Igama lesi Latin: | Aquila clanga |
Isigcawu: | Ama-Falconiformes |
Umndeni: | Hawk |
Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Ukhozi oluncane, olufana kakhulu ne-steppe, kodwa luphawuleka lube lincane kunalo. Ubude bomzimba 60-74 cm, amaphiko angama-153-182 cm, isisindo 1.5-1.2 kg. Owesifazane mkhulu kakhulu kunowesilisa; akukho mehluko ngocansi ngombala. Isisulu esinezinyawo eziphakeme, “ibhulukwe” emilenzeni sakhiwe kahle. Imikhawulo yempiko yenyoni ehleliwe imvamisa ifinyelela emaphethelweni umsila noma iphume kancane. Isigaba somlomo sibanzi, njengokhozi lwe-steppe, amakhona aphuzi amakona omlomo aya kude ekuboneni.
Incazelo. Amakhala ayindilinga, njengokhozi oluncane olunamabala, ngokungafani namakhala amanye ama-ukhozi. Uthingo olunsundu, ngokungafani nokhozi olubonakalayo. Esambathweni sabadala, kumnyama ngandlebe kokhozi olwe-steppe, kodwa ngokukhanya okukhanyayo nendawo endaweni eyisisekelo yezimpaphe zokuqala. Isikebhe esingaphansi senziwe buffy noma siphuzi, sikhanya kalula kunesisu. Le nyoni encane nayo inombala onsundu, kepha inemigqa yamachashazi amhlophe amnyama amile okwemuva ngamaphiko, inesibhakabhaka esimhlophe esicwebezelayo namabala akhanyayo ngaphansi kwezimpaphe ezisekelweni ezansi. Phansi nentamo ngezimbumbulu ezi-buffy. Kuhluka ngokhozi oluncane oludlekayo ngokukhula okukhulu kwemisinga ebushelelezi eyenziwe ngamathunzi, nokungabikho kwendawo ebomvu ngemuva kwekhanda. Kokhozi olukhulu olunamabala amakhulu, ngokuqhathanisa ukhozi olusondelayo kanye nokhozi oluncane olunamabala, amaphiko abukeka njengebanzi futhi afushane ngandlela-thile, anomugqa ongasemuva oyindilinga ongemuva, nomsila umfishane futhi uyindilinga. Umehluko phakathi kwezembozo nezimpaphe ezindizayo engaphansi kwephiko kungenzeka ungashiwongo nhlobo, noma izembozo zimnyama kunezimpaphe ezindizayo. Kokhozi olubonwe kancane futhi ukhozi lwe-steppe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izembozo zephiko zilula kunezimpaphe.
Ihlukahluka nge-buzzard ekundizeni hhayi ngamaphiko ayo aphakanyiswe ngaphezulu komzimba (futhi kuvame ukwehliswa kancane) nokuningi “okuxande” “ngeminwe” echazwe kahle, kanye nomsila omfushane, umbala omnyama we-monophonic. Kwinyoni encane ezindizayo, imigqa yamachashazi ngaphezulu kwamaphiko ihlangana ibe yimicu emhlophe, umphetho odabukisayo wephiko kanye nomphetho womsila kunomsindo omncane ocwebezelayo. Inyoni encane yefomu elikhanyayo elincane elithi "fulvescens" ifana kakhulu nokhozi oluncane lwe-steppe, kodwa elikhanya kakhulu futhi eliqhathanisa kakhulu - i-straw-buffy ene-steering emnyama, iphiko le-fly-wing kanye nezivikelo ezinkulu zephiko. Ngokwembatho yobudala obuphakathi, imifudlana ekhanyayo kancane kancane inyamalala, isikhathi eside kuphela indawo ekhanyayo ihlala enkabeni yomhlane. Ezindaweni ezihlanganiswe ngenhlanganisela zezinkozi ezinkulu nezincane ezinamaqabunga, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala izinyoni zokubukeka okuphakathi.
Vota. Ukukhwaza Sonorous "okusheshayo, okusheshayo. "Futhi"kyuk, kyuk. ", Mzondo ophakeme, nokukhathazeka"ki-wik-ki-wik, ki-ki-ki. "(Ngakho igama lesibili - ukhozi olukhalayo).
Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Cishe ukuphela kweRussia, uhla lokuzalela luhlanganisa indawo yehlathi ye-Eurasia ukusuka ePoland kuye e-Amur nasePrimorye nokusuka esifundeni esisenyakatho kuya ehlathini. Ubusika esifundeni esingezansi nakwezindawo ezishisayo zase-Asia, enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika. Izinhlobo ezingandile, ezivikelwe, ezigcwele ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibalo sehle kakhulu eminyakeni engama-50 edlule ngenxa yokubuyiselwa komhlaba kabusha, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokukhathazeka. Inani labantu base-Europe labangamabhande afinyelela ku-1 000 libhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia.
Indlela yokuphila. Kuhlala ihlathi elinezikhukhula, amachibi, izingulube ezinkulu. Kakhulu akhethekile ngokudla - ubamba izinduku ezincane (ikakhulukazi ama-voles amanzi), amasele, izinyoni, izibankwa, izinyoka, ngezinye izikhathi abamba izinhlanzi emanzini angajulile, futhi adle ngopholiweyo. Yehlisela phezulu, kaningi kunamanye amakhozi, kuvame ukuzingela emigodini noma ezinyaweni. Ifika ngasekupheleni kukaMashi noma ngo-Ephreli. Njengamanye amakhozi, kubonakaliswa imisinga yomoya.
Ihlala ezidlekeni zezihlahla, okuyinto enkulu ngokulingana nobukhulu benyoni, imvamisa isidleke saphakade esinokuhlanganiswa kwamagatsha aluhlaza aluhlaza kufihlwe kahle emqhele, eduze kwaso izinyoni ziziphatha ngasese. E-clutch kuvame ukuba namaqanda ama-2 amhlophe anendawo ebomvu neblue brown, lapho insikazi ifukamela khona izinsuku ezingama-42-44. Isambatho sokuqala esincanyana samachwane sivele sivele nsundu, okwesibili simhlophe. Amakati ahamba esidlekeni eneminyaka eyi-6. Izimpukane zokudla ubusika ngoSepthemba noma ngo-Okthoba.
Uhlala kuphi
Ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala luyatholakala emahlathini nasezindaweni ezinamahlathi. E-Russia, ihlala engxenyeni yaseYurophu, esigodini saseVolga, e-Urals, ezigodini zase-Ob naseYenisei, ePrebaikalia, eTransbaikalia, esigodini sase-Amur nasePrimorye. Ngaphandle kweRussian Federation, uhlu lokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo lufinyelela entshonalanga ePoland, eRomania, eYugoslavia naseFinland, nasempumalanga kuya engxenyeni esenyakatho-nasempumalanga yeChina.
Ukuze izidleke, ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala amakhulu lukhetha amahlathi anesihlahla eside asezigodini zemifula noma ezindaweni ezimanzi. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi endaweni eziseduze nezindawo zokwakha izidleke kube nezindawo ezinezikhukhula, izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, imigwaqo, ukubhukuda noma udoti. Kulapha lapho ukhozi olubonakalayo lukwazi ukuzitholela khona inala yokudla okufanele. Njengoba ithambekele kakhulu kuma-biotopes ayizicaba, noma kunjalo, ingatholakala nasezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Izimpawu zangaphandle
Ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala ungummeleli ojwayelekile wohlobo. Lokhu ukhozi oluphakathi nendawo, olungaphansi kwamandla namandla dexter kwabanye abafowabo. Unombala owudlayo, umzimba oqinile, izilenge ezibukhali nokusabela okusheshayo. Ngokude, lezi zinyoni zingafinyelela ku-75 cm, futhi isisindo sazo zisukela ku-1,6 kuye ku-3.2 kg. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kuphela eqinisweni lokuthi izinsikazi zivame ukuba zikhulu futhi zikhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Amapayipi ansundu ansundu wezinyoni ezincane ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba embozwe izindawo ezinamabala amancane. Lapho ifinyelela ebusheni, izinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala zigqoka ingubo e-nsundu ngokuphelele, ingemuva kuphela lentamo nokungaphansi kwendawo kukhanya kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhona izinyoni, hhayi ngombala onsundu, kepha ngombala oyimpuphu. I-wax ipendiwe iphuzi, kepha uqhwaku nemilenze imnyama, zimbozwe ngotshani ezinzwaneni.
Habitat Nencazelo
- Izinyoni zomndeni okuxoxiswana ngazo zisezingeni eliphakathi. Kodwa-ke, abanye ososayensi babahlukanisa njengabantu abadume ngosayizi wabo omkhulu. Futhi, konke kuncike ekutheni uqhathanisa nobani. Ngakho-ke, ukhozi olubonakalayo lukhula lube ngu-75 cm ubude, isisindo somzimba somuntu ngamunye siyahlukahluka kububanzi obuyi-1.5- kg.
- I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kahle, izinsikazi zikhulu kunabantu bobulili besilisa. Kusekho ukhozi olunamabala amancane, umfowabo omkhulu mkhulu, njengoba negama lisho. Kepha uma uhlangana nezinyoni ensimini, ungazidida kalula. Amehlo kuphela anolwazi anganquma isigaba.
- Ngombala wempaphe, abantu banombala oqondile. Zinsundu, zimnyama. Noma kunjalo, indawo engaphansi komsila, ingxenye ye-occipital, i-sternum ilula. Izimpaphe ezimnyama noma ezi-brownish ziyabonakala kuzo. Kuqabukela kakhulu ukuthola izinyoni okuthi, ngemuva kwesizinda somthunzi onsundu, nazo ziphuzi noma zibe buffy.
- Ezilwaneni ezisencane, iplamu likhanya, kukhona amabala ngendlela yamaconsi engxenyeni ephezulu yomzimba. Ungathola futhi abantu lapho umthunzi oyinhloko unesihlabathi ophuzi noma i-ocher. Izinzipho nomlomo wazo zimnyama ngombala, indawo yamakhala namathanga ngokwawo aphuzi. Izimpaphe zisakazeka emilenzeni ziye ezandleni.
- Mayelana nokusatshalaliswa, lezi zinyoni zingatholakala ezingxenyeni ezipholile zaseYurophu, kungaba yiPoland noma iFinland. Bahlala naseMongolia, eHungary, ePakistan, eChina. Ebusheni bezwe lakithi, kwabonwa izinkozi ezazibonakala esifundeni saseKaliningrad zaze zafika ePrimorye.
- Ngokubusika, izinyoni ziyaqoqana futhi zihambise e-Indochina, eNdiya, e-Iran. Njengoba abantu abathile bengabanikazi bezilwane ezidla inyama, zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamadlelo, ezindaweni ezinamathuku, eduze nemifula, amadamu kanye namachibi. Kukule ndawo lapho ukhozi olubonayo lubheka khona futhi lubambe inyamazane yalo.
Indlela yokuphila
- Abamele umndeni monogamous, ukufeza ukuthomba ovuthiwe, balinda iminyaka eyi-4. Abanye abantu abavuthiwe ngaphambili, bese beneminyaka emithathu ubudala.
- Yakha ikhaya lenzalo yesikhathi esizayo ndawonye. Ngemuva kwalokho bafika minyaka yonke lapho bezobekela khona amaqanda. Njengoba ukuzalanisa kushesha ngokwanele, ngokushesha abazali bazondiza namachwane abo baye ezindaweni ezifudumele.
- Ngezimpawu zabo zemvelo, izinyoni zingabizwa ngokuthi ama-cannibals. Okusho ukuthi, lapho insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayo, abopha isikhathi esithile, khona-ke kuqala umzabalazo phakathi kwam amaphuphu. Umdala udla okuncane.
- Uma ukubumbana kwenziwa ngoMeyi, khona-ke kakade ekwindla umndeni wezinyoni ngokugcwaliswa kwazo ungaya ebusika. Njengama-edges afudumele, i-Afrika, iYurophu, i-Asia iyakhethwa.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
- Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi abantu okukhulunywa ngabo banendawo yokuhlala ebanzi. Uma ubheka ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqiniso elithandekayo lihlala likhona lokuthi izinyoni ezimelwe azinazo izikhala.
- Ucwaningo oluningi luqinisekisile iqiniso lokuthi abantu bezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlobene kakhulu bangasangana (ukhozi oluncane nolukhulu). Umphumela uba ama-nzalo asebenzisekayo.
- Ngeshwa, le nhlobo iyancipha emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni zibhalwe ku-Red Book. Abantu abanjalo banyamalala ngokushesha ezindaweni abahlala kuzo. Izakhamuzi zaseFar East naseYurophu zivikelekile endaweni yaseRussia Federation.
Ukhozi ngabantu abahlukile bohlobo lwabo. Ngeshwa, abanazo izingxhaso. Inani labo lehla kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ukhozi lubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu. Inani lezinyoni lincane kakhulu, yize lihlala endaweni enkudlwana.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokulandelana kwezinkozi ezinkulukazi ezakhiwe e-Estonia ngo-1997-2001, abaphenyi bathola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okukhulu kakhulu kulolu hlobo kunokuthola isampula elikhudlwana lezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala.
Baphakamise ukuthi ikoloni yasenyakatho yeYurophu yavela ekuqaleni kwalesi silwane kunokhozi lwokhozi, oluhlala empumalanga yokhozi olukhulu olunamabala. Babuye bacabange ngokuthanda kwakhe ukuthola izidleke emiphongolweni nasemaphayini, okuya ngasenyakatho, hhayi ezihlahleni ezinamandla, njengoba kunjalo ngezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala.
Ividiyo: Podorlik
Isikhathi esiphakeme kunazo zonke sokuphila kwezinkozi ezinamabala sukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengama-25. Usongo lubandakanya izimo zokuhlala zasendaweni, ubuningi bezinyamazane, ubuthi nokuzingela ngamabomu. Isilinganiso sokushona kwabantu minyaka yonke singama-35% ngonyaka kubantu abasebasha, ama-20% ezinyoni ezingafakwanga no-5% wabantu abadala. Ngenxa yalokhu kusongelwa, isilinganiso sokuphila kwabo esivame ukuba seminyakeni ephakathi kwengu-8 nengu-10.
Ukhozi luyizisulu eziyinhloko kuhlelo lwazo lwendalo. Zisiza ukulawula inani lezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinye izilwanyana ezincane. Ama-Eagles angaba wusizo kubalimi ngoba adla onogwaja namanye amagundane, izinyoni ezincane, izinambuzane nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisongela izilimo.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Uhlobo lokhozi olubonakalayo lubukeka kanjani
Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo zezinkozi ezinamabala:
- Ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala
- Ukhozi olungabonakali oluncane.
Izinkozi ezinkulu nezincane ezibukeka ngendlela efanayo. Izimpiko zazo zingamasentimitha ayi-130-180. Amapheya abantu abadala anombala onsundu ngokuphelele, kuyilapho izinyoni ezincane zimbozwa ngamabala akhanyayo ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Ngaphandle, okokhozi olubonakalayo kufana ne-buzzard ejwayelekile, futhi kusuka kude ungahlukanisa izinhlobo zezilwane kuphela ngesilobo sazo ngenkathi indiza: kanti ukhozi olubonakalayo luvame ukwehlisa izeluleko zamaphiko alo lapho lubhoboza, i-buzzard ejwayelekile ibamba.
Uma ubheka izinyoni emabangeni asondele kakhulu, umuntu angabona ukuthi i-buzzard ejwayelekile ivame ukwanda ngamapulangwe amhlophe, kuyilapho izinkozi eziboniwe zivame ukufana nsundu futhi zinamabala ambalwa amhlophe kuphela ezimpaphe. Ekuhlolweni okuphelele ngokwengeziwe, umuntu obonayo uzothola ukuthi amachashazi okhozi abona ambozwe izimpaphe emilenzeni, kuyilapho imilenze yesibazi evamile ingenazimpaphe.
Ngokusekelwe kwizimpawu zamaplage, kufaka phakathi ukwenqatshelwa kwamaphiko, singakwazi ukukhipha kalula ukhozi lwe-steppe, olunemivimbo embalwa futhi engafane ibekwe empukweni ngayinye ngokuqhathaniswa nezinkozi ezibona.
Ukhozi olungenamabala amancane lunekhanda elilula namaphiko uma liqhathaniswa nokhozi olukhulu olunebala olumnyama. Inomucu ofanayo nowubuthuntu kanye nobude bemibala yawo eyinhloko, kuyilapho ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala lube nomucu omncane omncane, ovame ukukhawulelwa maphakathi nemibala yawo eyisisekelo, futhi amathiphu kanye nesisekelo sezimpaphe zihlala zingafakwanga. Njengasendabeni yezinye izinkozi ezinkulu, kungenzeka ukunquma iminyaka yale nyoni ngokusekwe ekuphawulweni kwama-plumage (ngokwesibonelo, yintsha kuphela enezici ezimhlophe eziwunikeza igama elivamile).
Kunzima impela ukusho umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokhozi olubonakalayo. Imvamisa ukhozi olunamagqabha amakhudlwana lube mnyama, lube lukhulu, futhi luqinile kunokhozi oluncane olunamabala. Kunzima futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo, ngoba bakha ngababili abaxubile lapho kuzalwa inzalo.
Uhlala kuphi ukhozi olunabala?
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olukhulu Olunothile
Izidleke zokhozi ezinamagqabha emahlathini amakhulu anomswakama agudle umngcele oswakeme, amaxhaphozi kanye namanye amaxhaphozi afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1000. E-Eshiya, kwenzeka emahlathini ama-taiga, ehlathini-isisekelo esinezindawo ezinamaxhaphozi, ezindaweni ezimanzi nezomhlaba wezolimo. Amahlathi akhethelwa wona ebusika. Izinyoni ezifudukayo nezibusika kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile kakhulu futhi ezivame ukoma.
Esakhiweni sabo sasebusika eMalaysia, lezi zikhozi zihlala zodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Yize bekhiqiza ukudla ngokwehlukana, abantu abaningana bangalinda ngokuthula eqenjini elikhululekile elizungeze insimu esebenza kuyo ugandaganda. Lolu hlobo luphinde luhambele kaninginingi kokuqothuka komhlaba.
E-Bangladesh, izinyoni zivame ukutholakala emifuleni emikhulu nasezihlanjeni, lapho ungazibuka zindizela ngaphezu kwekhanda lazo noma zichitha ubusuku emhlabathini osebeni lwemifula noma iziqhingi zemifula. Kwa-Israyeli, ebusika, ezimweni zezulu eziphansi zaseMedithera, izinyoni zingatholakala ezigodini nasezindaweni ezivulekile ezinomswakama, ikakhulukazi emasimini otshaliwe namachibi ezinhlanzi eduze nezindawo zezihlahla, ikakhulukazi i-eucalyptus.
E-Russia, zitholakala emahlathini, emahlathini asezingeni elithile, ezigodini zemifula, emahlathini aphayiniwe, emahlathini amancane ama-steppe ezindaweni ezinomswakama nasezigangeni zamahlathi. EKazakhstan - emahlathini osogwini, ama-steppes asobala ne-steppes yamahlathi.
Idlani ukhozi eludlayo?
Isithombe: Ukhozi Oluncane Olusatshalaliswa
Izinkozi zivame ukuzingela inyamazane yazo emadlelweni angavikelwanga, nasezigungwini, emasimini nakwezinye izindawo ezivulekile, futhi zivame ngisho nasehlathini. Izindawo zabo zokuzingela zivame ukutholakala eduzane nezidleke ezisebangeni eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-1-2 ukusuka endaweni yezidleke.
Ukhozi olunamabala ngokuvamile luzingela inyamazane yalo ngokundiza noma lujahe ezihlahleni eziseceleni kwemiphetho yehlathi nakwezinye izindawo eziphakeme (izihlahla ezinesizungu, izihlahla ezinotshani, izigxobo zikagesi). Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ithola inyamazane ewela emhlabathini. I-Podorlik izingela ngentshiseko inyamazane yayo, ukundiza noma ukuhamba uma kushoda kwemithombo yokudla, kepha esimweni sezinto ezicebile ikhetha ukuphishekela inyamazane.
Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko kuqukethe:
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezinjengehabhare, njengama-voles,
- ama-amphibians anjengamaxoxo,
- izinyoni (kufaka phakathi i-waterfowl),
- ezihuquzelayo, ezinjengezinyoka, izibungu,
- izinhlanzi ezincane
- izinambuzane ezinkulu.
Ezindaweni eziningi, inyamazane yokhozi olunamaqabunga yi-vole yamanzi asenyakatho (i-Arvicola terrestris). Izinyoni ebusika ebusika eMalawi zidla i-carrion, ikakhulukazi amagundane afile ayenoshevu ezindaweni zezolimo. Lolu hlobo lubandakanyeka kleptoparasitism kusuka komunye nomunye futhi kusuka kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Spotted Eagle bird
Izinkozi izinyoni ezifudukayo. Kusebusika eMiddle East, Eningizimu Yurophu, Ephakathi naseNingizimu Afrika. Ukufudukela nokubuya e-Afrika kwenzeka ikakhulu ngeBosphorus Strait, Middle East neSigodi saseNayile. Ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala lufika luvela ebusika balo ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, kuyilapho ukhozi oluncane olungenakubonwa khona luzokwazi ukubonwa kungekudala - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zindiza ngoSepthemba, kepha izinyoni ngazinye zisabonakala ngo-Okthoba.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Njengomthetho, amaPodorliks angatholakala ngokuthile noma ngababili, kepha aqoqana eduze nemithombo enkulu yokudla futhi athuthela emaphaketheni.
Izinkozi zihlala endaweni ebukeka kahle lapho amahlathi ehlangana khona ngamadlelo, amadlelo, amasimu, izigodi zemifudlana nezixhaphozi. Bajwayela kakhulu ukuhlala emhlabeni wezolimo kunezihlobo zabo ezinkulu. Izinyoni zivame ukuzakhela izidleke ngokwazo futhi zihlala kuzo eminyakeni elandelayo, ikakhulukazi uma zingaphazamiseki. Kwesinye isikhathi basebenzisa izidleke zakudala zezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama (i-buzzard ejwayelekile, i-hawk esenyakatho) noma udoti omnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi amaqhude abonakalayo anezidleke eziningana ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlukile eminyakeni ehlukile.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukhozi luyindawo enkulu kakhulu. Bazokulwa nezinye izinyoni ezisondele kakhulu ezidlekeni zazo. Abesilisa banolaka kakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi, njengomthetho, bakhombisa ukuziphatha komhlaba kuphela maqondana nabanye abesilisa. Abesifazane bavame ukuvakashela izidleke zabanye abantu besifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoni enhle yokhozi
Ukhozi luqala ukwakha noma ukulungisa isidleke ngokushesha lapho lufika. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, iqanda elilodwa noma amabili (kuyaqabukela amathathu) asekugcwele. Insikazi iqala ukuyibopha masinyane ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokuqala, yingakho amaphuphu aqhuma ngezikhathi ezihlukile. Inqubo yokubamba iqhaza ihlala izinsuku ezingama-37-41. Amabhucha angandiza eneminyaka engama-8-9 amasonto, evame ukuhlangana nengxenye yokuqala ka-Agasti. Kwamachwane, munye, noma kuyaqabukela kabili, afunde ukundiza.
Impumelelo yokuzalanisa okhozi olunamagquma inomjikelezo weminyaka emithathu, ngenxa yezinguquko enanini lama-voles, inyamazane ekhethwayo yokhozi. Eminyakeni engcono kakhulu, ukukhiqiza kungafinyelela isilinganiso sezinyoni ezincane ezingaphezu kwe-0.8 ezitoyiwe, kepha ngezikhathi zemijikelezo ephansi leli nani lingawehle liye ngaphansi kuka-0,3. Izinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala azwelayo ekukhathazekeni futhi ziyaphumelela ukuzalanisa. Yize zizalela amaqanda amabili, kuvame ukuba namazinyane amancanyana munye.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Lapho izinkumbi zabona ukhozi zibona ubunzima khona, umkhiqizo wazo ungandiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokuqinisekisa ukusinda kwezinkukhu zombili ngesikhathi sezinkukhu. Ku-vivo, umuntu cishe uhlala elahleka ngenxa ye-fratricide, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-cainism.
Izitha Zemvelo Zokhozi
Photo: Spotted Eagle bird
Izimbungulu zaseMelika nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zingadla amathole namaqanda ezinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala. Ukulimala kungaba ilitshe labanye abazingela noma izikhova. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala angabazingeli abaphambili, futhi abantu abadala abavame ukuba izisulu zabazingeli abakhulu.
Izinkozi ezincane ezinamachaphaza azinazo izisulu zemvelo futhi azibonisi ukuzivumelanisa nazo ngokusobala. Usongo olukhulu kubo ngabantu. Zifaka ingozi ezinkozi ezibona ngenxa yokusebenzisa amakhemikhali anjenge-azodrine, isibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izilwane ezincane ukuthi zingadli izilimo. Izidleke, kubandakanya nezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala, zivame ukubulawa ukungondleki kwalezi zilwane ezinobuthi. Enye ithonya lomuntu kulolu hlobo ukuzingela.
Enye imbangela yokufa kwezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala yi-fratricide. Uma kunamaqanda amabili noma amathathu esidlekeni, imvamisa inzalo ebamba kuqala, kuqala ibulale abanye ngokubakhipha esidlekeni, ibahlasele, noma idle ukudla ngaphambi kokuba abafowethu nodadewabo badle. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkozi eziningi ezinamabala zikhulisa ngempumelelo inzalo eyodwa noma ezimbili.
Kuphakanyiswe ukuthi amanye amaqanda okhozi angabonakali angadliwa ezinye izilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kubhalwe ngokusobala. Amaqanda okhozi amakhulu amakhulu adliwa yi-mink yaseMelika. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ama-minks futhi angazingela amaqanda ezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala.
Izinsongo ezinkulu kulezi zinhlobo ukulahleka kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo (ikakhulukazi, ukudonswa kwamahlathi omswakama kanye namahlathi kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okuqhubekayo) nokuzingela. Usongo lokugcina luvame kakhulu ngesikhathi sokufuduka: izinkulungwane zezinyoni zidutshulwa minyaka yonke eSyria naseLebanon. Kubikwa ukuthi imisebenzi yokulawulwa kwamahlathi inomthelela omubi ezinhlotsheni zezilwane. Ubuye abe sengozini enkulu kumthelela wokuthuthuka kwamandla wamoya. Ingozi eyenzeka esikhungweni samandla enuzi saseChernobyl kungenzeka ibe nomthelela omubi kulolu hlobo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Uhlobo lokhozi olubonakalayo lubukeka kanjani
Ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu lubalwa njengohlobo olusengozini yokuphela emhlabeni wonke. Isilinganiso sabantu bawo womhlaba wonke sichazwa kububanzi ukusuka kwabangu-1 000 kuye ku-10,000, kepha kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi inani eliphakeme kungenzeka. Ngokuya kwe-birdLife International (2009), inani lezinyoni ezindala lisukela kwabangu-5 000 laya kwabangu-13 200. Ngokusho kwe-birdLife International / European bird Census Council (2000), inani labantu base-Europe lalinganiselwa kuma-890-1100 yokuzalanisa, labe seliphinde labuyekezwa ngababili abazalanayo abangama-810-1100.
Ukhozi olunamabala amancane lubhekwa njengezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezinkozi eYurophu. Phambilini, le nhlobo ibingasashisi njengoba injalo nanamuhla, futhi isibalo saso sehla kakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka ngenxa yempi “yomdwayizi”. Ngemuva kwalokho, kancane kancane inani labantu lalilulama. Ngawo-1960 nawo-1970s, kwenzeka ushintsho ku-niche yemvelo: izinkozi zaqala ukudlekwa eduze kwesiko lesiko. Emva kwalokho, phakathi nawo-1980s, isibalo sezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala cishe sakhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Manje izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu kakhulu zokhozi olunamagqabha zitholakala eBelarus, eLatvia nasePoland.
Ukhozi olunamabala angaphansi lunobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu futhi, ngakho-ke, alusondeli kumanani entengo wokuthola ingozi ngokuhlonza usayizi wobubanzi (ubukhulu bokuvela 30% iminyaka eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu).
Ubungako besibalo bungaqala ukusuka kokuncane kuya kokukhulu, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi akusondeli emikhawulweni yomngcele wokuthikamezeka ngenqubomgomo yesayizi yenani labantu (10% iminyaka eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu). Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, izinhlobo zithathwa njengezisongelwa kakhulu.
Ukuvikelwa Kwokhozi
Photo: Podorlik from the Red Book
Yize ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala lubanzi kakhulu kuneluncane, lunomnotho omncane wabantu abasemhlabeni, futhi isibalo sawo siyancipha ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga zobubanzi. Izizathu zalesi simo zinguquko endaweni yokuhlala ebangelwa ihlathi nendawo enamanzi, ukuqothulwa kwezindawo ezazitshalwa ngaphambilini, ukuzalanisa izidleke, ukudubula, ubuthi obungenhloso nangengozi, ikakhulukazi i-zinc phosphide.
Umphumela we-hybridization ngezinkozi ezincane ezinamabala awukacaci, kepha ukubukeka kwezinhlobo zakamuva kuyahamba kuya empumalanga ngenxa yokhozi olukhulu olunamagama. Uhlelo lokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo lwenzelwe iYurophu. Ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu lubalwa emhlabeni wonke njengosengozini. Kepha kusesejwayelekile impela ezweni elingasentshonalanga laseSiberia kusuka e-Urals kuya e-Middle Ob kuya eMpumalanga yeSiberia, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi inani labantu bakhona lidlula abantu abayizi-10,000, okuwumkhawulo wokufakwa ohlwini lwabantulayo.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela izinkozi ezinamabala zithathelwe amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Yurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi iBelarus. Ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu luvikelwe ngumthetho waseBelarusian ngokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kepha lo mthetho ubhekwa njengento eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Isibonelo, umthetho kazwelonke ucacisa ukuthi ukusuka "ezindaweni zabaphathi" kuya "ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile" kungenzeka ukuguqula lezo zindawo kuphela eziye zagcina izinyoni zihlolwe kahle futhi zabhalwa ngokwenele ngaphambi kokuvunywa yizo zonke izinhlaka zombuso neBelarusian. " Kungathatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ukuqeda le nqubo.
EJalimane, uhlelo lwe-Dhechechetititi Stiftung luzama ukukhulisa impumelelo ngokususa ukhozi olwesibili (oluvame ukubulawa izibulo) esidlekeni ngemuva nje kokulubamba futhi luphakamise ngesandla. Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, inyoni iphinde ibekwe esidlekeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, izibulo alisekho ulaka, futhi izinkozi ezimbili zingahlala ndawonye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulondolozwa kwendawo efanelekile kubalulekile ekusindisweni kokhozi olubonakalayo eJalimane.
I-Podorlik - Lokhu ngokhozi oluphakathi nendawo odla izindwani ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, imvamisa emathafeni nasezindaweni ezimanzi, kubandakanya nezindawo ezimanzi, izimbotshana zokweba kanye nezixhaphozi. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, isuka eMpumalanga Yurophu iye eChina, futhi iningi labantu baseYurophu linqabile (ngababili abangaphansi kwezi-1000), abasatshalaliswa eRussia naseBelarus.
Umnotho
Ukhozi oluncane olwaziwa ngaphambili lwangena kuhlobo olulodwa olunedwala elikhulu elinamabala. Ngaphandle, kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa, yize sekufakazelwe ukuthi izinyoni ezahlukile. Bobabili bangamalungu omndeni wezinkozi nomndeni we-hawk. Ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala amakhulu likhulu kune “isihlobo” sazo; zinamasayithi ahlukene okuzala, imvelo nokuziphatha. Umehluko phakathi kwezinyoni utholakala nakwikhodi ye-DNA.
Okhokho babo abajwayelekile kuthiwa babehlala endaweni ye-Afghanistan yanamuhla. Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili edlule, bahlukana baba phakathi kwasentshonalanga (ukhozi olunamabala amancane) namagatsha asempumalanga (ukhozi olunamagquma amakhulu). Namuhla, amabanga abo ahlangana kuphela enyakatho yeHindustan naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Okuhlobene nokhozi oluncane olunamabala nakho kuyindawo yokungcwaba yaseSpain kanye nokhozi lwe-steppe.
Ukuchazwa Kokhozi Oluncane Olungenasisekelo
Ukhozi olunamabala ukhozi oluphakathi nendawo. Umzimba wakhe ufinyelela amasentimitha angama-60 ubude, kanti amaphiko lawo afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,4-1,6. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa, kepha imibala yabo ayifani. Abesifazane banesisindo esifinyelela ku-3 kg, abesilisa banesisindo esifinyelela ku-2 kg. Umsila wale nyoni umfishane futhi uyindilinga, ikhanda lincane. Uqhomo ekugcineni lumnyama, luphuzi ezansi, lunamandla futhi lugobile, njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni.
Le nyoni inenqwaba yephunga elinsundu elikhanyayo, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ne-ocher. Njengomthetho, kulula kakhulu kunokhozi olukhulu olunamabala. Phansi komsila kukhona umugqa omhlophe, kwezinye izinyoni akekho. Izimpaphe ezedlulele zomsila nezimpiko zinsundu noma zimnyama. Intsha inamabhulukhwe egolide namhlophe ngemibala, futhi kukhona ibala elikhanyayo ngemuva kwekhanda.
Indiza yokhozi olunamabala amancane ibushelelezi; amaphiko ayo athathelwa indawo ngokuhlela. Uvame ukuzungeza indawo evulekile efuna ukudla. Phakathi kwezihlahla nezinye izithiyo zemvelo, indiza ishesha kakhulu futhi ishesha.
Habitat
Inyoni yokhozi ebonakalayo ebonakalayo itholakala e-Asia Minor naseCentral naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ubusika buyandizela e-Afrika. Lapho, uhla lwayo luqala ngeSudan futhi luphela ngeNamibia, iBotswana kanye nengxenye esempumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika.
E-Russia, kuhlala insimu eseduze kwaseNovgorod naseSt. Petersburg, ngokwengxenye izifunda zaseMoscow nezaseTula, kanye neKrasnodar Territory. E-Ukraine, le nyoni itholakala ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga. Ukhozi olunamabala luhlala eNdiya, eBalkan, eTurkey, eHungary, eRomania naseMakedoniya.
Ihlala emahlathini athambile noma athambile eduze kwezindawo ezivulekile, izigodi zemifula. Ihlala emahlathini asehlathini eduze komhlaba wezolimo ongasetshenziswa kahle, futhi nasezindaweni lapho amahlathi eshintshana khona ngezihlahla. E Carpathians kanye neBalkan ingahlala ezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme ukufika ku-1800, kwezinye izikhathi - kuze kufike kumamitha angama-2200.
Ezindaweni eziningi, le nyoni inesimo esithi "seduze kwesimo esisongelayo" noma "izinhlobo ezingandile ezinobubanzi obunqunyelwe". Izizathu ezinkulu zokuthi kungani inyoni ingasheshe ibe yinyama yokuqothuka ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, okubhubhisa izindawo ezidlekayo. E-Krasnodar Territory, ukhozi olubonakalayo seluhlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezingandile. E-Ukraine, ivikelwe eziqiwini zeCarpathian, Polessky naseShatsky.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa
Ukhozi olubonakalayo lundizela ezingxenyeni ezidlekayo ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli; amanje aqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi. Lezi yizinyoni ezinamakhemikhali futhi zizikhethela esinye kuphela. Ngenkambiso yokuzalelana, bajikeleza ndawonye emoyeni, abesilisa bondla izinsikazi kusuka ngomlomo. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni eyodwa ihlala isakazeka emazwini amade futhi ikhala esidlekeni, kanti enye iphephezelisa ngaphezu kwayo indiza ibanga elingamakhilomitha.
Izidleke zezinyoni zibekwa emagatsheni amakhulu ezihlahla, ziqiniseke ukuthi le ndawo ingashayeka kalula. Ngobubanzi, afinyelela ku-50 kuya ku-100 cm.Izinduku ezinzima namagatsha asebenza njengezinto ezibonakalayo, ngaphakathi, njengomthetho, amaqabunga, utshani obomile kanye namagxolo kukalwa. Izinkozi zisebenzisa isidleke esisodwa kaningana. Iminyaka ngisho namashumi eminyaka, bangandiza baye endaweni eyake yahlomela kahle.
Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwezinyoni, izinyoni ziyichaza kahle indawo yazo futhi ziyivikela ngamandla. Abavumi hhayi okokhozi obonakalayo kuphela, kodwa nezinye izinhlobo. Ngobusika, bona, kunalokho, baziphatha ngokuthula kakhulu futhi bahlangana kalula nezinye izinkozi.
Ku-clutch yezinyoni kukhona amaqanda amabili kuphela, futhi elinye lamawundlu livame ukuba yisisulu sesibili. Kwezinsuku ezingama-45, abazali beshintshana ngokuhlukile ukwenza ubumbano. Amaqanda amhlophe anamachashazi ansundu. Imichiza yondliwa cishe izinyanga ezimbili, ngemuva kwalokho ishiye "indlu". Bajwayela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka engu-3-4 kuphela ubudala. Sekukonke, izinkozi ezincane ezinamabala ziphila iminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20.
Encwadini Ebomvu YaseRussia
Ubuningi bokhozi olukhulu olunamabala kuyo yonke indawo kuyancipha, futhi luyanyamalala ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala. Amalungu amabili alezi zinhlobo avikelekile eRussia: I-European and Far East. Bobabili bafakwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yaseRussia enesimo sesibili sokuvikela. Phakathi kwezinto ezibekelayo ezinkulu, umuntu kufanele asho ukuthi ukugawula izihlahla ezilungele ukudlekwa, ukubhukuda, ukubanga izihlambi zezikhukhula nokukhathazeka kwabantu.
Ukhozi Oluncane Olusakazwayo
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Lo mmeleli onobude bomzimba obubanzi ukusuka kumasentimitha angama-55 kuye kwangama-65. Isisindo somzimba sisukela kumakhilogremu 1.5 kuya ku-2. Umbala we-plumage onsundu oqinile. Izilwane ezincane zinezindawo ezikhanyayo ezinqeni zazo.
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Indawo yokuhlala okokhozi olunamabala amancane isabalale ezifundeni ezimbili: entshonalanga nasempumalanga. Entshonalanga, angatholakala kusuka e-Elbe naseHungary kuya eSt. Petersburg, Novgorod nasezifundeni. Esifundeni esisempumalanga kuseHindustan.
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Ukhozi olunamabala abomvu
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I-subspecies ehlukile isingene emahlathini aseNdiya, eBangladeshi, eCambodia naseNepal. Ubude bomzimba walolu hlobo bungamasentimitha angama-65. Umzimba ungamasheya kunalokho: ikhanda likhulu, amaphiko abanzi futhi amafushane. Izinkozi ezibona abantu abadala zinsundu.
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Umsoco
Njengoba izinkozi ezinamabala ziyizinyoni ezidla ngokuphelele, ukudla kwazo kuqukethe izinyoni ezincane ezincelisayo kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo. Kakhulu bazingela amagundane, ama-gophers, onogwaja, ama hares, amasele nezigwaca. Ama-Eagles ahlukaniswa ngamakhono abo amahle wokuzingela. Bakhethe ngokweqile futhi abasoze badla i-carrion. Lezi zinyoni ziyingcosana ezizwa imnandi emanzini.
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Abamele izinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala bayakwazi ukuzingela umdlalo omkhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ikhukhu, inkukhu kanye ne-grouse emnyama. Kodwa amakhishi ehlobo avakashelwa kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu.
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Ukuzala
Izinhlobo zokhozi olunamagqabha ziyizinyoni ezithandanayo kanye nezenhlalo. Bakha amabhangqa aqinile futhi aqinile. Basebenzisa izidleke zamawele noma amaqhude, futhi bangakha nezabo. Njengomthetho, sebenzisa isidleke esisodwa sonke isikhathi.
Isikhathi sezidleke siqala ngoMashi. Le nkathi iqala ngokuvuselelwa okusebenzayo kwesidleke ukuze kubambe inzalo entsha. Abesifazane bebelokhu belele kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Imvamisa, iqanda elilodwa ku-clutch. Ezimweni ezingavamile, inani lingafinyelela kwabathathu. Owesifazane unesibopho sokufakelwa, ngalesi sikhathi owesilisa ufuna ngentshiseko into yokufunwa yibo bobabili. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sihlala izinsuku ezingama-40. Izinkozi ezilahliwe zikunina. Eminyakeni engama-7 amasonto aqala ukufunda ukundiza, bese azingele.
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I-Greater Spotted Eagle Coc
Izitha Endle
Izinkozi zitholakala ekuzingeleni ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Phakathi kwezinyoni, izikhova kuphela ezingangena ezidlekeni zokhozi. Imvamisa, izinhlobo zezinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala ziyizinyoni eziphambili ezidla inyama.
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Uhlobo lwokhozi olunamabala amancane alunazo izinsongo zemvelo kanjalo. Abantu babalimaza kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhishwa okusebenzayo kwezinto ezinobungozi njenge-azodrine, kanye nama-insecticides ahlukahlukene. Izinkozi eziningi ezincane ezinamabala ziyafa ngenxa yokudla izilwane ezinoshevu. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuthinta nezinombolo zalezi zinyoni.Enye imbangela ebalulekile yokushona kwabantu kulezi zinyoni ukungabulawa kwabantu. Uma kunamaqanda amabili noma amathathu esidlekeni, iphuphu lakuqala elibanjiwe lingabulala abanye. Ngalesi sizathu, kuvame ukusinda inkukhu eyodwa kuphela.
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Izici nesimo sendawo yokhozi olunamabala
Isici salamadoda amahle akhuphuka esibhakabhakeni ukwahlukana kwabo kube izinhlobo ezimbili:
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo usayizi wabazingeli abanezinwele kuphela. Ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala ifinyelela amaphiko angama-170-190 cm, inesisindo esisuka ku-2 kuya ku-4 kg, futhi ikhula ibe ngu-65-75 cm.Imbala yezimpaphe imvama imnyama, ibe nokukhanya okukhanyayo. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezinyoni ezikhanyayo, okuyinto engajwayelekile kakhulu.
Imibala emhlophe, enesihlabathi noma ekhilimu ngombala wezimpaphe, izinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala kwezinye izinkcubeko zazithathwa njengezingcwele, ziletha intando yawonkulunkulu. Eminyakeni yeNkathi Ephakathi esekupheleni kweYurophu bekubhekwa njengokuhlonishwa kakhulu ukuba nenyoni enjengeyenyoni ethambile; ukuhamba kuyokuzingela nayo kunikeze ukunqoba okuphelele futhi kwagcizelela isimo kanye nomcebo.
Esithombeni, ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala
INkosi yasePrussia Friedrich, eyayilwa ngenkuthalo nabo bonke, okubandakanya neRussia, yayinokhozi olunesihlabathi esinomusa kangako. Ukhozi Oluncane Olusakazwayo Ikhophi enkulu, amaphiko ngesikhathi sokuhambahamba afinyelela ku-100-130 cm, inyoni “encanyana” enjalo inesisindo sisuka kilo nohafu kuya kumakhilogremu amabili, futhi ubude bayo bomzimba bufika ku-55-65 cm.
Lezi zinyoni zingabangane bakudala bakwaDon Cossacks. Ngisho nangekhulu leminyaka eledlule, bekuyinto engenakwenzeka ukubheka isibhakabhaka ngaphezulu kweDon, futhi ungaziboni izinkozi zikhuphuka kukho. Futhi, lolu hlobo lwenyoni yezinyamazana lwazungeza iVolga, naphezu kweNeva, naphezu kwamahlathi aseduze kwaseMoscow. Cishe kuyo yonke insimu yaseYurophu yaseRussia futhi hhayi kuphela.
Ngokwencazelo yemibhalo embhaliwe, bekuyizinkozi ezincane ezinamabala ezihamba neVladislav Tepes noMalyutu Skuratov. Inyoni efanayo yethulwe njengesipho ku-Otrepiev edilini lomshado ngemuva komshado wakhe noNkk Mnishek, noma kunjalo ukhozi olumbona olungelolwama-False Dmitry noma, nokho, lona olukhulu alaziwa.
Kulesi sithombe, inyoni engaphansi kokhozi ibona
Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinyoni ezihlakaniphe kakhulu nenhle kakhulu ibanzi. Ungahlangana nabo, usuka eFinland uphele ngezinsimbi zoLwandle i-Azov. Ama-Eagles nawo ahlala eChina futhi ngokwengxenye eMongolia.
EMongolia, zithanjiswa kakhulu futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuzingela nokuvikela ama-yurts ezimpisi. E-China, ukhozi olubonakalayo luwumlingiswa wezinganekwane eziningi, futhi izinganekwane zithi lezi zinyoni zibambe iqhaza ekuzingeleni izimpungushe ze-werewolf nokusiza ukubuka emibhoshongweni yoDonga Olukhulu lwaseChina.
Izinkozi zasebusika zindizela eNdiya, e-Afrika, amazwe ase-Middle East - ePakistan, e-Iraq nase-Iran, eningizimu yeNhlonhlo ye-Indochina. Ngaphezu kokufuduka, okufanayo kwezinye izinhlobo zalezi zinyoni, eNdiya kunezinhlobo ezihlukile zalezi zinyoni - indian ibone ukhozi.
Mncane kune “zihlobo ”zakhe, unemilenze eqinile, umzimba obanzi futhi oqinile futhi ukhetha ukuzingela amaxoxo, izinyoka nezinye izinyoni. I-Wingspan kuyaqabukela idlula ama-90 cm, nobude bomzimba - 60 cm. Noma kunjalo, i- "Indian" inesisindo esikhulu - ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-3 kg.
Ithambisa kalula nje futhi, ngokusho kwemibhalo yaseBrithani, eyayifunda imvelo nendlela yokuphila yaseNdiya ngesikhathi sokoloni, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho-Raja oyedwa, uVizier, noma umuntu ocebile nje owayengenalo ukhozi olubona olwebekile olwaluthatha indawo yamalambu ezindlini ezicebile. ehlala ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaNdiya ezinqaba eziphakathi nendawo kanye nokunotha.
Ekhuluma ngendawo yokuhlala yezinkozi ezinamagqabi, kufanele kuqapheleke ukuthi abahlali ezintabeni ezingenalutho, ngoba badla ezihlahleni ezinde. Ngakho-ke, ku-steppe ibonakala kuphela eduze kwemifula, lapho kunezimo zokudlekwa khona. Ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisenyakatho, izinyoni zikhetha imiphetho yamahlathi emngceleni. Izinkozi nazo azizishiyi izidleke ngenxa yokubhukuda.
Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi obuningi obuvela kubazingeli kanye nabazingeli bokuthi ukhozi olunezici lungabonakala luhamba kancane ezindleleni, kepha akwaziwa ukuthi lobu bufakazi buyiqiniso kangakanani.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila yokhozi olunamabala
I-Podorlik – inyoni nenhlalo nomndeni ngokweqile, ngenkathi inekhaya. Kwenziwa umbhangqwana wokuphila, njengesidleke. Izinyoni zomndeni zingazakhela zona ngokwazo, noma zingangena esidlekeni esingenalutho sezingwamza ezimnyama, oklebe noma ezinye izinyoni ezinkulu. Kunoma ikuphi, unyaka nonyaka bazobuyela kulesi sidleke bahlale besithuthukisa, besilungisa futhi besifudumeza.
Ukuze izinyoni zihlele indawo entsha yokwakha izidleke nokuzakhela ezinye “izindlu” ngokwazo, okuthile okujwayelekile kufanele kwenzeke, ngokwesibonelo, isivunguvungu singandiza, noma umuntu ogawula izinkuni onama-chainaw.
Kwakuwukuqothulwa kwamahlathi ngabantu, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo, ukunwetshwa kwamadolobha, ukufakwa kwezintambo zamandla - okwenze ukuthi izinyoni zishaye amakhasi Incwadi ebomvu, futhi ukhozi olukhulu olunabala Wayesondele ekuqothulweni. Izinkozi, hhayi nje izinyoni ezihlakaniphile, nazo zinobuqili impela, ziyakwazi ukubona izimo ezintsha futhi zizivumelanise nazo.
Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi, uma kungenzeka, ukungafuni ukudla, ngokwesibonelo, lapho kudlalwa eduze kwekoloni lama-squirrels noma ama-voles asensimini, ukhozi olubonakalayo alukhuphuki ekuphakameni kwalo okuvamile kwamamitha ayinkulungwane, kepha luhlasela endaweni, luqhamuka endaweni yokuqamekela.
Umlingisi wale nyoni unokuthula, umlingiswa uzolile, nengqondo ibukhali futhi inelukuluku lokwazi. Yilezi zimfanelo ezenza ukuthi kube lula ukuqeqeshwa kwalezi zinyoni. NGEMPELA okukhohlisayo futhi calloutukhozi olubonakalayo wabhala kakhulu ngenkani maphakathi nekhulu le-19 ku-almanacs ejwayelekile "Imvelo Nokuzingela" kanye "neKhalenda Lokuzingela."
Futhi, le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi ngumholi, manje iyaqeqesha, futhi empeleni, edonsela inyoni ukuyizingela, ngokufaniswa nenja, ichazwa ngokuningiliziwe encwadini kaS.S Levshin ethi “A Book for Hunters”, eyashicilelwa kuze kube yiminyaka yo-1950s ngekhulu leminyaka, nasemibhalweni kaS. S. Aksakov, engxenyeni enesihloko esithi - "Ukuzingela nge-hawk izigwaca", okokuqala kwashicilelwa ngonyaka we-1886.
Kusukela lapho, akukho okushintshile, ngaphandle kokuthi iBashkirs namaMongol kuphela zisebenzisa lezi zinyoni ukuzingela namuhla. Ngokuqondene nokugcotshwa kokhozi olunabala, kukhona umgodi owodwa kulo.
Umngane womuntu wesikhathi esizayo kufanele abe isidleke sentsha, esivele sikwazi ukundiza futhi azondle ngokwayo, kepha angalokothi andize nomhlambi aye endlini ebusika futhi angabi nayo i-pair. Kunezindaba ezathathwa izinyoni ezilimele, kwathi ngemuva kokululama, izinkozi azindulalanga.
Lokhu kungenzeka, kepha kuphela uma ikhwalithi yendiza ingakabuyiselwa ngokuphelele, futhi inyoni ikuzwa, yazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ngokwemvelo ayikwazi ukusinda noma ukhozi olubonayo lunesizungu. Inyoni yomndeni ngokuqinisekile izobuyela esidlekeni sayo, ngesikhathi sokuqala.