Inyoka yaseCaspian | |||||||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | Lepidosauromorphs |
Ingqalasizinda: | Alethinophidia |
I-Superfamily: | Colubroidea |
Buka: | Inyoka yaseCaspian |
I-Dolichophis Caspius (Gmelin, 1789)
- Coluber jugularis Caspius
- I-Coluber Caspius
- I-Hierophis Caspius
Inyoka yaseCaspian , noma inyoka enamabala aphuzi (lat. Dolichophis Caspius) - inyoka enkulu evela emndenini walowo osevele wahlukile. Sisatshalaliswa eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Yurophu esifundeni seVolga naseMpumalanga Kazakhstan, kanye naseNtshonalanga Asia. Yaziwa hhayi ngobukhulu bayo obuhlaba umxhwele, kepha futhi nangesimo saso esinokungajwayelekile, ingahlasela umuntu futhi ilume igazi, kepha ayikwazi ukudala ukulimala okwengeziwe.
Incazelo
Enye yezinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu: ubude bomuntu omdala bungafinyelela ku-200 cm, ezimweni ezingavamile, amasentimitha angama-250. Abantu abavela eziqhingini zase-Aegean bafushane kakhulu - bafinyelela ku-100 cm. Abesilisa ngokwesilinganiso bude kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ikhanda lincane, ngesigaxa esiyindilinga, sinqunywe kancane entanyeni. Amehlo avele kancane ngomfundi oyindilinga. Izindawo eziphuzi zivame ukuthuthukiswa eduze kwamehlo. Izikali zibushelelezi. Umbala womzimba ongenhla wenyoka endala ungaba onsundu omnqumo, ophuzi ngombala, obomvu noma obomvu o-cherry. Kunezinhlobo ezimnyama kakhulu, ezicishe zibe mnyama. Isisu ngumbala ophuzi, owolintshi noma o-orenji. Amabala amancane abomvu naphuzi esiswini atholakala kuphela kubantu abasha abangakafiki imitha ubude. Zingabuye zihlukaniswe yisihloko esingwevu noma esinsundu ngombala onsundu amnyama ngemuva. Izithambo ezisesiswini zingama-189-211, izishoda ezisendalini zingamabili angamatshumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili.
Ngaphakathi kobubanzi benyoka enamabala aphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi ziyaphuthelwa inyoka yeBalkan (I-Hierophis gemonensis) noma inyoka yesilozi. Eyokuqala yalezi zinhlobo imfishane futhi imbozwe amabala amnyama ngemuva nesisu. Inyoka ye-lizard inesimo, inhloko ye-concave ekhanda ngenhla. Inyoka ye-Olive imncanyana futhi inemivimbo ekhanyayo endaweni yeso.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Isatshalaliswa esifundeni esisenyakatho nasempumalanga yeBalkan peninsula enyakatho neHungary, eningizimu yeMoldova, izifunda ezinqamula e-Ukraine, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia kanye nentshonalanga yeKazakhstan, iRepublic yaseTranscaucasia, inyakatho yeTurkey, neJordani. Ububanzi obuhlukile buqoshwa eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTurkmenistan naseNyakatho ne-Iran. Itholakala eziqhingini zase-Andros, Kithnos, Tinos naseKarpathos.
Ihlala kumabhothi asendaweni evulekile neyomile evulekile - ama-steppes, ogwadule, amatshe abekwe ngamatshe, udaka, amabhande amahlathi, imithambeka yezifufula kanye nemigwaqo, imifudlana yemifula. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlala ezindaweni ezitshaliwe - izivini, izihlahla zezithelo, eduze kocingo lwamatshe, emanxiweni ezindlu, ezindaweni zokugcina izidumbu. Imvamisa ifela emigwaqweni ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto. Ezintabeni zitholakala kuze kufike ku-1500-1600 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Indlela yokuphila
Iphuma ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka ngoMashi noma ngo-Ephreli, lapho umhlaba ukhululwa eqhweni. Iyazingela, njengomthetho, ngesikhathi sasemini, noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sezulu esishisayo, umsebenzi ungashintshela kusihlwa. Kuyinto ephathekayo kakhulu futhi iyidodgy, idla ebusweni bomhlaba, ngezikhathi ezithile ikhuphuka iziqu zezitshalo ezinamahlahla ezinobude obuyi-5-7 m. Isebenzisa amadwala asemadwaleni, imifantu emhlabathini, kanye nemisele yemililo njengezindawo zokukhosela. Isebenzisa izinduku kuze kube ku-gopher kanye nezikhala, ngamanani amancane kuma-amphibians, ezinye izinyoka (inyoka, i-efu, i-viper) nezinyoni (kufaka phakathi amaqanda). Young ngokukhethekile izikhala kanye nezinambuzane - izimbungulu, izintethe. Inyamazane encane igwinye iphila, inyamazane enkulu ebulala, icindezela phansi.
Ukumatanisa engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli - Meyi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-2,5, insikazi ibekela amaqanda angama-5-18 ama-45 × 22 mm ngosayizi. Imincane cishe ngo-30 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3 kuya kwengama-4, lapho ubude bomzimba bufika ku-65-70 cm. Isikhathi sokuphila esimweni semvelo siyiminyaka engama-8 ukuya kweli-10.
Inyoka yaseCaspian yaziwa ngemvelo yayo enolaka. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoka, akazami ukufihla umuntu osondelayo, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi uphendukela phezulu njengenyoka enobuthi futhi wenza ukuphonsa okungamamitha ayi-1.5-2, uzama ukungena ebusweni bakhe. Ukuluma kubuhlungu, kepha akubeki ingozi empilweni uqobo.
Kubukeka kanjani
Ubude bomzimba walenyoka bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-2, kepha ungahlangana nabantu abamele lolu hlobo ngobude obungu-2,5 m, bese uqopha amamodeli angadlula lolu phawu. Umsila walesi sipoki uhlala ingxenye yesithathu yobude bawo bonke. Naphezu kobude obuhlaba umxhwele, inyoka ayibukeki inkulu, ngoba ubukhulu bomzimba wayo abudluli ngaphezu kwama-5 cm. Ikhanda lenyoka lincane, linezihlangu ezinkulu. Isisu esinombala ophuzi sinamehlo amakhulu anomuntu oyindilinga oyindilinga, u-iris wamehlo unombala osawolintshi ngombala onamabala amnyama.
Ingxenye yenyoka yenyoka ayinazo izimbambo. Inezikali ezibushelelezi, lapho iphonswa khona kancane kancane emaphethelweni esikhafu sesisu.
Umbala wesikali wengxenye ebonakalayo yomzimba wenyoka uhlukahlukene kakhulu:
Ngokuhlanganiswa okuhlukahlukene nemithunzi, bakha ukwakheka okuhle kakhulu. Isisu salolu hlobo, inyoka, inombala ophuzi, ngenxa yalokho ithole igama laso. Intsha inemigqa eminingana yamabala eduze kwesisekelo grey noma nsundu somzimba ongenhla. Lezi izindawo zihlangana zibe yimichilo emincane, emifushane etholakala ngokuqondile. Ezinhlangothini kukhona futhi imigqa yezindawo ezincane.
Inyoka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Caspian) ingumeleli wezinhlobo zohlobo lweDolichophis (lat.), I.e. izinyoka ezivela odoriformes zomndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlobene:
- I-Dolichophis jugularis,
- UDolichophis schmidti - inyoka enobomvu,
- I-Dolichophis cypriensis - inyoka yaseCypriot.
I-Dolichophis jugularis - isakhamuzi saseziqhingini zoLwandle i-Aegean, indawo yeSyria, iLebanon, i-Iraq, i-Israel, ne-Kuwait. Kunokubukwa e-Albania, eMacedonia, eBulgaria, eRomania. IPoloz ithanda izindawo ezivulekile phakathi kwamagquma, amasimu. Imvamisa itholakala emhlabathini, yize ihamba kahle phakathi kwezihlahla. Umsebenzi ophakeme ubonakaliswa ngesikhathi sosuku.
Ungabona izinhlobonhlobo ngombala wayo onsundu obukhulu, ucishe ube mnyama, umbala kanye nemigqa ekhulunyelwa kancane ngemuva. Ubude benyoka endala bufika kumamitha ayi-2-2,5. UDolichophis schmidti - inyoka enobomvu, eqashelwa njengohlobo oluhlukile muva nje, ngaphambi kokuthi kubhekwe ngalo njengengxenye yeCaspian congener. Umehluko oyinhloko ngombala hhayi owesisu esibomvu kuphela, kodwa futhi nangemuva lomthunzi onjalo, wamehlo. Ihlala ikakhulukazi eTurkey, e-Armenia, eTurkmenistan, eCaucasus, eNyakatho ye-Iran, e-Azerbaijan, eGeorgia, eDagestan.
Inyoka itholakala emaphethelweni omfula inezimbobo eziminyene, ezivandeni, ezintabeni ezifika ku-1500 m ukuphakama. Ifihla emiseleni yamagundane uma izwa ingozi, kepha ingahlasela izitha ilimele. I-Dolichophis cypriensis - Inyoka yaseCypriot ihlukaniswa ngumbala onsundu, onsundu ngombala onamachashazi amhlophe ngemuva. Umsila uhlala uvulekile, awunamaki. Ikhula ibe amamitha ayi-1-1.15. Inyoka ihlala endaweni yezintaba, ihamba kahle ezindongeni zonke.
Igama lenyoka libonisa indawo yalo. Isisu ngasinye esiphuzi esithombeni siyabonakala ngemibala. Inezici eziningi ezijwayelekile nezihlobo eziseduzane nezikude: umbono omuhle kakhulu, ijubane elikhulu lokunyakaza, ukusabela okusheshayo.
Izici ezihlotshiswe ophuzi nendawo yokuhlala
Inyoka enombala ophuzi inyoka enwabuzelayo ngokushesha, enomzimba omnandi nomsila wayo ubude obude. Ikhanda elinamabala aphuzi liyanqunyelwa ngokusobala emzimbeni, Amehlo makhulu ngengubo yomzimba eyindilinga. Lezi zinyoka ngokuvamile zinamehlo amahle athuthukile, okuthi uma kuhlangene ukusabela okusheshayo kanye nesivinini esikhulu sokunyakaza, kubenze babe abazingeli abahle kakhulu.
Abamele lolu hlobo lwenyama abaziwa njengento enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinye izinyoka ezihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ubude bomzimba womuntu ophakathi bucishe bube ngamamitha ayi-1.5-2, noma kunjalo, ama-typimens ayaziwa ubude bawo obudlula amamitha amathathu.
Uma ubheka izithombe ezihlukile zalowo onamabala aphuzi, ungabona ukuthi umbala wabantu abadala abaningi ubukeka ofana: ingxenye engenhla yomzimba inombala owodwa ngamathoni ansundu, omnqumo noma aminyene amnyama, ingemuva linamabala amaningi, ahlelwe umugqa owodwa noma emibili. Isisu sinombala omhlophe grey ngombala ophuzi obomvu noma ophuzi.
Ngokuvamile, imibala yabantu abahlukahlukene iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo nendawo yokuhlala. Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinyoka inwebeka cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kuze kube manje, kukhona eziningi zazo eNhlonhlo yeBalkan, e-Asia Minor, eMoldova, phakathi kwama-Ukraine, amahlathi eTranscaucasus nakwezinye izindawo eziningi.
Kudala, amabhele aphuzi akhetha izitebhisi ezivulekile, ogwadule, izihlahla ezigcwele imigwaqo, indawo ezinamadwala futhi kunezindawo ezimanzi okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo abantu. Esimweni lapho inkathi ethile yonyaka ibonakala ngesomiso esinzima, amabhubesi aphuzi angangena ngqo ezindaweni ezinamifula yemifula bese egcwele izikhala eziseduzane nemifula. Inhlanzi enamabala aphuzi ihlala ingena ezindaweni zabantu, ezingena ezindlini ezehlukene ezisensimini yamapulazi ukuze ibekele amaqanda noma ilinde izimo zokushisa ezingezinhle.
Abuye futhi azihlelele indawo yokukhosela yesikhashana ezindaweni zokugcina kanye nama-haystacks, kepha muva nje angatholakala lapho ancipha. Indawo yokuhlala okwesikhashana yesisu-ephuzi ingaba ukuqhekeka emhlabathini, umgoqo wedwala eceleni kombhede womfula, umgodi onentambo noma umgodi wanoma iyiphi inyoni etholakala endaweni ephansi.
Umbala ophuzi unamathele kakhulu endlini yakhe, ngakho-ke uvame ukuzama ukungawashiyi amahholo wakhe isikhathi eside, abuyele lapho noma ethatha uhambo olude lokuphanga. Imvamisa ingatholakala phakathi kwamanxiwa ezakhiwo zasendulo, izivini futhi nasezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Bazama ukuhlalisa eduze kwemithombo yamanzi, kodwa hhayi ngoba bathanda ukubhukuda, kepha ngoba kuhlala kuningi okungahle kube khona ukuphangwa.
Umsoco
Izinyoka ezinamabala aphuzi zinokusabela ngokushesha, amehlo amahle kakhulu, zihamba ngokushesha - lezi zimfanelo zibenza bazingeli abahle kakhulu. Baphishekela inyamazane yabo ngamandla kangangokuba kungaqhamuki noma ibhungane noma igundane. Onamabala aphuzi uyakwazi ukweqisa ukudla kwakhe bukhoma kunoma yimuphi umgodi.
Ubungako besilwane esifuywayo businikeza ithuba lokudla hhayi izilwane ezincane kuphela, kodwa futhi nokugwinya ama-hamsters wonke, ama-squirrels, izinyoni, ngisho nabazala bazo - izinyoka ezincane. Ziphinde zidle izinkumbi, amagundane, zigwinye umgodi, isele, futhi zonakalise izidleke zezinyoni.
Inyoka izingela ezihlahleni ezinde, ilindele isisulu lapho iqamekele, igxume amagatsha, igxume phansi izisulu. Ngisho nokulunywa yinyoka, kwesinye isikhathi angayibamba futhi ayidle, akumlimazi kakhulu. Amasu wokubanjwa angokulandelayo:
- abambe inyamazane
- khala ngomzimba wakho bese uwukwenza amandla,
- ukujabulela ukudla kwakho.
Ijubane eliphakeme lokunyakaza cishe njalo kuqinisekisa ukuzingela okuphumelela kwenyoka.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinyoka ezinombala ophuzi
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, izinyoka ezinombala ophuzi zitholakala ngababili. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, owesilisa ubamba insikazi ngentamo ngemihlathi yakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoka zilahlekelwa ukuqaphaza kwazo okujwayelekile.
Emavikini la-6-6 ngemuva kwekutsalwa, insikazi ibeka amaqanda langu-6-12. Umqondo wenziwa imifantu nezihlahla zezihlahla. Eminyakeni engu-3-4, izinyoka ezinesihloka ophuzi ziqala ukuthomba. Futhi bahlala endle iminyaka engaba ngu-7-8.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoka ezinombala ophuzi ziyimpungushe, izimpungushe nezinyoni ezinkulu. Imvamisa bafa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto, lapha izinyoka azinamandla ngokwenzela i-hissinging and casting menning.
Ngenxa yesimo sezinyoka ezinamabala aphuzi, zibangela ukungathandeki okuthile kubantu. Njengoba izinyoka ziphila ngendlela evulekile, abantu bavame ukuziqothula. Ukulimala kwabantu kubangelwa ukulima kwezindawo eziseqeleni kanye nokufuya izinkomo, okucekela phansi indawo yemvelo yezinyoka. Ngokuqondene nalezi zinto, inani lezinhlobo laqala ukwehla ngokuhamba kancane, kepha esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukuqothulwa kwezinyoka ezinombala ophuzi akusongeli.
Izinyoka ezinobhloka ophuzi, njengezinye izinyoka, zivame ukugcinwa ezindaweni zokuhlanza. Abantu ababhajwe ekuqaleni baziphatha ngokudingida ngokungagugi, kepha ngokushesha bajwayele izimo ezintsha zokuphila futhi babe nolaka kakhulu.
Eningizimu-mpumalanga yeDagestan, isihlobo esisondele kakhulu sale nhlobo sihlala - inyoka ebomvu. Lezi zinyoka zinomhlane obomvu, isisu ngisho namehlo anombala ofanayo.
Isimilo se-Yellowbelly kanye nendlela yokuphila
I-Yellow-belled, yize ingekho ubuthi futhi iphephe ngokweqile kubantu, noma kunjalo ayihlukile kuhlobo lwabo lokuthanda ukuthula. Ungabuka ividiyo yokuthi inhlanzi enombala ophuzi ishaya kanjani umsila wayo kwi-Intanethi ukuze uthole umbono wamathuba kanye nomusa walenyoka enkulu.
Lapho ehlangane nomuntu endle, inhlanzi enamabala aphuzi ngeke ihlale ithanda ukumdlula. Imvamisa, uqala ukugcwala ngendlela yomoya, ngenkathi ephakamisa umphambili womzimba bese evula umlomo kakhulu, uzama ukuluma umuntu ngezwi elikhulu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, wenza amagxuma abukhali futhi aqhamukele kumphikisi wakhe, eqhubeka ehamba endaweni nezindawo, ukuze ohlangothini kube sengathi inyoka iyagxuma. Amabhubesi aphuzi eshaya umsila wawo futhi ikwazi ukwenza gxuma ngokushesha ibanga elingaphezu kwemitha eyodwa, ihlasela umuntu ngqo ebusweni.
Umlingisi onamabala aphuzi uhlukile kunabanye abamele abanye bombuso wenyoka ngokungalingani kanye nezinxushunxushu. Inyoka inobuqili obukhulu futhi inobuhlakani obumangalisayo, ngakho-ke ukuyibamba kunzima kakhulu.
Futhi, ngaphandle kwalokho, angakhipha ukuluma, okubuhlungu kakhulu kubantu, ngoba inqwaba yamazinyo abukhali asemlonyeni wenyoka, igobe kancane emuva.
Izicucu zamazinyo aphethwe ngamabala aphuzi zivame ukuhlala esilondeni, futhi uma ungazikhiphi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile kusukela ngesikhathi sokuluma, lapho-ke ungafinyelela ukutheleleka kwegazi. Esimweni sokulunywa, isilonda kufanele selashwe ngokushesha nanganoma yikuphi ukubulala amagciwane bese sinikela ngosizo lwezokwelapha kulowo ohlukumezekile.
Esikhathini esishisayo ikakhulukazi, izinyoka zingakhukhumala elangeni, emva kwalokho zikhuluphele ngokweqile, okuthi phakathi kwazo kuphume umsila ophuzi futhi yenza ezinye izindlela zokuphamba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba, i-metabolism yezinhlanzi ezinamabala aphuzi isheshiswa kakhulu.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Amaqanda anombala ophuzi abekwa cishe ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaJuni. Ku-clutch eyodwa, imvamisa kusuka emaqanda ayisithupha kuya kwangamashumi amabili, okuvela kuyo inzalo kusuka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuya ekwindla kokuqala.
Ama-aphuzi aphuzi abe nezitha ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke, yena ngokwakhe angaba inyamazane yezinyoni ezidla ezinye noma ezinye izitha. Isikhathi sokuphila endle cishe siyiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweyisishiyagalolunye.
Ukondla nokukhiqiza i-Crimean yellow-bellies
Emvelweni, lesi silwanyana esidliwayo esidliwayo sidla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinambuzane, futhi ukudla kwaso akuhlukile kakhulu kwisibazi esivamile. Ekhaya, i-yellowfin kumele ifakwe ukudla okune-worldworms, i-slugs, amagundane asanda kuzalwa, izinyoni ezincane, izithelo nemifino. Kungenzeka ukuthi isilwane sidla ngokuzithandela kwizibankwakazi noma izinyoka ezincane.
Ukuphinda wenze ngempumelelo i-pusher enamafutha kudinga ukuboshwa okucashile okuphoqelekile, okucasulwa ukugcinwa okuzinzile kwamazinga okushisa aphansi ku-terrarium. Iphupho elinjalo lingahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa. Cishe ngoJuni noma ngoJulayi, i-yellowfin yensikazi ingazalela amaqanda angaba ishumi nambili ngobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo yobude obuthile. Isikhathi sokubopha sithatha izinsuku ezingama-30 noma ezingama-45 futhi kufanele senzeke emazingeni okushisa okungenani angama-30 ° C.
Izici Zasekhaya
Ekuthunjweni, ushintsho olukhulu kungenzeka nge-pusik ephuzi maqondana nokubukeka kwayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, lapho abantu abasha bevuthwa, bashintsha umbala wabo ophuzi onsomi ube umbala onsundu noma wobhedu. Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinsila ezingakhombisi ulaka lwemvelo kumnikazi, ngisho nangemihlathi enamandla nobukhulu obuhle bomzimba.
Umbono wokuthi ubuthi obuphuzi obuphuzi unobuthi awulungile kakhulu. Leli khophi lisemaphethelweni wokuqothulwa futhi libhalwe ku-Red Book of Ukraine ngesizathu esilula sokuthi kuvame ukwenziwa iphutha ngephuphuthi eliyingozi futhi liqothulwe ngokungafanele.
Eqinisweni, yisikhova esikhulu esinemilenze eguquliwe, emelelwa yimikhonto ethile emide emaceleni omzimba. Kungokusho kwalesi sici, kanye nokungabikho kwamazinyo kanye nokuba khona kwamehlo, ukuthi i-canon ephuzi ingahlukaniswa kokuphumula, okubonisa usongo lwangempela, okuphindaphindayo.
Izikhala ezingekho emthethweni nezinyoka zibonakala zifana, kepha lokhu kubonakala nje ekuqaleni. Kuyavela ukuthi kunokwehluka okuningana phakathi kwalezi ezihubhayo. Uyini umehluko wabo? Iziphi izinhlobo zamazibuko angenamlenze ezivame kakhulu? Funda ngakho esihlokweni.
Incazelo emfushane
Izibungu ezingenamlenze, okuzoxoxwa ngazo esihlokweni, ziyefana nezinyoka. Azinayo imilenze. Izinkophe zazo ziyasebenza. Lezi ezihubhayo zihola indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba: zichitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabathini. Ngosizo lwekhanda elibukeka njengefosholo, futhi futhi ngenxa yokunyakaza okuqondile komzimba, bathutheleka enhlabathini evulekile. Izibungu ezingenamthetho zidla izinambuzane, kanye nezidalwa ezingenamsoco.
Lezi ezihuqayo zingama-ovoviviparous. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi ingaletha amawundlu amaningana, kaningi - hhayi ngaphezulu kwezine. Izinsikazi zifinyelela ekukhuleni zineminyaka emithathu ubudala.
Umehluko ovela kwizinyoka
Njengoba sebehlangane nesibungu esingenamlenze, abantu bavame ukuyithatha njengenyoka enobuthi futhi bazame ukubulala isilwane. Kuyiqiniso, izidalwa ezifuywayo zinokufana: zombili izibankwa ezingenamlenze nezinyoka ziyahamba ngenxa yokujijeka komzimba. Kodwa-ke, uma ubhekisisa, ungathola umehluko oshiwo okuphakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zeziramba. Cabanga ngomehluko esibonelweni sezimbila ezimbili: i-spindle ne-yellowfin.
Okokuqala, zinezinkophe ezihambayo, ngenkathi zikhule ndawonye izinyoka, ngaleyo ndlela zakha ungqimba obonakalayo oluvikayo emehlweni. Izibazi zinokuvula izindlebe, okukhona ngemuva kwezitho zombono. Izinyoka azinayo.
Okwesibili, ikhanda nomzimba kubanjwe ndawonye ezihlotsheni ngezindlela ezahlukene. Uma i-spindle ne-yellowfin kungenako kuncipha entanyeni, khona-ke ezinyangeni ziyabizwa.
Emazibukweni, izingxenye zomhlana wesobunxele nangakwesokudla zixhunywe ngokuqinile, ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane zibhande ihlombe.
Isihlahla se-Spindle
Isibungu esingenamlenze (i-spindle whale) sidla izimbaza, izibungu zomhlaba kanye nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ibambe inyamazane ngamazinyo abukhali, igobe emuva. Ngenxa yalokhu, izibungu ezishelelayo nama-slugs asala endaweni yezilwane ezihuquzelayo emlonyeni. Isibungu sithatha ukudla njengokulandelayo: siginya kancane, sihambisa ikhanda laso emikhondweni ehlukile. Uma isibungu sinamathela kokuthile futhi singashiyi i-mink yobumba, khona-ke indilinga iqonde emzimbeni bese iqala ukuzungeza ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngale ndlela, usula ingxenye yomkhiqizo. Idla iminenkezo, i-reptile idonsa kancane imollus ekhosheni, ngaphambi kwayo ibeke ikhanda layo emlonyeni wegobolondo.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-Spindle
Umndeni we-spindle ufaka inani elikhulu lezinhlobo. Bangaphezu kwekhulu labo. Ukuchazwa okujwayelekile kwama-spindle sekuvele kuveziwe kule ndatshana. Manje sizokhuluma ngomunye wabamele umndeni oshaye kakhulu - isigaxa esintekenteke. Ngendlela, isibankwa esingenamlenze nesipani - azifani. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo: ngokwesibonelo, ama-spindle anezimbobo ezivulekile kanye nemidwebo yesikhashana.
Ubude balezi ezihubhayo bufika kumasentimitha angama-45. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomzimba wazo ziyisitila esiguquguqukayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umngcele phakathi komzimba nomsila ucishe ungabonakali ngeso lenyama. Isikali sezilwane siqiniswa ngamapuleti amathambo. Imvamisa ama-spindle anezikali ezimpunga noma ezinsundu ezine-sheen ye-browny. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ama-albino ngamanye, kanye nama-melancts, umbala wawo umnyama ngokuphelele. Amawundlu lawo athathwa ngendlela eyiphutha ngendlela ehlukile, ngoba esemncane umbala wawo uhlukanisa umzimba ube ngama-halves amabili: ushokoledi kanye negolide. Ungahlangana nesilima esintekenteke emahlathini. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyangena emasimini nasezingadini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwanyana esidlekayo siyakwazi ukubhukuda, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi kuvela eduze nezidumbu zamanzi.
I-Yellow-pusik
Isilozi esingenamlenze sibizwa nangokuthi i-capercaillie. Lesi reptile esikhulu, ubude baso buyimitha eyodwa nesigamu. I-yellowfoot akuyona isililo esingenamlenze ngokuphelele. Izinsalela zezitho zifanekiselwa yizinswelaboya ezimbili ezisekupheleni komphetho we-cloaca. Zibizwa kakhulu kwabesilisa abadala. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingokwesigaba seCarapace Spindles.
Ukuvela kweziqhude kungokulandelayo: banomzimba omude, ovikelwe yizikali ezihlanganisiwe. Basebenza njengegobolondo. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kukhona imigoqo yesikhumba. Kukhona ezimbili zazo. Benza lula impilo yezidonsa, benze lula ukuphefumula kwabo futhi baqinisekise ukuqina kwegobolondo ngenkathi bedla izingcezu ezinkulu zokudla. Umbala womzimba ungaba nsundu futhi ube ophuzi, kuvame ukuvela amabala abomvu kuwo. Kulula ukunquma iminyaka yezingwe ngombala we-carapace: abantu abangakabi nonyaka ubudala banemibala emicu, emelelwa yimivimbo emnyama ngokumelene ne-hue e-brown.
Isilozi saseCalifornian
I-lizard engenamlenze yaseCalifornia ayinkulu kakhulu. Umzimba wakhe obunjwe worm ufinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-25 kuphela, futhi yilona liphezulu. Ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba ipendiwe ngopende ompunga omnqumo noma ompunga onsundu. Ezinye izingosi ezinombala onsundu omnyama noma omnyama. Ngaphansi kuvame ukuphuzi, kanti nekhanda limnyama. Ebantwini abasha, imigqa emithathu emide emzimbeni ibonakala kahle.
Lesi sidalwa esijwayelekile sivame ogwini lwaseCalifornia. Kulokhu, ibhungane laqanjwa igama. Ungahlangana naye eSan Francisco. Wenza ukunyakaza emhlabathini ngokujula kwamasentimitha ayi-10-15. Ihlala isikhathi esiningi ezindaweni ezinamaqabunga aluhlaza kanye nenhlabathi enesihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi ngeke kutholakale emadwaleni. Iziqu zezihlahla ezilele phansi, kuzwakale ngaphansi kwamatshe - zonke lezi zindawo izigcila zisebenzisa njengendawo yokukhosela.
Ukudla kwe-lizard yaseCalifornia izinambuzane zenhlabathi, izibungu zazo, izicabucabu nama-arthropods ahlukahlukene. Ubathola ngaphansi komhlaba. Isilwane esihuquzelayo siphinde sizingele ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi, sinephunga indawo yezinyamazane futhi sisheshe sisibambe ngosizo lwekhanda eliboshwe esihlabathini.
Ubani ongenamlenze ophuzi ongenabala - inyoka, isibankwa noma esinye isidalwa esidabukisayo?
Eqinisweni, lesi silwane simele uhlobo lwe-Pseudopus (Carapace spindleworms) lomndeni i-Anguidae (Spindleworms).
Ukwakha
Isilo esinjalo asinaso isandulelo. Imilenze yangemuva imelelwa izinqubo ezimbili zobudlova eduze kwe-anus. Ifana nenyoka ngenxa yokungabikho kwemilenze nendlela yokuhamba ngokugoba umzimba.
Abantu abakhulu kakhulu bangafinyelela ubude bamamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Isilinganiso somzimba esimaphakathi siyimitha eyodwa. Isizalo sibeka ekhaleni. Ikhanda lesilwane esidliwayo esinamaphaphu yi-tetrahedral, ehlukanisa ngokushesha izinyoka. Omunye umehluko ophuziwe yizimbobo zezindlebe. Futhi i-pseudopus apodus iyakwazi ukugcwala.
Inani lesikhumba liqukethe esikalini ngokushelela komunye nomunye. Ngaphansi kwazo kukhona amapuleti amathambo - i-osteoderm. Kunamaqhubu esikhumba nhlangothi zombili kuwo wonke umzimba. I-thorax ye-yellowfused ayikho.
Umbala wezikhala zabantu abadala yi-monophonic: umnqumo, umphuzi onsundu, ubomvu onsundu. Izilwane eziphindaphindayo ezincane ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala zihlukaniswa ubukhona bemivimbo emzimbeni wonke, okukhumbuza izinombolo zamaRoma "Ⅴ", ama-zigzags noma ama-arcs. Kulokhu, isikhumba esikhulu amathoni aphuzi grey. Isisu sezikhala zanoma yiluphi ubudala sikhanya ngaphezu komzimba onomsila.
Habitat
Umumo wokusatshalaliswa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ulinganiselwe eningizimu-ntshonalanga ne-Asia Ephakathi nengxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Isibungu esingenamlenze singatholakala ogwini:
- I-Adriatic, Mnyama (eCrimea) nolwandle lweCaspian,
- eCaucasus
- eRussia naseKazakhstan,
- eTurkey
- Israyeli
- I-Iran
- ESyria
- I-Iraq.
Ngokusho kwendawo yokuhlala, zihlukaniswe ngezinsimbi ezisentshonalanga nezisempumalanga, ezihluke ngobude. I-pseudopus apodus, etholakala eBulgaria, inkulu kakhulu kunabalingani bayo abavela eMpumalanga.
Ama-biotopes alesi zilwanyana ezinhlobonhlobo ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ingatholakala emaqeleni, emagqumeni asogwadule, emagqumeni, emaphethelweni emahlathini, emithini, ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme kuze kufike ku-2,2 km ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, emahlathini anqabayo nasezigodini zemifula. Kuyenzeka uphile emazweni atshaliwe: amasimu enerayisi nokotini, izivini.
I-yellowtopusik ayesabi amanzi futhi - kuwo angacasha izitha.
Izihlahla nemhlanga, izinqwaba zamatshe, imigqa yezinye izilwane zingasetshenziswa njengezindlu. Ukusuka endaweni yokukhosela uyofuna ukudla okuqubuka ngaphakathi kwamamitha angamakhulu amathathu.
Izinganekwane nge-lizard engenamlenze
Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi amabele aphuzi adla izinyoka ezinobuthi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele. Ngamaqhude nezinye izinyoka, azithathi hlangothi. Ngakho-ke, abamele i-apse kaPseudopus bakude ne-mongoose noma inyoni engumbhali. Yize ama-boa constrictors kanye nama-eurenise kungaba ukudla kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingenamlenze.
Enye inganekwane - inyoka enobuthi ephuzi noma cha? Lesi silwane asinawo ubuthi emazinyweni alo; abukhali ngokwanele ukuba asheshe asibulale. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhungane alikwazi ukusonta emasongweni, njengenyoka, ukuze libambe inyamazane yalo. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni eziningi, i-apse ye-Pseudopus iphephile ngokuphelele kubantu futhi ezimweni ezihlukile kuphela lapho ingazama ukuyiluma.
Uyayithanda i-athikili? Thatha udonga lwakho, weseke iphrojekthi!
Akanayo imilenze, ngakho-ke ngaphandle afana nenyoka.
Noma kunjalo, i-yellowness kulula ukuyihlukanisa: izinkophe zayo ziyahambahamba futhi ziyakuvumela ukuvula nokuvala amehlo ayo. Izinyoka zinqatshelwa lelo thuba: izinkophe zazo zihlala zihlanjululwa futhi zakha “iwindi” elisobala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lizard inomsila omude kakhulu, cishe izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1.5 kunomzimba.
Isikhumbuzo kuphela sokuthi okhokho balokho abebene-yellow belokhu benemilenze sasiyipillale encane ezinhlangothini zesikhumba esigqokile. Lezi yizengezo zemilenze yezandla ezingemuva, mhlawumbe engadlali kunoma iyiphi indima empilweni yesigcilikisha.
UMBHALI WESIBILI
UZheltopuzik ukuphela kommeli wohlobo lwama-spindles abunjwe ngegobolondo. Njengazo ezinye izibankwakazi ezibunjiwe njengezindindilinga, umzimba wakhe umbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ezinjengethayela, nezihlangu zangaphakathi zihlukile kancono kunobumba besimo nobukhulu. Ngaphansi kwalesi cornea kukhona ama-osteoderms (isikhumba ossication), ngenxa yokuthi umzimba wephuzi liqinile futhi liqine lapho lithintwa. Bakha ukuvuleka okucishe kube ngokuqhubekayo futhi ne-carapace ethintekayo yomkhawulo, efana ne-chain mail. Ngakho-ke igama lohlobo - ama-armworms egobolondo. Kukhona igebe phakathi kwezingxenye zesisu nezesikhumba salokhu kwembozo, ngenxa yokuthi imigoqo yesikhumba ende etholakala isuka kwesisekelo sekhanda iya esikhungweni sobukhosi esilengele ezinhlangothini zombala ophuzi. Zivumela i-lizard ukuthi ihambe ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, yenyusa umthamo womzimba lapho iginya inyamazane enkulu, futhi eyenzelwe abesifazane nalapho ithwala amaqanda. Indawo emfishane, engaphezulu noma engaphansi kakhulu ekugcineni kolimi lolimi oluphuzi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili zamasayizi ahlukene, kanti ingxenye engaphambili yesibankwa ingadonswa emgudwini okhethekile ongaphakathi kwendawo enkulu engemuva.
I-South MALLUSTER AMATEUR
I-yellowfan itholakala eNhlonhlo yeBalkan, e-Asia Minor nase West Asia entshonalanga, nase-Iraq empumalanga. Ihlala ogwini oluseningizimu yeCrimea, eCaucasus, eCentral Asia naseNingizimu. Ihlala kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene: kusukela emahlathini anezikhukhula kanye nasezindongeni zamafulezi kuya ezintabeni, ezindaweni eziwugwadule nakwezamadwala. Imvamisa uhlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi, uma kwenzeka ingozi ingangena emanzini, ubhukuda kahle. Musa ukukugwema ukusondela komuntu, ukuphatha izihlahla zezithelo nezivini. Isibungu siyasebenza phakathi nosuku, sichitha amahora amnyama kakhulu osuku kanye namahora ashisa kakhulu asemini ezindaweni zokukhosela: izinduku zokubhidliza, imigodi ngaphansi kwamadwala, amathangi aminyene ezihlahla.
I-Yellowfin iyamangaza. Imihlathi eqinile namazinyo anamandla, afiphele amvumela ukuba abhekane kalula nezinambuzane ezinkulu nama-gastropods asemhlabeni, esivame ukwakha isisekelo sokudla kwakhe. Ngisho neminenke emikhulu yamagilebhisi enegobolondo eliqinile ayinakuvikeleka phambi kwakhe. Amagundane anjengemouse, amaqanda ezinyoni namachwane, izibankwa ezincane nezinyoka zingaba inyamazane yengulube ephuzi. Kwesinye isikhathi usebenzisa ukudla kwezitshalo, isibonelo, ama-apricot namagilebhisi amajikijolo.
Futhi, la makhaza, yize ebukhulu bawo amakhulu kanye “ne-imeyli” emathambo, kuvame ukuba inyamazane yezinyoni zezinyamazane nezilwane ezincelisayo. Amabhele aphuzi ngomsila onakaliswe noma adwengulwe ngumuntu ngumbono ojwayelekile. Kwezinye izakhamuzi, inani labantu abanjalo lingafinyelela ku-50%. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umsila we-spindles igobolondo awukho brittle: ukuklebhula noma ukuluma, udinga ukwenza imizamo emikhulu. Futhi, ayisakhuli, ihlala iba buthuntu, njengokungathi inqunyelwe. Izihlahla ezinomsila omfishane azisakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha okukhulu emhlabathini futhi zikhasa ziye emagatsheni aphansi ezihlahla nezihlahlana njengabalingane bazo abaphilile.
UKUKHOLA MOM
Abesilisa balesi silwanyana esidliwayo ngokwemvelo sitholakala izikhathi eziphindwe ka-2-4 kaningi kunabesifazane abachitha isikhathi esiningi ezindaweni zokukhosela. Kungekudala ngemuva kobusika, okuqala kusuka ngo-Okthoba-Novemba kuze kube uMashi-Ephreli, isikhathi sokuzala siqala emikhawulweni ephuzi. Owesilisa usesha ngenkuthalo insikazi futhi, ngenkathi elumana nemihlathi, ubamba ikhanda. NgoJuni-Julayi, ibhungane elisemgodini noma kwenye indawo yokuhlala lifaka amaqanda. Ku-clutch eyodwa kukhona kusuka ku-6 kuya ku-12, anesisindo esingama-20 g futhi ambozwe ngegobolondo lesikhumba eliminyene.
Ama-Catch ama-10-12,5 cm ubude ukubekeka ngo-Agasti-Septhemba. Zipendiwe ngokuhlukile kunabantu abadala: kwisendlalelo esimpunga esiphuzi kunephethini lemigwaqo emnyama eguqukayo ye-zigzag idlula ngaphezulu kwekhanda nomsila. Lokhu kufakwa imibala kugcinwa ezikhungweni kuze kufike ku-20 cm ubude futhi kuguquka kancane kancane kusuka kumuntu omdala kuya ku-molt kuye ku-molt.
Kunzima kakhulu ukubona amawundlu kulezo zindawo lapho ubuningi bezinhlobo bukhulu khona futhi abantu abadala abangama-5- 10 bangatholakala ngosuku. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yendlela yabo yokuzifihla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi azibambi iqhaza ngokuzalaniswa minyaka yonke, okusho ukuthi inani lamawundlu alilikhulu kangako. Ukuthomba ku-yellowfoot kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-3-4 yeminyaka yobude bomzimba obungaphezulu kwama-30 cm.
IBHABHODI KANYE INDODA
Ngenxa yokufana kwangaphandle nenyoka yalesi sikhulu esikhulu, kodwa esingenangozi ngokuphelele, umhlangano nomuntu ngesinye isikhathi uphela ngokufa ngenxa yakhe. Ubhande ophuzi ophethwe izimbotshana uzama ukuphuma ezandleni, ukugoqa wonke umzimba wawo noma ukusheshe ujikele endaweni eyodwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuzwakala umsindo wobuntu wamapuleti egobolondo elinye nelinye. Naphezu kwemihlathi enamandla, ama-aphuzi aphuzi awakaze alume. Ukuzivikela kwakhe kuphela ukufafaza amakha uketshezi ongathandeki, ukuphoqelela ukulahla isililo "esingcolile".
Amacala wokubanjwa okungekho emthethweni nokuthengiswa kwama-bellows aphuzi ngokugcinwa kuma-terrariums ngabashisi bezilwane abangathembekile kuyaziwa. Izikhala eziningi zishonela emigwaqweni ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto, kanjalo nasemithonjeni ehlukahlukene, imisele nasezakhiweni ezifanayo, lapho ewela khona futhi engasakwazi ukuphuma. Izinhlobo zilotshwe ezincwadini ezibomvu zaseKazakhstan kanye naseRussia, ezincwadini ezibomvu zeKrasnodar Territory, Ingushetia, North Ossetia neKalmykia.
Iphuzi lesifazane ligada amaqanda abekwe kulo endaweni emnyama emanzi, lizisonga emzimbeni wakhe.Ukunakekelwa okufanayo kwezingane kwezinyoni kuyinto exakile ngokweqile.
ISIHLOKO ESIFANELEKILE
Uhlobo: Izicubu
I-oda: Izibazi.
Umndeni: izibankwakazi eziyizigaxa.
Uhlobo: Izindonga ezihlome ngezikhali.
Uhlobo: ophuzi-pusik.
Igama lesi Latin: Pseudopus apodus.
Ubukhulu: ubude bomzimba ngomsila - kufika ku-125 cm.
Isisindo: kufika ku-500 g.
Umbala: ophuzi-obomvu-nsundu, isisu - kulula.
Isikhathi sokuphila sephuzi eliphuzi: kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30.
Imininingwane ejwayelekile
Inyoka enombala ophuzi inyoka emelela umndeni walowo osevele wehlukanisiwe. Kuliqiniso, ngokungafani nezihlobo zakhe eziseduzane, uyakwazi ukukhula ngqo zibe zilingana ezinkulu kakhulu. Kube nezimo lapho abacwaningi bethola abantu obude bawo obedlula amamitha ayi-2. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi inyoka enombala ophuzi inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu.
Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, ungahlangana naye cishe kulo lonke izwekazi, kubandakanya naseRussia. Inyoka enobuthi e-Crimean iphuze kakhulu ososayensi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ziningi zazo kule peninsula. Futhi lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqaphele izinyoka endaweni yazo yemvelo ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu kanye nezindleko.
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi: ukubukeka
Le inyoka inokubukeka okukhumbulekayo kakhulu, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuyidida nolunye uhlobo. Ikakhulu uma ucabanga ngosayizi wabantu asebefinyelele eminyakeni emihlanu.
Ngakho-ke, ingxenye engenhla yenyoka inombala omnyama, ongahluka kusuka kokumpunga kuya onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube mnyama. Ngokuvamile, ushintsho olunjalo luncike endaweni yokuhlala yenyoka, ngoba kwesikhumba sayo kungukufihliza okungokwemvelo okungakufihla inyamazane. Ngakho-ke, ungamangali ukuthi abamele uhlobo olulodwa bangaba ngabampunga nabamnyama.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi bonke banengxenye engezansi edwetshwe ophuzi noma owolintshi. Empeleni, ngenxa yalokhu, inyoka yathola igama layo - "yellow-belided". Kuliqiniso, ngamakhekhe amancane la imibala asavezwa kahle futhi ingavela ngesimo sezindawo ezihlukile.
Izikali zinesigaba esicacile, esenza inyoka ihehe ngendlela yayo. Maphakathi kwesikali kukhanya okulula, kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka nokuthi zithole i-tint ye-orange. Ngenxa yalokhu, kubonakala sengathi ziyakhanya, kube sengathi imisebe yelanga idlala esikhunjeni sakhe.
Ihlala kuphi le nyoka?
Ungasho okuningi ngalesi siqhotho kuphela ngemuva kokuzwa igama laso eliphelele - inyoka ebunjiwe eCaspian. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi ungahlangana naye cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi esikebhe saseCaspian. Ikakhulu kulezo zifunda lapho kunesimo sezulu esifudumele nesithokomele.
Ngakho-ke, inyoka enamabala aphuzi ihlala eCrimea, eHungary, eMoldova, eRomania, eningizimu ye-Ukraine nasogwini olusentshonalanga lweCaspian. Kuyatholakala nasemazweni asempumalanga, njengeKazakhstan, iTurkey, inyakatho ye-Iran neAzerbaijan. Ngamanani amancane, inyoka enamabala aphuzi itholakala eziqhingini zaseTinos, Kifnos, Andros naseKarpathos.
Ngokuqondene neRussia, lapha itholakala esifundeni saseRostov, eStavropol Territory, eVolga Region nakwezinye izifunda. Futhi, inyoka yona ihlala ezigodini ezansi kweCreater Caucasus nangasemngceleni weDagestan.
Imikhuba namasiko enyoka enombala ophuzi
Le nyoka ayikhethi kahle ekukhetheni indawo yokuhlala, into esemqoka ukuthi kunokushisa okwanele, bekukhona ukudla okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ungahlangana nesidleke sakhe sobabili endaweni evulekile naphakathi kwesihla sezintaba. Yize engasathandi ukukhuphuka ngokweqile, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uqabukela ekhwela ngaphezu kuka-1600 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Wakha isidleke phakathi kwezimbobo ezingenalutho, imifino emincane, imifantu etsheni ngisho naseziseleni zezihlahla. Kwenzeka futhi ukuthi athathe umhluzi wesisulu sakhe, amhlalisa nakho konke okuhle. Yize kunjalo, ezimweni ezinjalo, umnikazi wangaphambili uvame ukuqeda impilo yakhe esiswini enyokeni.
Inyoka ayesabi umsindo nabantu, ngakho-ke ingahlala eduze kwabo. Ozibonele abaningi bathi babona ukuthi lesi sidalwa esinganaki sangena kanjani kubo ngemuva kwensimu noma engadini usuku nosuku. Yize isibindi esinjalo sasihlala siphela ngokudabukisayo kuye, ngoba abantu abayithandi ngempela le ndawo. Futhi ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto angaphezu kweshumi kwalezi zinyoka.
Ngabe kudlani?
Isisekelo sokudla singamagundane nezinambuzane. Ngokukhishwa ngosayizi wenyoka, kungabhekwa ukuthi uyakwazi ukugwinya ngisho nomuntu omdala gopher noma i-hamster ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Futhi, inyoka nezinyoka azideleli, ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula kakhulu ukubamba.
Kwesinye isikhathi aze akhuphuke izihlahla ayothola izidleke zezinyoni. Ngasikhathi sinye, zombili izinyoni namaqanda azo afanelekile njengezinyamazane. Ngokuvamile, inyoka ilandela umthetho owodwa: Ngidla yonke into encane kunami.
Amaqhinga nezindlela zokuzingela
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi ingumzingeli onobuqili kakhulu futhi oyingozi, okwaziyo ukuhlasela kusuka kumqamekele. Kodwa-ke, akasikhonkxi isisulu sakhe, kodwa uyisongela ngezindandatho zakhe, njenge-const constoror. Ukubambelela okunjalo kungakhinyabeza ukukhiqizwa kwendaba yemizuzwana. Futhi emva kokuba umuntu ompofu owile eyekile ukusonta, inyoka imudla ngomoya ophansi.
Futhi noma inyamazane iphunyule ngandlela thile, inamathuba ambalwa kakhulu okuphunyuka enyokeni enombala ophuzi. Ngempela, ngenxa yemisipha yakhe, uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu, okungekho muntu okwaziyo ukuncintisana kulo.
Inyoka ithanda ukuzingela phakathi nosuku, ngoba ebusuku, ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, ukusabela kwalo kuyawa. Kepha uma kunokushisa okukhulu emgwaqweni, ke leliqhinga lingashintsha ngqo okuphambene.
Ngabe inyoka le inobuthi?
Abaningi bayayithanda impendulo yalo mbuzo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngifuna ukwazi ukuthi inyoka iyingozi kangakanani kwabanye, ikakhulukazi kubantu. Yebo, njenganoma imuphi ummeleli wokuzalela, inyoka ayinalo ubuthi obubulalayo. Ngakho-ke, kubantu akubeki ingozi enkulu.
Naphezu kwalokhu, udinga ukunakekela kakhulu naye. Le reptile inomlingiswa omubi kakhulu futhi iyakwazi ukuhlasela umuntu ngaphandle kokungabaza, ikakhulukazi uma ingene endaweni yayo.
Ezimweni ezinjena, inyoka enombala ophuzi ifukuza umsila, igoqe indandatho bese igxuma kumuntu ongangenayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angenza iqhinga elifanayo izikhathi eziningana zilandelana, azame ukubhekisisa isitha ngamandla akhe onke. Kufanele kuqashelwe: makalunywe futhi angabulali, nokho kubuhlungu impela, ikakhulukazi enganeni. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukugcina ibanga elivikelekile kulenyoka.
Isikhathi sokuphila nesikhathi sokukhwelana
Imvamisa, inyoka enamabala aphuzi ikwazi ukuphila iminyaka emi-6 kuya kwengama-7. Kodwa zimbalwa izinyoka ezifinyelela kulonyaka, njengoba ziba izisulu zezitha zemvelo kanye nezimo ezingalindelekile. Izimbaza nezimpungushe zibeka engcupheni enkulu kubo, ngoba kubo inyoka imnandi kakhulu.
Eminyakeni engu-3-4 yobudala, lezi zilwanyana ezifuywayo zifinyelela ebusheni bese zifuna umbhangqwana ofanele. Ziyaganana ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, ukuze izingane zibe nesikhathi sokudonswa amaqanda azo futhi ziqine ngaphambi kokufika kwezulu lokubanda. Ngokwesilinganiso, inzalo eyodwa yabesifazane ngabantu abangama-5-12.
Ekuthunjweni, inyoka izizwa ikhululekile kakhudlwana, ngoba lapha ayinazitha. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10 futhi zizale ngesikhathi "sezindlalifa" eziningi kakhulu.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Snake-bellying Snake
Inyoka enobuthi ophuzi inyoka enkulu, enganobuthi evela emndenini walokho osekujwayelekile. Esikhathini esedlule, uColubridae (oselezelwe) wayengeyona iqembu lemvelo, njengoba iningi lazo lalihlobene kakhulu namanye amaqembu kunokuhlobana. Lo mndeni wake wasetshenziswa njenge "basketbasket" yezinyoka ezahlukahlukene ezingangeni kwamanye amaqembu. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva emkhakheni wama-phylogenetics wama-molecule luzinze ekuhlukaniseni izinyoka "zenyoka", nomndeni, okumanje uchazwa njengegugu lesikhumbuzo. Noma ukuze ukwazi ukubhekana nakho konke lokhu, kuzodingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Selokhu kwachazwa okokuqala nguJohann Friedrich Gmelin ngonyaka ka-1789, inyoka enombala ophuzi eYurophu ibaziwa ngamagama amaningi.
Uhla lwamagama lunikezwe ngezansi:
- C. Caspius Gmelin, 1789 g,
- C. acontistes Pallas, 1814 g,
- C. thermis Pallas, 1814 g,
- C. jugularis Caspius, 1984,
- IHierophis Caspius, ngo-1988
- I-Dolichophis Caspius, 2004
Lokhu kubuka kufaka hlangana:
- I-Dolichophis caspius Caspius - evela eHungary, eRomania, eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe elaliyiYugoslav Republic, i-Albania, i-Ukraine, iRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova, iBulgaria, iGrisi, nentshonalanga yeTurkey, iRussia, ugu lweCaucasus,
- I-Dolichophis caspius eiselti - kusuka eziqhingini ezingamaGrikhi zaseRhode, Karpathos naseKasos oLwandle i-Aegean.
Ama-arthropods amaningi awanawo ubuthi noma anobuthi obunobungozi kubantu.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Inyoka enamabala aphuzi esifundeni saseRostov
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi ifinyelela kubude obukhulu bomzimba obungamamitha ayi-2,5, futhi ibhekwa njengekhulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, kepha ubukhulu obujwayelekile bungama-1.5-2 m. Ikhanda liyi-oval, linobude, lihlukaniswe kancane entanyeni. Ithiphu lempumulo limfushane futhi liyindilinga. Ulimi olude kakhulu futhi luwugqinsi. Umsila mude futhi mncane. Inani eliphelele lobude benyoka ukuya kumsila ubude ngu-2.6-3.5. Amehlo makhulu futhi anabafundi abayindilinga. Amazinyo maxillary abe nobude obungalingani, isikhathi eside ngemuva komhlathi, amazinyo amabili okugcina avame ukuhlukaniswa ngegebe elincane.
Ividiyo: Inyoka enobuthi ophuzi
Idatha ye-Biometric kumasampula wokuhlola okulawulwayo iveze: ubude obugcwele (inhloko + isiqu + umsila) emadodeni kwakungu-1160-1840 mm (isilinganiso esingu-1496.6 mm), kwabesifazane abangama-800-1272 mm (isilinganiso esingu-1065.8 mm). Ukuphakama kwekhanda nomzimba (kusuka empini yesikhukhula kuya emaphethelweni angaphezulu kwewashi lokuvala) emadodeni kungama-695-1345 mm (isilinganiso esingu-1044 mm), kwabesifazane - 655-977 mm (isilinganiso esingu-817.6 mm). Ubude bomsila: 351-460 mm (isilinganiso esingu-409,8 mm) emadodeni, 268-295 mm (isilinganiso esingu-281.4 mm) kwabesifazane. Ubude bekhanda (kusukela empini kuye ngomlomo): abesilisa - 30 mm, abesifazane - 20 mm. Ububanzi bekhanda (obulinganiswa phakathi kwamakhona omlomo) bungama-8-10 mm kwabesilisa nabali-12 mm kwabesifazane.
I-Yellowbelly ibonakala ngezikali ezibushelelezi ze-dorsal. Izikali eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye zitholakala phakathi komzimba, yize kwesinye isikhathi zingaba neshumi nesikhombisa. Isikali se-Dorsal sinama-fossae amabili we-apical at the engemuva elingasemuva. Enkabeni akhanya kunamaphethelo. Ngemuva kwenyoka kuphuzi onsundu futhi kunamamaki abonisa izimpawu zezinyoka ezincane, kodwa anyamalale ngeminyaka. Uhlangothi lwe-ventral luphuzi okhanyayo noma mhlophe.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka enombala ophuzi?
Isithombe: Inyoka enobuthi ophuzi
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi itholakala eNhlonhlo yeBalkan, ezingxenyeni eziseMpumalanga Yurophu ziye esifundeni saseVolga nasengxenyeni encane ye-Asia Minor. Ingatholakala esigxotsheni esivulekile, esifundeni nasezintabeni zamahlathi, emaphethelweni amahlathi asemaqeleni, emabeleni aseduze kwemigwaqo, endaweni eyihlane, esihlabathini nasezintabeni, eduze nemifudlana yezintaba, phakathi kwamabhishi ambozwe imifino, amatshe namatshe, emithambekeni yezigodi nemifudlana. , emabhange agudle imifula nemifudlana eyomile.
ENyakatho neCaucasus, inhlanzi enamabala aphuzi ingena ezindaweni eziwugwadule ezinamacala amakhulu esihlabathi. Ezikhathini ezomile zonyaka, kuvame ukutholakala eduze nezibi zemifula ngisho nasezixhaphozini. Imvamisa kushibilika lapho ifuna ukudla nezindawo zokubeka amaqanda emanxiweni ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amanxiwa ezindlu, ezindlini zokwakhelwa ezindlini noma ezakhiweni zokuhlala, ngaphansi kwama-haystacks, ezivandeni zezithelo, ezivinini nakwezinye izindawo ezifanayo. Ezintabeni inyuka ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2000. ECaucasus itholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-1500 kuye ku-1600 m.
Amanani wenyoka aphuziwe aqoshwa emazweni afana nalawa:
Izindawo zokuhlala zingasatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziphansi eduze nemifula emikhulu njenge Danube kanye nomfula i-Olt. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi inyoka enombala ophuzi yafa eMoldova, empumalanga yeRomania naseningizimu ye-Ukraine, lapho kwakwaziwa khona izindawo ezimbili kuphela futhi inyoka ayizange ibonwe kusukela ngo-1937. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezintathu zokuhlunga zaqoqwa ngoMeyi 2007 esifundeni saseGalathiya saseRomania.
EHungary, bekukholelwa ngaphambili ukuthi ama-Yellow-beled ahlala ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva lwalesi sifunda luveze izindawo eziningana ezazingaziwa ngaphambili zalezi zinyoka ngasemfuleni iDanube. ENyakatho yeCrimea kunesilinganiso sesilinganiso esingu-1 kumakhilomitha ama-2 D, enyakatho yeDagestan - izinyoka ezi-3-4 nge-km² ngayinye, naseningizimu ye-Armenia - ngokwesilinganiso 1 ngokwesilinganiso 1 km².
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoka enombala ophuzi ihlala kuphi. Ake sibheke ukuthi udlani.
Ngabe idlani inyoka enombala ophuzi?
Isithombe: Inyoka enombala ophuzi
Idla kakhulu izinyamazane: edwaleni, esheshayo, eCrimea kanye nesihlabathi. Ngokuvamile, amachwane, izinyoni namaqanda awo. Futhi futhi namagundane: ama-gophers, amagundane, amagundane, ama-gerbils, ama-hamsters. Kwesinye isikhathi ezinye izinyoka, kufaka phakathi ezinobuthi, zingena ekudleni: inyoka ejwayelekile ne-efa enesihlabathi, inyoka enobuhlungu ayinandaba nokulimala kwayo okulimazayo. Inyoka akuvamile ukuthi idle ama-amphibians; ezindaweni ezinomswakama ibamba amasele. Izinambuzane ezinkulu kanye nezicabucabu nazo zingaba izisulu ezinamabala aphuzi.
Inyoka ingahamba izungeze izimbobo zegundane futhi izichithe. Efuna ukudla, ugibela izihlahla lapho acekela phansi izidleke zezinyoni, ezingagcini ngokweqile, kepha ngokuvamile zihlasela izinyoni ezidla phansi emhlabathini. ECrimea, ukudla okuthandayo kwezinyoka ezihuquzelayo - izibankwa, izinyoka nezilwane ezincelisayo - ama-squirrels omhlaba, ama-shrews, ama-voles asensimini, amagundane, ama-hamsters.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Esifundeni i-Astrakhan, inyoka embi ezindaweni eziwugwadule idla izikhala zesihlabathi nezibila ezisheshayo (31,5%), isibankwa esisheshayo (22,5%), insimu nezimpawu zokushiswa, kanye ne-lark encane encane (13.5%), ama-carnivores (9%), ama-gophers (31.7%) ama-gerbils (18.1%), amagundane (13.5%), ama-hamsters (17.8%) nezinambuzane nezicabucabu.
Ekudingisweni, abantu abasha bathanda izibankwa; abadala badla kahle ngamagundane namagundane amhlophe. Le nyoka esheshayo nenamandla ibamba inyamazane yayo ngejubane elimangazayo. I-bellfish ephuzi imgwinya inyamazane encane iphila ngaphandle kokuyihlephula. Izilwane ezinkulu ezikhombisa ukumelana kuqala zibulawa ngokucindezela kuzo ngomzimba oqinile noma ngokubamba umlomo wazo nokuziklinya, izindandatho eziwuzungeza ezungeze isisulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Snake-bellying Snake
Inyoka enombala ophuzi ifihla imisele emiseleni enezindawo zokulala nakwezinye izindawo zokukhosela zobumba. IHibernation ihlala izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngamaholide wasebusika, abantu abangaphezu kweshumi bavame ukuhlangana endaweni eyodwa. Umbala ophuzi uphuma endaweni yokukhosela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, futhi umsebenzi uqala ukukhombisa ngoFebhuwari - Mashi, kuya ngendawo, kuze kube uSepthemba-Okthoba. ECrimea naseNyakatho neCaucasus, kuvela inyoka ngemuva kokuqothuka ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, eningizimu ye-Ukraine maphakathi no-Ephreli naseTranscaucasia ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari.
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi inyoka yasemini engenabuthi ebeka elangeni, igqitshwe ingxenye ethile yesigaxa, futhi icashe ilindele izikelemu. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, inyoka iyasebenza phakathi nosuku, futhi ehlobo, ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku, iyaphumula, futhi iyasebenza ekuseni nakusihlwa. Le inyoka yiyona eshesha kunazo zonke izinyoni zethu, ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukubonwa. Ijubane lokunyakaza livumela i-yellow-beled ukuthi ibambe inyamazane enamandla ngokushesha okukhulu kakhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Isici esiyingqayizivele sokuziphatha okubi kwenyoka enamabala aphuzi kungukulwa okungajwayelekile. Phakathi kwezinyoka zezilwane zethu, lezi zinyoka (ikakhulukazi abesilisa) yizo ezinolaka kakhulu futhi eziyingozi. Akazami ukufihla lapho umuntu esondela, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinyoka, kodwa aqhamuke njengezinyoka ezinobuthi, futhi aphonse ku-1.4-2 m, ezama ukushaya ubuso bakhe.
Ezindaweni ezisehlathini ezinezihlahla nezihlahla, zikhuphuka ngokushesha zize zinyamalale zingamakhasi endaweni ephakeme (kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-5-7). Ukukhanya okufanayo kuyaziveza lapho kuhamba phakathi kwamadwala namawa. Yize enobuthi obuphuzi futhi inyoka engenabuthi, ukulunywa ngumuntu okudala kubuhlungu, kuyopha futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyatheleleka, kepha akuvamile ukuba yingozi empilweni yomuntu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Little-beled
Isisu ophuzi sifinyelela ekuthweni kweminyaka engu-3-4 yokuzalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubude benyoka bungamasentimitha angama-65-70.I-dimorphism yezocansi kule nhlobo isobala: amaduna amadala makhulu kunabesifazane, ikhanda lawo likhulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuhlanganisa, izinyoka zihlangana ngababili. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho kakhulu zohla, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, naseningizimu, ngokwesibonelo, eCrimea, kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya maphakathi noMeyi.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Izitho zangasese zenyoka azikho engaphandle komzimba phansi komsila, njengoba zifihla esikhwameni ngaphansi komsila, obizwa nge-cesspool, nayo enohlelo lwayo lokudonswa kwendle nokuqinile.Isitho sangasese sowesilisa - ama-hemipenes - siqukethe izindawana ezimbili ezixhunyiwe, ngasinye sazo sixhunywe kusende elilodwa, silinikeza ukubukeka okusobhile.
Inyoka yeduna enombala ophuzi yenza ukubamba okunamandla entanyeni yowesifazane ngemihlana yayo futhi kuyenze ingasebenzi kahle, isonge umsila wayo kuyo bese iyahlangana. Ngesikhathi sokuphola, inyoka enombala ophuzi ilahlekelwa ukuqaphela kwayo okuvamile. Lapho nje izinyoka ziqeda ukuya ocansini, ziyahlakazeka.
Ngemuva kwamaviki angama-6, insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda endaweni ekhethwe ngosuku olungaphambi kwayo. Ubumbano buneqanda ama-5-12 (ama-20 aphezulu) amaqanda ayi-22 x 45 mm. Amaqanda abekwa ezindaweni ezifihliwe: emithanjeni yemvelo enhlabathini, kwesinye isikhathi ngeziqu noma emifantwini ezihlahleni zezihlahla. Amabhande amancane aphuzi ayakhululwa engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba futhi afinyelele kuma-22-23 cm (ngaphandle komsila) ngesikhathi sokubopha. Kwakunemibiko yokuzalaniswa kokudingiswa. Isikhathi sokuphila esinombala ophuzi yiminyaka engu-8-10.
Izitha zemvelo yenyoka enobuthi ophuzi
Isithombe: Inyoka enamabala aphuzi eRussia
Njengezindawo zokukhosela, izidalwa ezifuywayo zisebenzisa imfucumfucu enhlabathini, izimbobo ezinamaphiko, imigodi ngezinqwaba zamatshe, ukwakheka kwamatshe ezigodini zase-steppe, ezihlahleni, kwizimbobo eziseduze nezimpande zezihlahla nemisele. Lapho ihlangana nesitha noma isondela kuyo, inyoka enombala ophuzi ayizami ukufihla, ibaleke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithatha indawo esongelayo, igxilizela emasondweni iphakamise umphambili womzimba njengezinyoka ezinobuthi, ishaya ngomlomo wayo ovulekile, igijimele ngobudlova esitheni ngokugxuma okude futhi izame ukushaya isitha.
Amasampula amakhulu wezinyoka angenza ukugxuma ebangeni eliyi-1.5-2 m. Lokhu kuziphatha okwesabisayo kuhlose ukwesabisa isitha esingaba khona, kwakheke ithuba lokuthi inyoka iphunyuke. Ukuziphatha okune-yellow-belled kungasabisa ngisho nesilwane esikhulu, ngisho nehhashi. Uma inyoka enobuthi ophuzi ibanjiwe, inolaka olukhulu futhi yenza imisindo ekhonkotha, izama ukuluma ebusweni noma engalweni yomhlaseli.
Kwenzeka ukuthi izinyoka ezinombala ophuzi ziba izinyoni ezinkulu, ama-martens, izimpungushe. Zibuye zishabalale ngaphansi kwamasondo emoto: imoto ayilona ihhashi, ayinakwethuswa ngokukhwaza okukhulu nangokugxuma okukhulu.
Izimuncagazi zalenyoka zilimaza esiswini aphuzi:
Izinyoka ezinamabala aphuzi akuvamile ukuba zitholakale kuma-terrariums ngenxa yokuziphatha kwabo ngolaka.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka enobuthi ophuzi
Ukwehla, ukucekelwa phansi kanye nokuqhekeka kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukunwetshwa kwezolimo kanye nezinhlaka, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ezokuvakasha kanye nokwenziwa emadolobheni, ukusetshenziswa kwama-pesticides kanye nomanyolo wezolimo, ukubhujiswa okuqondile yizakhamizi zendawo, ukuqoqwa okungekho emthethweni kanye nokugcwala kwezimoto yizona zizathu zokuncipha kwenani lenyoka enamabala aphuzi.
Imvelo yobudlova obunobumba ophuzi ibangela ubutha obukhulu kubantu. Lokhu kufakwa endleleni yokuphila yomphakathi nosayizi omkhulu futhi kuholela ekubhujisweni okujwayelekile kwenyoka. Njengabanye abantu abahlala emathafeni namathafa avulekile, izinhlobo zihlangabezana nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi wezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, isibalo senyoka enombala ophuzi sehla ngokushesha, kepha ukuqothuka kwenyoka akusongeli esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu kungenye yezisongo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izinto ezifana nama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zisengozini ikakhulukazi ngoba izimo zezulu zinomthelela oqondile kuzo.
Imininingwane ngesimo sokulondolozwa kwenyoka enamabala aphuzi cishe ayikho ezindaweni eziningi. Yize kwaziwa ukuthi kuvamile esifundeni saseDobrudja, kuyizinhlobo ezingandile futhi kusengozini nakwezinye izindawo. Izinyoka ezibulewe emgwaqweni "ziyinto ejwayelekile" kubahlali bendawo. Ukufa okuhlobene nokuhamba kwethrafikhi kungadala ukwehla kwenani labantu. Ukulahleka kwendawo kubangela ukwehla kwezinhlobo eYurophu. E-Ukraine, inyoka enombala ophuzi ihlala ezifundeni zemvelo zasendaweni namakhasimende (ezindaweni eziningi kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezivamile).
I-Snake Guard yase-Yellow-bellies
Isithombe: Inyoka ebomvu ebomvu evela kuNcwadi Ebomvu
Kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN Worldwide Red of European Conservation Reptiles, inyoka enombala ophuzi kukhulunywa ngayo njengenhlobo engafakwa engcupheni yi-LC - okungukuthi, okubangela ukukhathazeka okuncane. Kepha kusenzima ukulinganisa inani labantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokucacisa ngokunembile ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezisengozini. Le inyoka enamabala aphuzi yafakwa kwi-Red Book Appendix yaseRussia naseKrasnodar Territory (2002).
Encwadini ebomvu yaseRomania, lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengolusengozini (VU). I-Dolichophis Caspius nayo ifakiwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yase-Ukraine njengezinhlobo ezisengozini (i-VU), encwadini ebomvu yeRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova naseKazakhstan. E-Romania, inyoka enamabala aphuzi ibuye ivikelwe yi-Law No 13 ka-1993. Izinhlobo zivikelwe yi-Berne Convention (Isithasiselo II), nge-European Directive 92/43 / EEC ye-European Community (Isithasiselo IV).
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: I-Yellow-belred iphinde ivikelwe yisinqumo esikhethekile sikaHulumeni mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe, ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zemvelo, izilwane zasendle kanye nezilwane, okuvunyelwe ngokuchibiyela okwengeziwe nokungezwa, kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezisengcupheni ezidinga ukuvikeleka.
Izindawo ezinamaphasi aphansi njengama-steppes, ama-steppes amahlathi, okuyizindawo zokuhlala ezikhethiwe zeCaspian izinyoka ezinombala ophuzi, zintekenteke kakhulu futhi zingaphansi kwezinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba ngenxa yenani lazo njengezinkundla zezolimo nedlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo zizwela kakhulu ekushintshashintsheni okuncane komswakama kanye namazinga okushisa, okuwukuthi, emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Emazweni asathuthuka, izindlela zokonga ziyenziwa ngejubane futhi kungenzeka zingabi semqoka kakhulu.