I-Afrika iyizwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, elinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane, abantu abaphakathi kwabantu abangama-30-31 km. E-Afrika, kunemifunda engama-55 nemizi eyizigidi ezingama-37. Okukhulu kunazo zonke yiCairo, iLagos, iKinshasa, iKhartoum, iLuanda, iGoli, i-Alexandria.
Ngenxa yesimo sayo sendawo (endaweni eshisayo) iyizwekazi elishisa kakhulu emhlabeni, kepha izindawo ezinesimo sezulu zihlukahlukene kakhulu, kunezindawo ezingamagwadule, izindawo ezinamagquma kanye namahlathi ashisayo. Ukukhululeka kuyicaba, kepha kunezindawo eziphakemeyo (iTibesti, Akhaggar, iEthiopian), izintaba (iDrakac, iCape, i-Atlas). Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu yiKilimanjaro Volcano (5895 m ukuphakama).
Uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlaba wonke, iningi lamazwe ase-Afrika anenqubomgomo engahlosile ukuvikela imvelo, anciphise imiphumela emibi ezinhlelweni zemvelo, athuthukise futhi asebenze izinqubo zesimanje, ubuchwepheshe obungeyona imfucuza nobuphansi. Lokhu kusebenza embonini elula nesindayo, insimbi, imfuyo nezolimo, kanye nezimoto. Kwezimboni eziningi, ekukhiqizweni, kwezolimo, akukho zinyathelo ezithathwayo zokunciphisa kanye / noma ukuhlanza ukuphuma okulimazayo emoyeni, kokukhucululwa kwendle, kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kokungcola kwamakhemikhali okuyingozi.
Izinkinga zemvelo zibangelwa ukusetshenziswa budedengu kwemithombo yemvelo, ukuxhaphaza kwazo ngokweqile, ukwanda kwamadolobha nobuphofu. Emadolobheni, kunenkinga yezinga eliphakeme lokungasebenzi (50-75%), kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe. Kanye nokuwohloka kwesibalo sabantu, imvelo engafani nenye iyonakaliswa.
Zombili izitshalo nezilwane ziyingqayizivele. Izihlahla nezihlahla ezincane (isihlahla, i-terminalia) zikhula kuma-savannahs. Ezindaweni ezihambisana ne-subequatorial, ikhula indawo ezishisayo nezindawo ezishisayo: isoberlinia, pemphigus, sundew, pandanus, ceiba, combretum. Ugwadule lwaziwa ngohlobo lwalo oluhlaza okotshani, okuyisisekelo salo okuyisitshalo esikwazi ukubekezelela isomiso nezinhlobo zezihlahla eziqothulayo, izitshalo ze-halophyte.
Izilwane zicebile ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezinkulu: amabhubesi, izingwe, izingulule, izindunduma, amadube, izindlulamithi, izimvubu, izindlovu, ama-warthogs, obhejane, izinyoni, izinyoni: ama-marabou, amantshontsho ase-Afrika, obhejane, ama-turcoo, amaJaca, ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo: izingulube, izingwenya , amasele anobuthi, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinyoka.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane kanye nokuzingela kuthinte izwekazi lase-Afrika. Izinhlobo eziningi zazisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni, ezinye ziqothulwe ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, iQuagga isilwane esilinganayo sohlobo lwe-zebra (ngokusho kwedatha yanamuhla - okubhalwe phansi kwe-Burberlian zebra), kulezi zinsuku kuyizinhlobo ezingapheli. Enye yezilwane ezimbalwa ezazithathwe ngabantu. I-quagga yokugcina, eyayikhona endle, yabulawa ngo-1878, kwathi ngo-1883 umuntu wokugcina emhlabeni, owayegcinwe e-zoo yase-Amsterdam, wafa.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo emazweni amasha - kukhuthaza ukonakaliswa kwemithombo yomhlaba, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Kukhona ukushesha kokuqala kogwadule (ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba), ukwehla kwesembozo sehlathi - umkhiqizi oyinhloko we-oxygen.
E-Afrika, kunenye yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezilwa nemvelo kule planethi - i-Agbogbloshi. I-Agbogbloshi yidolobha lokugcwalisa komhlaba okutholakala enyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Accra, inhloko-dolobha yeRiphabhliki yaseGhana. Ukudla okungenamsoco okuvela emhlabeni wonke kulethwa lapha. Lawa ngamathelevishini, amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, abaphrinta neminye imishini kagesi. I-Mercury, i-hydrochloric acid, i-arsenic, izinsimbi ezisindayo, uthuli oluholayo nokunye ukungcola kungena emhlabathini nasemoyeni, ngobuningi obedlula ubukhulu obuvunyelwe bokugcotshwa izikhathi ezingamakhulu amakhulukhulu. Lapha yindawo lapho kungekho zinhlanzi emanzini, azikho izinyoni ezindiza emoyeni, notshani abukhuli emhlabathini. Isilinganiso sobudala babahlali sisukela eminyakeni eyi-12 kuye kwengama-20.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika angena ezivumelwaneni ngokungeniswa kanye nokulahlwa kokungcola okuyingozi kwamakhemikhali endaweni yawo, kungasho ukuthi luhlobo luni lwengozi ababhekana nalo, abangayinakekeli imvelo nempilo yabantu.
Amazwe amaningi athuthukile athumela imfucumfucu enobuthi neyenziwe ngerediyo eyenziwe ngenkathi kukhiqizwa, ngoba inqubo yokuphinda isebenze inqubo ebiza kakhulu. Kuyavela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinobungozi emazweni ase-Afrika kushibhile kakhulu ngamakhulu ezikhathini kunokusebenza nokulahla kwawo.
Izinkinga zemvelo ze-Afrika
Isayensi yemvelo ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho kudingeka sinakekwe kakhulu. Kuya ngokuthi sikhathalela kangakanani imvelo yethu, hhayi ikusasa lezizukulwane ezizayo ezindaweni zethu kuphela kuzoncika, kepha futhi nenhlala-kahle yethu, njengoba kuncike ngqo esimeni sendawo esihlala kuyo.
Ngokwengqungquthela, zonke izinkinga zemvelo ezibhekene namazwe ase-Afrika zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana, esizozihlola kabanzi.
Unganaki Uhulumeni wamazwe ezwekazini awanaki ngenxa yesimo semvelo, futhi futhi awenzi ushintsho oludingekayo emithethweni yezifunda zabo.
Cishe akekho okhathalela ukuvikela imvelo kokukhipha okunobuthi okulimazayo, futhi akukho msebenzi oqhubekayo wokwethula ubuchwepheshe obusha obuhloswe kulokhu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokunganakwa okukhulu kwezindlela zokuphepha kanye nasekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla, ukuphuma kwezulu okulimazayo akubhekwanga emoyeni noma, okubi kakhulu, emizimbeni yamanzi.
Izici ezingalungile. Kulesi sigaba, ukonakala komuntu kuthinta ngqo isimo semvelo. Isiko lase-Afrika ingxenye enkulu akuhloselwe ukuqeqesha ochwepheshe abasezingeni eliphezulu, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyanda, futhi amadolobha, ngokungafani nemizi emincane, ayagcwala. Futhi, ukuzingela kuyachuma, ngoba e-Afrika kunokuqhakaza okukhulu kwezilwane zezilwane. Izici ezifakwe kuhlu zinomthelela omubi kakhulu esimweni samanje semvelo.
Ukushabalala kwemvelo. Enye yezinkinga eziholayo kulesi sifunda-ke yihlane. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawulwa, okuholela ekubhujisweni komhlaba nasekuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
Izici ezingenhla zithinta ngqo ukuvela kwezingwadule, zazo eziningi e-Afrika. Kepha amahlathi ahlala encipha futhi engaphansi, futhi yibo ababhekele ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo.
Enye inkinga enkulu idolobha elibizwa nge-Agbogbloši, lenzelwe ukulahla imfucuza ngokuyinhloko. Uma ufisa, ungathola kalula imishini ephukile kanye nokunye ukungcola kwe-elektroniki lapha, futhi kunjalo impela ngenxa yedoti elinjalo lapho i-zebury, i-arsenic kanye nezinsimbi ezinobungozi eziningi zingena emhlabathini.
Ngokwezibalo, sekuyisikhathi eside i-necrosis yezilwane ibonwa eduze kwaleli dolobha, futhi abantu abaningi abaphili iminyaka yobudala.
Ubunzima bangaphakathi. Futhi ekugcineni, okubhubhisa kakhulu futhi, mhlawumbe, okunyanyekayo okuthinta isimo semvelo e-Afrika isivumelwano sabaholi base-Afrika sokuthi imfucuza evela embonini yamakhemikhali izothunyelwa endaweni yabo.
Futhi lokhu, noma ngaphandle kwamagama akhethekile, kukhombisa ukunganaki okukhulu nokungahloniphi inani labantu abahlala ezwenikazi.
Kuwo wonke amazwe asethuthukile futhi athuthukayo, kuqondile e-Afrika ukuthi kuthunyelwe izinto eziyingozi nezinobuthi ezonakalisa yonke imvelo nokwaziwa kwale ndawo. Futhi labo okufanele bamnakekele, ngokunganaki benza imali futhi bangacabangi nakancane ngemiphumela.
Imvelo yezwekazi elinjenge-Afrika njengamanje ibhekene nenkathi enzima. Ngokudabukisayo, izwe elixakile nelifiselekayo ukulivakashela lingavezwa ukushaqeka okukhulu kwezemvelo. Futhi lokhu kungathinta ngqo ezokuvakasha e-Afrika, okuthi, ngaphandle kwehaba, zibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuheha imali engenayo kule ndima.
Amapaki Kazwelonke Wase-Afrika
Emazweni ase-Afrika, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokusindisa izilwane zasendle. Ngalezi zinhloso, izindawo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile zakhiwa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Amapaki okuqala ezwe lonke aqala e-Afrika: i-Albert, Virunga, Serengeti, Ruvenzori, njll. Ngemuva kokukhululwa ekucindezelweni kwamakoloni, kwaqalwa amapaki amasha esizwe ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21. Izindawo ezivikelwe zibalwe ngaphezu kwe-7% yendawo yazo.
IKenya ithatha indawo yokuqala ngenani lamapaki ezwe (15% ale ndawo). Esikhulu kunazo zonke endaweni yi-Tsavo National Park (amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili), lapho amabhubesi, obhejane, izindlulamthi, izinyoni zaseKaf, izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-450 zivikelekile. Ipaki elidume kakhulu umhlambi wezindlovu. ENingizimu Afrika, ama-savannah kanye nezilwane zaseNingizimu Afrika ziyavikelwa. Esiqiwini saseKruger, izindlulamithi ziyavikeleka, kusuka kwizinyoni - i-marabou, inyoni engumbhali. EMadagascar, amahlathi asezintabeni avikelekile, amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo anesihlahla esidumile "sesihambi sabahambi" kanye ne-endemic fauna, eNtshonalanga Afrika - indawo yamahlathi enezimpawu. ENingizimu Afrika, iKafue National Park ihlukile neVictoria Falls. INngorongoro idume ngomgede wayo, imithambeka yawo imbozwe ngamahlathi emvula, futhi phansi imelelwa yi-savannah enemihlambi eminingi yezinyathi, amadube, izimbotshana. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abaphethwe yizilwane zasendle bahlala epaki elikhulu kunazo zonke eTanzania, iSerengeti. Ipaki ibonakala ngobuningi bezilwane nezinyoni.
Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile kuyindlela yokulondolozela ukwahluka kwemvelo e-Afrika. Izimbangela eziphambili zokuphazamiseka ebalalini yemvelo eSahel ukukhula kwenani labantu, ukukhulisa imfuyo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nesomiso esijwayelekile.
Izingqinamba zomhlaba nezithize
Okokuqala, kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezinkinga - ezomhlaba jikelele nezithize. Uhlobo lokuqala luhlanganisa ukungcoliswa komkhathi ngodoti onobungozi, ukumelana kwamakhemikhali emvelo, njll.
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Izinkinga ezilandelako zokulinganisa kuthiwa zifakwa kuhlobo lwesibili:
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- umlando wamakoloni
- indawo yezwekazi endaweni ezishisayo neyikhweyitha (inani labantu alikwazanga ukusebenzisa izindlela nezindlela zokuqinisa ibhalansi yemvelo eseyaziwa emhlabeni)
- esimeme nesikhokhelwa kahle izinsiza
- ukuthuthukiswa kancane kwezinqubo zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe
- amakhono aphansi kakhulu wabantu
- ukukhulisa ukuzala, okuholela ezimweni zokungabi ndawo zokuhlanzeka
- ubuphofu babantu.
Izinsongo zemvelo e-Afrika
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga zase-Afrika ezichazwe ngenhla, ochwepheshe banaka ngokukhethekile izinsongo ezilandelayo
- Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi ashisayo kuyingozi e-Afrika. Abasentshonalanga beza kuleli lizwekazi ukuthola izinkuni ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ngakho-ke indawo yamahlathi yemvula incishiswe kakhulu. Uma uqhubeka nokusika izihlahla, izakhamizi zase-Afrika zizoshiywa zingenawoyela.
- Ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi nezindlela zokulima ezingenangqondo ngokuphelele, ukusakazeka komhlaba kwenzeka kuleli zwekazi.
- Ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwenhlabathi yase-Afrika ngenxa yezindlela ezingasebenzi zezolimo nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.
- Izilwane nezimbali zase-Afrika zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezingandile zisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni.
- Ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokunisela, ukusatshalaliswa okungasebenzi endaweni yonke futhi okuningi kuholela ekushoda kwamanzi kuleli zwekazi.
- Ukwanda kokungcoliswa komoya ngenxa yomkhakha othuthukisiwe nenani elikhulu lokuphuma komkhathi, kanye nokuntuleka kwezakhiwo zokuhlanza umoya.
Isikali
Izinkinga zemvelo zase-Afrika zithinta amazwe angama-55, lapho kunamadolobha angama-37 anabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Kuyizwekazi elishisa kakhulu emhlabeni ngoba litholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobukhulu bendawo, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezinemibuso ehlukene yesimo sezulu.
Izindawo ezise-Afrika ezidinga ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo zingamahlane, ihlathi elishisayo, nokunye okuningi. Kuningi amathafa agcwele lapha, ngezikhathi ezithile izintaba nezintaba. Indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke yiKilimanjaro, intaba-mlilo ephakeme ngamamitha angama-5895 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Unganaki
Ohulumeni bamazwe ezwekazi ngalinye abazinaki kakhulu izinkinga zezemvelo zase-Afrika nezixazululo zabo. Bambalwa abantu abanendaba nokunciphisa imiphumela elimazayo emvelweni. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuvikela imvelo abethulwa. Izinkinga zase-Afrika zemvelo zokunciphisa noma zokuqeda imfucuza azixazululwa.
Kufanele kubhekwe kakhulu izimboni ezinjengesimboni esindayo nesikhanyayo, ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi, ukufuya kwezilwane, kanye nomkhakha wezolimo kanye nobunjiniyela bemishini.
Izinkinga zemvelo zamazwe ase-Afrika kungenxa yokuthi ukunakwa kokuphepha kunganakwa ekwakhiweni kwezimpahla ezithile, ukuphuma kwemvelo okulimazayo akuhlanzwa futhi kungena esimweni sezulu ngendlela engafinyelelwanga, inani elikhulu lamanzi angcolile lingena emizimbeni yamanzi.
Izici ezinkulu ezingezinhle
Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali kungena endaweni yemvelo, kuyingcolise futhi kuyonakalise. Izinkinga zemvelo zase-Afrika ziphakama ngoba izinsiza zisetshenziswa ngokungahambisani, hhayi ngokokuxoxa nangokucabanga.
Umhlaba uyaxhashazwa, amadolobha athuke kakhulu nabantu abampofu. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi ezindaweni zokuhlala kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela kuma-75%, okuyisigaba esibucayi. Ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kahle. Ngakho-ke imvelo iyawohloka, njengoba kunjalo nomuntu - ingxenye ebalulekile yawo.
Eqinisweni, leli lizwekazi linokuphila okuhlukile kwezilwane zasendle nohlaza. Ku-savannah yendawo ungathola izihlahlana ezinhle, izihlahla ezincane ezinjenge-terminalia nesihlahla, kanye neminye imibono eminingi emihle. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngezilwane. Kodwa-ke, amabhubesi, izingulule, izingwe ze-chic nabanye abahlali bezindawo zasendaweni bathinteka kakhulu ngabazingeli, abasebenza ngobugebengu babo bungahanjiswa ngumbuso ezingeni elifanele.
Ukudumazeka sekuvele kusongele abameleli abaningi bezilwane zasendle, futhi othile anyamalale ngokuphelele ebusweni bomhlaba. Isibonelo, ekuqaleni lapha ungahlangana ne-quagga, oyisihlobo esiseduze se-zebra, naye oyisidalwa esilinganayo. Manje useqothulwe ngokuphelele. Ekuqaleni, abantu babedambisa lesi silwane, kepha babe besihlukumeza kakhulu kangangokuba sasiqothuka. Endle, umuntu wokugcina onjalo wabulawa ngo-1878. Bazama ukuwagcina e-zoo, kepha lapho umndeni wabo waphazamiseka ngo-1883.
Ukufa kwemvelo
Izinkinga zemvelo zaseNyakatho ne-Afrika ikakhulu zihlanganisa ukuguguleka kwamahlathi, okuhambisana nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, okusabalalela ezindaweni ezintsha, kuzichithe. Ngakho-ke, izinsiza zomhlaba ziyonakaliswa, nenhlabathi ithambekele ekuguguleni.
Ukusuka lapha, ugwadule luyavela, ezwenikazi lonke selanele. Kunamahlathi ambalwa okuyiwona adala umoya-mpilo.
Izinkinga zemvelo zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nesikhungo ikakhulu ekubhujisweni komkhakha wezindawo ezishisayo. Futhi indawo eyingozi futhi eyingozi endaweni yemvelo yidolobha eliyinqaba elakhiwe ezwekazini elisebenza njengendawo yokuqothuka komhlaba, ebizwa nge-Agbogbloši.
Kwadalwa engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yezwekazi eliseduzane nenhloko-dolobha yaseGhana - i-Accra. Le "yindawo yokuphumula" yemfucuza yama-elekthronikhi eqoqwe emhlabeni jikelele. Lapha ungabona amathelevishini amadala nemininingwane yamakhompyutha, izingcingo, amaskena namanye amadivayisi afanayo.
I-Mercury, i-hydrochloric acid eyingozi, i-arsenic enobuthi, izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, ihola uthuli nezinye izinhlobo zamakhemikhali ngamanani asabekayo adlula noma imiphi imigodi nemithamo yokuhlushwa emakolweni emakhulu ambalwa ewela emhlabathini evela kudoti onjalo.
Emanzini endawo zonke izinhlanzi zafa kudala, izinyoni azilokothi zindize emoyeni wendawo, abukho utshani emhlabathini. Abantu abahlala eduzane bafa ekuseni kakhulu.
Ukukhohlisa kusuka ngaphakathi
Okunye okungahambi kahle ukuthi amakhanda amazwe asekhaya asayine izivumelwano, okusho ukuthi imfucuza yomkhakha wamakhemikhali ingeniswa futhi kungcwatshwe kuwona.
Lokhu mhlawumbe kungukungathandi ukuqonda ubungozi bemiphumela, noma ukungenela okuhahayo kokufaka imali ekubhujisweni okubangelwe yimvelo yomhlaba wakhe. Kunoma ikuphi, konke lokhu ngendlela emangazayo kuthinta imvelo nempilo yabantu.
Kusuka emazweni athuthukile ezimboni, izinto ezinobuthi kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-radioactive ezenziwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza zilethwa lapha, ngoba ukucubungula kwabo kuzobiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngezinhloso zesisa, imvelo yase-Afrika ayibhujiswa kuphela ngabameli bakwamanye amazwe, kepha futhi yilabo okumele banakekele le ndawo bayinakekele.
Fauna impover
Ngekhulu le-18, inani lama-otter lancipha, ngoba uboya bazo babudumile kakhulu. Ngenjongo "yegolide elithambile" abantu baya kulobu bugebengu ngaphambi kwemvelo. Ngo-1984, kwavulwa amasango ezikhukhula edamini, abulala izinkulungwane eziyishumi zamarobou afudukayo. Kwaphinde kwathinteka izingulube, izimpisi kanye nezinye izilwane eziningi.
Obhejane abamnyama bafa ngokushesha entshonalanga yezwekazi. Ochwepheshe bezokulondolozwa kwezindlu bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu salokhu isenzo esingalawulwa sabazingeli, abahehwa kakhulu yizimpondo zalezi zilwane, ezithengiswa ngentengo ephezulu emakethe emnyama.
Abamele abamhlophe balezi zinhlobo, abangatholakala enyakatho, nabo bayahlupheka. Cishe ingxenye yesine yezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala ezwekazini zisondele ngokuphelele ekuqothulweni. Ama-Amphibians anyamalala ngokushesha okukhulu. Izibalo zivuselelwa njalo, kepha azizindaba ezimnandi neze.
Uma ohulumeni bengacabangi ngokuqinile ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, uhlu lwezinkinga lungakhuphuka kuphela, ngakho-ke okwamanje kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa ushintsho oluhle.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi
Ukuwa kwezihlahla okukhulu nokuncipha okuholela ezindaweni zamahlathi kuyizinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuguqulwa komhlaba kuyaqhubeka kwezolimo, kulinganiselwa kanye nezidingo zikaphethiloli. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye wabantu base-Afrika adinga izinkuni ukuthi zisetshenziselwe ukufudumeza nokupheka. Ngenxa yalokhu, amahlathi ancishiswa nsuku zonke, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni yamahlathi ahlala enqabile e-equatorial. Izinga lokuchithwa kwe-Afrika liphindwe kabili emhlabeni.
Izinga lokungena kwemithi ngokungemthetho, okungenye imbangela enkulu yokugawulwa kwemithi, liyahlukahluka kuye emazweni, ngokwesibonelo, ngamaphesenti angama-50 eCameroon kanye nama-80% eLiberia. EDemocratic Republic of the Congo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuqhutshwa ikakhulu yizidingo zezakhamizi ezihlwempu, kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokumbiwa okungalawulwa. E-Ethiopia, isizathu esikhulu ukwanda kwenani labantu kuleli, okubangela ukwanda kwezolimo, imfuyo nezinkuni zokhuni. Izinga eliphansi lemfundo kanye nokungenelela okuncane kukahulumeni nakho kunomthelela ekuqunjweni kwamahlathi. Ukulahleka kwamahlathi eMadagascar kubangelwa yingxenye yezakhamizi ezisebenzisa izindlela ezivuthayo ngemuva kokuthola inkululeko kumaFulentshi. INigeria inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokugawulwa kwamahlathi emahlathini aphansi, ngokusho kwe-GFY. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi eNigeria kubangelwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ezolimo zokuziphilisa, kanye nokuqoqwa kwezinkuni zokubasa. Ngokwe-GFY, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kubhubhise cishe ama-90% amahlathi ase-Afrika. I-Ntshonalanga Afrika inama-22.8% wamahlathi wayo emvula nje asele, kuthi ama-81% amahlathi akhula eNigeria anyamalale kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-15. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kubuye kunciphise nethuba lemvula; iTopiya ibhekane nendlala nesomiso ngenxa yalokhu. Ama-98% amahlathi ase-Ethiopia anyamalale eminyakeni engama-50 edlule. Kuyo yonke le minyaka engu-43, ikhava lasehlathini laseKenya lehle lisuka ku-10% laya ku-1.7%. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi eMadagascar nakho kuholele ekuchithekeni kwamahlathi, ukulahleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuwohloka komthombo wamanzi, okuholela ekutheni leli lizwe lingakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakusebenza ezidingekayo kubantu abakhulayo. Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, iNigeria ilahlekelwe cishe yingxenye yamahlathi ayo angazintombi.
Uhulumeni wase-Itiyopiya, kanye nezinhlangano ezinjengamapulazi ase-Afrika, seziqala ukuthatha izinyathelo zokumisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokweqile.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyinkinga, futhi amahlathi adlala indima ebalulekile e-Afrika, njengoba abantu bencike kubo ukuhlinzeka ngezidingo eziyisisekelo. Amahlathi asetshenziselwa indawo yokukhosela, okokugqoka, izinto zezolimo, nokuningi. Ukuhlinzekwa kweWoodland nakho kusetshenziselwa ukwenza imithi, kanye nokukhethwa okubanzi kwezitsha. Okunye kwalokhu kudla kufaka izithelo, amantongomane, uju, nokuningi. I-Timber ibalulekile ezinzuzweni zomnotho e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Amahlathi asiza nemvelo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ibhande eliluhlaza lase-Afrika liqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5. Ngaphandle kwamahlathi endawo ukuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane, abantu basengozini. Indlela yokuphila yezigidi zabantu nezinhlobo zezingozi ezivela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi. Lesi senzo singumphumela wezinceku ezithinta izici eziningi zomphakathi, i-ecosystem, kanye nomnotho.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi
Ukuguguleka okubangelwa izimvula, imifula nomoya, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwenhlabathi yezolimo nokusetshenziswa okunganele komanyolo kuholele ekuguqukeni kwenhlabathi okuyinyumba, njengasemathafeni aseNayile naseMfuleni i-Orange. Isizathu esikhulu sokuwohloka kwenhlabathi ukuntuleka komanyolo wezimboni ezisetshenziswayo, ngoba inhlabathi yase-Afrika ayinazo izakhi zomzimba eziphilayo. Ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu nakho kube nomthelela lapho abantu bedinga ukulungiswa njengomthombo wemali, kepha ungathathi izinyathelo zokuvikela inhlabathi, ngenxa yemali ephansi. Izindlela zanamuhla zidala ingcindezi enkulu kwezinye izici zemvelo, njengehlathi, futhi azisimeme. Kukhona futhi nezimbangela zezemvelo zekhwalithi engalungile yomhlabathi. Iningi lomhlabathi linamadwala noma ubumba oluvela emsebenzini wentabamlilo. Ezinye izimbangela zifaka ukuguguleka, ukuguguleka kwamahlathi nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi.
Ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi yase-Afrika kudala ukwehla ekukhiqizweni kokudla, imiphumela elimazayo yezemvelo, kanye nokwehla okujwayelekile kwekhwalithi yempilo e-Afrika. Loludaba luzokwehliswa uma umanyolo nezinye izinto zokubumba bezingabizi kakhulu bese kusetyenziswa ngaphezulu. IZizwe Ezihlangene zagunyaza iGlobal Man-Indedu Soil Degradation Assessment (i-GLASOD) ukuthi iqhubeke nokuhlola izimbangela kanye nezimo zomhlaba. Ukutholakala kolwazi oluqoqwe endaweni kawonkewonke, futhi kunethemba lokuthi ukuqonda kuyophakanyiswa phakathi kosopolitiki ezindaweni ezisongelwayo.
Ukungcoliswa komoya
Umoya e-Afrika ungcoliswe kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ezibhalwe ngezansi. Indlela yokuqala yokulima eyenzeka ezindaweni eziningi e-Afrika iyimbangela yokubangela. E-United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (i-FAO), amahektha omhlaba ayizigidi eziyi-11.3 njengamanje alahleka unyaka nonyaka kwezolimo, emadlelweni, ekushisweni okungalawulwa nasekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli wezinkuni. Ukushiswa kwezinkuni namalahle kusetshenziselwa ukupheka, futhi lokhu kuholela ekukhulisweni kwekhabhoni dayibheli emoyeni, okuwukungcola komoya onobuthi emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamandla kukagesi, amakhaya amaningi kumele ancike ku-uphethiloli nodizili ku-generator ukugcina ugesi wawo usebenza. Ukungcoliswa komoya e-Afrika kuza phambili futhi akufanele kunganakwa. Ukwenza isibonelo, eNingizimu Afrika, amazinga e-mercury aqine ngenxa yokushiswa kwamalahle kanye nokumbiwa kwegolide. I-Mercury idonswa emoyeni iye enhlabathini nasemanzini. Inhlabathi ivumela izilimo ukuthi zidonse i-mercury edliwa ngabantu. Izilwane zidla utshani obudonse i-mercury futhi abantu bangaphinde bagwinye lezi zilwane. Izinhlanzi zidonsa i-mercury emanzini, abantu babuye bagwaze izinhlanzi futhi baphuze namanzi i-zebury eziye zazimunca. Lokhu kukhulisa izinga le-mercury emzimbeni womuntu. Lokhu kungaholela engozini enkulu yezempilo.
I-World Health Organisation ibika isidingo sokungenelela lapho imiphefumulo engaphezulu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yeminyaka yokulungiswa kokukhubazeka ilahlekile ngenxa yokuchayeka kokungcoliswa komoya okungaphakathi e-Afrika. Amafutha ayadingeka ukunika amandla izibani ebusuku. Ukushiswa kukaphethiloli kudala ukukhipha okukhulu kwekhabhoni dayibheli emoyeni. Ngenxa yokwanda kokufuduka kwabantu e-Afrika, abantu bashisa kakhulu ugesi futhi basebenzisa izimoto ezengeziwe zokuhamba. Ukukhuphuka kokukhishwa kwezimoto kanye nemikhuba eya ekukhiqizweni okukhulu kusho ukuthi ikhwalithi yomoya yasemadolobheni iyancipha. Emazweni amaningi, ukusetshenziswa kaphethiloli okuholayo kusabhebhethekile futhi akunakulawulwa kokukhishwa kwezimoto. Ukungcoliswa komoya wasendlini kusabalele, ikakhulukazi kusuka ekushiseni amalahle ekhishini ukuze kuphekwe. Amakhemikhali akhishwe eziteshini zegesi ne-nitrogen ne-hydrocarbon ekhishwe eziteshini zezindiza abangela ukungcoliswa komoya. I-Carbon dioxide namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa emoyeni aholela ekwandeni kwabantu abanezinkinga zokuphefumula.
Kunobudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi kokungcoliswa komoya nabantu. I-Afrika yehluke kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezinabantu abaningi ngokumelene nezindawo ezinabantu abambalwa. Kulezo zifunda lapho kunentuthuko encane yezimboni kanye nabantu abambalwa, ikhwalithi yomoya iphakeme. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezifundeni ezinabantu abaningi futhi abathuthukile, ikhwalithi yomoya iphansi. Ukuxazulula inkinga yokungcoliswa komoya emadolobheni amakhulu kuvame ukugxila kakhulu, yize ezwenikazi lilonke kukhiqiza abambalwa abangcolisa umoya ngamazinga omhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ukungcola komoya kubangela izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zezempilo nezemvelo. Lokhu kungcola kubeka engcupheni abantu base-Afrika nemvelo, bazama kanzima ukubekezelela.