuqondiswa kokunyakaza kuguquka ngokuguqula ilayini.
Zombili izindlela zokuhambisa i-octopus kunalokho zihamba kancane: lapho zibhukuda, liphansi ngejubane inhlanzi. Ngakho-ke, i-octopus ithanda ukuzingela okuqamekele lapho, ilingisa indawo ezungezile, futhi izama ukufihla kubaxosha bayo.
Kowendlala, i-octopus enemilenze yayo engu-8 ibonakala iyisihlobo se-squid ne-cuttlefish. Ngempela, bonke bangabesigaba esifanayo, kepha i-octopus inomehluko ohlukile ohlukile.
Okokuqala, azinawo amathambo noma amagobolondo avikelayo, njenge-cuttlefish kanye ne-squid efanayo. Ukuphela kwengxenye eqinile yomzimba womlomo, uqhwaku, olufana nopholi. Umzimba wonke uthambile ngokungajwayelekile, uguquguqukayo futhi unwebekile. Ivumela i-octopus ukuthi ingene emifantwini emincane nasezinkingeni emadwaleni nasezihlotsheni. Umkhawulo kuphela uqhwaku. Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu bomgodi lapho i-octopus ingangena khona bunqunyelwe ngosayizi womlomo wawo.
Ama-Octopus awahlali isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo eziningi ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2. Labo abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nangaphansi - izinyanga eziyisithupha. Umgcini werekhodi wokuphila isikhathi eside kuphela yi "Antarctic octopus", ofinyelela eminyakeni emi-5 yobudala.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-octopus. Isidleke singumgodi emhlabathini, oboshwe ngomgodi wamatshe namagobolondo. Amaqanda enziwe ngebhola, axhunyiwe ngamaqembu wezingcezu eziyi-8-20. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, insikazi ihlela isidleke emgodini noma emhumeni emanzini angajulile, lapho ibekela khona amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-80. Insikazi ihlala inakekela amaqanda: iwafaka umoya njalo, edlula emanzini ngokusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-siphon. Ngama-tentpentels, ususa izinto zangaphandle kanye nokungcola. Ngesikhathi sonke sokukhulisa amaqanda, insikazi ihlala esidlekeni ngaphandle kokudla futhi imvamisa iyafa ngemuva kokuqunjelwa izingane.
Impilo emfushane enjalo ixhumene neqiniso elikhangayo kakhulu. Ama-Octopus ayeka ukudla ngemuva kokuphola, futhi angahambi ukudla izinyanga eziningana. Kodwa-ke, abafi neze ngenxa yendlala, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi banezindlala ezikhethekile ezidlala indima ye "bhomu elilibazisayo."
Lezi zindlala zithola uketshezi olukhethekile "olwenzelwe" ukubulala i-cephalopod. Uma le ndlala isuswa ngokuhlinzwa, khona-ke i-octopus iyaqhubeka nempilo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwaleli gland, akadli ukudla, futhi usabulawa yindlala.
Ama-Octopus anohlelo lwezinzwa oluthuthukiswe kakhulu, futhi yingxenye encane yalo kuphela ehlanganiswe ebuchosheni. Ama-neurons asele esilwane atholakala endaweni emilenzeni. Ukuvuselela isilwane kuqhubeke ngendlela yokuthi kuphakanyiswe ukuthi banesistimu yezinzwa esezingeni elilandelanayo.
Ekudingisweni, ama-octopus aqeqeshwa kalula ezenzweni ezi-stereotyped, futhi aze “adlale” nabantu bethokozile. Bangakwazi ukuphinda ukunyakaza kwezandla zomuntu ngezinyawo zabo.
Ukuhlonipha ama-octopus kuqinisekiswa iqiniso lokuthi emthethweni we-1986 onesihluku sezilwane, i-octopus ifakiwe ohlwini lwalezo zidalwa ezingenakuhlolwa ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa. Yize kuma-octopus, lo mthetho usebenza e-UK kuphela.
Okwemhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi i-Asiya, ama-octopus anentshisekelo yokufunda ngaphezu kwesayensi.
EJapan, ama-cephalopods aziqhenya ngendawo etafuleni, kanye nokunye ukudla kwasolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-octopus amancane kwesinye isikhathi adliwe ephila, okubangela ukufa kwabantu abaningana ngonyaka. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-octopus ephilayo, noma encane, izama ukunamathela endaweni yokukhosela enamatende ayishumi, futhi kubonakala kuye ukuthi umphimbo womuntu unjalo.
Ukupheka Isicelo
Kumnandi waseRussia, umzimba we-octopus namatende kuyizidlakela ezinhle. Kodwa-ke, kukhona amazwe lapho umkhiqizo ubhebhetheka khona. Ngokwesiko lama-gastronomic ase-Asia, la mollusks adliwa ephila. I-sushi yaseJapan kanye nokugoqa ngenyama yayo kujwayelekile kubantu baseYurophu. E-Indonesia, ingubo yengubo yama-octopus kanye namatende kuyomiswa bese kubiliswa obisini lukakhukhunathi ngokufakwa kwezinongo zezinongo zasendaweni.
I-cuisine yaseMedithera idume ngokupheka isobho, amasaladi kanye ne-pasta nokudla kwasolwandle, phakathi kwalapho ama-octopus tentpenter angawona amancane. Phakathi kokudla okulula eSpain nase-Italy kukhona i-carpaccio ku-ukhilimu noma usoso wegalikhi. AmaConnoisseurs ancoma: lesi sidlo sikulungele ukusebenzisa iwayini elihle.
Isidumbu kanye namatende emollusk kungabiliswa, kuthosiwe, kubhakwe, kubhemwe, kufakwe izinto ezigcwele emzimbeni, okungukuthi, kukhona izindlela zokupheka ezisebenzayo kubo. Konke lokhu kungenziwa ekhaya: ezindaweni zokudlela, lokhu kubiliswa, yize kulungiselelwe ngochwepheshe emkhakheni wabo, kuyabiza kakhulu.