Ama-Vultures angenye yezinyoni ezingajwayelekile, ngokubukeka nangemikhuba. Zonke izintshantshu zihlukaniswe ngokwezigaba ezimbili ngamaqembu: ama-edes of the Old World nezinsimbi zeNew World (isb. Labo abahlala eMelika).
Uhlobo lwe-vulture genus (olungumndeni wakwa-hawk) lubandakanya izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili (i-African vulture (ama-Gyps africanus), i-Bengal vulture (ama-Gyps bengalensis), i-Cape vulture (ama-Gyps Coprotheres), i-Griffon vulture (ama-Gyps fulvus), ama-Snow vulture (ama-Gyps himalayensis) , I-Indian vulture (inkomba ye-Gyps), i-African vulture (amaGyps rueppellii), amaGyps tenuirostris). Zonke lezi zinyoni zihlala endaweni yaseNingizimu Asia, eSouth Europe, eCrimea, eCaucasus, kanye nase-Afrika.
Izinsalela ezisele (zaphesheya kwezilwandle) zingezomndeni wezidwaba zaseMelika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqhubu abizwa ngokuthi abanye abamele abanye abangaphansi kwezinsizwa (iBlack Vulture, iPalm Vulture, njll.)
Zonke izintshantshu zingabazingeli abakhulu abanemibala. Futhi yizinhlobo ezithile kuphela ezinosayizi abathobekile. Isibonelo, okuncane kunawo wonke amaqhubu ikati elimnyama. Umzimba wakhe ukhula ubude kusuka kumasentimitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-60, futhi isisindo senyoni singasukela ku-1100 kuya ku-1900 amagremu.
Iningi labamele leli qembu lezinyoni linobude bomzimba wamasentimitha angama-70-90 nesisindo samakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwayi-7. Izimpiko zezinye izidleke zingaba amamitha amathathu! Lezi zinyoni zihlukaniswa ngumlomo omkhulu obunjiwe njengotshani. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokubukeka okunamandla, i-voul akuyona inyoni engadala ukulimala okukhulu esilwaneni noma kumuntu, ngoba ama-paws ayo, noma emakhulu, awunawo amandla anele ngisho nokukhulisa inyamazane emoyeni.
Isembozo sezimpaphe salezi zinyoni asilingani. Ezinye izingxenye zomzimba zivezwa ngokuphelele, lokhu kusebenza ekhanda nasentanyeni. Lesi sici semvelo sivumela inyoni ukuthi ingene ngekhanda ngaphakathi ekujuleni kwesidumbu, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukungcola. Imidlwane ehlala e-Eurasia nase-Afrika ibonakala ngo “khola” wezinsiba. Kodwa-ke, kukhona okuhlukile emithethweni, ngokwesibonelo, isivini sesundu, ikhanda nentamo yakhe embozwe izimpaphe.
Ngokuqondene nokufaka imibala, amabala awabizwa ngokuthi izinyoni ezikhanyayo futhi ezinhle kakhulu. Imvamisa, izimpaphe zazo ziba nsundu, ziphuzi, zimnyama, zibe mhlophe ngokwebala. Kodwa-ke, bekukhona okuhlukile: isibonelo ngumzingeli wasebukhosini ohlala eSouth America. Umbala wezimpaphe zawo ungwevu onsundu, isikhumba sibe namabala aphuzi, amnyama nabomvu.
Ama-Vultures angatholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile nezibonakala kahle. Bahlala ezinsukeni, emithambekeni yezintaba, nasehlane. Lezi zinyoni ziphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, azibonakali ngokufuduka kwesizini, ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo lwamaqhubu, njengesihlahla somdanso wefudu.
Iminyakazo ithanda ukuhlala ngambili noma ngababili. Iqoqo elikhulu lezinqe lingabonakala kuphela "ngomkhosi", i.e. eduze kwesidumbu sesidumbu. Laba abamele umhlaba onezinhlaka basebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sasemini.
Ngokuqondene nohlobo lwezidleke, singaphawula ukungaguquguquki kwazo, ukuzola, ngisho nobungani bazo. Lezi zinyoni zingandiza amahora amaningi ngaphezu komhlaba, ngesineke zibheke inyamazane. Ziphokophele emoyeni, zindiza isiyingi, zifuna inyamazane esizayo.
Imidlwane yizinyoni ezidla inyama, kepha zona, ngokwesibonelo, izinkozi, azikwazi ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu. Okuningi kokudla kwabo, njengoba wazi, i-carrion. Zithokozela izinsalela zezidumbu zezingwenya, izimfudu ezifile, izindlovu, izinyoni, namaqanda ezinyoni ezikudlweni lwazo.
I-Grifov ihlukaniswa yisici esisodwa: banephunga elibukhali kakhulu. Kuyiqiniso, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zalezi zinyoni ezingaziqhayisa ngombono obukhali.
Ngokuphanga kwabo, lezi zinyoni ngeke zingene ekulweni nezinye izinyamazane, zimane nje zinikeze ithuba. Kepha uma umhlambi wezimpisi ubambekile kwesidumbu sesilo esikhulu, maduze nje amathambo azosala kuwo. Ngakho-ke isidumbu somuntu ongumdondoshiya omdala umhlambi wezinyoni eziyishumi ungangena emthanjeni ngemizuzu eyi-10 ukuya kwengama-20.
Le ndlela yokondla amabele yenza enye yezixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem. Zingenye zemiyalo eyinhloko yemvelo, zidla inyama ebolile, ngaleyo ndlela zivikele ingozi yokutheleleka kwezinye izilwane nabantu.
Imishanguzo ikhiqiza kabusha njalo eminyakeni eyi-1 - 2. Lezi zinyoni zakha izidleke ezihlahleni ezinde noma emadwaleni. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, umduna wesifazane ubekela amaqanda ama-1-3. Isikhathi sokufuduka sisuka ezinsukwini ezingama-38 kuye kwezingama-55. Amachwane azalwa ahlala esidlekeni izinyanga ezintathu zokuqala. Ukuzala kutholakala eminyakeni emi-4 kuya kwengama-7. Phakathi kwabamele umhlaba onezinwele, amaqhubu angomunye wabantu abaphila isikhathi eside. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila siyiminyaka engama-50-55.
Ama-Vultures athola ukusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile kakhulu e-United States. Njengoba sesishilo, lezi zinyoni zinephunga elihle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amaqhubu lapha asebenzela ukuzuzisa abantu, esiza ukuthola ngokushesha nokuqeda ukuvuza kwegesi. Inani elincane lezinto ezikhethekile longezwa kugesi wemvelo ogeleza ngepayipi legesi, iphunga lakhona lifana nephunga le-carrion.
Abantu abakwazi ukuhogela leli "phunga", kepha amachwane angalizwa ngephunga elikude, athontelana ukungena “kusihla”. Ngemuva kokulandela umkhondo onjengalawa, izinsizakalo zithunyelwa ngokungangabazeki endaweni yesehlakalo sengozi.
IZIMALI
Kunezinto ezifuna ukwazi esingaziboni, azithathi kalula. Isibonelo, abantu bacabanga okuncane ukuthi kungani izidumbu zezilwane ezifile zingabonakali kakhulu ehlathini, esitebhisini, ezintabeni. Bayaphi?
Izilwane ezidla inyama azidli i-carrion, zithanda ukuzingela, zihlale lapho zilala amahora amaningi, ziphishekele inyamazane. Kepha kuvela ukuthi kukhona izilwane ezidla inyama ezidla inyama yezilwane ezifile. Kulabo balwa kangaka - "izindiza ezinamaphiko" - izinyoni eziningi zingezazo. Ama-Vultures, ngokwesibonelo, adla kuphela u-carrion. Zonke zinkulu, ziqine kakhulu. Iphiko lephiko elincane kunawo wonke angama-vurb liyi-160 cm, kanti ihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke eqhweni lingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3. Ungaphakamisa imvu emoyeni.
Izikhala zihlala esifundeni nasezintabeni. Bendiza endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ambalwa, bahlola "impahla" yabo, basheshe bakubone ukugcwala bese behlela kuyo ngokushesha. Amehlo amangalisayo okudingeka ube nawo ukuze ubone inyamazana kude kangako!
Imishanguzo kwesinye isikhathi ayithandiwa: ukudla kwayo akuhambeki ngobuhlungu. Kepha ngenxa yalokhu, amabala abhekwa njengewusizo. Futhi umuntu oyithanda ngokweqiniso futhi eyazi imvelo ngeke azidubule lezi zinyoni, noma ngabe zigcwele, zisindayo, futhi ngeke zikwazi ukundiza masinyane. Futhi ukuthola isidleke se-vulture esinamaqanda noma amantshontsho amathathu (awasekho amanye amachwane ezinsolweni), akusoze kwalonakalisa.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemivunguzane, futhi zonke zingabadli besikhathi sasemini. Abaningi babo bahlala behlala eduze komuntu. Kepha ama-condors - amadlanzana aseNingizimu Melika - ahlala ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme aze afike ku-7 km. Kepha ngoba bahlasela izilwane ezifuywayo, bayabhujiswa.
Vultures
Izidleke ziyiqoqo lezinyoni elinamakhemikhali aqukethe abameleli bohlobo lwezidleke zomndeni wama-hawk (abizwa nangokuthi yi-rentures of the Old World) kanye nomndeni ohlukile wezidwaba zaseMelika (zibizwa ngama-vibtures of the New World). Kunezinhlobo eziyi-15 zezinyoni emndenini we-voul, ezi-5 emndenini wezinkukhu zaseMelika, azihlobene eduze, kepha ziyafana ngokubonakala. Futhi, amabala oMhlaba oMdala asondele kumuntu onentshebe nezinsini, futhi izinsika zoMhlaba Omusha zisondele kakhulu kuma-condors.
IBlack Vulture (i-Aegypius monachus).
Iminyoni izinyoni ezinkulu futhi eziphakathi nendawo. Uhlobo oluncane kunazo zonke i-American catarat emnyama, ubude bayo bomzimba buyi-50-65 cm, isisindo esingu-1.1-1.9 kg. Izinhlobo eziningi zifinyelela ku-70-90 cm futhi zinesisindo esingu-3-7 kg, abamele kakhulu (isibonelo, i-African eared vulture) zinamaphiko afinyelela ku-3 m futhi anesisindo esingama-10-14 kg. Uqhwaku lwalezi zinyoni lukhulu, lunwebekile, izimpiko zibanzi, ama-paws makhulu. Naphezu kobukhulu obukhulu nokubonakala kokudla, amaqhubu awazibeki engcupheni ezilwaneni nakubantu, ngoba ama-paws abo abukeka nje eqinile, kepha eqinisweni awakwazi ukubamba inyamazane yawo. Ngalesi sizathu, amabala awalokothi ahlasele izilwane, ngisho nasekuzivikeleni. I-plumage yalezi zinyoni ithuthukiswa ngokungalingani, amaphiko nomsila, okuvumela ukuba amabala ukuba andize kahle, afakwe kahle, izimpaphe ekhanda, entanyeni nasesifubeni zikhula buthaka kakhulu. Kwezinye izinhlobo zimbozwe ngefushane phansi, kwezinye zinqunu ngokuphelele futhi zimbozwe amafolda, ngaphezu kwalokho, intamo ye-Old World ibonakala ngekhola yezimpaphe eziqubukayo ezansi kwentamo. Le mishini ivumela izinyoni ukuba zinamathele ekhanda lazo ngaphakathi kwesidumbu futhi ngasikhathi sinye azifaki amapayipi, igazi ligeleza phansi emphethweni libambezele ikholaji yalo. Kepha kukhona okuhlukile kulo mthetho, ngokwesibonelo, isivini sesundu sinekhanda nomhlophe ngokuphelele futhi kubukeka njengokhozi kunentamo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa yokhozi lwe-vulture futhi kubalwa naphakathi kwezihlobo zalezi zinyoni.
I-vonkey yesundu, noma i-Vulture Eagle (Gypohierax angolensis) ibukeka ibukeka njenge-atypical.
Umbala we-Vulture ucacile futhi awuqondile: umnyama, grey, onsundu. Isikhumba entanyeni singaba mnyama ngombala weplamu noma obomvu, ngaphandle kwentamo yasebukhosini ekhanyayo evela eSouth America amapayipi aso ampunga, nesikhumba entanyeni sipendwe ngombala omnyama, ophuzi, obomvu. I-dimorphism yezocansi kulezi zinyoni ayivezwanga, abesilisa nabesifazane babukeka efanayo.
I-Royal Vulture (iSarcoramphus papa).
Indawo yezilwane zasendle ihlanganisa iningizimu yeYurophu (kufaka phakathi iCrimea), iCentral kanye neSouth Asia, iCaucasus, cishe nayo yonke i-Afrika, eningizimu Melika Melika nayo yonke iNingizimu Melika. Kepha mangisho ukuthi uhla lwezinhlobo ngazinye lunqunyelwe engxenyeni yezwekazi elilodwa kuphela, azikho izazi zezulu phakathi kwalezi zinyoni. Izindawo ezijwayelekile kubo ziyindawo evulekile futhi ebukelwe kahle - ama-savannah, ogwadule, izintaba ezentabeni. Amaqhubu ayadabukiswa, ahlala ezindaweni ezingapheli, awenzi ukufuduka kwesizini (okuhlukile yi-vurb-turkey, eyenza ukufuduka kwesizini). Ngasikhathi sinye, amagebhu ngesikhathi sokuzingela kuvame ukwephula imingcele yomuntu ngamunye, ehambisana nobuntu bokucinga kokudla. Lezi zinyoni zihlala zodwa noma zimbili, kepha eduzane nezinyamazane ezinkulu zingaqoqana ngamaphakethe abantu abangamakhulu amaningana, futhi zisebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sasemini.
I-Vulture Turkey (i-Cathartes aura).
Isimo salezi zinyoni sizolile kakhulu, sinomakadebona futhi sinomusa. Ukucaciswa kokuzingela kuphoqelela izindundane ukuba zikhuphuke ngaphezu kwenhlabathi amahora amaningi, ziyabekezela, ziyanaka futhi ziyaphikelela. Ihora emva kwehora, bakhuphukela emoyeni futhi bandiza ngemibuthano, ngesikhathi esifanayo belandelela ukuhamba komakhelwane. Imigwaqo ithanda ukukhuphuka emoyeni ngaphandle kokushaya amaphiko ayo, ngoba lokhu zisebenzisa imisinga yomoya ofudumele, ophuma emhlabeni ofudumele. Ngale ndlela, izinyoni zonga amandla. Lapho bebona inyamazane, lo msimbithi uyancishiswa, futhi abafowabo baphuthuma ukumjoyina. Izinyoni cishe azingqubuzanani, kuphela uma ukusika izidumbu zingashayela izimbangi ngokushaya ngezimpiko, kepha lokhu akuyona impi yangempela, kepha kunalokho kuyindlala elambile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaqhuqhuva ahlobene ngesizotha hhayi kuphela ngabantu bohlobo lwabo, kodwa futhi nabamele abanye.
I-voul yase-Afrika (ama-Gyps africanus) emaphikweni avulekile ehla inyamekele.
Imidlwane ingabazingeli, kepha azizingeli izilwane ezinkulu nezinyoni ezinkulu. Indlela yabo yokudla izaqathe yaziwa kahle. Izinsalela zezilwane ezihamba ngezinyawo ezinkulu - izinyamazane, izimbuzi zasezintabeni nezinqama, ama-llamas zidla njengokudla kwazo. Kepha zingadla cishe noma yiziphi izinsalela zenyama - izidumbu zezinyamazane, izinhlanzi ezimnyama, izimfudu ezifile, izingwenya, izindlovu, izinambuzane, amaqanda enyoni. Izinhlobo zaseMelika kwesinye isikhathi zidla nezithelo ezibolile. Umuthi wesundu udla izithelo zentende kawoyela, kodwa futhi ufaka nemikhiqizo yezilwane (imikhaza, ama-mollusks, izibankwa) ekudleni kwayo. Kumele ngisho ukuthi lapho ngifuna izinyamazane ezidla inyama zisiza izinzwa eziphelele. Ngakho-ke, amaqhubu oMhlaba Omdala afuna inyamazane ngosizo lombono obukhali ngokwedlulele, kusuka ekuphakameni kwamakhilomitha amaningana ayakwazi ukubona ngisho nesidumbu esincane sembuzi noma ibhele, angakwazi ukwahlukanisa isilwane esiliqiniso nesilwane esifile ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu. Imivimbo yoMhlaba oMusha ayibonakali ibukhali kangako, kepha inesici esiyingqayizivele emhlabeni wezinyoni - iphunga elibukhali. Ezinyoni, ngokuvamile, umuzwa wephunga ukhuliswa kabi, kepha amabala aseMelika awafani nalomthetho. Abagcini nje ngokuhogela kahle, kodwa futhi bayakwazi ukubamba izinhlayiya zabo emcimbini omncane kakhulu. Ngosizo lomqondo wabo wokuhogela, bona, njengegazi langempela, banquma indawo yesidumbu ngamakhilomitha ambalwa.
I-catartha emnyama, noma idwala elimnyama, noma i-Uruba (Coragyps atratus) inephunga elifanelekile le-igazihound.
Imisuka inezindlela ezimbalwa “zokuzingela”. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi (izintaba, ugwadule) babheka izidumbu zezilwane ezifile ezivela phezulu, ezindaweni zokuzingela inqwaba yezinyamazane (ama-savannah) bayazilandela bese belinda izinsalela zokudla zomunye umuntu. Lapha, bavame ukuqapha izilwane ezilimele, zilinde ngesineke ukufa kwazo. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, izimpungushe azikaze ziqede inyamazane futhi azisondeli nakancane ukufa kwayo, noma ngabe inyoni iqala ukudla ngokungafanele, kanti inyamazane isemi, ngokushesha iyiphonsa bese iya eceleni. Ekugcineni, kwezinye izindawo, amaqhubu ahamba ogwini lapho amahobhe abeka khona amaqanda awo, aphonse izinhlanzi ngesikhathi sokushweza ngama surf, njll. Lapha amanqe abamba amaqanda aphukile, inhlanzi efile, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile adla amahobhe asanda kuzalwa namachwane aphilayo.
I-Griffon vulture (ama-Gyps fulvus) ivelele phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zekhola emhlophe phansi.
Imidlwane yizinyoni ezibuthakathaka (kungakhathalekile usayizi wazo), ngakho-ke azilokothi zingene empini ukuze zidle ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Badla ngokushesha nokuningi, i-goiter enkulu nesisu kuyabavumela ukuba badle inyamazane yabo ngasikhathi. Umhlambi wezinyoni eziyishumi ngemizuzu eyi-10 ukuya kwezingu-20 uphela ngokuphelele emihlolweni yesikhumba. Esidlweni esiseduze kwesidumbu esikhulu, kuhileleka izinhlobo eziningana zamachwane. Futhi lokhu akuyona nje ubudlelwano obuhle bomakhelwane, kepha usizo lwangempela. Iqiniso ngukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukile zamaqhubu zinokuphawulwa kokudla: ezinye zidla izingxenye ezithambile zesidumbu (i-viscera, izicubu zomzimba), ezinye i-coarser (isikhumba, amathambo, i-cartilage, imisipha). Isidumbu esisha sesilwane esikhulu (ngokwesibonelo, indlovu) asifinyeleleki ezinhlotsheni ezincane, ngoba azikwazi ukuklebhula isikhumba saso esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, kufanele balinde abantu abakhulu ukuba bandize bezosiza.
Iphakethe elihlanganisiwe lemidlwane edla isidumbu sendlovu. Ekhondweni kwesidumbu kuhlala umugqa omkhulu we-eyred, okusobala ukuthi, owaba umqalisi wokudla. Emhlabathini, amabala ezinhlobo ezincane adla ukudla.
Ama-Vultures awadli nje kuphela okusha, kepha futhi nezidumbu ezithintwe ukubola, ujusi wesisu onama-acid amaningi kanye nama-bacteriotic ama-bacterium angathathi hlangothi awavikela ezifweni. Lezi zinyoni zivame ukubikwa njengokungathembeki, kepha lokhu kuwubandlululo oluhlotshaniswa nemvelo yokungathandeki kakhulu yezinyamazane. Eqinisweni, izindlovane zivame ukuhlanza amapulamu azo, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokudla, ukuphuza kakhulu, nokubhukuda noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Ngokuthola ukubulala magciwane ezinye izinyoni, izinyoni zivame ukugeza ngamanzi okugeza: ngemuva kokuhlala ezihlahleni, zivula amaphiko azo futhi zigobe izimpaphe, zivumele imisebe yelanga ukuba ifudumele iplamu yayo esikhunjeni.
Ama-African eared vulture (Torgos tracheliotus) abeka elangeni.
Imisuka ayiguli, izalela kanye njalo eminyakeni eyi-1-2. Isikhathi sokuzalela ezinhlotsheni zezindawo ezifudumele ziqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Imidlwane yizinyoni ezithandekayo, owesilisa nowesifazane bathembekile komunye nomunye. Azinayo imicikilisho ekhethekile, owesilisa we-catharta omnyama kuphela owenza “umdanso” wokukhwelana - uhambahamba ngowesifazane, ngokuhleleka noma weqa.
Inhlwathi yasebukhosini ifaka ukwenziwa komcibisholo.
Imigwaqo yakha izidleke zayo ezindaweni eziphakemeyo ezingenakufinyeleleka kuzo izitha. Imvamisa zitholakala ezihlahleni noma emadwaleni. Isidleke siyinqwaba yamagatsha amakhulu aboshwe ngotshani. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-1-3, inkulu kakhulu enamabala amancane namachashazi.
Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-38-55, bobabili abazali bayashiswa. Owesilisa nowesifazane bondla inkukhu ebanjiwe, belching inyama egaywe kahle. I-nestling ihlala cishe izinyanga ezintathu esidlekeni; lezi zinyoni zifinyelela ekuvuthweni kocansi kuphela eminyakeni engama-4-7.Imidlwane inesikhathi eside sokuphila; ngokwemvelo nasekuthunjweni, ziphila iminyaka engama-55.
I-Bengal neck chick (ama-Gyps bengalensis) esidlekeni esitholakala emahlathini eCambodia.
Naphezu kobunzima obuphansi, amaqhubu ngokujwayelekile akuyona into engajwayelekile. Emvelweni wemvelo, amasayizi amakhulu ayazivikela kwizilwane ezizingelayo. Akuyona into embi kangako kubo, futhi indlala, ngoba izidleke ezinzima kakhulu futhi zijwayele ukudla okungajwayelekile. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, eCentral Asia, eCaucasus, eCrimea, amaqhude asanda kunyamalala. Ukwehla kwamanani kungenxa yokuxineka kwezindawo zemvelo zabantu nokucekelwa phansi kokuphakelwa kokudla. Lapho imihlambi yezimvu ezifuywayo ithatha amadlelo amaningi ezintabeni, izidalwa zasendle ezincanyana ziya ngokuya zincipha, bese kuthi ukunyamalala kwazo kunyamalale. Abasongelwa kakhulu yiBengali, iCape entsholongwane neKumai. Lezi zinyoni zidinga ukuvikelwa njengokuhleleka okungabalulekile emvelweni.
Isilo sasebukhosini endizeni.
E-USA, izidleke zasendle zisebenzela abantu, zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuvuza kwegesi kumapayipi egesi. Njengoba imigwaqo emikhulu kangaka idlula kude nezindawo zokuhlala, ukuhlolwa kwazo nokulungiswa kwazo kuyakhandleka kakhulu. Ukwenza lula umsebenzi futhi wandise ukuphepha, inani elingelutho lephunga lifakwa kugesi, elifana nephunga le-carrion. Abantu abayizwa, kepha imichilo ingayiphunga ikude futhi inqwabelana ezindaweni ezivuza ugesi. Iqembu lokulungisa lishiya izindawo lapho umhlambi onjalo uthunyelwa khona.
Lalela izwi lentamo
Izwi le-Vulture yase-Afrika
Izwi le-Viking emnyama
Iminyakazo ithanda ukuhlala ngambili noma ngababili. Iqoqo elikhulu lezinqe lingabonakala kuphela "ngomkhosi", i.e. eduze kwesidumbu sesidumbu. Laba abamele umhlaba onezinhlaka basebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sasemini.
I-catharta emnyama, noma idwala elimnyama, noma i-Uruba (Coragyps atratus).
Ngokuqondene nohlobo lwezidleke, singaphawula ukungaguquguquki kwazo, ukuzola, ngisho nobungani bazo. Lezi zinyoni zingandiza amahora amaningi ngaphezu komhlaba, ngesineke zibheke inyamazane. Ziphokophele emoyeni, zindiza isiyingi, zifuna inyamazane esizayo.
I-Griffon Vulture (Ama-Gyps fulvus).
Imidlwane yizinyoni ezidla inyama, kepha zona, ngokwesibonelo, izinkozi, azikwazi ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu. Okuningi kokudla kwabo, njengoba wazi, i-carrion. Zithokozela izinsalela zezidumbu zezingwenya, izimfudu ezifile, izindlovu, izinyoni, namaqanda ezinyoni ezikudlweni lwazo.
Iphakethe elihlanganisiwe lemidlwane edla isidumbu sendlovu.
I-Grifov ihlukaniswa yisici esisodwa: banephunga elibukhali kakhulu. Kuyiqiniso, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zalezi zinyoni ezingaziqhayisa ngombono obukhali.
Ama-African eared vulture (Torgos tracheliotus) abeka elangeni.
Ngokuphanga kwabo, lezi zinyoni ngeke zingene ekulweni nezinye izinyamazane, zimane nje zinikeze ithuba. Kepha uma umhlambi wezimpisi ubambekile kwesidumbu sesilo esikhulu, maduze nje amathambo azosala kuwo. Ngakho-ke isidumbu somuntu ongumdondoshiya omdala umhlambi wezinyoni eziyishumi ungangena emthanjeni ngemizuzu eyi-10 ukuya kwengama-20.
Inhlwathi yasebukhosini ifaka ukwenziwa komcibisholo.
Le ndlela yokondla amabele yenza enye yezixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem. Zingenye zemiyalo eyinhloko yemvelo, zidla inyama ebolile, ngaleyo ndlela zivikele ingozi yokutheleleka kwezinye izilwane nabantu.
Amaqanda ama-Turkey Vulture.
Imishanguzo ikhiqiza kabusha njalo eminyakeni eyi-1 - 2. Lezi zinyoni zakha izidleke ezihlahleni ezinde noma emadwaleni. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, umduna wesifazane ubekela amaqanda ama-1-3. Isikhathi sokufuduka sisuka ezinsukwini ezingama-38 kuye kwezingama-55. Amachwane azalwa ahlala esidlekeni izinyanga ezintathu zokuqala. Ukuzala kutholakala eminyakeni emi-4 kuya kwengama-7. Phakathi kwabamele umhlaba onezinwele, amaqhubu angomunye wabantu abaphila isikhathi eside. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila siyiminyaka engama-50-55.
I-Bengal yeminwe yenkukhu (amaGyps bengalensis) esidlekeni.
Ama-Vultures athola ukusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile kakhulu e-United States. Njengoba sesishilo, lezi zinyoni zinephunga elihle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amaqhubu lapha asebenzela ukuzuzisa abantu, esiza ukuthola ngokushesha nokuqeda ukuvuza kwegesi. Inani elincane lezinto ezikhethekile longezwa kugesi wemvelo ogeleza ngepayipi legesi, iphunga lakhona lifana nephunga le-carrion.
Isilo sasebukhosini endizeni.
Abantu abakwazi ukuhogela leli "phunga", kepha amachwane angalizwa ngephunga elikude, athontelana ukungena “kusihla”. Ngemuva kokulandela umkhondo onjengalawa, izinsizakalo zithunyelwa ngokungangabazeki endaweni yesehlakalo sengozi.
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Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ama-Vultures anelinye igama - izimpisi, angabazingeli abanemibala yomndeni wama-hawk, athanda izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele. Akufanele zididaniswe nezinsimbi zaseMelika, yize zangaphandle zifana, aziwona izihlobo ezisondelene. Ama-Hawk vultures ahlobene nezimpungushe, kanti amabala aseMelika asondele kuma-condors.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amabala ayebhekwa njengezidalwa ezigcwele ngokuphelele ezinempahla ekhethekile emangalisayo. Uma ubheka intamo, uzizwa ngokushesha ukubukeka kwakhe okuhle, nokukhaliphile, nenhloso. Izinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu zomdanso ziyaziwa, ezingafani kuphela endaweni yazo yokuhlala, kodwa kwezinye izici zangaphandle, sizokuchaza ezinye zazo.
Ividiyo: Vulture
Intamo yaseBengal inkulu ngokulingana, amapayipi amnyama, kwesinye isikhathi amnyama ngokuphelele. Endaweni yomsila nasemaphikweni, amabala aqhakazile ayabonakala. Intamo yenyoni ihlotshiswe ngohlanga lwensipho olufana nefrill. Izindawo lapho kuthunyelwa khona unomphela amazwe anjenge-Afghanistan, Vietnam neNdiya. Lo mkhuba awunamahloni ukusuka kubantu futhi ungaphila eduze nezindawo ezihlala kuwo, uthatha indawo enhle emathafeni nasezindaweni eziphansi ezahlukahlukene.
I-voul yase-Afrika inethoni ye-plumage ejwayelekile ekhanyayo, lapho kuvela khona amathunzi ansundu. Intamo yomhlaseli ifakelwe ikhola emhlophe; inyoni inezici ezincane. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi le ndondo inendawo yokuhlala unomphela ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, lapho ithanda khona izintaba namagquma ezinyawo, ehlala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-1.5.
I-griffon vulture inkulu kakhulu, amaphiko ayo abanzi. Umbala wempaphe uphuma nsundu ezindaweni ezinobomvu. Izimpiko ziqhamuke ngoba zinombala omnyama. Ikhanda elincane lentamo limbozwe ukukhanya okucishe kube mhlophe (kucishe kube mhlophe), ngemuva kwesizinda salo ugologo onamandla owenziwe ngokubonakala ubonakala kahle. Ihlala ezintabeni zaseningizimu yeYurophu, emaqeleni ase-Asia, ogwadule base-Afrika. Ungahlala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3.
ICape Vulture ithathwa njengesiwukuphela kwengxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Afrika, lapho yahlala khona endaweni enamadwala esifundeni saseCape, lapho kuhlonishwa igama laso. Le nyoni inesisindo esikhulu, isisindo sayo ingafinyelela ku-12 kg noma ngaphezulu. Intamo yisiliva elinesifuba obomvu namaphiko, iziphelo zawo zimnyama.
Isithwathwa seqhwa (i-Himalayan) sithanda ukuhlala siphezulu, ngakho-ke sihlala eziqongweni zezintaba zaseTibet, iHimalayas nasePamirs, akwesabi nakancane indawo engama-5 km. Ubukhulu baso bamangalisa nje. Izimpiko zale ntamo zingamamitha amathathu ubude. I-collar enkulu yezimpaphe igqama entanyeni yomvini, umbala wayo okhanyayo nge-beige, futhi ukukhula okuncane kunemithunzi emnyama.
Umdwebo waseNdiya uphakathi ngosayizi futhi unombala onsundu ngombala, amaphiko adwetshwe emthunzini wetshokolethi omnyama, futhi "amabhulukwe we-harem" emilenzeni akhanya. Le nyoni ibhekwa njenge isengozini, ingatholakala ePakistan naseNdiya.
I-Ruffel Vulture iqanjwe ngemuva kwesazi sezilwane u-Eduard Ruppel. Le nyoni incane ngosayizi futhi inesisindo esingama-5 kg. Imibala ekhanyayo ifaka umbala ikhanda, isifuba nentamo, kanti amaphiko acishe abe mnyama. Ingaphakathi lamaphiko, ikhola nendawo ezungeze umsila kumhlophe. Le nyoni ihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Umuthi omnyama mkhulu kakhulu ngosayizi, umzimba wawo ufinyelela kubude obuyi-1,2 m, futhi amaphiko awo angamamitha ayi-3. Ukukhula okuncane kwalolu hlobo lwezidleke kumnyama ngokuphelele, futhi abadala bansundu. Ikhanda lale nyoni lihle, kukhona ugebhezi lwensimbi entanyeni yalo. Lo msele uhlala ezweni lethu, futhi phakathi kwazo zonke izinyoni ezihlala eRussia, unamandla kunawo wonke.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Inkukhu Yezinyoni
Ukubonakala kwezidleke kuyinto eyingqayizivele, amaplamu abo asatshalaliswa ngokungalingani. Ikhanda nentamo azinazo izimpaphe, futhi umzimba unamandla futhi umbozwe izimpaphe obukhulu. Isigaxa esikhulu somlomo waso semidlwane siyabonakala sisekude, kanti izigqoko ezinkulu zisongela ngokusobala emilenzeni yaso. Yize imilebe imangalisa, imidlwane yomhlaseli ayikwazi ukudonsa inyamazane yayo noma ibambelele ngqo emoyeni, ngoba iminwe yenyoni ayinamandla. Kudingeka uqhwaku olukhulu ukuze usike izingcezu zenyama kalula lapho udla.
Ikhanda elingenalutho nentamo kunikezwa yimvelo ngenhloso yokuhlanzeka. Umgexo wempaphe, uthambisa intamo, wenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Kuqukethe ukuthi ngesikhathi sokudla, uketshezi lwe-cadaveric negazi lijikijela kalula intambo engenalutho, lufinyelele kukholaji, lapho umzimba wenyoni ushiya ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ihlala ihlanzekile ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Inani elikhulu lesisu kanye ne-goiter livumela izidleke ukuthi zidle cishe amakhilogremu amahlanu we-carrion ekudleni okukodwa.
Umbala wamaqhubu awufani ngokugqamile nokukhanga; emaceleni awo okhiye aphansi wezinamba eziningi.
Kokubili ngombala nakweminye imininingwane yangaphandle, insikazi nabesilisa kubukeka ngokufana, osayizi babo nabo bacishe bafana. Kepha amancanyana amancane ezinsolweni ahlala enemibala emnyama, egcwele, ngokungafani nabantu abavuthiwe. Ubukhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zihluke kakhulu. Izinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke zifinyelela ku-85 cm futhi zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu, kanti izinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke zingaphezu kwemitha ubude futhi zinesisindo esingu-12 kg. Kumele kuqapheleke ukuthi amaphiko ezinselo kakhulu futhi anamandla, ubukhulu bawo uma buqhathaniswa nobude benyoni ngokwayo bukhulu izikhathi eziphindwe kabili nengxenye. Kepha umsila wentamo umfushane futhi uyindilinga kancane.
Uhlala kuphi lo msele?
Isithombe: Isilwane seVietnam
I-Vulture iyinyoni efudumele, ngakho-ke, ihlala emazweni anesimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo. Ingatholakala cishe kunoma yiliphi izwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia. Isimo sokusatshalaliswa kwezidleke sibanzi kakhulu, sifinyelela kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- I-Southern Europe (kufaka neNhlonhlo yeCrimea),
- Ephakathi naseNingizimu Asia
- I-Caucasus
- I-Afrika (cishe konke)
- ENingizimu Melika Melika
- INingizimu Melika (yonke).
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaqhude ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene ahlala e-Afrika. Uhlobo ngalunye lomlimi luhlala kunoma yiliphi izwekazi elilodwa, phakathi kwalezi zinyoni azikho izinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba.
Imigwaqo ithanda izindawo ezivulekile lapho izikhala ezivulekile zihlolisiswa ngokuphelele kusuka phezulu, kulula ukubona inyamazane. Lezi zidla zinyoni zihlala ososheni, ogwadule, ogwadule, uthando lwezintaba, lapho zihlala khona emithambekeni. Ukudlula akuzona izinyoni ezifudukayo (i-turkey vulture kuphela ebhekwa njengemfuduko), bahlala bukhoma, bahlala endaweni eyodwa. Ngesikhathi sohambo lokuzingela, imingcele yendawo yabo yenyoni ihlala yephulwa, okuyinto ongeke ukwazi ukuyenza ukuze uthole ukudla.
Izidleke zikhulu ngosayizi, ngakho-ke izidleke ziyafana - zikhulu futhi zihlala isikhathi eside. Bawahlomisa ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ehlane uqobo.
- emithambekeni yezintaba,
- amagobongo afihliwe emoyeni nesimo sezulu esibi,
- amawa angamatheki, angenakungeneka,
- amahlathi asendle, angenakungeneka.
Imisindvo ibuye ihlale emadilini, emahlathini anesiqeshana, eduze nemifula. Lezi zinyoni ziphila ngokubodwa noma emibhangqwaneni eyakhela impilo.
Ngabe idlani lidlani?
Isithombe: Griffon scavenger
Abaningi bayamangala ukuthi kungani izinyoni ezinkulu nezidla kangaka zithanda ukugcwala. Into iyithuluzi lesisu sezinambuzane, elingagaya kuphela isidumbu, size sibole kahle. I-acidity yejusi lesisu esiswini esikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ibhekana kalula nemikhiqizo yokubola, ngisho namathambo esibelethweni sentamo agaywa ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukwakheka kwamagciwane asemathuneni entamo, kungaphula ubuthi obuyingozi obuhlukahlukene, obungajabulisa ezinye izilwane.
Imigwaqo ehlela isikhathi eside ibheka phansi inyamazane, ngoba ukubona kwayo kubukhali kakhulu. Lapho sitholakele, izinyoni ziyashona ngokushesha phansi. Esikhathini esiningi, amabhungane adla i-carrion ye -ululates, kepha kukhona okunye ukugcotshwa kwimenyu yabo.
Ukudla kwamaqhubu kuqukethe abafileyo:
- ama-llamas kanye nezihlahlana zasendle,
- izimbuzi zezintaba nezinqama,
- izingwenya nezindlovu,
- izimfudu (ngokuvamile izinsana) nezinhlanzi,
- izilwane ezincelisayo
- zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane
- amaqanda ezinyoni.
Imivamisa ivame ukuhambisana nabazingeli bezilwane abazingelayo, bayabekezela kakhulu futhi balinda isilo ukuba senelise ukudla izinsalela zalowo ohlukunyezwayo. Ayikho indawo yokujaha izimpawu, futhi zingalinda isikhathi eside ukuze kufe isilwane esilimele, bese sihlela idili langempela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umlimi awusoze wahlasela isisulu okhombisa ngisho nezimpawu ezincane kakhulu zokuphila. Ngeke akuqede ukusheshisa ukufa. Isikhali sakhe ukulindela, asisebenzisa ngekhono.
Imidlwane idla emhlambini wonke (kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-10), azichofozi imilomo yazo ngokudla ngeze futhi ingaginya i-anelope enkulu ngemizuzu engama-20. Imvamisa, umvini onama-rouak-hook awo uvula isisu sohlukunyezwa futhi uqala ukudla, ephonsa ikhanda lakhe ngqo enyameni. Lapho ifika emathunjini, inyoni iyawakhipha, iwadwengule izingcezu zayo futhi iwagwinye. Vele, lo mbono awumnandi, ukufanisa ifilimu ethile eyethusayo.
Imvamisa, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zempuku zizozama inyamazane efanayo ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zithanda izingxenye ezahlukile zesidumbu esifile. Abanye bamunca inyama nobumba, abanye bathanda ukudla ama-tendon, amathambo kanye ne-cartilage, nesikhumba. Izinhlobo ezincane zomvuni azikwazi ukunqoba isidumbu esikhulukazi sendlovu, ngakho-ke zilinda izihlobo ezikhulu ukuthi zizoyikhipha. Lapho ukudla sekulahleka, amaqhubu angahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Njengoba sekushiwo, izidleke ziyadabukiswa, zihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. Kuyathakazelisa, kepha ngenkathi kuhlukaniswa inyamazane yokulwa phakathi kwezinyoni, bekungabonakala ukuthi, iziphithiphithi nokungqubuzana okuhlukile kulezi zinyoni. Ibhalansi, ukubekezela, ukulingana - lezi yizici zalezi zinyoni. Zonke lezi zimfanelo ziboniswa ngokuphelele ngamahora wokuhlela, lapho umlimi efuna inyamazane, izulazula ngobude.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izindiza zindiza zihamba kahle nje, isivinini sazo sokundiza singamakhilomitha angama-65 ngehora, futhi nge-dive vertical singakhula sifinyelele ku-120. Kwabhalwa inyoni isehlakalo esibuhlungu ngenkathi ishayisana nendiza, isusa ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayishumi nanye.
Kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ngesikhathi sikhuphuka, isivini sibukeka kuphela phansi. Unobuhlakani obukhulu futhi ubheka njalo abantu bakubo, uhambahamba eduze, ubona umuntu ehudula phansi, lo msiko ulwela nokulwa. Lapho sesidlile, kungaba nzima ukuthi inyoni indize phezulu, bese ibhula ingxenye yokudliwayo. Ngokumangazayo, amaqhuqhuva awagcini kuphela abashayeli bezindiza abahle kakhulu, kodwa futhi nabagijimi abahle kakhulu, abakwazi ukuzithoba futhi ngokushesha bashiye phansi. Ngemuva kwesidlo esimnandi sakusihlwa, izidleke ziqala ukuhlanza izimpaphe zazo, ziphuze futhi zigeze uma kukhona ichibi eliseduze. Bathanda ukufudumala elangeni ukubulala wonke amagciwane ayingozi emzimbeni.
Ngokwemvelo, lo msebe unokuthula futhi unobuhle, unezinzwa eziqinile, ukubekezelela nokubekezela ukungakuthathi. Yize lo mkhuba umkhulu ngosayizi, awunawo amandla okulwa nabanye abazingeli, ngakho-ke akabonwa ezimpini. Le feathery eyodwa nayo ayinayo i-speakativeness, ngezikhathi ezithile ungezwa imile futhi ihlaba umkhosi, ngaphandle komcimbi okhethekile ungezwa imisindo ephuma entanyeni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Vulture Cub
Imisuka iyizinyoni ezinyantisa umzimba ezakha umfelandawonye oqinile womndeni wokuphila. Ngaphambi kokuthi isivuno singatholakali, uhlala yedwa. Ukwethembeka kuwuphawu lwalezi zilwane ezinamazinyo amnyama. Izinyoni azizala kakhulu, inzalo yazo ingavela kanye ngonyaka noma iminyaka embalwa.
Lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalela, owesilisa uqala ukuthanda kwakhe ukudlala, edonsa intokazi yenhliziyo nazo zonke izinhlobo zamaqhinga ezenziwa endizeni.Ishaywe yimizwa, insikazi ngokushesha ibeka amaqanda ayo, yize kuvame ukuba yodwa, kube mancane kakhulu - amabili. Amaqanda e-Vulture amhlophe ngokuphelele noma aminyene ngamachashaza ansundu. Isidleke, esitholakala edwaleni noma esihlahleni, sakhiwe ngamagatsha anamandla, futhi phansi saso simbozwe ngumbhede otshanini obomile.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Esezinhlelweni zokuqothula inzalo, okuthatha izinsuku ezingama-47 kuye kwezingama-57, bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza, esikhundleni somunye. Omunye uhleli emaqanda abo, kanti omunye ufuna ukudla. Njalo lapho unogada eshintsha, iqanda lidonswa ngokucophelela kwelinye icala.
I-fluff emhlophe imboza iphuphu elisanda kuzalwa, okuthi ngemuva kwenyanga lishintshe libe yi-beige elula. Abazali abanakekela abazali baphatha ingane ngokudla okushiswa ngebhande. Umuthi wezingane uchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa esidlekeni, uqala izindiza zawo zokuqala ezisondele ezinyangeni ezine ubudala. Abazali basaqhubeka nokwondla ingane yabo.
Lapho inhlwathi encane isaneminyaka eyisithupha kuphela izuzela ukuzimela, futhi ingabe ivuthwa ngokocansi ebangeni leminyaka emi-4 kuya kwengama-7. Umhlando unesikhathi eside sokuphila, lezi zinyoni zingaphila iminyaka engama-55.
Izitha zemvelo zezidleke
Isithombe: Inkukhu Yezinyoni
Kubukeka sengathi inyoni enkulu enjengale futhi enolwamvila, njengensikazi, akufanele ibe nezitha, kepha lokhu akunjalo. Yize amaqhuqhuva emakhulu, izimfanelo zawo zamandla azikakhiwa. Umlimi uqaphela kakhulu futhi awusoze waba ngowokuqala ukuhlasela omunye umhlaseli. Le nyoni enokuthula, kepha kufanele futhi azivikele futhi ancintisane nokuncintisana ngokudla.
Abaqhudelana ngokuyinhloko be-carrion ama-hyenas abonakalayo, izimpungushe nezinye izinyoni zezinyamazane. Lapho umsiko kufanele uvikele izinyoni ezinkulu, wenza lokhu ngosizo lwamaphiko awo, enze amafulethi abukhali futhi asheshayo, abeke amaphiko ngokuthe nkqo. Ngenxa yemikhuba enjalo, onobuhlakani obunemilwelwe uthola ukushaywa okunamandla bese kundizela kude. Lapho ulwa nama-hyenas nezimpungushe, asisebenzisi kuphela amaphiko amakhulu, kodwa futhi nesiqhwaga esinamandla, esigobhozayo, esinomlomo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngisho nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaqhubu ngokuvamile azihambelani futhi azingeni ekulweni, ngesinye isikhathi zingashintshana kude nesidumbu esifile ngophiko ukuze zibambe into eziyithandayo.
Enye yezitha zalesi simbali ingabizwa ngokuthi ngumuntu othi, ngokwenza kwayo udlame, athinte inani lalezi zinyoni, alithobe linciphe ngenxa yokulima komhlaba, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kwalezi zinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani le-ungulates libuye liwe, ngakho-ke kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukuthola isondo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane seVietnam
Kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala, isibalo sabantu be-voul sehle kakhulu futhi siyaqhubeka sincipha kuze kube namuhla. Isici somuntu siyimbangela eyinhloko kulesi sibikezelo esidumazayo. Abantu sebeshintshe amazinga okuthuthwa kwendle, ahlinzekela ukufakwa kwezinkomo eziwile, nangaphambi kwalokho walala emadlelweni lapho wavukela khona amadlozi aphephile. Lezi zinyathelo zacekelwa phansi kakhulu izisekelo zezinyoni ezidla inyama. Minyaka yonke, kuba nezilwane ezingena ngaphansi zasendle futhi ezingaphansi, ezibuye zithinte isibalo sezimpisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sekutholakele kakade, le nyoni ayikhuli kakhulu.
Izindawo eziningi lapho kwakuhlala khona izindunduma ezakhiwe manje zihlala izakhiwo zomuntu noma zilinyelwe izidingo zezolimo. Indoda yonke indawo ibutha izinsundu, futhi lokhu kuthinta kabi isibalo sazo. Izimpungushe zase-Afrika zihlushwa ukuzingela kwabantu bomdabu abazisebenzisayo lapho beqhuba amasiko omlingo weVoodoo. Izinyoni ezibukhoma zivame ukubanjwa, bese zidayiselwa nakwamanye amazwe. AmaViking ahlala efa ngenxa yokushaqeka kukagesi, ehleli ezintanjeni ezinamandla aphezulu.
E-Afrika, amanxele amaningi abulawa ukumuncwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ne-diclofenac, esetshenziswa odokotela bezilwane ukwelapha ama-ungulates. Onke lamaqiniso akhombisa ukuthi abantu kufanele bacabange ngemisebenzi yabo, esezilwaneni nasezinyoni eziningi iba yingozi.
Izici Zentambo
Imishanguzo i-scavenger ejwayelekile. Zidla izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi ezingakhanyisi. Umthamo omkhulu wejusi esiswini uvumela inyoni ukuthi igaye ngisho namathambo, nama-microorganisms akhethekile emathunjini entamo athambise ubuthi be-cadaveric.
Lapho efuna ukudla, lo msebe ukhuphuka usuka kumamitha angama-200 kuye kwangama-500. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubheka ngokucophelela ezinye izinyoni zohlobo oluthile nohlobo lwamafinya, okungamholela nasekuphangeni.
Isidumbu esisodwa sesilwane esifile sidliwa ngabantu abangamatshumi ayisikhombisa ukuya emakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, bayakwazi ukusikaza ngokugcwele isidumbu se-antelope kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10. Umhlanga owodwa omdala udla kuze kufike ku-1 kg yenyama. Umuthi awukwazi ukubhoboza isikhumba esikhulu, kepha ukwakheka kwekhanda nentamo kuvumela inyoni ukuba ibushelelezi izitho zangaphakathi zezilwane kanye nalezo ezivikelwe izimbambo.
I-African Vulture (amaGyps africanus)
Le nyoni iphakathi ngosayizi. Ubude bamaphiko busuka ku-55 kuya ku-64 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-218 cm. Umsila ubude bawo bube ngama-24 kuye ku-27 cm, buzungezwe. Umbala we-plumage onsundu noma ukhilimu, abantu abadala bakhanya kunezingane. Esisekelo sentamo kukhona "ikholaji" emhlophe yaphansi. Umlomo unamandla, mude. Ikhanda nentamo ngaphandle kwezimpaphe, zimnyama. Amehlo amnyama. Imilenze imnyama.
Izinhlobo lezi zidlangile emazweni aseningizimu yeSahara (i-Senegal, Gambia, neMauritania, iMali, iNigeria, iCameroon, iSouthern Chad, iSudan, iTopiya, iSomalia, iMalawi, iMalawi, iZambia, iZimbabwe, iNingizimu Afrika, iBotswana, iNamibia, iSouth Angola).
Le nyoni ihlala kuma-savannas, emathafeni nasezigangeni ezinamaqabunga. Kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamakhaza, ama-shrubbery, kanye namahlathi aseduze nemifula. Umlimi wase-Afrika uhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-1,500 m ngaphezu kolwandle nangaphezulu.
Amabhubesi ase-Afrika ayizinyoni ezihlala phansi ezihlala phansi, futhi angazulazula nje emva kokuphanga kwazo.
I-Bengal Vulture (ama-Gyps bengalensis)
Inyoni enkulu enobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-75 kuya kwangama-90. Izimpiko ezinamaphiko angama-200 kuye kuma-220 cm. Isisindo sabantu abadala sisebangeni ukusuka ku-3.5 kuya ku-7.5 kg.
Ezingweni ezindala zaseBengal, amapayipi amnyama, acishe abe mnyama, anemifula yesiliva emaphikweni awo. Ikhanda nentamo akunalutho, kwesinye isikhathi kube nsundu phansi. Esisekelo sentamo kukhona "ikholaji" emhlophe ekhanyayo. Umsila umhlophe. Amaphiko angezansi nawo amhlophe, abonakala kahle endizeni. Umlomo unamandla, mfushane, umnyama. Amachaphaza amnyama, anezinhlaka eziqinile. Iris nsundu. Intsha ilula kunabantu abadala.
Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ifaka i-India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran. Futhi, le nyoni itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMyanmar, eCambodia, eLaos, eThailand naseVietnam. Umlimi waseBengal uhlala emathafeni nasemathafeni aphakathi kwezintaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uvame ukuhlala eduze komuntu, eduze namadolobhana aseba indawo yakhe yedoti. Izinyoni zidla endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
I-Griffon Vulture (Ama-Gyps fulvus)
Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-93 kuya ku-110 cm, amaphiko acishe abe ngu-270 cm. Inhloko encane yenyoni imbozwe nge-fluff emhlophe, uqhwaku luboshiwe, intamo yinde nge "khola", amaphiko mide futhi ububanzi, umsila umfushane, uyindilinga. I-plumage emzimbeni iba nsundu, esiswini ilula kancane, ibomvu. Izimpiko zinombala onsundu, zicishe zibe mnyama. I-iris nsundu ephuzi, imilenze ingwevu. Izinyoni ezincane zilula, zibomvu.
Izinhlobo lezi zihlala eningizimu yeYurophu, enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika nase-Asia, lapho zihlala khona ezintabeni noma ezintabeni ezomile nezindawo eziwugwadule ezinamadwala. Le nyoni ivame ukutholakala ezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme kuze kufike ku-3000 m nangaphezulu.
Isithwathwa seqhwa noma i-Himalayan (Gyps himalayensis)
Inyoni enkulu enesisindo somzimba engama-8 kuya kwayi-12 kg, ubude kusuka ku-116 kuya ku-150 cm, namapiko afinyelela kuma-310 cm. Umbala weplamu ufana nomlindo onamakhanda amhlophe, kepha ngokuvamile inyoni ilula, "ikholaji" layo aligcwele phansi, kepha izimpaphe. Izinyoni ezincane, kunalokho, zimnyama.
Izinhlobo zivame ezintabeni eziphakeme zeHimalayas, eMongolia, Sayan, Tibet, Khubsugul, Pamir, Tien Shan, eDzungarian naseZailiysky Alatau (ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-5000 m). Ebusika, azulazula ebheke phansi.
I-Indian Vulture (ama-Gyps tenuirostris)
Inyoni ephakathi nendawo, efana kakhulu ne-Indian vulture. Ubude bomzimba wakhe buvela ku-80 kuye kuma-95 cm. I-plumage igcwele ngwempunga, ikhanda limnyama. Intamo ende ayinamibala.
Izinhlobo zitholakala eNdiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar naseCambodia.
Ukusakazeka kwentamo
Imishanguzo ifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engama-6. Lezi zinyoni zodwa kuphela, kanti owesilisa unaka owesifazane oyedwa, futhi bobabili abalingani bakhulisa amaphuphu.
Isizini yokuzalela iqala ngoJanuwari futhi iqhubeke kuze kube nguJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela insikazi, uyinaka ngokukhethekile, enza imidanso yokugomela phansi nasemoyeni. Owesilisa nowesifazane bangagijimisana, basuke bese bechaza imibuthano lapho befika. Izinyoni ziyasebenza ikakhulukazi emidlalweni enjalo ngoMashi nango-Ephreli.
Ngokubeka amaqanda, amabele akhetha indawo ephakeme ngamamitha amaningana ukusuka emhlabathini. Imvamisa, lokhu kuyisihlahla noma umgobongo esihlahleni esiwile noma esiqwini esomile. Imisindvo ihlala nasezindaweni ezivikelekile, embozwe ungqimba oluningi lwezimila, ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu noma ngisho onqenqemeni lwethafa. Izinhlobo eziningi azesabi izidleke eduze kwezindlu zabantu, ngokwesibonelo, emifantweni yezindlu noma ezakhiweni zezolimo.
Imishanguzo ayizakhi izidleke ngokwayo, kepha zama ukuthola indawo efanelekile kakhulu ngalezi zinhloso, lo mbhangqwana ozoyisebenzisa iminyaka eminingi.
Kwibhodwe elilodwa, insikazi ineqanda ama-1 kuya kwayi-3, imvamisa 2. Amaqanda aqanduselwa amasonto ambalwa. Ababelethi bondla amantshontsho asanda kuzalwa izinyanga ezingama-2-3, bebasondeza ukudla kwabo.
Lapho eneminyaka emibili izinyanga, amaphuphu womhlume agcwele ngokuphelele.
Iminyaka yokuphila okulindelwe kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-40. Ekudingisweni, kwaqoshwa amacala lapho inyoni isinda ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-50.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngenyoni
- Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenqwaba yezidleke, namuhla lezi zinyoni zingaphansi kokubhekwa nokuvikelwa. Izinyoni zivame ukulinyazwa ubuthi nezidakamizwa abantu abajwayele ukuzisebenzisa kwezolimo. Ngakho-ke, emazweni lapho kuhlala khona izidleke, kuvame ukwenqatshelwa ukusebenzisa, ngokwesibonelo, i-diclofenac kwezokwelapha. Ukuzingela i-Vulture nakho kukhawulelwe.
- Emicikilweni yemilingo yaseNingizimu Afrika, umuthi wokubhema omile ubuchopho ubikezela ikusasa. Ngesikhathi seNdebe Yomhlaba eSouth Africa (2010), abantu basebenzise le ndlela yasendulo kaningi ukubikezela imiphumela yalo mqhudelwano kangangokuba bacishe basabisa ngokuba khona kwamaqhubu.
Ukuvikelwa Kwezinambuzane
Isithombe: i-African Vulture
Ngakho-ke, sekuphawuliwe ukuthi isibalo sezidumo sincipha yonke indawo, emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene endawo abahlala kuyo. Izinhlangano ezinhlobonhlobo zezemvelo ikakhulukazi zigcizelela izinhlobo eziningana zamaqhubu, asesimweni esiyingozi kakhulu maqondana nenani lawo elincane. Kubandakanya izinhlobo zamaKumai, amaBengal nezaseCape ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo.
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ihlukanisa lo mkhuba wase-Afrika njengenhlobo yezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothuka, yize iqiniso lokuthi abantu bakhona bande kuyo yonke i-Afrika, kepha abantu bakhona bancane kakhulu. Entshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika kwehle ngamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Izazi zezinzwa, ngemuva kokubala, zathola ukuthi zazingama-270,000 kuphela lezi zinyoni ezazisele.
Olunye uhlobo lwentamo, olunani layo elihamba kancane kancane, kepha ngokuqinile liyehla - i-griffon vulture. Untula ukudla, okungukuthi, izilwane zasendle ezingamkhonzi zawa. Umuntu waphithizela le ntamo esuka ezindaweni ezijwayelekile zokuthuthwa kwayo unomphela, okunciphisa kakhulu inani lezinyoni. Phezu kwazo zonke lezi zinto ezingezinhle, lo msele awukabalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu, yize indawo okuhlala kuyo inciphile kakhulu, futhi isibalo sehlile.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, i-griffon vulture ehlala endaweni yaseRussia ithathwa njengento eqoqwayo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyihlangabezana nayo. Mayelana nalokhu, kubhalwe encwadini ebomvu yeRussian Federation. Isimo esinamaqhubu emhlabeni wonke asikududuzi kakhulu, ngakho-ke umuntu kufanele aqale acabange ngemiphumela yezenzo zakhe, bese eqhubeka nazo, anciphise ubungozi hhayi yena kuphela, kepha nezilwane zasendle ezizungezile.
Ekugcineni, ngifuna ukubuza umbuzo: Ngabe usazizwa unengeka futhi unengekile ngale nyoni ethokozisayo? Isidoda Inezimfanelo eziningi ezinhle, phakathi kwazo ukuthembeka, ukunakekela okumangalisayo, ukukhononda, imvelo enhle futhi-engenangxabano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuqeda i-carrion, kusebenza njengezicoci zemvelo, okubalulekile.