Zicishe zibe yizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili izidumbu zezinja kanye nezinja ezindala, kanye nezimpungushe, izimpungushe, izimpungushe, amakati kanye nezindunduma zatholakala ngaphansi kwethempeli likankulunkulu wokufa u-Anubis eSaqqara, isigodi esincane esingamakhilomitha angama-30 eningizimu yeCairo. Ngokusho kwabavubukuli baseBrithani, kwakhiwa amakati wekati lasendulo laseGibhithe cishe eminyakeni engama-2500 edlule - ngekhulu IV IV e.
Kwasendulo abase-Egypt wamisa ithempeli namakhatholika ukuhlonipha umGibhithe izithixo ze-Anubis okwathi ngokwezinganekwane, wayengumhlahlandlela wabafileyo wokuphila kwabafileyo, umlandeli wamathuna, futhi futhi owahlulela embusweni wabafileyo. Wayevezwa ngekhanda lempungushe nomzimba wendoda. Phambilini, abavubukuli bathola kulezi zindawo imidwebo nezinsalela zezidumbu zezinye izilwane eziningi (izithixo, oklebe, imfene nezinkunzi). Lokhu mhlawumbe kukhombisa ukuthi abaseGibhithe babekhonza abanye onkulunkulu bezilwane zasekhaya.
Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwe-necropolis yezilwane kuqukethwe ezifundweni zesayensi zesayensi yemivubukulo yaseFrance uJacques de Morgan futhi yaqala ngonyaka we-1897. Wahlanganisa imephu yamakati amabili lapho izidumbu zazingcwatshwa khona. Kodwa-ke, la makhathathile ahlala engatholakali isikhathi eside, ngoba ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-1992 kwenze ukuthi ikati elincane alizange liphumelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omama abaningi ababelondolozwe ezimbizeni zobumba ezikhethekile baphukile futhi bephukile. "Ngemuva kokufa, baba yizisulu zabadwebi abamnyama, abaphangi kanye nabathengisi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemuva kwalokho izidumbu ezazikhishwa zazisetshenziswa njengomanyolo kwezolimo."
Abanye abaphenyi futhi kabazange bagxile ekubhekeni kwabo ngomngcwabo omkhulu wezilwane eGibhithe. Futhi kuphela manje abavubukuli bakwazile ukuhlola ngokucophelela yonke i-necropolis, okuyi-network yemigudu enendawo eyi-173 m ngamamitha ayi-140. "Lolu uchungechunge olude lwezithini ezimnyama lapho kungekho ukukhanya kwemvelo. Empeleni lena indawo enhle impela, ”kusho uPaul Nicholson, inhloko yocwaningo, uprofesa wezokuvubukula eCardiff University.
Amakati amandulo kwakhiwa , mhlawumbe, ngekhulu le-IV BC lenziwe ngamatshe kusukela ngesikhathi sesigaba saseYpresian se-Eocene (i.e, cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-48-56). Ngokwe-Gazette yaseGibhithe, abavubukuli bathola izinsalela zesilo sasendulo sasolwandle - okuyisidumbu esasihlala kule ndawo eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-48 ezedlule, emadwaleni ophahla lwendlu yokungcwaba. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abakwazanga ukunika impendulo eqondile ngokuvela kwalezi zinto ezingamaphiko kumakhukhamba. I-hypothesis engenzeka kakhulu ukuthi itshe lapho amathuna avela khona avela esikhathini se-Eocene sekwedlule isikhathi, lapho kwakukhona ulwandle endaweni yaseGibhithe lesimanje.
Emngcwabeni, ososayensi babala omama abayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili zezinja nemidlwane. Futhi ngokuhlangene wangcwatshwa nabo izinsalela zezinye izilwane, kodwa hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-8%. Izazi zemivubukulo ziphawula ukuthi esikhathini esiningi zazithola izidumbu zezinja ezincane ezingenazo izimpawu zokufa okunobudlova. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi imidlwane yayizalelwa izinjongo ezithile futhi yafa yindlala nokoma. "Kungenzeka ukuthi babulewe emzimbeni, asinabo ubufakazi bokuthi baphuke izintamo esizithola emathuneni wekati," kusho uPaul Nicholson. Kanye nemidlwane engazange ingcwatshwe ngokucophelela, ososayensi bahlangabezana nokungcwatshwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezinja ezindala - ngokusho kukaNicholson, lezi yizilwane ezazinenhlanhla eyanele yokukhula emathempelini.
Inkolo yezilwane eGibhithe lasendulo yayithandwa kusukela ngo-747 BC. e. kuze kube ngu-30 BC e. futhi kwaphela ngesikhathi sokuphathwa amaRoma. UPaul Nicholson uthi, "Namuhla, izivakashi ezize eSaqqara zibona indawo eyihlane enamaphiramidi ambalwa nezikhumbuzo ezimbalwa ezidumile ezinikezwe inkolo yezilwane," kusho uPaul Nicholson. "Kepha uma ungathola ithuba lokuvakashela iSaqqara ngesikhathi sekwephuzile, kusukela ngo-747- 3232 BC hawu, uzobona amathempeli, abathengisi abathengisa izifanekiso zawonkulunkulu bethusi, abapristi abahola imikhosi, abantu abanikela ngokuhumusha amaphupho.Ngenzeka ukuthi kunabalimi abalimela izinja ezikhulisa izinja nezinye izilwane endaweni ethile ukuze kuthi kamuva zizolunyazwa st konkulunkulu. Kwakuyindawo ethokozisayo. "
Izinkolelo zavuselela ukuhweba ngezilwane kanye nokuhambela: abantu beza endaweni yeSaqqara yanamuhla ikakhulukazi ukuzokwenza umhlatshelo konkulunkulu futhi babonise ukubonga kwabo.
“Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhweba kuchume lapha, hhayi omama bezilwane kuphela: abantu badinga ukudla, iziphuzo, nendawo yokuhlala. Futhi lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi umsunguli wemboni yezokuvakasha enkulu, ”kusho isazi semivubukulo, Aidan Dodson wase-University of Bristol e-UK.
Ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazisebenza ngokuncweseba kudala kwaziwa. Ngisho nembongi yaseRoma uJuvenal yabhala ukuthi "abaseGibhithe abahlanya" abahlonipha izithixo, futhi ungathola amadolobha wonke enikelwe amakati, izinhlanzi zasemfuleni noma izinja.
Abantu abadala nemidlwane bangcwatshwa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,5 edlule emakhunjini aseduze kwethempeli likankulunkulu wokufa u-Anubis. EGibhithe, emakhunini asendulo asendulo, kwatholakala umngcwabo omkhulu wezinja eziyisishiyagalombili zezinja ezinikelwe ku-Anubis. I-necropolis itholakala eduze kwethempeli lalonkulunkulu eSaqqara - idolobhana elingamakhilomitha angama-30 eningizimu yeCairo.
Umbhalo wesayensi nge-necropolis ushicilelwe kumagazini waseCambridge i-Antiquity. Njengoba wazi, kule ndawo kune-necropolis yenhlokodolobha yombuso wasendulo weMemphis, lapho abavubukuli bake bathola amakhatholika ezinsalela zezidumbu zezinye izilwane eziningi (ibis, Hawks, nyani kanye nezinkunzi).
Ngaphezu kwebutho lezinja, okumangazayo, kwatholakala imfucumfucu engajwayelekile ophahleni lwamakati amakhulu asolwandle asendulo aneminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-48, efana nezihlobo zemanatees nezidugongs, kubika i nevnov.ru.
"Namuhla, izivakashi ezize eSaqqara zibona indawo eyihlane enamaphiramidi amaningana kanye nezikhumbuzo ezimbalwa ezidumile ezinikezwe inkolo yezilwane. Kepha uma ungathola ithuba lokuvakashela iSaqqara ngesikhathi sokugcina, ngo-747- 3232 BC, uzobona amathempeli Abathengisi abathengisa izifanekiso zonkulunkulu bethusi, abapristi abahola imikhosi, abantu bephakamisa ukuhunyushwa kwamaphupho. Ngokuqinisekile kukhona abalimi abasebenza imfuyo nezinye izinja endaweni ethile ukuze kuthi kamuva bazanyiswa ukuze kuhlonishwe onkulunkulu. esto ", - kusho umbhali ophambili walolu cwaningo uPaul Nicholson, uprofesa wezokuvubukula kwezinto zakudala eCardiff University.
"Ama-catacombs angumugqa omude wemigudu emnyama," kusho uNicholson. "Ukukhanya kwemvelo akungeni lapho, futhi le ndawo iyonke ibukeka imangalisa."
Ama-catacombs akhiwa, mhlawumbe, ngekhulu le-4 BC kusukela ngamatshe kusukela ngesikhathi sesigaba saseYpresian se-Eocene (isb., Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-48-56).
Ngokuya kwe-TASS, inkolo yesilwane ichuma eGibhithe lasendulo kusukela ngo-747 BC. kuze kube ngu-30 BC Ngaphansi kwamaRoma, ekugcineni bayishiya. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwe-necropolis yezilwane kuqukethwe ezifundweni zesayensi zesayensi yemivubukulo yaseFrance uJacques de Morgan futhi yaqala ngonyaka we-1897. Wahlanganisa imephu yamakati amabili lapho izidumbu zazingcwatshwa khona.
Kodwa-ke, kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabili, abavubukuli abaze bafinyelela kubo, futhi izihlabathi ezikhukhulayo nokuzamazama komhlaba kuka-1992 eGibhithe kwakuvimba ngokuphelele ukufinyelela kokuncane. Kuphela manje abavubukuli bakwazile ukuhlola ngokucophelela yonke i-necropolis, okuyithiwekhi yemigudu emide, engenayo ngokuphelele imithombo yemini.
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Izilwane zazenziwa umhlatshelo konkulunkulu basendulo baseGibhithe noma zithengiswe emakethe yendawo
EGibhithe, ososayensi bavumbulula izidumbu ezingaba yizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili zezinja, izimpungushe, izimpungushe, amakati, ama-mongooses kanye namanga. Umngcwabo watholakala ngaphansi kwethempeli likankulunkulu wokufa u-Anubis eSaqqara, kubika i znaj.ua.
Ososayensi baseBrithani bathola ikhathalogu yasendulo yaseGibhithe eyakhiwa cishe eminyakeni engama-2500 eyedlule - ngekhulu lesine leminyaka B.C.E. Izazi zemivubukulo ziye zafunda yonke i-necropolis futhi zabala cishe amamiliyoni ayisishiyagalombili zezinja zabantu abadala nezinja ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokufa okunobudlova. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi izilwane zazifuywe ngokukhethekile futhi zisetshenziselwe imikhosi namasiko. Izakhamizi zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazikhonza onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene futhi zazihlabela njalo izilwane kubo.
"Kungenzeka ukuthi babulewe emzimbeni, asinabo ubufakazi bokuthi baphukile ezintanjeni esizithola emathuneni amakati," kusho uPaul Nicholson, inhloko yocwaningo, uprofesa wezokuvubukula eCardiff University.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isazi semivubukulo u-Aidan Dodson wase-University of Bristol e-UK waphakamisa ukuthi i-necropolis etholakele ngaphambili yayingezinye zezindawo zokuthenga.
Phambilini ososayensi bathole ama-tattoos amadala angokomfanekiso esikhunjeni sezidumbu ezimbili zaseGibhithe eminyakeni engama-5000 edlule. Ukuskena kwe-infrared kuqinisekisile ukuthi amabala amnyama engalweni yizithombe zezilwane ezimbili ezinophondo.
