Amahlathi amakhulu amakhulu emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo akhona eAmazon River Basin (iAmazon Rainstst), eNicaragua, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeYucatan Peninsula (Guatemala, Belize), ezindaweni eziningi zaseCentral America (lapho zibizwa khona ngokuthi “selva”), e-Equatorial Africa ukusuka eCameroon kuye IDemocratic Republic of the Congo, ezindaweni eziningi zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia isuka eMyanmar iye e-Indonesia nasePapua New Guinea, esifundeni sase-Australia eQueensland.

Isimilo esivamile

Ngoba ihlathi lemvula elishisayo isimilo:

• imifino eqhubekayo yemifino unyaka wonke,
• izimbali ezahlukahlukene, ukubhebhetheka kwama-dicotyledons,
• ukuba khona kwezihlahla ezingama-4-5 zezihlahla, ukungabikho kwezihlahlana, inani elikhulu lama-epiphytes, ama-epiphalls nemivini,
• ukwanda kwezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ahlala eziluhlaza, amagxolo akhule kahle, amaqabunga angavikelwe yizikali zezinso, izihlahla eziqinile emahlathini aseMonsoon,
• ukwakheka kwezimbali bese izithelo zitholakala ngqo iziqu kanye namagatsha awugqinsi (i-caulifloria).

Izihlahla

Izihlahla ezisehlathini lemvula ezishisayo zinezici ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile ezingabukeki ezitshalweni ezindaweni ezinomswakama omncane.

Isisekelo sesiqu ezinhlotsheni eziningi sinezimbali ezigcwele, ezinamatshe. Phambilini, le micu yomzimba bekufanele isize umuthi ukuthi ulingane, kepha manje sebekholelwa ukuthi ngalezi zivunguvungu, amanzi anezakhi ezincibilikile agobhozela ezimpandeni zesihlahla. Amacembe abanzi futhi ajwayelekile phakathi kwezihlahla, izihlahlana notshani emahlathini aphansi ehlathi. Izihlahla ezincane ezinde ezingakafiki ku-tier ephezulu nazo zinamahlamvu abanzi, abese ancipha ngokuphakama. Amacembe abanzi asiza izitshalo ukuthi zimunce kangcono ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphansi kwemiphetho yezihlahla zehlathi, futhi zivikeleke emoyeni ovela phezulu. Amaqabunga esihlahla esingaphezulu sakha i-canopy kaningi mancane futhi afakwa kakhulu ukunciphisa umfutho womoya. Emagumbini aphansi, amaqabunga avame ukufakwa emaphethelweni ukuze abe nomthelela ekuphakameni kwamanzi ngokushesha futhi avimbele ukukhula kwamagciwane nama-moss kuwo, kubhubhise amaqabunga.

Iziqongo zezihlahla zivame ukuxhumana kahle nomunye ngosizo lwemivini noma izitshalo - ama-epiphytes aqala ukubulala kuwo.

Ezinye izici zehlathi elinomswakama otshisayo kungaba amagxolo esihlahla acashile ngokungajwayelekile (1-2 mm), kwesinye isikhathi embozwe ngezipikili ezibukhali noma ameva, ukuba khona kwezimbali nezithelo ezikhula ngqo esiqwini sesihlahla, izithelo ezahlukahlukene ezijusi eziheha izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo ngisho nokudla kwezinhlanzi. izinhlayiya ze-athomu.

Fauna

Emaphethelweni emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, kutholakala izinhlobo zezilwane ezinomzimba owodwa (imindeni yama-sloths, i-anteater, kanye ne-armadillos), izinkawu ezinemibala ebanzi, imindeni eminingi enamahlaya, amalulwane, amalulwane, izikebhe, iziyalo eziningana zezinyoni, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ama-amphibians, izinhlanzi kanye nama-invertebrates. Izilwane eziningi ezinemisila elishumi zihlala ezihlahleni - izinkawu eziyishumi, izimpondo ezincane nezinteketeke ezine, i-uwezekano, izingwegwe eziyishumi. Izinambuzane eziningi, ikakhulukazi izimvemvane, (enye yezona zinto ezicebile kakhulu kuzo umhlaba) kanye namabhungane (izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu), izinhlanzi eziningi (izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2000 cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezilwane zasemanzini ezihlanzekile zomhlaba).

Inhlabathi

Naphezu kwezitshalo ezinesivunguvungu, ikhwalithi yenhlabathi emahlathini anjalo ishiya ukufiseleka kakhulu. Ukujikeleza okusheshayo okubangelwa amagciwane kuyaphazamisa ukunqwabelana kwengqimba ye-humus. Ukuqoqwa kwensimbi ne-aluminium oxides ngokulandelana i-laterization inhlabathi (inqubo yokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-silica enhlabathini ngokwanda ngasikhathi sinye kwe-iron ne-aluminium oxides) ifaka inhlabathi ngombala obomvu okhanyayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi yakha ama-mineral deposits (ngokwesibonelo, i-bauxite). Ezakhiweni ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezivela emvelweni wentaba-mlilo, izinhlabathi zingavunda impela.

Ileveli ephezulu

Lesi sendlalelo siqukethe inani elincane lezihlahla ezinde kakhulu ezifinyelela kumamitha angama-45-55 (izinhlobo ezingafinyeleleki zifinyelela amamitha angama-60-70). Imvamisa, izihlahla zihlala ziluhlaza, kepha ezinye ziyalahla amahlamvu azo ngenkathi eyomile. Izihlahla ezinjalo kumele zibekezelele amazinga okushisa anamandla nomoya onamandla. Izinkozi, amalulwane, ezinye izinhlobo zezinkawu nezimvemvane ziphila kuleli zinga.

Izinga leKanopi

Ileveli i-canopy yakha iningi lezihlahla ezinde, ngokuvamile ngamamitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-45 ukuphakama. Leli ileveli elibuhlungu kakhulu elaziwa kukho konke ukwehlukahlukana komhlaba, ukuhluka okuqhubekayo noma okungatheni kwamahlamvu okwakhiwa izihlahla ezingomakhelwane.

Ngokokunye ukulinganisela, izitshalo zalolu ungqimba zakha cishe amaphesenti angama-40 ezinhlobo zazo zonke izitshalo ezikule planethi - mhlawumbe ingxenye yengxenye yonke yezimbali zomhlaba ingatholakala lapha. Izilwane ziyafana nezinga eliphezulu, kepha zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi ikota yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane ihlala lapha.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi besola ukuhlukahluka kwempilo kuleli zinga, kepha izindlela ezisanda kwenziwa zokucwaninga ezisanda kwenziwa. Ngo-1917 kuphela i-American Naturalist yaseMelika UWilliam Bead (eng. UWilliam beede ) uthe "elinye izwekazi lokuphila lihlala lingafakwanga, hhayi eMhlabeni, kepha ngamamitha angama-200 ngaphezu komhlaba, lisakazekela izinkulungwane zamamayela skwele."

Ukutadisha kwangempela kwalolu ungqimba kwaqala kuphela ngeminyaka yama-1980s, lapho ososayensi beqhamuka nezindlela zokufinyelela ku-canopy, njengokudubula izintambo eziqongweni zezihlahla ezivela emaphethelweni. Ucwaningo lweCanopy lusaqala. Ezinye izindlela zokucwaninga zibandakanya ukugoqa izindiza noma ukundiza. Isayensi ebhekene nokufinyelela eziqongweni zezihlahla ibizwa ngokuthi yi-dendronautics. Ama-dendronautics ).

Udoti wehlathi

Le ndawo ithola amaphesenti ama-2 kuphela awo wonke ukukhanya kwelanga, kukhona ukuhlwa. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo eziguqulwe ngokukhethekile kuphela ezingakhula lapha. Kude ngasogwini lwemifula, imishayo nezikhala ezivulekile lapho kukhula khona izimila eziminyene, udoti wamahlathi awunazo izitshalo. Kuleli zinga, ungabona izitshalo ezijikelezayo nezidumbu zezilwane eziphela ngokushesha ngenxa yesimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama esikhuthaza ukubola okusheshayo.

Ukuvezwa komuntu

Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, izihlambi zemvula ezishisayo azibona abathengi abakhulu bekhabhoni futhi, njengamanye amahlathi asunguliwe, azithathi uhlangothi lwekhabhoni. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lubonisa ukuthi amahlathi amaningi emvula, kunalokho, akhiqiza isikhutha. Kodwa-ke, la mahlathi adlala indima enkulu ekusakazweni kwekhabhoni dioksijini, njengoba zingamachibi amiswe kahle, futhi ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi anjalo kuholela ekwandeni kwekhabhoni diokthoni emkhathini woMhlaba. Amahlathi emvula aseTropiki adlala indima yawo ekupholiseni umoya odlula kuwo. Ngakho-ke amahlathi emvula - Enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemvelo yeplanethi, ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi kuholela ekuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukuncishiswa kwezitshalo nezilwane, ukuthunyelwa kwesilinganiso semvelo ezindaweni ezinkulu nakulomhlaba jikelele.

Ihlathi lemvula laseTropiki kuvame ukuncishiswa emasimini kasinamoni nesihlahla sekofi, isundu lukakhukhunathi, izitshalo zenjoloba. ENingizimu Melika ye ihlathi lemvula elishisayo izimayini ezingaphephile nazo zibeka engcupheni enkulu.

Impilo emahlathini ezinkabazwe

Izimo zokuphila emahlathini esenkabazwe zilungile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Uhlaza olunothile olunamanzi lwenza lezi zindawo zisebenze kakhulu ngokuphila ngenxa yesakhiwo sendawo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ku-gilea, njengoba amahlathi ezindawo ezibizwa nangokuthiwa, kunamahlosi esihlahla aphakama ayisikhombisa. Lokhu kuvumela izilwane "ukusakazeka" emkhathini, sezithole izinto eziningi zokuphila empilweni emahlathini aphezulu nangaphansi ehlathi. Ngakho-ke, izilwane zasendaweni zihlukile kakhulu futhi ziningi.

Amahlathi we-Equatorial

AmaGileyadi anamaqabunga amnyama, omswakama, anamaqabunga aphakeme, iziqu zezihlahla zigqitshwa imivini, kanti imiqhele itholakala kakhulu.

Umhlaba uvame ukungabi nalutho ngoba abukho utshani ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanya, futhi amaqabunga awileyo asheshe abole.

Izilwane Zasehlathini E-Equatorial

Akumangalisi ukuthi izilwane nezinyoni zihlala emhlabeni emahlathini acwebile. E-Afrika, kusuka ezincelweni ezincelisayo, lezi zingulube ezinamaphaphu kanye nezingulube ezinkulu, imvubu emfushane, inyamazane yase-Afrika, abadubuli nezinye izinhlobo eziningana zezintuthwane ezimfushane. Ama-Okapi ahlala emaphethelweni ehlathi, lapho kukhona khona utshani obukhanya kanye nezihlahla eziningi. Ama-gorilla akhetha lezi zindawo. ENingizimu Melika, izingulube zithathelwa indawo ngababhaki abalingana nazo, izinyamazane ziyinyamazane emincane ye-mazama, futhi ama-tapirs angabhekwa njenge-analog of hippos. Lezi zakamuva zihlala eSoutheast Asia, lapho kutholakala khona izingulube ezincane nezingulube.

Kukhona izinduku ezimbalwa zomhlaba: laba bangabameleli abaningana base-Afrika bomndeni wama-murine (amagundane ahlukahlukene, amagundane avuthiwe), ENingizimu Melika banokudla okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, ama-capybaras, izilwane ezincane - i-pac kanye ne-agouti, kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zama-echimide afana namagundane namagundane.

Phakathi kwezidlakela zasemhlabeni zomhlaba ezigugile, umuntu angaqamba ingwe, eMelika ithathelwa indawo yijaguar. Amakati amancanyana nawo atholakala e-American guilea - ocelot, jaguarundi.

Izinkawu - colobus

Izilwane eziqhele emiqheleni yezihlahla zihluke kakhulu emahlathini anenkabazwe. Izinkawu zibusa lapha - ama-colobuses, izinkawu, ama-chimpanzee nama-mandrill (e-Afrika), ama-marmosets, ama-ejidili, ama-arachnids nama-capuchin (eSouth America), ama-lory, ama-gibbons nama-orangutan (e-Asia). Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezinkawu empilweni yomuthi - lapha kukhona umsila okhethekile kanye neminwe, nemisipha ekhule kahle yezingalo nemilenze, futhi umlutha wezithelo, izimbali, amaqabunga, izinambuzane - kuyo yonke into etholakala ngobuningi ezihlahleni. Izinduku zeGileyadi futhi zajwayela impilo phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba, eziningi zazo zindiza zisuka esihlahleni ziye kwesinye, zihlela kusembozo esinembala phakathi kwamanothi nomsila (imisila yomgogodla e-Afrika). Izinduku ezivame kakhulu yizinhlobo eziningi zama-squirrel. Futhi amalulwane ahlukahlukene awazi kahle umoya.

Amabhungane amaqabunga

ENingizimu Melika kunama-mabhungane amaqabunga amnandi atholakala emaqabunga kanye nama-vampires eqiniso e-desmodus. Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezikhetha ukudla kwezilwane, engxenyeni yesihlahla e-Afrika nase-Asia, iningi lazo yi-civets - genet nama-tangalungs. ENingizimu Melika, i-Tamandois anteater kanye nomdlwane omncane ovela emndenini wakwaKunih Tayr uhlala.

Iningi lezinyoni zithanda izithelo, upholi ubonakala kakhulu phakathi kwazo. Amajuba ase-Afrika, i-turraco, izinyoni zobhejane, abadla ubhanana, amathuna aseMelika nawo adla izithelo, kanti u-goatin, ohlala e-Amazon udla amaqabunga. Okuncane kakhulu kwalawa ma-gourmets angamacebiso ku-Old World kanye nama-hummingbirds eNtsha.

Lezi zinyoni ziyefana kakhulu, ngoba ziphila ngendlela efanayo, zincela ujusi omnandi (futhi ngasikhathi sinye izinambuzane ezincane) kusuka kuma-corollas wezimbali. Kodwa-ke, azikho izinyoni ezingavikeleki kangako.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Izimo zesimo sezulu

Ngokuvamile amahlathi alolu hlobo asesimweni sezulu esilinganayo. Inomswakama ophezulu futhi ifudumele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lawa hlathi abizwa ngokuthi anomswakama, ngoba imvula engaphezu kwamamilimitha angama-2 000 yemvula iwela lapha ngonyaka, futhi kuze kufike kumamilimitha angama-10,000 osogwini. Ukungena kwehla ngokulinganayo unyaka wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlathi acwebelana akhiwe ngasogwini lolwandle, lapho kubhekwa khona imisinga efudumele. Unyaka wonke, izinga lokushisa lomoya liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-+24 kuya ku-+28 degrees Celsius, ngokulandelana, alukho ushintsho ngezinkathi zonyaka.

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Ihlathi elinomswakama elinomhlaba

Izinhlobo zezitshalo

Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu zebhande elilinganayo, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza, ezikhula emahlathini emahlathini ambalwa. Lezi zihlahla zinamaqabunga amnyama namaqabunga amakhulu, zikhula zize zifinyelele kumamitha angama-40, zihlwanyezelane, zakha ihlathi elingangeneki. Umqhele wehlosi eliphakeme lezitshalo uvikela izimbali eziphansi emisebeni yelanga ye-ultraviolet yelanga nokuhwamuka ngokweqile komswakama. Izihlahla ezisethaleni elingaphansi zinamahlamvu amancane. Isici sezihlahla zehlathi elingalingani ukuthi azilahli ngokuphelele amahlamvu, okuluhlaza okusele unyaka wonke.

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Izinhlobo zezitshalo zezitshalo cishe zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo:

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• ihlosi eliphakeme kunayo yonke - izihlahla zesundu, i-ficus, i-ceiba, i-Hevea yaseBrazil,
• tiers ephansi - izihlahla ferns, ubhanana.

Emahlathini kukhona ama-orchid nama-creepers ahlukahlukene, isihlahla se-quinine nesihlahla sikashokholethi, umhluzi waseBrazil, ama-lichens kanye nama-mosses. Izihlahla ze-eucalyptus zikhula e-Australia, zifinyelela ukuphakama kwamakhulu amamitha. ENingizimu Melika, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yamahlathi akhona emhlabeni, uma uyiqhathanisa nale ndawo yemvelo kwamanye amazwekazi.

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Ceiba

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Isihlahla seHin

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Umuthi we-chocolate

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IBrazil nati

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I-Eucalyptus

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Indawo okumahlathi ama-equatorial

Umkhakha wemvelo utholakala endaweni eqondana neplanethi ephakathi kuka-8 ° enyakatho no-11 ° eningizimu.

Ihlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi aphansi: umfula iCongo osezansi e-Afrika, izansi zase-Amazon eseNingizimu Melika kanye nengxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesiqhingi sase-Eurasia.

Isimo sezulu sehlathi elingalingani

Izimo zezulu ezilinganayo ziyashisa futhi zinomswakama unyaka wonke. Akukho ukushintshwa kwezinkathi zonyaka.Ukushisa komoya 25 - 28 ° C.

Ngenxa yengcindezi yomkhathi ephansi ehlala njalo ngaphakathi kwendawo yemvelo, kwezulu umfaniswano unyaka wonke. Imvula yaminyaka yonke ayikho ngaphansi kwama-1500 mm. Kepha emahlathini agudle ugu oluhlanzwe yimisinga efudumele, inani lemvula lingafinyelela ku-10,000 mm / ngonyaka.

Izindawo zemvelo

Izimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene zakhonzwa ngobubanzi bomhlaba wethu. Leso simo sezulu siyisici esiyinhloko endaweni yezindawo zemvelo.

Emisebenzini yomhlaba, kuyisiko ukwahlukanisa imvelo eyisishiyagalolunye ebalulekile:

1. I-Arctic ne-Antarctic Desert. Izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu eMhlabeni, ziboshwe yiqhwa neqhwa. Indawo yabo ihambelana nezigxobo ezimbili - eNyakatho naseNingizimu.
2. Tundra. Imfucumfucu ebandayo imbozwe ama-mosses kanye nama-lichens. Itholakala ogwini lwe-Arctic Ocean.
3. Taiga. Ihlathi eliminyene elihlanganisiwe elinesimo sezulu esibuhlungu. Izungeza izindawo ezisenyakatho ze-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika.
4. Amahlathi axubile futhi aqobayo. Kwakhelwe ngokulandelana ngezihlahla noma izihlahla ezihlanganayo ezinamaqabunga obubanzi bamaqabunga. Itholakala eningizimu ye-taiga, isimo sezulu sincane futhi izimbali nezilwane kuhluke kakhulu.
5. Izinyathelo. Amathafa angapheli ambozwe ngotshani obukhulu. Njengoba itholakala kwisimo sezulu esifudumele, noma kunjalo, isivele isishise kakhulu izitshalo ezinamahlahla.
6. Ugwadule. Indawo eyomile futhi eshisa kakhulu yezindawo zemvelo. Hamba eningizimu ye-Eurasia, ingxenye ebalulekile ye-Afrika ne-Australia.
7. Amahlathi alukhuni. Itholakala ogwini lweMedithera kanye nenyakatho ye-Afrika. Zibonakaliswa isimo sezulu esingaphansi kwendawo yonke. Oak, amaphayini, imisipreshi, iminqumo, kanye nomjunipha kukhula lapha.
8. I-savannah. Izikhala ezidumile zotshani zase-Afrika. Izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle ezahlukahlukene: amabhubesi, izindlovu, izinyoka, amadube, izindlulamthi.
9. Ihlathi lemvula laseTropiki. Itholakala endaweni ye-equator futhi ithola inani elikhulu lemvula nokukhanya. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zezimbali nezilwane.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izakhiwo zemvelo azilingani ngosayizi. Isibonelo, i-biome enkulu kunazo zonke - i-taiga - ihlanganisa izigidi eziyi-15 km 2. Ngenkathi indawo yamahlathi ahamba kanzima ihlanganisa ama-3% kuphela awo wonke amahlathi.

Amahlathi emvula e-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika, ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia

Izindawo ezinamahlathi amakhulu kakhulu zitholakala e-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika. Amahlathi e-Eurasian mancane, atholakala ikakhulu eziqhingini.

• Izindawo ezishisayo zase-Afrika.

E-Afrika, indawo esentshonalanga ne-equatorial ihlalwa yihlathi elimanzi. Amboze iGulf of Guinea, afinyelela kulo kanye olusisekelo soMfula iCongo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-Atlantic equatorial kanye namahlathi esiqhingi saseMadagascar. Ingxenye ephelele yendawo yamahlathi ashisayo ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-170.

• AmaTropics aseMelika.

Amahlathi kule ngxenye yomhlaba asuka eGulf of Mexico (Mexico) naseningizimu yeFlorida (USA), akhula eNhlonze Yutacan naseMelika Ephakathi. Lokhu kufaka namahlathi aseWest Indies.

Amahlathi emvula aseNingizimu Melika anegama elikhethekile - i-gilea / selva. Akhula ogwini lwe-Amazon, enyakatho yezwe laseNingizimu Melika, futhi angena ogwini lwe-Atlantic. Ihlathi lemvula laseMelika limboza amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu.

• Izindawo ezishisayo zaseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Amahlathi athatha le nsimu isuka eningizimu yeNdiya, iMyanmar, naseningizimu yeChina iye empumalanga yeQueensland. Iziqhingi zase-Indonesia naseNew Guinea zingcwatshwe emahlathini emvula.

Kungani ihlathi libizwa ngokuthi ngamaphaphu omhlaba

Izihlahla zinekhono elihlukile lokudonsa i-carbon dioxide futhi zikhulule umoya-mpilo. Iqiniso ngukuthi kwinqubo ye-photosynthesis, izitshalo zidinga ikhabhoni ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokho, umoya-mpilo ukhishwa emkhathini. Kulokhu, ngemuva kokufa kwesihlahla, inqubo yokubuyela emuva iyenzeka: izinkuni ezijikelezayo zithatha umoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni bese zikhipha isikhutha.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umuthi owodwa ukhiqiza inani lomoya-mpilo odingekayo ekuphefumuleni kwabantu abathathu. Ihektha elilodwa lehlathi ngosuku olulodwa (phambi kwelanga) lidonsa amakhilogremu angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili wekhabhoni bese likhipha umoya-mpilo ongama-190 kg.

Ngenxa yobungako bezihlahla, ososayensi banikeza indawo yamahlathi “amaphaphu aluhlaza omhlaba” ukuze anikeze izinto ezibalulekile.

Isici samahlathi acwebile emvula

Leli hlathi elishisayo alikaze lazi iqhwa nesithwathwa. Nazi izimbali ziyaqhakaza nezithelo zivuthwe unyaka wonke.

Liyini ihlathi elinomswakama elilinganayo? Le ngenye yezindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka emhlabeni. Izitshalo nezilwane zikhona ezimeni zomswakama nokushisa okuqhubekayo, okwakungeke kuthinte ukwahluka kwazo nezimpawu zazo.

I-prevalence

Isikhundla sendawo amahlathi akwezinye izindawo, ngokwegama, sitholakala ku-ikhwetha, sifinyelela enyakatho yaso kuze kube ngu-25 ° C. w. naseningizimu kuya kuma-30 ° eningizimu. w. Zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.

E-Eurasia, bangena eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (ehlanganisa amazwe aseNdiya naseningizimu yeChina), bese bedlula eMalaysia, Indonesia nasePhilippines bathuthela enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australia.

E-Afrika, izindawo ezinomswakama ezinomswakama zisukela eGulf of Guinea kuya eCongo Basin, kanye naseMadagascar.

Ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika, i-gilea itholakala e-Amazon nasenyakatho yezwe.

ENyakatho Melika, bangena eGulf of Mexico, eningizimu yeFlorida, eNucatan peninsula, eMelika Ephakathi neziqhingi zaseWest Indies.

Izici zesimo sezulu esinomswakama samahlathi emvula

Esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama (esinomswakama) esishisayo, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ligcinwa ngaphakathi kwama-28 ° C-30 ° C, okuvame ukuba ngaphezu kwe-35 ° C Amahora wemvula nsuku zonke aphakamisa umkhawulo womswakama we-80%. Imvula ngonyaka ifinyelela ku-7000 mm. Le nto yemvelo yanikeza amahlathi igama elengeziwe - “elimanzi” (“imvula”).

Izakhamizi zasehlathini ezihlala ezindaweni zazo azijwayelekile ngenxa yomoya onamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlathi anenkabazwe atholakala ngasogwini lolwandle, lapho kubhekwa khona imisinga efudumele.

Izinkathi ezi-2 zimpawu zezindawo ezisehlathini:

• Isizini ethi "Imvula" (Okthoba-June),
• Isizini ethi “Yomile” (Julayi-Septhemba).

Kulesi simo semvelo somfutho ophansi wasemkhathini, kuvunguza imimoya ebuthaka yemikhombandlela eshintshashintshayo. Izinga eliphezulu lomswakama wenhlabathi lihambisana nesimo sezulu selanga linikeza ukuhwamuka okuqhubekayo komswakama nomoya oshisayo "osindayo". Amahlathi aseTropiki abonakala njengenkungu yasekuseni enkulu, imvula enkulu ngokuphela kosuku kanye nezivunguvungu ezinkulu.

Isakhiwo sehlathi lemvula

Isimo sezulu esendaweni enjalo yemvelo siholela ekubonakaleni kwezitshalo ezihlala zikhanya ezakha ubusika, ezakha isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi "samahlosi". Ngokwesilinganiso, amahlathi akha amahlumela amane.

Inhlabathi

Ngokudabukisayo, kepha le biome ikhiqiza izimila zayo ezimazombezombe ngesimo sezulu, hhayi ngokwakhiwa komhlabathi. Inhlabathi zigcwele kakhulu ngensimbi ne-aluminium oxides, okuholela ekutheni kube nombala ophuzi obomvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yemvula ejwayelekile, ezinye izinto eziwusizo ziyagezwa ziphume enhlabathini. Konke lokhu kubangele ukwehla kwenhlabathi, kanye nenani le-humus (into enikeza inzalo enhlabathini) liku-5% kuphela.

Izinto zamanzi

Imifula emikhulu kakhulu igeleza emahlathini emvula. Enye yazo itholakala eSouth America futhi ibizwa nge-Amazon. Kukubheshi wayo ukuthi ihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke elikhula endaweni. I-Amazon ingumfula omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, onqamula izwekazi laseNingizimu Melika usuka entshonalanga uye empumalanga.

Umfula wamanzi wesibili ngemuva kwe-Amazon yiCongo, etholakala eCentral Africa. Kuwukuphela komfula omkhulu owela i-ikwetha kabili. ICongo inezintela zikaLufira, Kasai, Ubangi.

Izinga lomqhele

Ileveli "eminyene" yakhiwa yinamba enkulu yezihlahla, ngakho-ke iyisixaka esikhulu kunazo zonke. Kukholelwa ukuthi kuleli zinga liqukethe ama-40% azo zonke izimila zomhlaba. Naphezu kokufana nezihlahla zezinga eliphezulu, lapha izitshalo zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Izihlahla eziningi zihlotshiswe nge- "caulifloria" - ukwakheka kwezimbali nama-inflorescence esiqwini nakwamagatsha angenalutho ngaphandle kwamaqabunga.

Amazinga Ehlathi E-Equatorial

Imqhele eminyene yezihlahla ifihla ukukhanya kwelanga, ishiye isithunzi nokuhlwa ezitshalweni ezingezansi. Ukutadisha ngokucophelela leli zinga kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Ucwaningo lokuqala olubucayi lwaleli zinga (i-canopy) lwenziwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980.

Abaphenyi baqale bathatha isibhamu esivela esiphambanweni ngezintambo ezixhunywe eziqongweni zezihlahla. Ukuze ufunde izihloko zezihlahla, amabhaluni asetshenziswa ngokungeziwe. Ukufundwa kwamahlathi emvula kuyingxenye ehlukile yesayensi yama-dendronautics.

I-Flora

Izindawo ezinomswakama omanzi zibonisa ukwakheka kwama-multi-tiered: ihlosi elingaphezulu lenziwa ngezihlahla ezinde kakhulu, ngaphansi kwazo kukhona imiqhele yezihlahla ephansi, bese kuba khona udoti ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nehlathi.

Kakhulu, izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza eziphakeme kakhulu, ezinegxolo elincane, lapho kukhula khona izimbali nezithelo. Okuvame kakhulu isihlahla sikakhukhunathi, izihlahla zikabhanana kanye nekhofi, isundu likawoyela, i-Hevea yaseBrazil, i-ceiba, isihlahla se-balsa, i-cecropia, njll.

Ugu lwamamashi neziphethu zasolwandle lumbozwe ngemisundu. Isimanga sale nhlobonhlobo yamahlathi anomswakama ukuthi izimpande zezihlahla lapha zihlala ziphansi kwamanzi.

Izinga eliphakathi

I- “sub-ceiling” noma indawo ephakathi nendawo itholakala phakathi kwesiqongo sezihlahla nesembozo sotshani. Amaqabunga eShrub abanzi kunalawo wezitshalo ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Ngosizo lwamaqabunga abanzi, izitshalo zithatha kangcono ukukhanya kwelanga okuncanyana, okuthi ngokwezinga eliphansi, emthunzini wemiqhele yemithi emide, akukuningi.

Izimila ezingezelelwe

Ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezikhula kumahlosi athile, emahlathini emvula kukhona izimbali ezengeziwe. Yakhiwa ikakhulukazi imivini nama-epiphytes.

ILiana ingesinye sezitshalo ezivamile ze-gilea, lapho inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. ILiana ayinaso isiqu esiqinile esime mpo, ngakho-ke, singakwazi ukugoqa iziqu zezihlahla, sisakaze emagatsheni noma sisakazeke emhlabathini.

Ama-Epiphytes yizitshalo ezingakhuli emhlabathini, kepha zinamathele iziqu namagatsha ezihlahla. Esikhathini se-equatorial ecosystem, phakathi kwama-epiphytes, ama-orchid nezitshalo ezivela emndenini we-bromeliad kutholakala kakhulu. Ama-Epiphytes ahlukile kuma-parasites ngoba athola izakhi zomzimba ezivela emvelweni, hhayi emzimbeni we-host.

Izinga lomswakama

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-gilea inemvula enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Isikhukhula siwela ngendlela yemvula enkulu, ehambisana nokuduma kwezulu. Kepha ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, leli nani elikhulu lomswakama liyaphuma ngokushesha. Konke lokhu akunakulithinta izinga lomswakama ezindaweni ezishisayo: isabelo saso esibhakabhakeni cishe singama-85%. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo nama gileas ezilwane ahlala kuhlobo lokushisa okuhlala njalo.

Izinga lokukhanyisa

Imiqhele eminyene yezihlahla ezinde ezishisayo yakha i-canopy ecishe iqhubeke. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-equator ithola inani eliphakeme lokukhanya kwelanga eMhlabeni, i-twilight yaphakade ibusa ngaphansi kwehlathi. Lokhu kubangele indawo engatheni amandla.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi imfucuza ehlathini emahlathini emvula ithola kuphela 2% wokukhanya. Ngakho-ke, uma ngasizathu simbe ifomu lokukhothoza ku-canopy yamahlamvu, khona-ke kule patch ekhanyisiwe ngokushesha kuqala ukuthuthukisa izihlahla, utshani nezimbali.

I-Afrika

I-gilea yase-Afrika isuka ogwini lwe-Gulf of Guinea iye ogodini lomfula iCongo, ihlalisa izindawo ezinkulu ezinendawo eyi-8% yezwekazi. Izimila ezisezindaweni ezi-equatorial zihlukahlukene: kunezinhlobo zezihlahla ezingama-3000 kuphela.Oyaziwa kakhulu yizihlahla zesundu, i-ficus, isinkwa sesithelo, ikofi, ubhanana, i-nutmeg, i-sandalwood, izihlahla ezibomvu. Izitshalo zamahlosi aphansi zimelelwa yi-selaginella, ferns ne-podunami. Amabhange emifula namachibi ambozwe ngem mangango.

Kwezilwane ezisendaweni esehlathini lase-Afrika, kukhona i-okapi, i-bongo, izingulube zasendle, ingwe, ama-wyverns, ama-gorilla, amashimpanzi, imfene. Parrots zinamandla phakathi kwezinyoni. Izinambuzane eziningi ziphila - i-tsetse ezindiza, omiyane, amasundu, izimvemvane.

Melika

Ihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni lisakazekela e-Amazon. Indawo yayo ingaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-5 km. EBrazil kuphela, ama-3 3% amahlathi omswakama weplanethi agxilile. Elinye igama lezindawo ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika yi-selva (livela kwelaseSpain selva - ihlathi). Inani lezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane lidlula ukwehluka kwe-Afrika ne-Asiya. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-40,000 zezitshalo ezikhula lapha (zazo eziyi-16,000 izihlahla), izinhlobo ezingama-427 zezilwane ezincelisayo, kanti inani lezinhlobo zezinambuzane lidlula izinkulungwane eziyikhulu.

Umhlaba wezilwane uhlukile ngandlela-thile nezilwane zase-Afrika. Esikhundleni sengwe, ihlosi lilalela inyamazane yalo, kukhona izingwe kanye nezinja zamahlathi. Imifula namachibi eSelva kugcwele ingozi enkulu: izingwenya ezinkulu zihlala emanzini - ama-caimans, ama-piranhas, izintambo zikagesi. Inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - i-anaconda - ihlala e-Afrika.

Inani lezomnotho

Inani lamahlathi emvula alikwazi ukukalwa. Uhlobo gilea lube yikhaya lezitshalo nezilwane eziningi emhlabeni. Izindawo ezinomswakama ezinomswakama zisebenza “njengamaphaphu omhlaba,” yize ephansi kakhulu kunani le-oxygen ekhishwa kummango waso osenyakatho, i-taiga.

Ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho, i-gilea inika umuntu izinhlobo zezinkuni ezibalulekile - ezimnyama, ezibomvu, ze-sandalwood. Ngenxa yezihlahla zekhofi noshokoledi, abantu emhlabeni wonke bajabulela ikhofi ne-cocoa elimnandi. Inani elikhulu lezihlahla zezithelo likhula lapha, izithelo ezingaphandle zazo ezinamavithamini nezakhi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zemithi ezibalulekile zikhula emahlathini ashisayo, amaningi awo anezinto ezilwa nomdlavuza.

Izinkinga zemvelo

Njengamanje, inkinga yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ikhulu kakhulu. Umuntu ubhubhise izindawo ezishisayo amakhulu eminyaka ngokhuni olubalulekile nokuvula izikhala zamadlelo amasha. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-gilea isiza ukugcina ukuzinza kwesimo sezulu ngokuthonya imvula emhlabeni wonke, ukubhujiswa kwayo kusongela ukuguquka kube yinhlekelele yangempela.

Njengomphumela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi, inani labameleli abahlukile bezilwane ziyancipha. Ngempela, ngaphandle kwesibalo esikhulu sezinhlobo ezihlala emahlathini emvula, isibalo sezilwane noma izinyoni ngaphakathi kohlobo oluthile aluningi kangako. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zinganyamalala kalula ngokungenakuphikiswa, noma zingatholakali ososayensi.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Amahlathi emvula ayisimangaliso sangempela Emhlabeni. Izitshalo eziningi nezilwane ezihlala lapha ziyizisulu, okungukuthi, azitholakali kwenye indawo.

Lokhu okulandelayo kumane nje kuyizici ezingefani ze-gilea:

• ihlathi lemvula livela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-150 edlule futhi selokhu kwenzeka izinguquko ezincane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi
• lapho inyoka enkulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni yayihlala ehlathini lase-Amazonia: yayibizwa ngokuthi yi-titanoboa, ubude bayo bungadlula i-14 m futhi isisindo ngaphezu kwethani,
• Isimo sezulu sasemini sizinzile ngokumangazayo: zonke izinsuku ziqala ekuseni okucacile, ngemuva kokuhlangana kwamafu, kubuye imvula kusihlwa, bese kungena ubusuku obungenamafu,
• izimpande zezihlahla ezishisayo zifinyelela ubude obungadluli kwengxenye yamamitha ngenxa yomhlabathi omncane,
• imbali enkulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni iRafflesia Arnoldi ikhula ngokujulile ehlathini,
• ukuqina kwesihlahla sehlathi kungafinyelela ku-6 m,
• sihlahla ngasinye esiphakathi nendawo singakhipha amalitha amanzi angama-750 ngonyaka singene emkhathini,
• Umfula i-Amazon uqukethe ama-20% ayo yonke imithombo emisha yokugcina amanzi.

Njengamanje, yingxenye encane kuphela yale hlathi emangalisayo eye yafundwa. Umswakama omkhulu, ukushisa okukhulu kanye namathangi angenakufinyeleleka kwenza le ndawo yemvelo ibe ngenye yezindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi ekujuleni kwehlathi, izitshalo nezilwane ezingaziwa ngokuphelele isayensi ziyakhula futhi ziphile.

Izilwane ezinamahlathi

I-fauna ibonakala ngengcebo emangalisayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zihambisana nendlela yokuphila yezihlahla.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ziyamangaza. Abathengi abaphambili bezinto ezijikelezayo zingamasimu.

Ama-Groundworms acutshungulwa yizikelemu, amabhungane amancane, izibungu zezinambuzane eziwugqinsi, izimbila nezinsizwa. Ukungcola kwamahlathi - indawo yokuhlala kwamakhosi, amakhethini, iminenke. Kubadli bokhuni abolile, ama-bronzes, izinhlobo ezinkulu zamabhungane nezibungu zabo kufanele ziphawulwe.

Izinambuzane ezi-Herbivorous zihlala emahlathini esihlahla: ama-cicadas, amabhungane amaqabunga, ama-raspberries, izinambuzane ezinamathela, izithungo, ibhali, amacimbi kanye nabamele isikhonyane.

Abamele izinhlobo zenkolo ezahlukahlukene, zidla amahlamvu ezinhlamvu nezithelo zezitshalo: imichane, izinkawu, ama-gibbons, ama-orangutan. Ezihlahleni kuhlala izinhlobo zezinto zomndeni wakwaWyverns: ama-mongooses, ufuzo.

Izidlakudla ze-Feline zimelelwa yingwe (evamile futhi iyabhema), eNingizimu Melika i-jaguar. Ingxenye yaleli hlathi iyikhaya labaningi abancane abangatheni, i-Congo basin - indawo ye-okapi - isihlobo esifushane sendlulamthi.

Izinyoni zifanelwe incazelo ehlukile. Kuzo zonke izihlahla zehlathi elingalingani, izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla imbewu nezithelo ziningi. Izinyoni zaseGuinea, izilobe ezinkulu, amajuba, kanye nabamele umndeni we-pheasant bahlala engxenyeni yomhlaba.

Kukhona izinyoni eziningi ezincane nezincane: upholi, ama-toucans, ukudla nge-hummingbird nectar, nama-passerines.

Izimo zamahlathi anenkabazwe zilungele izinyoni eziphilayo nezilwane ezihuquzelayo: amasele esihlahla anemibala ekhanyayo, amasele e-Copepod, izinyoka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya ogcwele umswakama wemvula uvumela ama-amphibians ukuthi bahlale isikhathi eside futhi baphindaphindeke ngaphandle kwezidumbu zamanzi, bakhasa bangene ezihlahleni.

Izimbali zamahlathi ashisayo

Isimo sezulu esinomswakama esinomswakama sinomthelela ekwakhekeni kwesembozo sehlathi esiningi esiminyene. Uhlaza olunamagatsha buthakathaka amagatsha.Ukwakheka kwehlathi kuyinto ngokuqondile: kukhona izihlahla ezimbalwa ezinde, kanti nohlaza lwezithwe ezingaphansi luminyene futhi luyakhithika, lufihla isikhala esiningi.

Ezihlahleni ezihlala ziluhlaza, izimpande ezinjengebhodi, iziqu zinde futhi ziqondile, umqhele usakazeka engxenyeni engenhla kuphela, lapho kukhona khona ukukhanya okwanele. Izihlahla ezinde zinamaqabunga amnyama anendawo enesikhumba evikela ngokuqondile emisebeni yelanga ejulile nasemifudlaneni enkulu. Ezitshalweni zamahlosi amancane anombala, lapho kuphela u-1% wokukhanya kwelanga, amahlamvu anciphile futhi ethambile.

Abamele ejwayelekile le tier engenhla yizintende zezandla, i-ficus, ne-mallow. Ngezansi kukhula izihlahla zikabhanana, cocoa. Iziqu zivame ukumbozwa ngemivini, ama-ferns esihlahla, ama-mosses. Kwama-parasites, ama-orchid ashibhile atholakala. Okwezimbali zamahlosi asezingeni eliphansi, i-caulifloria iyisimo - ukubukeka kwama-inflorescences hhayi kumagatsha, kodwa iziqu.

Amahlathi wezolimo aseNingizimu Melika abizwa ngokuthi ama-selva. Bacebile kunehlathi lase-Afrika ekuhlukeni kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane.

Ukubaluleka kwamahlathi afanayo emhlabeni

Amahlathi e-Equatorial abalulekile kusukela ekubukeni kwezemvelo nakwezomnotho.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza zezimboni ziyingxenye yezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo:

uwoyela wenziwe kusukela entendeni yamafutha,

izinkuni zezihlahla ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, ebony) zenani eliphakeme lezimfanelo zokuhlobisa, ziya ekukhiqizweni kwefenisha ebizayo,

Ukhuni nejusi yezithelo zezitshalo eziningi kuyindwangu eluhlaza yemithi yemithi.

Ihlathi elilinganayo liyinto ebalulekile yocwaningo lwesayensi. Imvelo lapha icebile kangangokuba ososayensi ngonyaka bathola izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane nezilwane zezitshalo.

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo emhlabeni wonke. Amahlathi ezindawo ezinomswakama ezinomswakama angenye yemithombo eyinhloko yomoya-mpilo emhlabeni. Ngeshwa, ngenhloso yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni, izingcezu ezinkulu zomhlaba wamahlathi zigawulwa ngenkuthalo.

Kunobungozi obukhulu bokubhujiswa okuphelele kwamahlathi akwezinye izindawo, njengoba kwenzeka ngenqwaba yamahlathi asendaweni engezansi, esizeni sayo esiyindawo yokuthengisa ngokuphelele. Ukwephulwa kokuqina kokuqina kwemvelo yamahlathi kuyinkinga enkulu yesikhathi sethu, engaphenduka inhlekelele yemvelo.

Izimbali zamahlathi acwebile

Amahlathi e-Equatorial engxenyeni enkulu aqukethe izihlahla ezi-buthaka ezibuthakathaka nesiqu eside. Amagxolo ezihlahla mncane. Kuzo iziqu, amagatsha ngisho namaqabunga ezihlahla eziningi, ezinye izitshalo zahlalwa. Zonke izihlahla zamahlathi ziyinqaba futhi zingezesihlahla esihlala sikhona.

Abamele abaziwayo kakhulu nababonakala kalula emhlabeni wezitshalo bangama-lianas.

• "Bamboo" isithambisi.

Amahlumela alolu hlobo lwe-creeper afinyelela ku-20 m.

ILiana isitshalo sokwelapha ekwehlulekeni kwenhliziyo.

Umvini onoshevu oqukethe i-physostigmine esetshenziselwa ekwelapheni i-glaucoma. Emahlathini e-equatorial, kutholakale izitshalo eziningi ezithokozisayo futhi eziphawulekayo.

Imbewu yesitshalo iwela ekuvutheni kwegxolo lesihlahla bese imila. I-Ficus, ikhula, izungeza isiqu kanye namagatsha esihlahla. Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa okunjalo, isihlahla siyayeka ukukhula futhi kancane kancane sishabalale.

• U-Hevea uyi-brazil ne-ficus yerabha.

I-Hevea eyaziwa kakhulu ne-ficus irabha iyadingeka ngenxa yejusi layo elithi “milky”, okuvela kulo irabha yemvelo.

• Isihlahla sikaCeiba ("Ukotini").

Umuthi ukhula ufike kuma-70 m ukuphakama. Insipho yenziwa kusuka ezinhlamvwini ezinamafutha zesihlahla. Izithelo zesihlahla zikhiqiza ifayibha elifanayo ekwakhekeni kukotini. Isebenza njengefilidi yefenisha ephakeme, imicamelo namathoyizi. Futhi, i-fibrous pulp yezithelo isetshenziswa njengesixhobo sokushisa nokuzwakalayo.

• "Amafutha".

Amafutha atholakala ezithelo zawo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zesepha zikhiqizwa kuwo. Amafutha kanye nokhilimu nawo alungiswa ngesisekelo sawo. Ngokungeziwe kokusetshenziswa ku-cosmetology, kusebenza njengento eluhlaza yokwenziwa kwamakhandlela nogologo. Ujusi walesi sandla udakiwe futhi usanhlamvu. Ijusi ilungele ukulungiswa kophuzo oludakayo.

• Isundu sebhanana
• Isihlahla "Ikofi".
• I-Palm "Rattan".

Isiqu esiminyene somuthi wesundu sigoqa izihlahla futhi sibukeka njengentambo enkulu yokuzivocavoca.

• I-zestrel inamakha.

Izinkuni zesitshalo zisebenza njengendwangu eluhlaza yokwenziwa kwamacala kagwayi.

Umhlaba wezilwane wamahlathi

Amahlathi e-Equatorial aphethe hhayi kuphela izitshalo ezicebile, kodwa nezilwane. Kukhona cishe i-2/3 yazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane emhlabeni. Izilwane eziningi zizivumelanise nempilo "ngaphezulu". Emiqheleni yezihlahla ungathola amantongomane, amajikijolo, izithelo. Ihlosi eliphezulu livikela ekuhlaselweni ezinye izilwane.

Kusebenza njengekhaya lezilwane ezincane:

• izinkawu
• lemurs
• sloths
• abamele umndeni wekati.

Izinhlayiya ezinkulu zihlala emahlathini aphansi. Lapha kunezithelo namahlumela amasha awile ezihlahleni. Abamele lo mndeni wekati - bahola ukugcotshwa kwezilwane ezidla izambane likapondo.

Ama -aguar kanye nama-cougars ajwayelekile eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. IJaguar idinga indawo enkulu yokuzingela. Emhlabeni wanamuhla ophucukile, isilinganiso sendawo yokuzingela siyancipha minyaka yonke. Inani lezinhlobo ezivela kulokhu liyancipha kancane kancane.

Izitropiki zase-Afrika zingaphansi kwamabhubesi nezingwe. Ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Asia, ukubusa kungokwamahlosi nezingwe. Ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika, izinkawu "ze-arachnid" kanye nokukhalaza zivamile.

Abamele izinyoni bahlala e-Afrika:

Amahlathi aseNingizimu Asia akhiwa ama-gibbons nama-orangutan.

Ama-Python asabalele e-Afrika nase-Asia. Kulula ukuhlangana ne-anaconda ehlathini lase-Amazon. Izinyoka ezinobuthi zidlangile eningizimu nasenkabeni yeMelika: izinyoka ze- “bushmeister” nezinyoka “zamakhorali”. Isakhamuzi sasehlathini lase-Afrika esingapheliyo - i-cobra, sivame ukutholakala nase-Asia. Amanzi asehlathini laseMelika, ahlala kuwo izingulube kanye nama-caimans. Izindlovu zihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezilwane zasendle kuhambisana nezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni.

Phakathi kwazo:

• umfundzi
• bananoe
• ETuraco
• hummingbird
• ukhozi "inkawu-edla".

Izinkozi ezizingela izinkawu zihlala ehlathini lasePhilippines. Isisindo sale nyoni sifinyelela ku-7 kg, amaphiko angamamitha ayi-2. Umndeni onenkukhu udinga isiza sokuzingela esukela ku-30 ​​m² kuya ku-40 m². Njengamanje, ngokwehla kwezindawo “zokuzingela”, lezi zinhlobo sezisondele.

Ukubaluleka kwamahlathi afanayo emhlabeni

Ukubaluleka kwamahlathi ahlala egqamile kuhle; adlala indima enkulu ekugcineni ukulingana kwemvelo.

• Ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo.

Amahlathi e-Equatorial aqashelwa ngokuthi "amaphaphu" omhlaba. Ngokufakwa kwe-carbon dioxide okusebenzayo, kukhiqiza cishe i-1/3 komoya-mpilo.

• Ukuzinza kwesimo sezulu.

Amahlathi emvula anesibopho sokuqinisa isimo sezulu eMhlabeni futhi ayikhaya ezinkulungwaneni zezilwane ezingandile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinikeza imvula ejwayelekile yokuqina kwemvula.

Inani elikhethekile lamahlathi aqhelelene nomhlaba ulele kunani labo lesayensi.

• Isembozo sezakhamuzi zasehlathini.

Ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezaziwayo nezingafundiswanga kahle ezifundwayo nezilwane ezithakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi, izizwe ezingaziwa zihlala endaweni yamahlathi omanzi.

• Ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathi.

Ihlathi elingalinganiyo lilondolozela inhlabathi. Ukusabalala kwaso kuvimbela amathuba ezindawo eziwugwadule. Ngemuva kokushiswa kwemililo nokushiswa okuvamisile, izindawo zamahlathi ziphenduka imichilo yesaka noma iziqu ezihlanzekile zamabele.

Ukusongela kwempucuko kuma-guillas

Usongo ngokuqhubeka kokukhona kwama-guillas akaqhubeki nje ngokuba khona, kepha futhi lukhula ngezinga. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi okungafani nalokhu, ngokusho kososayensi, kuzoba nemiphumela engenakuphikwa empilweni "yesimo sezulu" seplanethi.

• Yehla kokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo.

Amahlathi e-Equatorial anesibopho sokuba khona komoya-mpilo owanele emoyeni unyaka wonke. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokusebenza kwamahlathi anjalo kuzoholela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu ekwakhiweni komoya. Namuhla, izingxenye ezithile zemvula sezibhujisiwe. Endaweni yabo, umuntu watshala amasimu ekhofi. Izihlahla zesundu ezinamafutha kanye nenjoloba ziyaqothulwa ngamanani amakhulu.

Kusehlathini elingamahlathi kuphela lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ezaziswa kakhulu abakhiqizi befenisha ehlala isikhathi eside nenhle. Isidingo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphakeme ziholela ekuqothulweni njalo kwamahlathi omethe we-equatorial.

Namuhla, akukho mkhawulo ekusungulweni kwezimboni kwezinhlobo zezihlahla ezibalulekile. Indawo yamahlathi amvula kule minyaka engamashumi edlule iye yancipha, indawo yawo iyaqhubeka incipha, ngokwesilinganiso, ngamaphesenti ayi-1,3 ngonyaka.

Ukubhujiswa okuqhubekayo komuntu osuthuthukile wamahlathi akwezinye izindawo maduze kuzoholela ekuphepheni komoya-mpilo.

• Ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa komoya.

Ukwanda okuzinzile kwesibhakabhaka sasemoyeni esibhakabhaka ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ngokusho kososayensi, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-45 kungaba nomthelela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke ngo-2 ° C.

• I-ice melting.

Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuzonyusa amathuba okuncibilika kweqhwa le-polar yazo zombili izigxobo ze-Antarctica, kanye neqhwa loLwandle i-Arctic. Ukunyuka kwamazinga amanzi kusongela izikhukhula zamathafa aphansi emhlabeni.

• Ukusabalala kwezindawo eziwugwadule.

Ihlathi elihlala lishisa ligcina inhlabathi ekhula kuyo. Umswakama kanye nokugcinwa kokuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi kuvimbela ukuqala kwamagwadule emazweni afanayo. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezimila zembozo yezindawo ezinendawo okuzoholela kuyo ukuphazamiseka komjikelezo wemvula wesikhathi sonyaka kanye nokushona kwemifula. Ukuguguleka kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuzoqala.

Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi afanayo ezindaweni zezimboni kuya ngokuya kukhula. Amahektare angaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi ehlathini ayaqothulwa emhlabeni ngonyaka. Indawo yamahlathi aqothulwe ilingana nezindawo ezine zaseBelgium.

ERiphabhulikhi yaseCongo, indawo yamahlathi agciniwe ingamaphesenti angama-60 kuphela ayo yonke insimu “yehlathi”. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbuso uyaphoqelelwa ukuthi ulawule ukuvuna futhi ubeke imingcele ekuhanjisweni kwezinkuni. Ukuchithwa kwamahlathi kungaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso. Emahlathini angadalwanga, izihlahla zikamoya zitshalwa ngokuqinile.

Izindlela zokugcina ihlathi ezisebenzayo ziyathathwa eCentral Africa:

Izindawo zamahlathi kulezi zifundazwe, ukuze kuvikeleke izinsongo zokubhujiswa kwamahlathi afanayo, kumenyezelwe njengeziqiwu zezwe.

Amahlathi emvula we-Equatorial ayindalo eyingqayizivele yendalo. IGilea - inothile ezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali nezilwane ziyingxenye ebalulekile yesimo esibuthaka somhlaba. Ukungenela komuntu kuyo kufanele kube okulinganiselayo, okulinganiselwe futhi okuhloswe ngakho ukugcina ihlathi.

Idizayini yokuklama: UMila Friedan