I-Harbour seal | |||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Buka: | I-Harbour seal |
I-Phoca vitulina ULinnaeus, 1758
Ukusabalala kwamanzi kwamanzi
Uphawu olujwayelekile (lat. Phoca vitulina) - ummeleli womndeni wezimpawu zeqiniso. Kusatshalaliswa nge-circumpolarly futhi kutholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle eziseduze kwe-Arctic Ocean.
Kutholakala izinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi kweNcwadi ebomvu (okubhalwe kuyo abaseYurophu naseSteineger seal noma kwiziqhingi zesiqhingi).
Hlala amanzi asogwini olwandle lwe-Atlantic ne-Pacific Oceans, kanye ne-Baltic ne North North Ocean. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ezinsundu zinombala onsundu, zibomvu noma mpunga ngombala futhi zinamakhaleni angenasici e-V. Abadala bafinyelela ku-1.85 m ubude kanye no-132 kg wesisindo. Abesifazane baphila iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-35, kuthi abesilisa babe neminyaka engama-20-25. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala lapho izinyamazane zingakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo. Inani labantu emhlabeni wonke bezimpawu zaselwandle lisukela ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-400 kuye kwezingama-500 abantu. Ezinye izingxhaso zisengozini, okuyi-subspecies Phoca vitulina vitulina ivikelwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano seLwandle i-Wadden.
Ukuzala
Izinhlobo zasogwini zensimbi evamile yokuzalwa kwengane ziya kumfudlana owenziwe ngesikhathi sokuncipha komoya. Ngaphansi kwale mibandela, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zikwazi ukubhukuda kungakapheli amahora ambalwa ngemuva kokubeletha. Ngokungafani nezinye izimpawu zokubeletha ngeqhwa, imidlwane ngezindlela zasogwini iyazalwa, ilahlekelwe ngoboya bayo obumhlophe ngezinsuku zokugcina zokukhula kwesibeletho.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zokugcina uphawu ezijwayelekile:
- West atlantic seal I-Phoca vitulina concolor (DeKay (Eng.) Russian., 1842), uhlala empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika,
- Ungawa seal Phoca vitulina mellonae (Doutt, 1942) - kutholakala emanzini amasha empumalanga yeCanada. Abanye abacwaningi bafakiwe kwizikhungo ezingaphansi P. v. ikhonsathi,
- Isiphandla esivamile sePacific Phoca vitulina richardsi (Grey, 1864). Kutholakale eNtshonalanga Melika,
- Isiqhingi sesiqhingi Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (Allen, 1902). Kuyatholakala e-East Asia,
- I-atlantic seal yasempumalanga, Phoca vitulina vitulina (L., 1758). Okuvame kakhulu kukho konke okubhalwe phansi ngophawu olujwayelekile. Kutholakala eYurophu nase West Asia.
Izici ze-Seal nendawo yokuhlala
Uphawu lwezilwane etholakala olwandle olugelezela oLwandle i-Arctic, lugcinwa ikakhulu ngasogwini, kepha isikhathi esiningi sichitha emanzini.
Abamele amaqembu e-eyred kanye ne-real seal ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-seal. Kuzona zozimbili lezi zinhlaka zezilwane ziphela ngamachashaza anemikhono emikhulu eyenziwe kahle. Usayizi wezilwane ezincelisayo kuya ngesisekelo sazo sohlobo oluthile nezinhlobo ezithile. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bomzimba buyehluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6 m, isisindo - ukusuka ku-100 kg kuya kumathani ayi-3.5.
Umzimba oblong ufana nesigaqa esimile, inhloko incishisiwe ngaphambili, intamo enganyakazi, isinyoka sinamazinyo angama-26-36.
Ama-Auricles awekho - esikhundleni sawo, ama-valves atholakala ekhanda avikela izindlebe emanzini, ama-valves afanayo asemakhaleni ezincelisayo. Esihlalweni esisendaweni yempumulo kukhona amadevu amade asusekayo - inyambitheki.
Lapho zihamba emhlabeni, amaflipula asemuva ayelulwa emuva, awanakuvinjwa futhi awakwazi ukusebenza njengosizo. Isisindo samafutha angaphansi kwesilwane esidala singaba ngu-25% wesisindo somzimba sonke.
Ubuningi be-hairline buyehluka kuye ngezinhlobo, ngakho olwandle izindlovu - izimpawu, okungenayo, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziqhosha ngoboya obubi.
Umbala ubuye uhluka - kusuka kubomvu onsundu kuya grey sealkusuka ethafeni kuye kwaba yimichilo futhi uphawu olunamabala. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi ziyakhala, yize zingenazo izindlala ezi-lacrimal. Ezinye izinhlobo zinomsila omncane, ongadlali ndawo lapho zihamba emhlabeni nasemanzini.
Imvelo Seal nendlela yokuphila
Seal kuvuliwe isithombe Kubukeka njengesilwane esijwayelekile futhi esihamba kancane, kepha umbono onjalo ungakhula kuphela uma usezweni, lapho ukunyakaza kuqukethe ukunyakaza okungaqondakali komzimba kusuka ngapha nangapha.
I-Spotted seal
Uma kunesidingo, izilwane ezincelisayo zingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-25 km / h emanzini. Ngokuya ekujuleni, abamele ezinye izinhlobo nazo zingompetha - ukujula kokumba kungafika ku-600 m.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphawu lungahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe imizuzu eyi-10 ngaphandle kwethonya le-oxygen, ngenxa yokuthi kunesikhwama somoya ngasohlangothini ngaphansi kwesikhumba isilwane esigcina ngaso umoya-mpilo.
Ukubhukuda ufuna ukudla ngaphansi kwamapulangwe amakhulu eqhwa, izimpawu ezinamazinga okuthola ubuciko zithola amabala kuzo ukuze kuphinde kugcwaliswe lokhu kugcinwa. Kulesi simo uphawu luyakhala, kufana nokuchofoza, okubhekwa njengohlobo lwe-echolocation.
Lalela izwi lezimpawu
Ngaphansi kwamanzi, uphawu lungenza eminye imisindo. Isibonelo, indlovu yasolwandle, ekhulisa isikhwama sekhala, ikhipha umsindo ofana nokubhonga kwendlovu evamile yomhlaba. Lokhu kumsiza ukuba axoshe izimbangi zakhe kanye nezitha.
Abamele zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu zasolwandle bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo olwandle. Emhlabeni, akhethwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuncibilika nokuzala.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi izilwane zilala ngisho nangamanzi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zingakwenza ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuvula imihlane yazo, uphawu ligcina ebusweni ngenxa yobubanzi obukhulu bamafutha nokunyakaza okuhamba kancane kwamaflipters, noma, ukulala phansi kwesibambiso sangaphansi kwamanzi (amamitha ambalwa), khona-ke iyaqhuma, ithathe umoya omncane bese iphonsa futhi, iphinda le ukunyakaza kuyo yonke inkathi yokulala.
Naphezu kwezinga elithile lokuhamba, kulezi zimo zombili lesi silwane silele ubuthongo. Abantu abasanda kuzalwa bachitha emhlabeni kuphela amasonto ama-2-3 okuqala, bengakakwazi ukubhukuda, behlela emanzini ukuyoqala impilo yokuzimela.
Isigaxa singalala emanzini, siqaqa emhlane waso.
Umuntu omdala unamabala amathathu ezinhlangothini, ungqimba lwamafutha awo amancane kakhulu kunakwamanye umzimba. Ngosizo lwalezo zindawo, uphawu luyaphunyuka ekushiseni ngokweqile, lunikeze ukushisa ngokweqile ngabo.
Intsha ayikabi nalo leli khono. Banikeza ukushisa ngomzimba wabo wonke, ngakho-ke, esimweni lapho uphawu oluncane lulala phezu kweqhwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokunyakaza, kwakhiwa amafomu amakhulu ngaphansi kwalo.
Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kungabulala nokufa, ngoba lapho iqhwa selincibilika ngokujulile ngaphansi kophawu, khona-ke alikwazi ukuphuma lapho. Kulokhu, ngisho nonina wengane ngeke amsize. Izimpawu zeBaikal phila emanzini avaliwe, okungekho uphawu lwanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo.
Ukuzondla Seal
Ukudla okuyinhloko komndeni wezinsimbi yinhlanzi. Isilo asinazintandokazi ezithile - yiziphi izinhlanzi ahlangana nazo ngesikhathi sokuzingela, azosibamba.
Vele, ukuze kugcinwe inqwaba enkulu kangako, isilwane sidinga ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi uma zitholakala ngamanani amakhulu. Ngezikhathi lapho izikole zezinhlanzi zingasondeli ogwini ngosayizi odingekayo, lesi silwane singaphishekela inyamazane, sikhuphuke imifula.
Ngakho Isihlobo se-Larga seal ekuqaleni kwehlobo, idla izinhlanzi zehlela olwandle zigudla nemifudlana yomfula, bese ishintshana ne-capelin, ebhukuda igulela ogwini ukuze iqhume. IHering nesalimon kuba izisulu ezilandelayo njalo ngonyaka.
Okusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi esifudumele, lesi silwane sidla izinhlanzi eziningi, zona ngokwazo ezilwela ukuya ogwini ngasizathu simbe, izinto ziba nzima ngokwengeziwe ngenkathi ebandayo.
Izihlobo zephina zidinga ukusuka nokugudla ugu, zigcinele ukusondela lapho kukhuphuka khona iqhwa futhi zidle i-pollock, ama-mollusks nama-octopus. Vele, uma enye inhlanzi ibonakala endleleni yephina ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ngeke ibhukude.
Incazelo yezilwane
Zonke izinhlobo zezilwanyana zasolwandle zingezilwane ezifuywayo ezidliwayo ezivela kwisakhiwo seCanis. Zifanekisela izilwane ezihlukile, isakhiwo sangaphandle esihlukile kwamanye amalungu ekilasi.
Isigaxa sibukeka singjwayelekile. Umzimba wakhe ubunjwe njengondilinga, ikhanda lakhe lincane, eduze nomsila umzimba ulincane. Igcina ngomsila. Izibalo ezingaphambili ziguqulwa zaba amafliphu, ngosizo lwazo isilwane sibhukuda kahle, kepha kancane kancane futhi kanciphile emhlabeni. Eziswini zangempela, amafifaza ngaphambili atholakala eduze kwekhanda.
Isici esijabulisayo se-anatomical seals ukuntuleka kwama-auricles angaphandle. Intamo yomuntu ngamunye iminyene, imfishane futhi icishe inyakaze. Amehlo makhulu, umfundi omkhulu udwetshwe mnyama. Ngaphezu ngaphambili, izinqola zinamaphiko angemuva, ahlala aqondile futhi awakwazi ukusebenzela ukwesekwa ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.
Abamele lo mndeni banama-vibrissae ezindebeni zabo eziphakeme (ukusuka emigqeni eyi-6 kuye kwayi-10). Zingaqinile kunama-walruses, kepha zenza umsebenzi wokuzenzela, njengakwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Amapheshana anezinhlaka ezicijile, kuphela kwabanye abamele abomndeni bayancishiswa. Izimpawu zesikhumba zinobukhulu obukhulu, kanye namafutha angaphansi. Izilwane ziyakwazi ukuqongelela amanoni ngamanani amakhulu, bese zikuqothula, zincipha ngokushesha ngosayizi.
Izindlala ezisheshayo ezinswini azikhiqizwa kahle. Esikhunjeni sabantu abasebasha kukhona isembozo soboya esishiwo, izindikimba zabantu abadala ziyalahlekelwa. Izinwele zabo ezithambile zithathelwa indawo izinwele ezinzima, ezisindayo nezinemfushane.
Ubude nesisindo somzimba wezilwane kuhluke kakhulu. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zitholakala, zinesisindo esingadluli kuma-100 kg, kanti umzimba unobude obungamasentimitha ayi-120. Izimpawu ezinkulu zifinyelela amamitha ayi-6 ubude futhi zinesisindo samathani ayi-3.5.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi
Izimpawu ziyizilwane ezilandelanayo, zibe nomgogodla owakhiwe kahle. Sonke isikhumba sithuthukisiwe, kukhona ama-clavicles kanye namahlombe ehlombe, ngababili abanembambo.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sinezici eziningana:
- Uhlelo lokuphefumula lumelwe yipheshana lokuphefumula namaphaphu abhangqiwe. Umoya ungena kuzo, izinhlayiya ze-oksijini zidluliswa ngokugeleza kwegazi kuzitho nezicubu.
- Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvaliwe, kunombuthano omkhulu futhi omncane wokujikeleza kwegazi. Inhliziyo yigumbi elinamakamelo amane, wonke amakamelo ahlukaniswe omunye komunye ngokuhlukaniswa nangama-valve. Imithambo nemithambo isuka esitho. Igazi le-arterial lithwala i-oksijini, i-venous - isikhutha.
- Uhlelo lwezinzwa lumelelwa ubuchopho nentambo yomgogodla. Iziphetho ezinozwela nezimoto zishiya kwesibili. Ama-cerebral hemispheres athuthuke kahle; kukhona ne-cerebellum.
- Uhlelo lokugaya luqala ngomgodi womlomo, lapho kunamazinyo okugaya ukudla, ulimi lokwenza ukugwinya. I-esophagus idlula kahle esiswini. Izimpawu zinamathumbu amade aphela ku-anus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-pancreas kanye nama-enzymes wesibindi wokugaya okungcono.
- Uhlelo lwe-excretory lumelwe yizinso, abazinikezelayo bavulekele kwesinye.
Uhlelo lokuzala lwezimpawu zamatshe lumelwa yizindlala zocansi ezigoqiwe, ezitholakala engxenyeni engezansi yesisu.
Abesilisa abana-scrotum; izinsikazi zinezimbambo ezi-1 kuya kwezi-2 zezingono. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, ama-seals angama-viviparous, amawundlu mancane ngokuzalwa, kodwa futhi angaba makhulu, kuya ngohlobo.
Habitat
Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi kuhlala kuphi uphawu. Amalungu amaningi omndeni ahlala emanzini abandayo e-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Bancamela izilwandle nolwandle, bahlala eduze nolwandle, bavame ukuhamba emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi ezinsukwini ezinelanga.
Ngenxa yamafutha amakhulu omzimba, abantu ngabanye bangabekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi amanzi ase-Atlantic. Ezinye izihlambi zihlala emanzini afudumele IMedithera, zizwa zikhululekile lapho, zizingela futhi zizalela, azibhukudi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Abanye abamele isizinda sePsov bahlala echibini (uphawu lweBaikal). Isibonelo, uphawu lweCaspian, luhlala ogwini loLwandle lweCaspian.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ungabona ukuthi zingaki izimpawu zokuya emhlabeni ukuze zizalane. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinhle. Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yenza izilwane zihambisane nezimo ezinzima.
Ukudla Okunomsoco Nokuzala
Lo mbala udla izinhlanzi ezincane nezinsayizi, cephalopods, kanye nama-crustaceans athile. Izinhlobo ezithile zivame ukuhlasela ama-penguins. Izilwane azidli ngohlobo oluthile lwenhlanzi, imvamisa zisebenzisa yonke into eza ngendlela yazo. Abantu banobungqabavu kakhulu; bangadla ukudla okuningi ngosuku. Iningi labo lihlala ngasogwini futhi lizingele, abanye (ngokwesibonelo, ihabhu seal) baya kude kakhulu olwandle ukuyofuna ukudla.
Lokhu kubavumela ukuba benze isitoko ngesendlalelo samafutha esiningi. Uma kungekho ukudla noma okuncane, izilwane ezincelisayo zibekezelela ubunzima buthule. Abesilisa bafika esikhathini sokuthomba abaneminyaka engu-6, abesifazane babe neminyaka emi-3. Isikhathi sokuzala singoJanuwari. Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ithwala ithole izinyanga eziyi-10 kuya kwezingu-11. Isisindo sezinto ezisanda kuzalwa sisukela ku-20 kuye ku-30 kg, ubude bomzimba babantu abakhulu bufika ku-100 cm.
Izimpawu ziyizilwane ezithandekayo., okungukuthi, banomlingani oyedwa. Ummeleli kuphela womndeni ohlukaniswa isithembu yilona uphawu lwendlovu. Lababantu bahlela izimpi zangempela lapho bezama ukufeza indawo yowesifazane. Imvamisa, ukushayisana kwamadoda amabili amakhulu kuholela ekufeni komunye wawo.
Ngemuva kokubeletha, insikazi yondla omncane ngobisi cishe amasonto amane. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, nsuku zonke zingangezela ukuya ku-4 kg ngesisindo. Ngemuva kwenyanga, izingane zishiya umama wazo, ziqala ukunakekela ukudla zodwa. Abaningi babo bafunda kuphela amaviki ambalwa okuzingela, ngakho-ke bavame ukubulawa yindlala futhi baphile ngamafutha angaphansi.
Isikhathi sokuphila sincike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwesilwane. Ngokwesilinganiso, insikazi ingaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-35, eyesilisa - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25. Ekudingisweni, abanye abantu baphila isikhathi eside.
Izinhlobo ezivamile
Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 zidluliselwe emndenini wezimpawu zamanzi zangempela.
Okulandelayo kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile kakhulu:
- I-Monk seal. Itholakala olwandle iMedithera ngoba ithanda amanzi afudumele. Isisu somuntu sicishe sibe mhlophe ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi ngamabhele amhlophe. Isisindo somuntu omdala ezincelisayo sifinyelela ku-300 kg, ubude bomzimba busukela kumamitha ayi-3-4. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, lesi silwane satholakala ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama. Cishe yonke imingcele yaseMedithera ingcolile ngabantu, ngakho-ke abantu abafane baye emhlabathini. Kuvimbela nokuzala kwazo. Lesi silwane sisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu.
- Abadli beCrab - izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zomndeni, ezisatshalaliswa olwandle oluseningizimu nase-Antarctica. Isilwane sibizwa kanjalo ngoba sikhetha ukudla imifantu. Isizalo saso siboshwe ngokuqinile endaweni yasekhaleni nasemlonyeni, okuhambisana nezimpawu zokuzingela inyamazane. Isisindo se-crabeater endala asidluli kuma-300 kg, futhi ubude bomzimba buyi-2,5 metres.
- I-seal evamile itholakala ogwini lweScandinavia, iRussia kanye neNyakatho Melika. Isilo sathola igama laso ngenxa yokubukeka kwalo okulula, okungenazici. Izilwane zincanyana ngosayizi. Ubude bomzimba obukhulu bufika ku-180 cm, futhi isisindo asidluli ku-180 kg. Abantu bazingela ngentshiseko abantu balezi zinhlobo, ezibafaka engcupheni yokuqothulwa. Lesi silwane sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi uphawu lwaseRussia, ngoba yilezi zinhlobo kuphela ezivame ukutholakala ogwini lweRussian Federation.
- I-Harp seal iyafana ngesisindo nobude bomzimba kufini evamile. Umehluko phakathi kwabantu balezi zinhlobo ungumbala. Izimpawu zasendlini zaseGreenland zinejazi lokuthunga, ikhanda lihlala limnyama, bese kuba nesigaxa esimnyama kuso.
- I-striped seal noma i-lionfish ilunga lomndeni elijwayelekile. Iphethini lejazi lakhe liyingqayizivele. Imivimbo yendandatho emhlophe ihlangana nomnyama.Kodwa-ke, lo mbala ungowesilisa ikakhulukazi, imivimbo kubantu besifazane icishe ingabonakali.
- Ingwe yolwandle - isilwane sangempela esinombala obonakalayo. Umbala oyinhloko wejazi uvame ukuba ngompunga; amabala obukhulu obuhlukahlukene nosayizi atholakala kuwo. Igama lesilwane lalingenxa yombala waso ongajwayelekile nobudlova.
- Izimpawu zezindlovu zezindlovu zivamile ogwini lwase-Antarctica naseNyakatho Melika. Inosayizi omkhulu, ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-6.5, isisindo - amathani angaphezu kuka-2,5. Abesilisa banekhala le-proboscis.
Uhlu lwezinhlobo luhlanganisa namanye amalungu omndeni, kepha lolo lubhekwa njengejwayelekile.
Inani emvelweni
Isilwane ngasinye endaweni yaso sidlala indima. Izimpawu zokubopha zibalulekile emvelweni nakubantu. Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyingxenye yeqoqo lokudla futhi zidla inqwaba yezinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nezinye izakhamizi zezidumbu zamanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lezinhlobo ezithile lilawulwa, ukudla kwezitshalo okwanele kugcinelwe labo abangadli izilwane.
Umuntu kudala azingela izimbambo ngenxa yoboya, isikhumba namafutha. Uboya bentsha banconywa kakhulu, ngoba buthambile kakhulu, kuyabiza, izingubo ezisezingeni eliphakeme zenziwe kuyo. Uboya bezimpawu zoboya bubhekwa njengobaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ezindaweni eziningi izilwane zicishe zanyamalala.
Izinhlobo eziningana sezivele zafa, ezinye sezisondele.
Ukulawula inani lezimpawu ezisengozini yokuphela, eziningi zazo zibhalwe kwiBhuku elibomvu.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
Ezinye izinhlobo zomndeni zithathwa njengemfihlakalo yangempela, ngoba ochwepheshe abakwazanga ukutadisha indlela abaphila ngayo. Amaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu mayelana nezimpawu zamanzi azoba ezilandelayo:
- izindikimba zihlala cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba,
- ama-fur seal angachitha izinyanga ezingaphezu kuka-6 olwandle efuna ukudla,
- izilwane ziqinile emhlabeni, kepha emanzini zifinyelela ngesivinini esingafika ku-25 km / h,
- ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi, umuntu ngamunye angabi ngaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-10, izindlovu kuphela ezingakwazi ukuhlala kumamitha ayi-1500 amahora angama-2,
- nquma iminyaka ye-seal ngenombolo yemibuthano ebekwe phansi kozimeleyo,
- abantu bayakwazi ukukhala, njengabantu,
- Izinduna ze-sebaceous zezimpawu zaselwandle azithuthukiswanga kahle,
- uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, abantu abaningana bahlanganiswa emhlanjini, sonke isikhathi abasithandayo bafuna ukuba bodwa,
- Izinhlobo eziningi zinokuthula (ngaphandle kwezimpawu zendlovu nezingwe), azilwi nakancane,
- yize ngamehlo amakhulu, umbono wezilwane ezincelisayo awukhiqizwa kangako, bonke abantu bahlushwa i-myopia,
- uphawu lungathatha imisindo futhi lunuke ngebanga lamamitha ayi-500,
- Izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zezimpawu zasolwandle yi-Ladoga seal, ehlala eLake Ladoga, ubude bayo bomzimba abudluli ku-135 cm,
- izimpawu ezincane nezinsana zazo zivame ukuzingeliswa oshaka,
- ubisi lwabesifazane lunokuqukethwe okunamafutha amaningi kakhulu, okufinyelela kuma-50%.
Abamele umndeni we-seal wangempela izilwane ezincelisayo ezihehayo nezinokuthula. Babamba iqhaza elibalulekile ku-ecosystem. Kungakho abameli abaningi bezilwane bephikisana nokuzingela laba bahlali abangaqondakali bezilwandle, amachibi nolwandle.
Ngubani uphawu?
Izimpawu zezilwane zezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala ikakhulukazi esifundeni esingaphansi. Lezi yizilwane ezinamachashazi esikhundleni sezingalo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu sokuthi izimpawu zangaphambilini (ezinjengezihlobo zama-walruses) zazibizwa ngama-pinnipeds. Manje igama elinjalo alisetshenziswa, libhekwa njengelingasebenzi.
Imindeni emibili ihlukaniswe phakathi kwezimpawu zamanzi - uphawu lwangempela nolwembala.
I-Walrus ne-seal
Iningi labantu lidida ama-walruse nezimpawu. Kuhle ukucacisa ukuthi yimuphi umehluko phakathi kwalezi zilwane. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimpawu zamanzi, i-walrus - eyodwa. Likhudlwana kunophawu ngosayizi nesisindo - okungenani kabili. I-walrus inama-fangs amakhulu - ngamanye amagama, ama-tusks, ngosizo lapho lezi zilwane zithola ukudla, zilwe futhi zisinde nje. Isilo asinakho lokho.
Ama-Walruses awanazo izindlebe (kuphendulwe imvumelwano enjalo), kepha izindikimba ezivulekile (ungaziqamba ngegama lawo) ezine-auricles. I-Vibrissae yama-walrus aminyene futhi ebanzi, futhi lezo zezimpawu ezincanyana futhi mncane. Ezangaphambili azinawo umugqa wezinwele, owokugcina unazo.
Ama-Walruse anokuthula maqondana nomunye, ahlala egcinwe emaphayilini. Ukushayisana kwenzeka phakathi kwezimpawu (ngokwesibonelo, ngaphezulu kwensimu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana), kuvame ukukhetha ukuhlukaniswa. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindikimba “zikhuluma” ngokwengeziwe, ungahlala uzwa imisindo ethile kuzo. Ama-Walruse athule.
Akunangqondo futhi wehlulekile: uyini umehluko
Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, izimpawu zangaphambili zazibizwa ngokuthi ama-pinnipeds, kepha hhayi manje: ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, izimpawu zangempela nezamared zinemvelaphi ehlukile. Lokhu ngumehluko wabo ophambili.
Abokuqala yizihlobo eziseduzane zikaKunim. Kungakho benomzimba ophakeme kangaka, onjengendlingi, ekhululekile ukuwulawula emanzini, futhi amafushane (maqondana nomzimba) amalunga. Lezi zimpawu zavela emanzini okokuqala eNyakatho Atlantic Ocean. Kepha abazala babo abaqokiwe (njengama-walruses) bavela… amabhere! Ikhanda elincane, umbala woboya obunsundu, izindlebe ezincane - konke lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi bangabomndeni webhere. Bafika phesheya kwePacific.
Lezi zinhlobo zezimpawu zamanzi ziyahlukahluka emafulethini abo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Abavundile bayakwazi ukuvele bame emilenzeni yabo yangemuva, bahambe emhlabathini, abangempela bancishwe leli thuba: lapho behamba emhlabathini, amafifidi avele ahudule emva kwabo. Kepha lezi zilwane zisebenza ngenkuthalo izingqoko zasemuva emanzini, zibhukuda ngosizo lwazo. Kubafowethu abanohlonze, iziqaqa ziyindlela yokubhukuda, futhi basebenzisa izitho zomzimba wasemuva njengohlobo lwe- “helm”. Omunye umehluko phakathi kwalezi zivalo ezivela komunye nomunye ukuthi ezingokoqobo azinama-auricles (ngalesi sici kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi abangenacala).
Umsuka wezinhlobo: impikiswano
Uhlobo oluphathelene nemvelaphi ehlukene yezimpawu ezinabaphikisi bayo. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izifundiswa zithi ama-pinnipeds avela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu edlule, lapho umndeni we-marten noma umndeni we-bear wawungekho. Abaphenyi abanjalo bathambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi zombili izisulu zangempela neze-ered yize kunjalo zivela kukhokho ojwayelekile, zingamalungu omndeni wama-pinnipeds futhi angamalungu angaphansi kwesilwane esidla ezinye ezinja ze-arctoid, okuthi ngaphezu kwazo, kufaka ne-raccoon, inja, ubuhlakani kanye nebhere.
Seal Real: Izici
Ngaphezu kwezimpawu esezishiwo ngokuvela kophawu lwangempela, kuyadingeka ukusho ngentamo emfushane nomsila ofanayo, owangaphambili wayengasebenzi. Ama-Vibriss ngokuvamile afike izingcezu eziyishumi, aqine impela. Kungu-vibrissae osiza izinyoni ukuzulazula emanzini: azithembi ekubukeni ngamehlo, kepha ngosizo lwabamhlophe zibamba izithiyo futhi zibhekane ngempumelelo nokuzinqoba. Amapheshana angaphambili alezi zilwane amafushane ngisho nangasemuva, futhi asondele kakhulu ekhanda. Ubukhulu nesisindo salolu phawu luqala kumamitha ayisigamu nesigamu kuya kweziyisithupha nesigamu futhi lisuka kumakhilogremu ayinkulungwane nengxenye.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu zamanzi azinayo i-hairline, kepha imvamisa, hhayi i-fluffy, yemibala ehlukahlukene. Izimpawu zibonakaliswa ngokuncibilikisa kwesizini. Izinsana zizalwa ngoboya obukhulu, ovame ukuba mhlophe futhi buthambe kakhulu, obuyiselwa emuva kwamasonto amathathu. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kuthatha izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisikhombisa kuya kwamakhulu amathathu namashumi amahlanu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kabusha (okunjenge-molting) kwenzeka eqhweni. Ukwahluka kwalezi zivalo ukuthi omama bayayeka ukondla izingane zabo ngobisi kusenesikhathi, futhi amasonto ambalwa izingane zidla kuphela izinqolobane ezinamafutha (ngoba zona ngokwazo azikakwazi ukuzondla). Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zangempela zidonsa izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks. Ezinye izinhlobo zize zidle ama-penguin.
Abamele lolu phawu
Ngezansi zinhlobo zezimpawu zamanzi, amagama nezithombe zabantu ngazinye. Ezintanjeni ezomile ziyi-genera eziyi-13:
Lezi zizukulwane eziyishumi nantathu zibandakanya, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ukusuka kweziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwezingamashumi amabili nane. Elidala kakhulu kubhekwa njengePuyila, elalihlala eCanada Arctic.
I-Eared seal: izici
Ekhuluma ngokubonakala kwezimpawu ezinkulu zamanzi, kufanele kuqashelwe, okokuqala, ukuthi izinsikazi nabesilisa kulula ukuhlukanisa ngosayizi: abesilisa bakhula babe ngamamitha amathathu nesigamu, izintokazi - kukodwa. Isisindo, uma siqhathaniswa nezimpawu zamanzi zangempela, kulezi zinhlobo sincane impela - sisuka kumakhilogremu ayinkulungwane ukuya kwikhulu. Umbala wezinwele, njengoba sekushiwo, unsundu, izinwele ngokwazo zilukhuni, ziqinile. Intamo yinde, umsila, kunalokho, umfushane. Kunezihlakala emilenzeni yasemuva, kodwa eyaphambili ayivumi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhulu impela - ikota yobukhulu bomzimba wesilwane.
Izimpawu ezivuthiwe ziyasebenza impela. Abalithandi i-ice, futhi bakhetha ukuncibilika nokuzalela ogwini, kepha bazenzela ulwandle. Ukukhulelwa kwezinsikazi kucishe kufane nesikhathi esifana nesezimpawu zangempela, kepha zondla ubisi lwezingane isikhathi eside - cishe izinyanga ezine. Ngemuva kwalokhu, ithole ngokwalo liyakwazi ukunakekela ukudla kwalo. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe, ngasendleleni, cishe zingadli ama-crustaceans - ngokuyisisekelo ukudla kwazo kuyinhlanzi, igobolondo, ne-krill. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukudla amawundlu wezinye izimpawu, amaphinifa, izinyoni.
Izinhlobo Zezimpawu Ezivaliwe
Uhlu lwezinhlobo zezimpawu zasolwandle zalolu hlobo lubala izinto eziyishumi nane kuya neshumi nanhlanu (idatha ziyahlukahluka) ezifakiwe kuhlu lwesikhombisa lwemindeni emibili engezansi. Zimi kanjena (sibala ezimbalwa):
- Ama-Fur seal (North, South American, subtropical njalonjalo).
- Amabhubesi olwandle (ibhubesi lasolwandle, New Zealand, Galapagos nabanye).
Phambilini bekukhona nolunye uhlobo lwezimpawu zamanzi - ibhubesi lolwandle laseJapan, kepha manje selubhekwa njengoluphele, ngoba kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo bekukhona ukuzingela komhlaba wonke ngezimpawu zamanzi nezingonyama.
Izinhlobo zezimpawu ezweni laseRussia
Kwezimpawu zamanzi zangempela, iziloba zezwe lethu ziqhosha izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye (isisongelo semonki esisengozini akusikhona lapha: kunamabhuzu ayishumi kuphela oLwandle Olumnyama). Izimpawu ezivuthiwe zaseRussia zifanekelwa izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela: lokhu kuyisiqalo soboya basenyakatho nebhubesi lasolwandle (elinye igama ingonyama yasolwandle yasenyakatho).
Kuzo zonke izinhlaka ezihlala ezweni lethu, ungathola kuphela uphawu lweBaikal, uphawu olubonakalayo (i-largha), i-sea hare nehabhu uphawu (konke kungokoqobo).
Izinhlobo ezivikelwe zezimpawu zamanzi
Ngeshwa, izimpawu eziningi zisondele ekuqothulweni. Ngakho-ke, zibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu futhi ziyizilwane ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile. Phakathi kwezimpawu zangempela zezinhlobo ezinjalo, ezimbili yizimpawu zamakhonkwane kanye nophawu lweCaspian. Owokuqala ngokuvamile umakwa njengokunyamalala - akukho ngaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu kuwo emhlabeni namuhla. Ngokuqondene nabalingani babo abanohlonze, ibhubesi laseLwandle i-Steller alitholakali namuhla, isitoko salo esingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa.
Yize izimpawu zamanzi ezingenasici nezingenalutho zihlukile kakhulu komunye nomunye, zibuye zifanane, zimpawu ezibonakala kulezi zilwane.
- Izimpawu zomzimba ezifile zigcwele phansi, kepha zizizwa zimnandi emanzini - zingafinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nane ngehora. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe ziyiselula emhlabeni nasemanzini, ijubane labo elikhulu ngamakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ngehora.
- Bangabazingeli. Abayihlafunisi inhlanzi, kodwa bayigwinye iphelele. Ubukhulu - bungadwengulwa baba izicucu ezinkulu (banamazinyo abukhali kakhulu).
- Azinazo izindlala ze-lacrimal, kepha ziyakwazi ukukhala.
- I-Baikal seal iyinhlobo yensimbi ehlala emanzini amasha.
- Ukuthola ukuthi lidala kangakanani uphawu lokufa, bala imibuthano engaphansi kozimele.
- Izimpawu zigcina ukugcotshwa okuhle ngamafutha.
- Ukushaywa kwesigaxa esimweni esijwayelekile kusuka kwabangamashumi amahlanu kuye kwelikhulu namashumi amabili ngomzuzu, futhi lapho uhudula - kube kubhizi abane kuya kwabayishumi nanhlanu kuphela.
- Banokuzwa okuhle kakhulu nombono ophansi kakhulu.
- Ngenxa ye-white baby fluff, izimpawu zasanda kuzalwa ezibizwa ngama-squirrels. IBheleki izingelwa ngabazingeli ngenxa yokuthamba nokuqina kwayo. Njalo ngonyaka, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inani elikhulu lezinsana zama-seal liyafa.
- Babamba amaphunga aze afike kude kumamitha ayikhulu.
- Propagate kanye ngonyaka.
- Ukhipha uboya ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa, izindikimba ziyasizana: ukuklaba imihlane yazo.
- Izimpawu zinephupho elizwela kakhulu.
- Igama lezimpawu zamakhulu ayisikhombisa anikezwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye yisazi sezilwane saseBrithani uJohn Gray.
- Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ze-seal yi-crabeater.
- Izimpawu ezivulekile zihamba “emhlabathini” edwaleni.
- Bangakwazi ukugwinya ngamatshe “ngengozi” ngokudla - aze afinyelela kumakhilogremu ayishumi nanye wamatshe esiswini sezilwane ezifile.
Sonke siyathinteka lapho sibona uphawu - ikakhulukazi uma sifika edolphinarium. Kepha, sijabule ngokuhlangana nalesi silwane esihle, akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi yithina, abantu, okuyimbangela yokwehla kwenani labantu baso. Ngakho-ke, kusemandleni ethu ukwenza konke ukuvimba lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki.
- IQINISO EBALULEKILE
- Igama: Isiswini se-Grey (ende-mouthed) (iHalichoerus grypus), i-larga noma uphawu olubonakalayo (Phoca vitulina vitulina) kanye ne-Baltic ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica).
- Indawo: Ulwandle iBaltic
- Usayizi weqembu lezenhlalo: Akunamaqembu eqiniso ezenhlalo; izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zivame ukudala amaqembu okuzala amakhulukhulu noma izinkulungwane zabantu
- Isikhathi sokukhulelwa: izinyanga eziyi-6-11 (kuya ngohlobo), kufaka phakathi isigaba sokugcina
- Inani le-Cub: eyodwa
- Ukuthola ukuzimela: amaviki angama-2-4
Izimpawu zangaphansi ze-Pinnipedia ye-oda, okusho ukuthi "izikhonkwane." Iziphephezeli ezinkulu zivumela ukubhukuda ngokuphelele, kepha phezu kwezimpawu zomhlaba zihamba kabi.
Ama-Pinnipeds ahlala ikakhulu emanzini, futhi iningi lawo liya emhlabathini kuphela phakathi kokuzalela nokuncibilika. Emindenini emithathu yezikhonkwane - cishe izinhlobo ezingama-30 zalezi zilwane. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila ekuziphatheni kwezenhlalo zomndeni wasePhocidae, okubizwa ngokuthi yizimpawu ezingabhali noma zangempela. Sizocubungula nendlela yokuphila yezinhlobo zomdabu zoLwandle iBaltic, phakathi kwazo kukhona uphawu lwendlovu yasenyakatho (Mirounga angustirostris).
Ukuziphatha komphakathi okwenziwa ngophawu lwendlovu, abesilisa babo belwa bodwa ukuze kulawulwe iqembu labesifazane elibizwa ngokuthi i-harem, kufundwe ngokuphelele ngabasebenza ngezilwane. Phakathi nonyaka, izindlovu zivame ukuziphilela zodwa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile emaqenjini zihamba emhlabathini noma eqhweni. Ngisho nomama akazinakekeli kahle izingane zakhe. Akavamile ukubafundisa amakhono adingekayo ebudaleni, ondle izingane ubisi olusanda kuzalwa amasonto ambalwa, abashiye basebenzise imishini yabo.
I-Crabeater seal iphumule ekhaveni leqhwa e-Antarctica. Abamele le nhlobo badla i-plankton, bayithumba ngemilomo yabo evulekile ngenkathi bebhukuda futhi behlunga amanzi olwandle ngamazinyo abo.
Izimpawu zeBaltic
Ukuze unikeze impilo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo, izindikimba kufanele ziqhubeke emhlabeni noma eqhweni eliminyene, ngoba uma iwundlu lizalwa ngamanzi, lizonyuka masinyane. Kodwa-ke, izimpawu zamanzi nazo zishiya amanzi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Njengoba sebeshintshe indawo yabo yokuhlala, babuthana ngamaqembu, futhi ngalesi sikhathi akukho mkhondo wabo wokuphila ngokweqile. Uma isikhumba sezimpawu zomzimba zifudumele, zizokhulisa uboya obusha. Emhlabeni, izilwane zihamba kancane, ngakho-ke zakha izigcawu eziningi emhlabeni ukuze zivikeleke ezidlaleni.
Zonke izinhlaka zamanzi zaseBaltic zishiya amanzi entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo futhi ziqoqana ezindaweni zendabuko zokuzalela emasimini eqhwa. Kwabesifazane abadle kahle ngesikhathi sezinyanga eziyi-8-9 zokukhulelwa, amathole avele kungekudala ngemuva kokufika eqhweni. Omama badinga ukulethwa okuqinile kwamafutha (isb., Fat subaneane), okubanika amandla abalulekile ngesikhathi sokondla izingane, ngoba abantu besifazane kuyaqabukela abakwazi ukuphatha ngalesi sikhathi. Izinsikazi ezincane zezimpawu zasendlini ezimpunga nezinebala zizalelwa eqhweni elivulekile eduze kwamafosili, abawemba futhi bahlanze omama ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinsikazi zezimpawu ezinamaphiko zimba emihumeni yeqhwa ngaphezu kwe-2 m ukujula - okubizwa ngokuthi. amadiphozithi, angahle abe nezakhiwo eziningi.
Izimpawu zoboya baseNyakatho zihlala izinyanga ezi-6-8 ngonyaka olwandle oluvulekile bese zihamba ezweni elinamatye kuphela ehlobo, ngesikhathi sokuzalela.Lesi sithombe sikhombisa ikoloni le-fur seal e-Alaska (USA).
Isithombo
Amachwane weSpotted seal amakhudlwana futhi athuthukile kangcono kunezinye izinhlobo. Asevele amahora ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa akwazi ukukhasa nokubhukuda. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kusenesikhathi kuyinto enhle yezinhlobo, kuchitha kuze kufike kuma-75% empilo yayo emanzini.
I-grey seal inakekela amawundlu ayo ngaphansi kwezinye izihlobo. Owesifazane udla izingane ngobisi izinsuku ezingama-14 kuya kwezingu-17, bese zihlala ubuso nobuso nazo zonke izingozi zokuphila. Ubisi lwe-Seal lunamafutha amaningi, futhi ngesikhathi sokudla, amathole athole isisindo esifinyelela ku-2 kg ngosuku. Ukugcotshwa kwamafutha angaphansi akwenziwe ngale ndlela kudingekile kakhulu kumdlwane, ngoba lapho umama eyeka ukumondla, ngeke akwazi ukudla aze afike emanzini.
Imvamisa, ngemuva kwamaviki amabili, imidlwane elambile iqala ukuyazi kahle into yamanzi. Izingane zithola ukudla ngokuzithandela, izihlobo azibasizi, noma kunjalo, izilwane ezincane zivame ukulandela abantu abadala ukuthola izindawo ezinhle zokuphaka.
Izimpawu ezivulekile zamanzi nezimpawu ezinamaphiko zinikeza izingane zazo ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Isikhathi sokondla inzalo sithatha amasonto ama-4 no-6, ngokulandelana, ngasikhathi lapho bona uqobo kwesinye isikhathi bekwazi ukudla. Amakati ezinhlobo zombili angabhukuda esemncane kakhulu futhi kwesinye isikhathi ahambisane nonina lapho beyofuna ukudla. Lokhu kunikeza izingane ithuba lokufunda izisekelo zempilo ezizimele esizayo.
Izimbangi zabesilisa
Izimpawu zokuqala kwengxabano phakathi kwalezi zimpawu ezimbili yimilomo evulekile yamadoda, ukukhala okukhulu nokukhombisa kwamazinyo abukhali. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, abesilisa bangaluma bodwa ngentamo nangezihlakala zangaphambili noma bacindezelane bodwa eqhweni. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abaphumelele besilisa bangathola indawo yezintombi ezingaphezu kweshumi. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo enjalo kufanele iqale ukunqotshwa. Kuyenzeka ukuthi abesilisa bavikele ngempumelelo indawo yabo ngemuva kokufika eminyakeni eyi-10.
Abesilisa abachithekile banecebo elehlukile. Ephuzwini elithile, bahlangana ezindaweni ezidumile phakathi kwabesifazane futhi bahlele “umbukiso wamanzi”, ohambisana nemisindo engaphansi kwamanzi. Abesifazane bancamela abesilisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwabo kubehlabe umxhwele kakhulu. Imicikilisho yokuhlobisa ye-ringed seal ayiqondakali kahle, kepha kukholakala ukuthi abesilisa bavikela izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuzala.
Ugu lwePacific eCalifornia (e-USA). Lesi sithombe sikhombisa umzuzu womzabalazo wezimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho ezisencane ngenkathi yokuzalela. Ngaphambi kwempi, izilwane zivula imilomo yazo kakhulu, zigaye amazinyo azo futhi zikhale kakhulu.
Abesilisa bazo zonke izinhlobo ngesikhathi sokuzalela abadli lutho futhi kwesinye isikhathi bancipha kuze kufike ku-25% wesisindo sabo. Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalela, izindikimba zabantu abadala - abesilisa nabesifazane - bayishiya insimu yeqhwa bese kuphele amasonto ambalwa belahlekelwa amandla. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula, balungiselela i-molt ezayo, lapho kuzofanela iphume emanzini futhi ibekhona isikhashana ngaphandle kokudla.
Indlovu yasenyakatho
Njengama-pinnipeds amaningi, uphawu lwendlovu olusenyakatho lufika emhlabeni kuphela ngezikhathi zokuncibilika nokuzalanisa. Abesilisa bafika “esifundeni sokuphelisa” ekuqaleni kukaDisemba futhi bancintisane nelungelo lokukuthola. Onqobayo uzothola indawo yabo bonke abantu besifazane abawela endaweni yakhe, yingakho abesilisa belwa kangaka ngendawo enhle. Ezimpini lapho kuhlangana khona owesilisa omkhulu kakhulu futhi ovelele, ababuthakathaka bavame ukuba ngaphansi, futhi uma amandla abesilisa elingana, impi iqhubeka kuze kube yilapho omunye wabo ewina. Ukusondela komunye nomunye, abesilisa bakhula, bafika ku-2 m m ukuphakama, bathule ngeziqu zemithi futhi babhonga kakhulu. Uma kungekho noyedwa wezimbangi ezinikela, izimpawu zesidlo sasemini zenza ukudla kwasemini okusheshayo: bese nilimazana ngamazinyo abukhali. Iningi lazo linezibazi eziningi ezisele ezimpini ezinjalo. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpi zamathambo endlovu asenyakatho: kungaholela ekufeni kwesinye sazo.
Emavikini langu-2-3 ngemuva kwekufika kwemadvodza, letinsikati tifika etindzaweni tekufuya, zilungele kubeleka bantfwana. Bakhetha amasayithi anezimo ezihamba phambili, akha ama-harems. Izinsikazi ziletha ingalo eyodwa kwezingu-6-7 ngemuva kokufika bese ziyondla ngobisi cishe izinsuku ezingama-28. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa - umnikazi wesifunda - unogada abahamba ngezinyawo. Ezinsukwini zokugcina zokondla, abesilisa baphinde bashade nabesifazane.
Impilo enzima yamawundlu
Ezinganeni, abanye besifazane nabo bayingozi. Uma imveku ilahlekelwa ukuxhumana nonina, ihlangana nenye intokazi ukuba idle ubisi lwayo. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa, insikazi yomunye umuntu akuvumeli lokhu. Njengazo zonke izimpawu, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, akadli lutho, nobisi lwakhiwa ngenxa yokunikezwa kwamafutha angaphansi. Owesifazane uvikela lo mkhiqizo obalulekile owenzelwe ingane yakhe kuphela, ngoba amathuba okusinda kwakhe esikhathini esizayo ancike emithonjeni yamafutha ayoba nesikhathi sokuqongelela ngesikhathi sokudla. Uma iwundlu lomfokazi lifuna ubisi ngokweqile kowesifazane, lingamxosha noma lize limbulale. Umama kuphela olahlekelwe ngumntwana wakhe ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela abelana ubisi lwakhe nezintandane, kodwa-ke, amawundlu awondla awavami ukusinda.
Owesilisa ovelele uvame ukunakekela isithokazi sabantu besifazane abangama-40. Lapho indawo enkulu abesifazane behlala kuyo, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuba owesilisa athi ilungelo lakhe kubo. Ukuncintisana okuqinile phakathi kwabesilisa kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yabo inamandla okushada. Obaba abacishe babe ngama-90% amawundlu kwikholoni elikhulu ngokuvamile abesilisa abambalwa abaphumelelayo.
Noma ubude bempilo bezimpawu zasendlini bungadlula iminyaka eyi-15, ubungozi obuhambisana nokuvikela insimu ne-harem, kanye nokulahleka kwesisindo esingaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu ngesikhathi sokuzala, kuholela ekutheni abesilisa akuvamile ukuba babe namandla okubamba iqhaza ekuzaleni isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-3-4. Abesilisa abaningi bafa ngemuva kwezinkathi ezimbili zokuphumelela ngempumelelo yokuzalanisa.
Abaphangi besilisa
Amanye amasela angamaduna alinde ithuba lokuphonsela inselelo owesilisa omkhulu lapho amandla akhe ephela ngemuva komzabalazo osebenzayo nezimbangi zakhe. Futhi abanye, okuvame kakhulu ukwakhiwa ngaphansi okungaphezulu, abesilisa, kakhulu njengabesifazane, bangazama ukungena ezindlini ngethemba lokuthi owesilisa omkhulu ngeke ababone, futhi bazame ukushada nabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, akufiseleki ukuthi abesifazane bakhombise ukuthandwa kwabo ngabesilisa abanjalo, ngoba inzalo yabo ingaba buthakathaka. Esikhathini esiningi, kulesi simo, izinsikazi ziyakhala, zidonsa ukunaka kowesilisa ovelele, oza kusindisa futhi axoshe isivakashi esingamenywanga. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane bakhetha abesilisa kuphela abanamandla kunabo bonke njengobaba benzalo.
Izimpawu - amagama ajwayelekile ezincelisayo zasolwandle, abamele abamele imindeni emibili: izihlambi zangempela nezonogada. Njengoba ebumbeke ngokwanele emhlabeni, azibhukuda ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi. Indawo yabo yendabuko yizindawo ezisogwini zezindawo eziseningizimu nasenyakatho. Izinhlobo zezimpawu zamanzi ezikhona emvelweni ziyehluka kakhulu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kunezinto eziningi ezijwayelekile ngokubukeka kwazo, imikhuba yabo nendlela yabo yokuphila.
Isigaxa seCrabeater
Isigaxa se-Antarctic crabeater namuhla sibhekwa njengezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlamvu emhlabeni. Ngokuqagela okuhlukahlukene, inani lazo lifinyelela kubantu abayisigidi eziyisikhombisa kuya kwamashumi amane - lokhu kungaphezu kokuphindwe kane kunenani lazo zonke ezinye izimpawu.
Ubukhulu babadala bufika kumamitha amabili nengxenye, banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili namakhulu amathathu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinsikazi zalolu hlobo lwezimpawu zasolwandle zikhulu ngandlela-thile kunabesilisa. Lezi zilwane zihlala oLwandle Oluseningizimu, zigeleza ngasogwini ehlobo, futhi zifudukela enyakatho lapho kuqala ekwindla.
Bondla ikakhulu nge-krill (ama-crustaceans amancane e-Antarctic), lokhu kusiza ngesakhiwo esikhethekile semihlathi yabo.
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zezimpawu ze-crabeater ingwe yolwandle kanye ne-killer whale. Owokuqala ubeka usongo ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezincane nezingenalwazi. Izimpawu zisindiswa ku-whale ebulalayo, zigxuma ngobuhlakani obumangalisayo bangene eqhweni emanzini.
Ingwe yolwandle
Lokhu kubekwa kolwandle akulona ize "igama elithi" igama lesisulu esidabukisayo somndeni wekati. Umzingeli okhohlisayo nononya, akanelisi kuphela inhlanzi: amaphinifa, ama-skuas, ama-loon nezinye izinyoni baba yizisulu zakhe. Imvamisa, uhlasela ngisho nezimpawu ezincane.
Amazinyo alesi silo mancane, kepha abukhali kakhulu futhi aqinile. Kunamacala owaziwayo wokuhlaselwa ingwe yolwandle kubantu. Njengengwe “yezwe”, inyamazane yasolwandle inesikhumba esilinganayo: amabala amnyama ahlakazeka ngokungenasisekelo ngemuva kwesizinda esimnyama.
Kanye ne-killer whale, ingwe yolwandle ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezidla ubhedu esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-polar. I-seal, efinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu nengxenye ubude futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angamakhulu amane namashumi amahlanu, iyakwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esimangazayo emaphethelweni eqhwa eligelezayo. Njengomthetho, uhlasela emanzini.
Ingwe yolwandle ingukuphela kwezimpawu eziyisisekelo okuyisisekelo sayo sokudla izidalwa ezinegazi ezifudumele.
Kuthiwe futhi kungokoqobo:
Konke mayelana nezimpawu zomhlaba wethu
Ungawuhlukanisa kanjani uphawu oluyimpunga ku-ringed seal? Ngemuva kwakho konke, abaningi basabadida. Ngeke kube yicala ukubiza uphawu ngophawu, kepha ochwepheshe abakuncomi ukubiza ngophawu ngokuthi uphawu. Noma kunjalo, yingxenye encane yezilwane ezinamachashazi ahlala olwandle, amachibi nolwandle lomhlaba wethu omelwe esifundeni saseBaltic. Sikutshela ukuthi kungani igama elithi "i-pinnipeds" lingekho, ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zehluka kanjani kweziyangempela, nokuthi zingaki ingqikithi yezimpawu ezihlala eRussia.
Izikhonkwane ziphelelwe yisikhathi! Kuyiqiniso, ngaphandle komkhuba, sonke izilwane ezinamaphiko esikhundleni se-paws zibizwa ngokuthi ama-pinnipeds - ama-fur seals, ama-grey seal, ngisho nama-walruses. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi isikhathi eside abayikhiphi le yunithi ekuhlukanisweni kwesimanje. Ngokomqondo wanamuhla, lezi zilwane zinamadlozi ahlukahlukene.
Izimpawu zomzimba ezivulekile kanye nama-walruses asondele kakhulu amabhere - kusuka lapho kuvela inhloko encane, uboya obunsundu obunzima, kanye nama-auricles amancane. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zilwane zangena emanzini oLwandle iPacific, yize kutholakale izinsalela zokuqala zophawu lwentaba-mlilo eFrance, esisekelweni se-Atlantic.
Futhi izihlobo eziseduzane zalezi zimpawu yi-cunyi. Ukusuka lapho, umzimba ophakeme obunjwebu kanye nemilenze emifushane maqondana nomzimba. Ngokokuqala ngqa, uphawu lwangempela lwehlela emanzini enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean.
Amapheshana ezimpawu zamanzi zangempela nezinezinwele, kanye nama-walrus, akhule ngokufana - ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: phela, ama-paws ezilwane ezizingela emanzini awekho lula kakhulu. Kukubumbano lwamaphetshana lapho izindikimba ze-eared zihlukile kwezangempela. Ezokugcina azikwazi ukuma emaflipini angasemuva, futhi lapho zihamba emhlabeni zimane zihudule. Kepha izingulube zasolwandle zaseSteller - ezibizwa nangokuthi umndeni we-eared - ziwela ngokufudumele amafulethi ngasogwini: izitho zazo zomlenze ziguqisiwe phambili esithendeni sihlanganyele futhi zibukeka njengomlenze ophoqiwe!
Zihlala kuphi izindikimba? ENyakatho Nenkabazwe, izimpawu zasolwandle zihlala kuphela oLwandle iPacific. Futhi eningizimu - etholakala empumalanga eseningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, nangasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia oLwandle i-Indian. Ama-Walrus ahlala kuphela e-Arctic Ocean nasezindaweni ezisondelene nolwandle lwePacific ne-Atlantic - ngokuvamile, azungeze iNorth Pole.
Izimpawu zangempela zibuye zithande amanzi abandayo - ezindaweni ezinamakhaza noma ezindaweni ezifudumele. Okuwukuphela kwento eyinqaba yophawu oludumile lwezezindela. Imibhalo engezansi yalesi silwane ihlala oLwandle Olumnyama nolwandlekazi iPacific eduze neziqhingi zaseHawaii.
Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezimpawu zamanzi ahlanzekile, kanti ezimbili zazo zihlala endaweni yaseRussia. Lesi yi-Baikal seal kanye ne-Ladoga subspecies yesimbambo esinezintambo. Olwesithathu uphawu lwamanzi amnandi luyi-Saimaa ringed seal, okuwukuphela kwezifo zezilwane ezincelisayo eFinland. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukuphindiselwa emanzini ahlanzekile kwenzeka ngengozi, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokubuyela emuva kweqhwa. Phambilini, izimpawu zasolwandle zazihlala olwandle, kwathi lapho iqhwa lihamba, zahlukaniswa phakathi kwamanzi olwandle. Futhi ivumelane namanzi amasha. Ngendlela, ochwepheshe bathi yi-Baikal seal kuphela engabhekwa njengophawu lwangempela lwamanzi. Futhi izihlambi zamanzi zaseSaimaa naseLadoga zimane nje ziyizinkomba zamanzi amsulwa asolwandle olwandle.
Yini izimpawu? Umndeni wezimpawu zaselwandle ufaka i-7 genera futhi, ngokuya ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene, zinhlobo eziyi-14 noma eziyi-15. Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala eRussia - ibhubesi lasolwandle, noma ibhubesi lasolwandle lasenyakatho, ne-North fur seal. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe kuzo zombili iRussia ne-International Red Book. Ibhubesi lasolwandle libhekwa njengelisengozini, kanti i-fur fur seal iyisilwane esisengcupheni, ngokusho kwesigaba se-IUCN.
Incazelo Nezici
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezinomzimba omude futhi ohlungelweyo owenziwe ngendlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Ubuningi babameleli bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane buyehluka kakhulu, ukusuka ku-150 kg kuya kumathani angama-2,5, ubude bomzimba busuka ku-1.5 m kuya ku-6.5 m. Seal ikhono elihlukile lokuqongelela amanoni amasizini ahlukene, bese usikhipha, ushintshe ubukhulu obukhulu.
I-seal evamile emanzini
Isilwane sinikeza isithombe sesidalwa esixakile lapho sisemhlabeni. Umzimba omkhulu ombozwe izinwele ezimfishane, intamo eminyene, ikhanda elincane, amafiphele. Emanzini baphenduka ababhukudi abahle.
Ngokungafani nezinye izikhonkwane, izindikimba zilondoloze ukuxhumana nomhlaba, lapho zisebenzisa khona ingxenye enkulu yezimpilo zazo. Izicucu ezinamabhulashi athuthukile, izinyawo zisiza ukuhamba kunoma iyiphi imvelo. Emhlabeni, asekelwa yisisindo somzimba emilenzeni, edonsa emuva, edonsela phansi emhlabathini.
Emvelweni wasolwandle, konke kuhlukile. Izimpawu zingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-25 km / h emanzini. Izilwane zingangena ekujuleni kolwandle zize zifike kumamitha ayi-600. Ukwakheka kwekhanda okusobala kubonakala kusiza ukudlula kwikholamu yamanzi.
Ukuhlala isilwane ekujuleni okungadluli imizuzu eyi-10 ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Lolu phawu kufanele libuyele emhlabeni ukuze luqede kabusha isikhwama somoya ngaphansi kwesikhumba ukuze kungene olwandle olulandelayo.
Ijazi elinzima ligcina ukushisa. I-Thermoregulation inikezwa ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi, aqoqwa yizilwane phakathi nobusika. Ngale ndlela, amatywina akhuthazelela izimo ezinzima ze-Arctic ne-Antarctic.
Amehlo agqamile ezincelisayo aveza kakhulu. Faka uphawu esithombeni ubukeka ubhoboze ukubukeka, ukuhlakanipha okufana nokufihla okuthile okwengeziwe umuntu akwaziyo ngaye. Umbono wabantu abanamafutha ahlakaniphile awubukhali. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, amehlo awaboni ngamehlo. Njengabantu, izilwane ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukukhala, yize zingenazo izindlala ze-lacrimal.
Kepha abamba iphunga ngo-500 m, ezwa kahle, kepha izilwane azinawo ama-auricles. Ukudlikiza okuzwakalayo, okufana amadevu amhlophe, kuwasize azulazule phakathi kwezingqinamba ezahlukahlukene. Amandla wokwehlukanisa izinkanyezi ahlukanisa izinhlobo ezithile kuphela. Kuleli talente, izimpawu zamanzi zingaphansi kwamahlengethwa, imikhomo.
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukwahlukanisa owesilisa nowesifazane ngezibonakaliso zangaphandle eziseleni eziningi. Umhlobiso osesizalweni seduna uhlukanisa kuphela uphawu lwezindlovu kanye nezimpawu zasendulo. Abesifazane bangaphansi kwesisindo, kepha ngaphandle kwezilinganiso ezikhethekile kunzima ukubona umehluko.
Umbala wezilwane uvame ukuba nsundu ngombala onsundu. Izindawo ze-Oblong zihlakazeka emzimbeni wonke. Amakhefu athola ifa lokugqoka kusukela esemncane. Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zasolwandle ziyimikhomo yokubulala noshaka. Izilwane ziphunyuka kubo ngokugxuma ogwini. AmaPolar athanda ukujabulela inyama eboshwe, kepha kuyaqabukela akwazi ukuphatha ababaleki abaqaphile.
Izimpawu zemindeni ziyimindeni yezimpawu zamanzi zangempela nezokonakele, ngomqondo obanzi - wonke ama-pinnipeds. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-24 ezihlukile, kepha gcina izici eziningi ezivamile. Amakoloni ezinsimbi zasePacific akhulu kancane kunabantu base-Atlantic. Kepha ukufana okukhulu kuhlanganisa abamele bazo zonke izifunda. Ezinye izinhlobo zaziwa kakhulu.
Seal monk. Ithanda amanzi oLwandle iMedithera ngokungafani nezihlobo zase-Arctic. Abantu abadala banesisindo esiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angama-250, ubude bomzimba bungamamitha ayi-2. Kwombala okhanyayo wesisu ubizwa ngokuthi yi-white-beleed. Phambilini, uLwandle Olumnyama luhlala kule ndawo, uphawu lwatholakala endaweni yezwe lethu, kepha inani labantu lancipha. Ogwini lolwandle olufudumele bezingekho izindawo zama-rookeries ezilwane - konke kwakhiwe ngumuntu. Indela ibhalwe ku-Red Book. Kuhlotshisiwe uphawu lwe-caribbean indela isivele ibonwa njengonamanyala.
I-Monk seal
Isigaxa seCrabeater. Igama lesilwane esifuywayo esatholwa umlutha wokudla. I-seal ihlukaniswa yi-muzzle emincane, usayizi womzimba ojwayelekile: ubude obuyi-2,5 m, isisindo esingu-250-300 kg. Abadli beCrab bahlala e-Antarctica, ulwandle oluseningizimu. Imvamisa hlela Rookies on the Ice ezintantayo. Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu.
Isigaxa seCrabeater
Uphawu olujwayelekile. Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukile ze-Arctic hemisphere enyakatho: eRussia, eScandinavia, eNyakatho Melika. Zihlala emanzini asogwini, angahambi. Isisindo isilinganiso esingu-160-180 kg, ubude bube ngu-180 cm. Umbala obomvu grey ubusa phakathi kweminye imibala. Ukuzingela kubeke engozini izinhlobo zezilwane.
I-Harbour seal
I-Harp seal. Kancane ngosayizi - ubude 170-180 cm, isisindo mayelana ne-130 kg. Abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngombala wabo okhethekile - ijazi lesiliva, ikhanda elimnyama, umucu omnyama ngendlela yesikela kusuka emahlombe.
I-Harp seal
I-Striped seal. Ummeleli oyingqayizivele wezilwane ezincelisayo, "zebra" phakathi kwamaqhwa. Ebangeni elimnyama, eliseduze nesizinda esimnyama, imichilo enjengendandatho efinyelela ku-15 cm ububanzi. Ingubo egqamile ihlukanisa abesilisa kuphela. Amabhendi ezinsikazi awabonakali. Igama lesibili lezimpawu zasolwandle yi-lionfish. Izimpawu zasenyakatho ezitholakala eTatar Strait, olwandle iBering, Chukchi, Okhotsk.
I-Striped seal
Ulwandle Ingwe. Isikhumba esilahliwe, isimilo esinolaka sanika igama kumzingeli. Isihlobo esibi sihlasela izimpawu ezincanyana, kepha amaphinifa ayindlela eyintandokazi yengwe yolwandle. Umhlaseli ufinyelela kubude obuyi-4 m, isisindo somuntu okhulayo ophethe ingwe sifinyelela ku-600 kg. Kwenzeka ogwini lwe-Antarctica.
Ingwe yolwandle
Indlovu yasolwandle. Igama ligcizelela ubukhulu besilwane esikhulu, ubude obungamamitha ayi-6.5, isisindo esingu-2,5 amathoni, impumulo ye-proboscis emadodeni. Ama-subspecies asenyakatho ahlala ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika, ama-subspecies aseningizimu - e-Antarctica.
Indlovu
Ulwandle hare (lahtak). Ebusika, isisindo esiphezulu sesilwane esondlekile sifinyelela ku-360 kg. Umzimba omkhulu ungamamitha ayi-2,5 ubude.Imihlathi enamandla anamazinyo amancane. Isilwane esindayo sigcinwa emhlabeni eduze kwezimbobo, onqenqemeni lwethaw. Bahlala bodwa. Umlingiswa othanda ukuthula.
Ulwandle hare lahtak
Seal: incazelo, isakhiwo, izici. Ngabe ubukeka kanjani uphawu?
Ukuvela kwesibonakaliso kungenxa yendlela yabo yokuphila yasemanzini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphiko, anikeza igama kuzo zonke izilwane - "izikhonkwane", aguqula lezi zinyanga ezinyantisayo zomhlaba, zibe zokubhukuda okuhle kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpawu zasolwandle, ngokungafani nemikhomo namahlengethwa, azilahlekanga ukuxhumana kwazo nomhlaba, lapho wonke umuntu echitha khona isikhathi esiningi.
Zonke izimpawu ziyizilwane ezinkulu kunalokho. Ngakho-ke isisindo sophawu, kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, sisukela kuma-40 kg (okwenzelwe uphawu) kuye kumathani ayi-2,5 (okwophawu lwendlovu). Futhi, ubude bomzimba bophawu bokwehluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-1.25 ngophawu, omncane kakhulu phakathi komndeni wezimpawu zangempela, ke amamitha ayi-6.5 endlovu yasolwandle, igama layo libonisa ngokucacile usayizi omkhulu walolu hlobo lwezimpawu zamanzi. Futhi ngokuthokozisayo, izimpawu eziningi zezinhlobo ezifanayo zingashintsha usayizi wazo kuye ngesizini, ngoba zivame ukuqongelela ukonga kwamafutha ezikhathini ezithile, okuye kube sekunyamalala.
Ubujamo bomzimba bophawu buphakeme futhi buthambekele, intamo imfushane futhi ibe mnene, ithweswa umqhele ngophawu lwophawu, oluncane ngosayizi kodwa lunesigebhezi esikhanyayo. Ama-seal flippers athuthukise kakhulu izandla nezinyawo.
Umzimba wophawu ubhalwe ngezinwele ezimfishane futhi ezilukhuni, okuyinto ngakolunye uhlangothi engaphazamisi ukuhamba kwazo ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi kuvikela umnikazi wayo emakhazeni. Futhi, izinqolobane zamafutha angenasisekelo aqokelelwa yizimpawu zobusika zivikela izimbanda emakhazeni. Eqinisweni, la mafutha angenasisekelo wezimpawu zamanzi enza umsebenzi we-thermoregulatory, avumela izilwane ukubekezelela kalula ukubanda kwe-Arctic ne-Antarctic. Umbala wezinhlobo eziningi zezimpawu zaselwandle ungwevu noma onsundu; ezinye izinhlobo zinephethini elinsundu.
Uma ubheka isithombe sophawu, kubonakala sengathi lesi sidalwa sicinene futhi sihamba kancane emhlabeni, futhi lokhu kunjalo impela, ngoba lapho izisusa ezihambayo zithembela ekwanduleleni nasekuswini sazo, kanti izinyawo zazo ezingemuva zimane zihuduleke phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sinikezwe inqwaba yezimpawu ezinkulu zamatshe, kunzima ngempela kubo ukuhambisa phansi. Kepha uma usemanzini, izimpawu zamanzi ziguqulwa ngokuphelele, kusukela ekucambeni nasekubambeni okuwuphawu lwazo emhlabeni azihlali zilandelana - emanzini angakwazi ukufika ngesivinini esingafika ku-25 km ngehora. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu zamanzi zihlukahlukene kakhulu, ezikwazi ukudonsa ngokufika ku-600 m ngokujula.
Kuliqiniso, izimpawu zamanzi azikwazi ukuchitha isikhathi esingaphansi kwemizuzu eyi-10 ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngaleso sikhathi ukulethwa komoya-mpilo, okuyisikhwama somoya esikhethekile (ngaphansi kwesikhumba sophawu), kuyaphela futhi kufanele ubuyele ezweni futhi.
Amehlo ezimpawu zasendle, noma emakhulu, noma kunjalo, amehlo abo awakheki kahle (njengoba, nokho, kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini), zonke izinkomba zinombala ongaboni. Kodwa ukungaboni kahle kubalwa ngokuphelele ngokuzwa okuhle futhi ikakhulukazi ukuhogela, ngakho-ke izimpawu zamanzi ziyakwazi ukuthola iphunga kude namamitha angama-300-500. Futhi izivalo ezinamandla zine-tactile vibris (ebizwa nangokuthi "amadevu") ngosizo eziqondiswa phakathi kwezithiyo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu zamanzi zinamandla okusebenzisa i-ecolocation, yize zakhiwa kuzo kaningi zibuthakathaka kunemikhomo namahlengethwa.
Izimpawu zasolwandle, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo eziningana, azinayo i-dimorphism yezocansi, okungukuthi, abesilisa nabesifazane babukeka ngokufanayo (kuphela uphawu oluqanjiwe nolunophawu lwendlovu olunabesilisa “olunomhlobiso” okhethekile ebusweni babo. Ngokuqondene nezitho zangasese, izimpawu, njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo eziningi zasemanzini, zifihlwe emphethweni wesikhumba futhi azibonakali.
Luhlala kuphi uphawu?
Ububanzi bezimpawu zamanzi bukhulu kakhulu, singasho ukuthi lo ngumhlaba wonke. Kuyiqiniso, ngenxa yokuphila kwasemanzini zasolwandle, zonke zihlala ogwini lolwandle nolwandle. Iningi lezinhlobo zalezi zilwane lihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo ze-Arctic ne-Antarctic, lapho ngenxa yamafutha angaphansi abekezelela ngokuphelele ukubanda lapho, kodwa kukhona nezimpawu ezifana ne-monk seal, ezihlala eMedithera efudumele.
Futhi, izinhlobo eziningana zezimpawu zasolwandle, ezinjenge-Baikal seal, zihlala emachibini angaphakathi ezwenikazi.
Izimpawu Zokuphila
Izimpawu zasolwandle, yize zakha amaqoqo eqembu - okuthiwa ama-rookeries ogwini lolwandle nolwandle, zona, ngokungafani nezinye izikhonkwane, zinomhlambi wemvelo ongaphansi. Isibonelo, bayondla futhi baphumule ngokwehlukana, futhi kuphela uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi lapho bebheka indlela yokuziphatha kwabafowabo.
Izimpawu zokuphila nazo ziyizidalwa ezithanda ukuthula kakhulu, empeleni azizithobi, ngaphandle kokuthi, inkathi yokuzalela, lapho abesilisa abaningana bezitholela owesilisa oyedwa, kulesi simo ngisho nezimpawu zokuthula ezinokuthula zingafutheka.
Njengoba silobe ngenhla, ogwini, izindikimba zigcwele futhi zihamba kancane, ngakho-ke zitholakala ngokukhethekile eduze kwamanzi asendaweni eyolwandle, ukuze kuthi lapho kwenzeka khona ingozi, zingene emanzini. Futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile bavele bangene emanzini bathathe inyamazane futhi nakhu siya endaweni elandelayo.
Ngabe lidlani uphawu?
Izimpawu zokudla ezidliwayo, futhi umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwazo yizinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle: inhlanzi, igobolondo, imfishi, imfoloko. Izimpawu ezinkulu ezinjalo, njengengwe yolwandle, ngeke zikukhumbule ukudla, kusho, ama-penguins.
I-Monk seal
Lolu hlobo lwe-seal mhlawumbe luthanda kakhulu ukushisa phakathi kwezimpawu zasolwandle, ngoba luthanda amanzi afudumele esiqhingini saseMedithera, saseHawaiian naseCaribbean lapho kuhlala khona amakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha e-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Futhi, ngokungafani nezinye izimpawu, inendawo eyakhiwe kahle yomhlana ongaphansi. Ubude bomzimba we-monk seal ngamamitha ayi-2-3 anesisindo esingama-250 kg. Inombala onsundu-onsundu kanye nesisu esikhanyayo, lapho sathola khona igama lesibili - uphawu olunomhlophe. Kuyamangaza ukuthi esikhathini esedlule, izindela zazihlala nakuLwandle Olumnyama, futhi zingatholakala ogwini Olwandle Olumnyama lwezwe lethu, kodwa muva nje isibalo sabantu kulezi zinqobelo sehle kakhulu, okwamanje zonke izingcaphuno zesivumelwano semonki zibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.
Indlovu
Njengoba igama libonisa, uphawu lwendlovu luhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwezimpawu zasolwandle; ubude bawo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-6.5 ngesisindo samathani ayi-2,5. Futhi, enye impahla enezindlovu ayinikezi ubukhulu obukhulu nje kuphela, kepha futhi nokuba khona kwempumulo enjengekushisayo ezinswinini zendlovu. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, izindikimba zezindlovu zihlukaniswe zaba ngama-subspecies amabili: uphawu lwendlovu yasenyakatho luhlala ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika, kanti uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu luhlala e-Antarctica.
I-Ross seal
Ubizwe ngemuva komhloli wamazwe waseNgilandi uJames Ross. Lesi siphawu esincane esincanyana se-Antarctic, kahle, njengoba sincane, umzimba waso ungamamitha ayi-2 ubude nesisindo esingu-200 kg. Inentamo emnyama kakhulu emphethweni, lapho ingafihla ngokuphelele ikhanda layo. Akufundwe kancane, ngoba ihlala ezindaweni ezikude zase-Antarctica.
Isigaxa seCrabeater
Isigaxa se-crabeater, esidume ngokufunwa kwaso umhluzi, futhi siyisibonakaliso esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - ngokusho kokuqagela okuhlukahlukene, inani laso lisuka kubantu abayizigidi eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-40. Inosayizi abaphakathi kwezimpawu zamanzi zasolwandle - ubude bomzimba - amamitha ayi-2,2,6, isisindo - ama-200 ukuya kuma-200 kg, isixhaxha eside. Lezi zimpawu zihlala e-Antarctica kanye nasolwandle oluseningizimu ziyayigeza, imvamisa zithanda ukuhlela izindawo zazo zokukhamba ezintabeni zeqhwa, zibhukuda nazo.
I-Weddell Seal
Ibizwe ngemuva kokuhlonishwa komunye umuntu waseNgilandi - isikebhe saseBrithani uSir James Weddell, owayeyinduna yohambo lokucwaninga olwandle lwaseWeddell, lapho lolu hlobo lwenhlamvu lwaqala ukutholwa ngabaseYurophu. Hlangana nezinye izimpawu, uphawu lweWeddell luvelele amakhono alo okuminza okuntywila futhi angaphansi kwamanzi - kanti ezinye izimpawu eziningi zingaba semanzini angajulile ngaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-10, lolu phawu lungabhukuda ihora. Uhlala e-Antarctica.
Isindikimba esinenhlamvu ende
Olayini obude obude babizwa kanjalo ngenxa yobude bayo, njengoba ngisho nezimpawu zasolwandle, isizalo. Ubude bomzimba wobumba obude obungamamitha ayi-2,5 futhi bunesisindo esingama-300 kg. Ihlala eNyakatho Atlantic: ogwini lwaseGreenland, eScandinavia nase-Iceland.
I-Harp seal
Olunye lwezimpawu zasenyakatho ezihlala empeleni ogwini lwaseGreenland. Ziyahluka kwezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle ngombala wesimo: kuphela zinejazi elimpunga, inhloko emnyama, kanye nomugqa obunjiwe ngehhashi elimnyama osuka emahlombe nhlangothi zombili. I-harp seal incane kakhulu - ubude bayo bomzimba buyi-170-180 cm, isisindo - 120-140 kg.
INerpa
INerpa yizinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke ze-seal, ubude bayo bomzimba ngokwesilinganiso ngamamitha ayi-1.5 futhi inesisindo esingama-100 kg. Kepha lokhu, ngokwesilinganiso, okuncane kunakho konke phakathi kwezimpawu zesibonakaliso - uphawu lweLadoga, oluhlala eLake Ladoga, inobude bomzimba obungadluli ku-135 cm futhi inesisindo esingu-40 kg. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zasolwandle zihlala emanzini abandayo futhi athambile olwandle lwePacific, olwandle i-Atlantic kanye ne-Arctic, kanye namachibi amakhulu olwandle nasolwandle. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ukwehlukaniswa okufana neCaspian seal, iBaikal seal, iLadoga seal kuyahlukaniswa.
Umsuka wezimpawu zamanzi
Kuyaziwa ukuthi okhokho be-pinnipeds bake bahamba ngokukhululeka emhlabathini. Kamuva, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezimo zezulu eziwohlokayo, baphoqeleka ukuba bacwile emanzini. Kulesi simo, izimpawu ezingaba khona, ezingokoqobo nezingabonakali zivela ezilwaneni ezihlukile.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okhokho bamanje, noma babeyizidalwa ezifuze ama-otter iminyaka eyizigidi eziyishumi nanhlanu edlule ahlangana ngayo eNyakatho Atlantic. I-eared seal isendulo kakhulu - amadlozi ayo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengezinja, iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule yayihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zoLwandlekazi iPacific.
Umehluko ekwakhekeni komzimba
Umsuka ongahambisani nalawa maqembu amabili ezimpawu uqinisekisa umehluko omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwamathambo abo. Ngakho-ke, uphawu olujwayelekile emhlabeni cishe alusizi. Ogwini, ulala ngesisu sakhe, izicibisholo zakhe zangaphambili zinamathele ezinhlangothini, bese kuthi izinsalela ezingemuva zihuduleke phansi lapho zihamba, njengomsila wezinhlanzi. Ukuze iqhubekele phambili, isilo siphoqelelwa ukuba sihlale sikhonkotha njalo, sihambisa umzimba waso osindayo kakhulu.
Isigaxa se-eyred, ngokungafani naye, siphumula ngokuqinile kuyo yonke imilenze. Ngasikhathi sinye, amafliphu akhe angaphambili anemisipha enamandla impela, engamelana nesisindo somzimba esiqinile, kanti ezingemuva azidonseli emuva, kepha ziya phambili futhi zitholakala ngaphansi kwesisu. Imvamisa, lesilo sihamba "siddle", sisebenzisa wonke amafliphu ekuhambeni, futhi uma kunesidingo, "singaddle" ngejubane elihle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uphawu lwamawele luyakwazi ukugudla ugu olunamadwala ngokushesha okukhulu kunomuntu.
Zibhukuda kanjani izimbali
Amapheshana angaphambili ezimpawu zangempela ayincane kakhulu kunasemuva. Lezi zokugcina zihlala zelulwa emuva futhi azigobeki ngokuhlanganiswa kwesithende. Abakwazi ukusebenza njengesekelwa lapho behamba emhlabeni, kepha isilwane sibhukuda emanzini sibonga, senza imivimbo enamandla.
I-eared seal ihamba emanzini ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Ubhukuda njengepenguin, eshwibilika umphambili wakhe ujuluka. Izihlakala zakhe ezingemuva zenza kuphela umsebenzi wesihleli.
Incazelo ejwayelekile
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimpawu zasolwandle ziyehluka kakhulu ngobude (ukusuka esicishe zibe yikhulu nengxenye kuya kumamitha ayisithupha) nesisindo somzimba (abesilisa - ukusuka kumakhilogremu angamashumi ayisikhombisa kuye kumathani amathathu). Okukhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezimpawu ezivamile yizimpawu zasendlovu, kanti ezincane kunazo zonke ziyizimpawu ezinamathambo. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe zivame ukungabi zinkulu kangako. Elikhulu kunawo wonke, ibhubesi lolwandle, lingakhula lide ngamamitha amane futhi libe nesisindo esingaphansi kwethani. Esincane kunazo zonke, i-Kerch fur seal is a seal, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayikhulu kuphela futhi ifinyelela ubude bamamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Izimpawu zokubopha zithuthukise i-dimorphism yezocansi - abesilisa babo baphakeme kakhulu kunabesifazane ngobukhulu nangosayizi womzimba.
Ukuma komzimba wezimpawu zamanzi kulungele kahle ukuhamba okulula emanzini. Zonke zinomzimba ophakeme, intamo ende neguqukayo, umsila omfushane kodwa ochazwe kahle. Ikhanda, njengomthetho, lincane, kanti ama-auricles abonakala ngokucacile kuphela ezinqamlezweni eziyizidladla, ezithweni zokuzwa zangempela ziyizindawo ezincane zokuvula ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
Ukuba khona kwesendlalelo esindayo samafutha angaphansi, okukuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukushisa kahle emanzini abandayo, kuhlanganisa zonke izimpawu. Izimpawu zezinhlobo eziningi zizalwa, zimbozwe ngoboya obukhulu, ezingazigqoki ngaphezu kwamaviki amathathu (umbala wazo, njengomthetho, umhlophe). I-seal yangempela (umuntu okhulile) inezinwele ezilukhuni ezingenalo uphawu oluphawuliwe lwangaphansi, futhi uphawu lwezindlovu cishe luphelelwa ngokuphelele. Ngokuqondene nezimpawu zamanzi ezikhululiwe, umphimbo wazo ongaphansi, okuphambene nalokho, ungaba mnene impela, kanti ezithunjini zoboya nasebudaleni kuvinjwe ijazi elinamandla.
Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zamatywina wangempela
Ngokusho kwemithombo eyehlukene, umndeni wezimpawu zamanzi zangempela unezinhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwezingamashumi amabili nane.
- uphawu lwezindela (i-white-belided, i-Hawaiiian, iCaribbean),
- uphawu lwezindlovu (enyakatho naseningizimu),
- I-Ross seal
- I-Weddell seal
- uphawu lwe-crabeater
- ingwe yolwandle,
- lahtaka (i-sea hare),
- isidumbu,
- uphawu olujwayelekile nolunabala,
- uphawu (i-Baikal, iCaspian ne-ringed),
- uphawu olude
- i-lionfish (uphawu olunemigqa).
Zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu zomndeni zalo mndeni zimelelwa kwizilwane zaseRussia.
Kutholwe izimpawu
Izidalwa zanamuhla zibalelwa ezinkulwaneni eziyishumi nane kuya neshumi nanhlanu zezimpawu zamanzi ezinamanzi Bahlanganiswe baba ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu (imindeni engezansi).
Iqembu lokuqala lifaka uphawu lwezimpawu zoboya, kubandakanya:
- I-North (okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zegama elifanayo),
- ISouthern (South American, New Zealand, Galapagos, Kerguelen, Fernandez, Cape, Guadeloupe, Subantarctic).
Kwakhiwa iqembu lesibili:
- I-Steller sea lion (enyakatho)
- IsiCalifornian
- IGalapagos
- IsiJapan
- eningizimu
- Wase-Australia
- New Zealand.
Emanzini aseRussia, izindikimba zalo mndeni zimelelwa amabhubesi asolwandle kanye nezimpawu zoboya zasenyakatho.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kakhulu kwezimpawu zomzimba kuyabonakala ezifundeni ezinamakhaza, ogwini lwe-Arctic, e-Antarctic. Okuhlukile ngophawu lwe-monk, oluhlala emanzini afudumele aseMedithera. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emanzini angenasisekelo, ngokwesibonelo, eLake Baikal.
Izimpawu azibonakalanga ngokufuduka isikhathi eside. Bahlala emanzini asogwini, babhukuda ngemijondolo, banamathela ezindaweni ezingapheli. Emhlabathini ahamba ngokuzikhandla, ekhasa, encike ekwanduleleni. Lapho bezwa ingozi, shayelela umhlonyane. Emanzini bazizwa beqiniseka, bakhululekile.
Uphawu luyisilwane umhlambi. Iqoqo lamaqembu, noma ama-rookeries, akha ifomu emaphethelweni eqhwa. Inani lezinhlambi lincike ezicini eziningi, kepha ukuzihlanganisa okuningi okunesibalo esiphakeme sezimpawu zamanzi akulona uphawu. Abantu bebodwa abakude komunye nomunye, kepha phumula, bondla ngokuzimele izihlobo zabo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo bunokuthula. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, izilwane zisiza omakhelwane ukukhipha uboya obudala - bhala imihlane yabo.
I-basiki e-Baikal bask elangeni iyizihlobo zezimpawu zamanzi
Izilwane ezilele phezu kwethotho zibonakala zingakhululekile. Baxhumana bodwa ngezindebe ezimfishane, kungaba njengokuthuthumela noma ukuhleka. Imisindo yomsindo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene babe nemisindo ethile. Emhlambini, amaphimbo ezilwane ahlangana abe ngumsindo ojwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ogwini, lapho kugaguleka khona amaza olwandle.
Kwesinye isikhathi ikwaya yensimbi ifana ne-hoing, izinkomo ezikhalayo. Ukumemeza okuzwakala kakhulu kwenziwa yizimpawu zendlovu. Izimpawu eziyingozi zigcwele i-alamu, ukukhala kukamama kwezingane kuzwakala ngokuqhubekayo, ngentukuthelo. Izinzwa, amaza, uchungechunge lokuphindaphinda ziphethe umthwalo okhethekile wokuxhumana ngezilwane.
Ukulala kwezimpawu zamanzi akunamandla. Emhlabathini, ahlala ecophelela, alala ebheke phezulu isikhathi esifushane emanzini, ngezikhathi ezithile asukuma aze phezulu ukuze afeze ukugcwaliswa komoya.