Phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo ezikhona, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo kukhona i-homoothermal (ngaphandle kwamagundane anqunu kuphela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoMeyi 15, 2015, inhlanzi yokuqala enegazi efudumele ngokuphelele yatholakala, ososayensi abavela kwi-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration yase-United States bathola. Umbuzo wokuthi ama-pterosaurs nama-dinosaurs ayengezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele nawo nawo uyaphendulwa, yize abacwaningi muva nje bathambekele ekuthini banegazi elifudumele, futhi izingxoxo-mpikiswano sezivele mayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lwezinhlobo lwegazi olunomusa futhi olwalungelona. Akukho kucaciswa kokugcina ngokuthi hlobo luni lwama-dinosaurs anazo, kepha imininingwane etholakalayo isivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi ama-dinosaurs amakhulu okungenani ayenobuhlakani besimo esidala.
Namuhla, iningi labaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi embusweni wabo we-metabolic, ama-dinosaurs abengathathi kuphela isikhundla esiphakathi kwezilwane "ezinegazi elifudumele" kanye "nezinegazi elibandayo", kepha ngokuyisisekelo zazihlukile kuzo zombili lezi. Ukuqashelwa kwezilwanyane ezinkulu zesimanjemanje kukhombisa ukuthi uma isilwane sinesisindo somzimba esincishisiwe esingaphezu kwe-1 m (okuwukuthi, cishe wonke amadinosaurs ayenjengaleso), esimweni sezulu esifudumele (esishisayo) esishintshashintshayo ngokushisa okushisa kwansuku zonke, sinamandla okugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala likhona ngaphezulu I-30 ° C: umthamo wokushisa wamanzi (umzimba uqukethe kuwo ama-85%) mkhulu ngokwanele kangangokuba umane awunaso isikhathi sokuphola ubusuku. Into esemqoka ukuthi lokhushisa okuphezulu komzimba kuqinisekiswa kuphela ngenxa yokushisa okuvela ngaphandle, ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka komzimba wabo siqu (lapho izilwane ezincelisayo kufanele zichithe ama-90% okudla kwazo). Ngakho-ke, isilwane esinesilinganiso esijwayelekile samadayinis amaningi singafinyelela isilinganiso esifanayo sokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa njengezilwane ezincelisayo, ngenkathi sigcina isilinganiso se-metabolic ejwayelekile, lesi simo uJ. Hotton (1980) sabizwa ngokuthi i-homeothermia yangaphakathi. Ngokusobala, kwakuyi-Homoyothermy engene ngaphakathi (kuhlanganiswe ne-bipedality) eyenza ama-dinosaurs abe amakhosi emvelo ye-Mesozoic.
Esifundweni esisha, kungenzeka ososayensi baseCanada nabaseBrazil bathole inkomba yalemfihlakalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Iqembu eliholwa nguGlenn Tattersall waseBrock University lithole ukuthi umaki wase-Argentina omnyama nomhlophe (Imithi yesalvator) ine-igazi-efudumele lesizini. Leli lizard, elingaba amasentimitha angama-150 ubude, lihlala iningi laseNingizimu Melika futhi laziwa kakhulu ngochwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo. Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka, njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, i-tegas bask elangeni phakathi nosuku, futhi ebusuku bacasha ngezimbobo bapholile. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abasebenzisa izinzwa kanye namagumbi okushisa bathola ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzalela, kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuZibandlela, ngezikhathi zasekuseni, izinga lokuphefumula kanye nenhliziyo yenhliziyo yesilwane lenyuka, futhi izinga labo lokushisa likhuphuka, likhuphuka liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa emgodini ngamadigri ayishumi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izibankwa zaseNingizimu Melika zihlobanisa phakathi kwezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo nelinegazi. Ukwanda kokushisa komzimba ngesikhathi sokuzalela kukhulisa umsebenzi wabo lapho ufuna umlingani, kusheshisa ukukhula kwamaqanda futhi kukuvumela ukuthi unakekele inzalo eningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwesibonelo, ufudu lwesikhumba, ngenxa yomsebenzi wemisipha, ungqimba lwamafutha olufakayo nosayizi omkhulu, ligcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba liphakeme kunokushisa kwamanzi okuzungezile. Izikhala ezinkulu zokuqapha zibuye zifudumale lapho zizingela noma zihamba ngokusebenza. Izinyoka ezinkulu, ezinjengama-pythons nama-boas, zingakhuphula izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngokungena zibe yindandatho futhi zifake imisipha yokuphola, lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukufudumeza nokubopha amaqanda.
Izinhlobo ze-homeothermia
Hlukanisa iqiniso futhi ngaphakathi umama wasekhaya.
- Umama wekhaya ngempela kwenzeka lapho isidalwa esiphilayo sinezinga elanele le-metabolism ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba njalo ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okuzimele kwamandla kokudla okudliwayo. Izinyoni zesimanje nezilwane ezincelisayo ziyizidalwa zangempela zasekhaya. Ngaphezu kwamandla anele wamandla, futhi anezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezenzelwe ukugcina ukushisa (izimpaphe, uvolo, ungqimba lwezicubu ze-adipose) nokuvikela ukumelana nokushisa ngokweqile emazingeni okushisa aphakeme (ukujuluka). Okubi ngale ndlela ukuthi amandla amaningi ayadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukushisa komzimba, futhi ngenxa yalokho isidingo sokudla siphakeme kunanoma yikuphi okunye.
- Inzondo yokungena ekhaya - lokhu kugcina ukushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu nesisindo esikhulu somzimba, kanye nokuziphatha okuthile (ngokwesibonelo, ibhasikidi elangeni, kupholile emanzini). Ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwe-endothermia mechanism kuncike ikakhulu kubungako bomthamo wokushisa (okwenziwe lula - inqwaba) kanye nesilinganiso sokushisa esilinganayo ebusweni bomzimba (okwenziwe lula - indawo yomzimba), ngakho-ke le ndlela ingabonakala kahle ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu kuphela. Isidalwa esingenamizwa sangaphakathi sishisa kancane ngezikhathi zokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa, bese siqala ukubanda kancane ngezikhathi zokuphola, okuwukuthi, ngenxa yomthamo wokushisa ophakeme, ukuguquguquka kokushisa komzimba kuyaqedwa. Ububi bokuthi i-Homoyothermy ye-inertial yukuthi kungenzeka kuphela ngohlobo oluthile lwesimo sezulu - lapho isilinganiso sokushisa esijwayelekile sihambelana nokushisa komzimba okufisayo futhi akukho zikhathi ezinde zokupholisa kakhulu noma ukufudumala. Ngokwezinzuzo, isidingo esincane sokudla kufanele siqokonyiswe ngezinga eliphakeme lomsebenzi. Isibonelo esibonakalayo se-homeothermia yangaphakathi iyingwenya. Isikhumba sengwenya simbozwe ngezihlangu ezingama-rectangular horny, ezihlelwe ngemigqa ejwayelekile ngemuva nangemuva kwesisu, ngaphansi kwazo ku-dorsal futhi kancane kancane engxenyeni yesisu ama-osteoderms akhula, akha i-carapace. Esikhathini sasemini, ama-osteoderms aqongelela ukushisa okufika nokukhanya kwelanga. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wengwenya enkulu phakathi nosuku lingashintshana ngaphakathi nje kwamadigri elilodwa noma amabili. Kanye nezingwenya, isimo esiseduze ne-homeothermia yangaphakathi singabhekwa ezweni elikhulu kakhulu nezimfudu zasolwandle, kanye nama-Komodo lizgs, ama-pythons amakhulu nama-boas.
Izilwane ezi-Homoyothermal
Izilwane zasekhaya (izidalwa ezinegazi elifudumele) ziyizilwane ezinokushisa kwazo okungaphezulu noma okuhlala njalo futhi, njengomthetho, akuncike ekushiseni okukhona. Lokhu kufaka izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, lapho ubuncane bezinga lokushisa buhlotshaniswa khona nezinga eliphakeme le-metabolic kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphilayo ze-poikilothermic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banesendlalelo sokufakelwa esishisayo (iplamu, uboya, amafutha). Izinga lokushisa lazo liphakeme kakhulu: kwizilwane ezincelisayo kungama-36-37 ° С, futhi ezinyinyini zokuphumula kufika ku-40-41 ° С.
IZILWANYANA ZOKUPHAKATHI - [c. i-poikilos motley, ukufudumala okushisayo + kwe-therme, ukushisa] - izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, izilwane ezinokushisa okungazinzile komzimba okuhlukahluka ngokuya ngokushisa okukhona, lokhu kufaka zonke izidalwa ezingenamsoco, kanye nezinhlanzi, izilwane zasemanzini, ezihuquzelayo nezilwane ezincelisayo ezingafani nazo (cf. izilwane zasekhaya )
Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izilwane zasekhaya ziye zathuthukisa amandla okuzivikela kumakhaza (ukufuduka, i-hibernation, uboya, njll.).
Sesivele sazi ukuthi izilwane zasekhaya zingaligcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi kunezilwane ezi-poikilothermic (bheka. Umd. 3), kepha, zombili zifa cishe ngamazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokweqile noma aphakeme ngokweqile (kokuqala, kusuka ekudalekeni kwamaprotheni, kanti kwesesibili - ngenxa yokuqandeka kwamanzi ayimvelo ngaphakathi kwakheka kwamakhristalu eqhwa). Kepha kuze kwenzeke lokhu, kuze kufike lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela amanani abucayi, umzimba ulwela ukuyigcina isezingeni elijwayelekile noma okungenani lisondele ezingeni elijwayelekile. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kubonakala ngokuphelele kwezinto eziphilayo ze-homeothermic nge-thermoregulation, ekwazi ukuthuthukisa noma ukwenza buthaka ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa ngokuya ngezimo. Ukushisa ukushisa kuyinqubo emsulwa ngokomzimba, kwenzeka emazingeni aphiko nasezakhiweni zomzimba, futhi ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kusekelwe kwimishini yokusebenza komzimba, amakhemikhali kanye nama-molecule. Okokuqala, kuyabanda, ukuqhaqhazela okubandayo, isb., Izivumelwano ezincane zemisipha yamathambo ngenzalo ephansi yokusebenza kahle nokukhiqizwa kokushisa okushisayo. Umzimba uphendukela kule mshini ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngokukhanya. Umphumela wayo ungathuthukiswa ngokusebenza kokuzithandela kwemisipha ngokuzithandela, okubuye kukhuthaze ukuzalwa kokushisa. Akuyona ingozi ukuthi ukuze sifudumale, siguqukela ukunyakaza.
Ukushisa komzimba. Izilwane ezi-Homoyothermic azinikezwa kuphela ukushisa ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwazo ukushisa, kodwa futhi ziyakwazi nokulawula ukusebenza nokukhiqizwa kwayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, zibonisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme nelizinzile. Ezinyoni, izinga lokushisa lomzimba elijule ngokujwayelekile libalelwa ku-41 ° C ngokushintshashintsha kwezimo ezahlukahlukene kusuka ku-38 kuya ku-43,5 ° C (idatha yama-400 vvd). Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuphumula okuphelele (i-metabolism eyisisekelo), lokhu kwehluka kusuliwe, kusuka ku-39,5 kuya ku-43.0 ° С. Ezingeni lesitho somuntu ngamunye, izinga lokushisa lomzimba libonisa ukuqina okuphezulu: ububanzi bezinguquko zalo zansuku zonke ngokuvamile aludluli ku-2-4 ° C, futhi lokhu kuguquguquka akuhlobene nokushisa komoya, kepha kubonakalisa i-rtm ye-metabolism. Ngisho nasezinhlotsheni ze-Arctic ne-Antarctic, emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-20-50 ° С, izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyashintshashintsha ngaphakathi kwe-2-5 ° С.
Izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwezilwane ezihambelana nokushisa ziholele ekubonakala kwezilwane ezi-poikilothermic nezase-Homoyothermal. Iningi lezilwane elikhulu kakhulu ama-lotermark, okuwukuthi, izinga lokushisa lemizimba yazo lishintsha ngokushisa okukhona: ama-amphibians, izidalwa eziphindaphindayo, izinambuzane, njll. Ingxenye encane kakhulu yezilwane i-Homoyothermic, okungukuthi, inokushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo, ngaphandle kokushisa imvelo yangaphandle: izilwane ezincelisayo (kufaka phakathi abantu) ezinokushisa komzimba okungama-36-37 ° С, nezinyoni ezinokushisa komzimba okungu-40 ° С.
Ukuzivumelanisa ngokomzimba kwesilwane sasekhaya esibandayo. |
Kepha “igazi elifudumele” langempela, izilwane zasekhaya - izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo - ezingaligcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme njalo nezinguquko ezibalulekile ekushiseni okukhona. Zinezinqubo eziphelele zama-neva nezama-hormone zokulawulwa kokushisa okusebenzayo, okubandakanya hhayi kuphela izindlela zokulawulwa okusebenzayo kokudluliselwa kokushisa (ngokushintsha kokugeleza kwegazi okuphathelene nokuphefumula, ukuphefumula, ukujuluka nokushisa kokushiswa kwezinwele), kodwa futhi kubuye kuguqukele ekujuleni kwezinqubo ezi-oxidative kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa ngaphakathi komzimba. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinga lokushisa lezingxenye zangaphakathi zomzimba ngezinga elikhulu alincike ekushiseni kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo zibizwa nangokuthi izidalwa ze-endothermic. Kwezinye zazo, izindlela ze-thermoregulation zifinyelela amandla amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-fox fox, i-owl ne-goose emhlophe ikubekezelela kalula ukubanda kakhulu ngaphandle kokwehla kwezinga lokushisa komzimba ngenkathi igcina umehluko emazingeni okushisa omzimba nezendawo angama-100 noma ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yobukhulu bamanqatha we-subcutaneous kanye nezici zokugeleza kwegazi okuphathelene ne-peripheral, ama-pinnipeds amaningi kanye nemikhomo ahunyushwe kahle ngokufanele ukuhlala isikhathi eside emanzini eqhwa.
Ngakho-ke, izinguquko eziguqukayo ekudlulisweni kokushisa ezilwaneni zasekhaya zingabhekelwa hhayi kuphela ekugcineni izinga eliphezulu le-metabolism, njengoba kuzinyoni eziningi nasezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kodwa futhi nasekubekeni izinga layo eliphansi ezimeni ezisongela ukuncipha kokugcinelwa kwamandla. Leli khono lokushintsha izinhlobo zokulawulwa kokudluliswa kokushisa likhulisa kakhulu amathuba emvelo ngokusekelwe ku-Homoyothermy.
Impilo esebenzayo emazingeni okushisa ngaphansi kwe-zero angaholela kuphela ezilwaneni ezi-homoyothermal. I-Poikilothermal yize ibekezelela amazinga okushisa ngaphansi kuka-zero, alahlekelwa ukuhamba kwawo. Ukushisa kungokuhleleka kuka-4040 C, i.e., kuphansi kakhulu kunokushisa kwamandla kwamaprotheni, ngoba izilwane eziningi zimbi kakhulu.
Uma kwenzeka uCold Auslimation - ukuzivumelanisa nesimo somzimba wezilwane zasekhaya kumakhaza - ngemuva kokuphendula okuphuthumayo kokupholisa, ukusatshalaliswa kancane kancane phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuphehla nokushisa komzimba kwenzeka (Umd. 4,11). Ukufakwa kwe-Thermal kuyathuthuka, futhi esakhiweni sezizukulwane sokushisa, umnikelo wezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuphilayo ushintsha ohlangothini lokwanda kwe-oxidation yamahhala yama-substrates wamandla. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wesilwane laziwa ngokujwayelekile, futhi nezindleko zamandla zokugcina ibhalansi yokushisa ziyancishiswa.
Uhlobo oluhlukile olujwayelekile lokuzivumelanisa nezinto zokushisa luphawu lwezilwane ezi-homoyothermal. Ukushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nokulungiswa okusebenzayo kokushisa okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi futhi kususelwa ezingeni eliphakeme le-metabolism kanye nokusebenza okusebenzayo kokulawula kohlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi. Izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindlela zokuziphatha zokugcina i-homeostasis esishisayo iyimpahla ethile yezilwane zasekhaya.
Uma i-poikilothermic ikindiki, ubusika ne-hibernation yasehlobo kugcwele ezilwaneni ezi-Homoyothermal, izindlela zomzimba nezokuhlukahluka kwazo okushiyana ngokubona. Ukubonakaliswa kwabo kwangaphandle kuyafana: ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba kucishe kufinyelele kumazinga okushisa asendaweni (kuphela ngesikhathi sasebusika hibernation, ngesikhathi sehlobo hibernation akuyona) kanye nesilinganiso se-metabolic (izikhathi eziyi-10-15), ukuguquguquka kokuphendula kwendawo yangaphakathi yomzimba kuye ohlangothini lwe-alkaline, ukwehla kwenjabulo yesikhungo sokuphefumula kanye ukwehla kokuphefumula ukuphefumlelwa oku-1 ngemizuzu engu-2,5, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo libuye lehle kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, kumalulwane asuka ku-420 kuya ku-16 beats / min). Isizathu salokhu ukwanda kwethoni yohlelo lwezinzwa lwe-parasympathetic kanye nokwehla kwenjabulo yozwela. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngesikhathi hibernation uhlelo lwe-thermoregulation luvaliwe. Izizathu zalokhu ukuncipha komsebenzi we-yegilo yegilo kanye nokwehla kokuqukethwe kwama-hormone e-thyroid egazini. Izilwane ezi-Homoyothermic ziba poikilothermic.
Izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ziyakwazi ukugcina ukushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo, noma ngabe izinga lokushisa likhona. Lezi zilwane zibizwa nge-Homocothermal (zisuka kwelesiGrikhi. Izilwane ezi-Homoyothermal zincike kakhulu emithonjeni yokushisa yangaphandle. Ngenxa yesilinganiso esiphakeme sokushintshana, zikhiqiza inani elanele lokushisa elingakwazi ukugcinwa. Njengoba lezi zilwane zikhona ngenxa yemithombo yokushisa yangaphakathi, manje zibizwa ngokuthi i-endothermic) .
Konke lokhu okungenhla kubhekiselwe ekushiseni komzimba okujulile, okubonisa isimo esishisayo sendawo “yomgogodla” womzimba olawulwa kahle. Kuzo zonke izilwane ezinamandla amakhulu, izingqimba zangaphandle zomzimba (i-integument, ingxenye yemisipha, njll.) Zakha "igobolondo" eliningi noma elingaphansi, izinga lokushisa elihlukahluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lokushisa okuzinzile libonisa kuphela indawo kwasendaweni yezitho ezibalulekile zangaphakathi nezinqubo. Izicubu ezingaphezulu zibekezelela ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa okwengeziwe.I-ego ingaba wusizo emzimbeni, ngoba esimeni esinjalo izinga lokushisa ligudla emngceleni phakathi komzimba nendawo ezungezile liyancipha, elenza ukuthi kulondolozwe i-homeostasis eshisayo ye- "core" yomzimba ngokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwamandla.
Ukukhishwa kwamandla ngesimo sokushisa kuhambisana nomthwalo osebenzayo wazo zonke izitho nezicubu (Ithebula 4.2) futhi kuyinto ebonakala kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukucaciswa kwezilwane zasekhaya ukuthi ushintsho ekukhiqizeni ukushisa njengendlela yokusabela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa limela kubo ukusabela okukhethekile komzimba okungathinti izinga lokusebenza kwezinhlelo eziyisisekelo zomzimba.
I-LANDSCAPE HOMEOSTASIS Amandla we-landscape yokugcina ezindaweni zawo eziyisisekelo isakhiwo sawo kanye nohlobo lokuxhuma phakathi kwezakhi naphezu kwethonya langaphandle. IZILWANSI ZASEKHAYA-EZIHAMBELA [kusuka ku-c. Iotoyuz iyafana, iyafana futhi (iJeghts - ukushisa], izilwane ezinegazi ezifudumele - izilwane okushisa komzimba zigcinwa njalo kungakhathalekile ukuthi linjani izinga lokushisa ngenxa yamandla akhishwe ngesikhathi semetabolism (izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo).
Umphumela wokushisa okukhona. Okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile wezicubu, izitho zomzimba kanye nomzimba wonke kungukuqina kokushisa komzimba, (homoothermal) izilwane. Izilwane ezi-Homoothermal zihlukaniswa yikhono elenziwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo lokushintsha inani lokudluliselwa kokushisa (i-thermoregulation ngokomzimba) ngokulawula ukuhamba kwegazi ezingxenyeni zezithsi ebusweni kanye nokuhwamuka komswakama osuka emzimbeni, kanye nokushintsha kokushisa (amakhemikhali okushisa kwamakhemikhali) ngenkathi kugcina ukushisa okungapheli kwezicubu zomzimba wonke. Ukuqina okuhlobene nokushisa komzimba kwezilwane ezifuywayo kusekelwa yinkimbinkimbi, yomthethonqubo we-neurohumoral wezinqubo zokuzala nokushisa. Lapho umzimba uphola emzimbeni, izinqubo ze-metabolic ziyanda futhi ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kuyanda, futhi ukuhanjiswa kokushisa kuyancipha, lapho kufudumele, ngokungafani nalokho, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kunciphisa, futhi nokudluliselwa kokushisa kuyanda.
Izinhlobo umehluko embundwini wokushisa okungaphezulu kwalapho ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwensiza yokuhambisa isidoda kuphazamiseka, ikakhulukazi kushiwo lapho kuqhathaniswa isidoda esivela ezilwanyaneni ze-poikilothermic nezasekhaya, singachazwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene (Holwill, 1969). Okokuqala, izidalwa ezihlukile zingaba nokuhlukahluka ekwakhiweni kwe-enzyme, inani nohlobo lwezibopho olonakaliswa ukushiswa kwama-molecule alo ngokushisa. Okwesibili, i-enzyme ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezifundwayo ingahle ifane, futhi umehluko kumikhawulo yokushisa lapho ukubonwa kwendawo yayo kungenzeka kubangelwa ukungafani kwezimo zemvelo (i-pH, i-ion concentration, njll.).
Umoya njengemvelo ephilayo unezici ezithile: eziqondisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zalabo abakulomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe i-oksijini ephezulu (cishe i-21% emoyeni wasemkhathini, okuncane kancane emoyeni okugcwalisa uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezilwane) kunquma ukuthi kungenzeka kwakheke izinga eliphezulu le-metabolism. Akuyona ingozi ukuthi bekule ndawo okwavela kuyo izilwane ezi-homoothermal, eziphawulwa ngamandla aphezulu omzimba, izinga eliphakeme lokuzimela emathonyeni angaphandle nomsebenzi ophakeme wezinto eziphilayo ezintweni zezinto eziphilayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umoya osemkhathini ubonakala ngomswakama ophansi futhi oguquguqukayo. Lesi simo silinganiselwe kakhulu amathuba okuthuthukisa imvelo yomoya, futhi phakathi kwezakhamizi saqondiswa ukuvela kwezinto eziyisisekelo zohlelo lwe-metabolic lamanzi nosawoti kanye nesakhiwo sezitho zokuphefumula.
Inzuzo yesibili ebalulekile yezemvelo yezakhamizi zezinto eziphilayo iyisivikelo sayo ekuthinteni okuqondile kwezinto ezithinta imvelo. Ngaphakathi komsingathi, cishe abahlangani nengozi yokuphuma, ukuguquguquka okubukhali kokushisa, izinguquko ezibalulekile kumibuso kasawoti ne-osmotic, njll. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni ezinzile ikakhulukazi, kukhona izakhamizi zangaphakathi zezilwane zasekhaya. Ukushintshashintsha kwezimo zezemvelo kuthinta izimuncagazi zangaphakathi kanye nezimpawu kuphela, ngokusetshenziswa komzimba wasemuva.
Umuntu njengohlobo, oluhluke ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zangaphambili, kwavela inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphansi kwethonya lemithetho ejwayelekile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokutholwa okuyisisekelo kwezakhi zofuzo ezinqubweni zokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo zebhasikidi. Ukutholwa okunjalo okukhulu, okuholela ekuqubukeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo, kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuvela komuntu. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona izinto ezi-multicellular, ama-vertebrates, izilwane zasekhaya ezinamazinga okushisa womzimba njalo.
Izibonelo ezisohlwini kude nokuphelisa zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha eziguqukayo. Lokhu kufanele kukwengeze amandla wezinyoni eziningi kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo zokwakha izidleke, izimbobo kanye nezinye izindawo zokukhosela ngentshiseko enhle, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphakethe asindisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukuhamba kwesizini, isimo esivumelanayo sokwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke, njll. Yonke inkimbinkimbi yokuphendula kokuziphatha okuguqukayo, kunciphisa ukuxabana kokushintshana kwamandla, kwandisa amandla emvelo ezilwane zasekhaya.
Amandla afundisiwe, kukhishwa amandla aqukethe okukhishwe ku-emzimbeni (indle, umchamo, njll.), Kungamandla ahlanganisiwe. Ingxenye yayo yabelwa ngendlela ye-tesha inqubo yokumba ukudla futhi ihlakazeka noma isetshenziselwe i-thermoregulation. Amandla asele ahlukaniswe amandla wobukhona, asetshenziswa ngokushesha izinhlobo zokuphila ezijwayelekile (empeleni, lokhu futhi “kuyinkcitho ekuphefumuleni”), namandla akhiqizayo, aqoqelwayo (okungenani okwesikhashana) kusisindo lwezicubu ezikhulayo, ukonga amandla, nemikhiqizo yezocansi (irayisi . 3.1). Amandla wobukhona afakwa ezindlekweni zezinqubo zokuphila eziyisisekelo (i-basal metabolism, noma i-basal metabolism) namandla asetshenziswa ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi. Ezilwane ezi-homoothermal, izindleko zamandla kwi-thermoregulation zengezwe kulokhu. Zonke lezi zindleko zamandla ziphela ngokuhlakazwa kwamandla ngendlela yokushisa - futhi, ngenxa yokuthi awukho umsebenzi owodwa osebenza ngokusebenza kahle kwe-100%. Amandla anqwabelene ezicutshini zomzimba we-heterotroph enza ukukhiqizwa kwesibili kwesayensi yemvelo, engasetshenziswa njengokudla ngabathengi bama-oda aphakeme.
Izinzuzo ze-homeothermia
Izilwane ezinegazi elinemfudumalo, njengomthetho, aziweli ekubandakanyekeni, ngaphandle kokukhetha okumbalwa, futhi zingakwazi ukusebenza unyaka wonke, zidla, zihamba futhi zivikeleke kwizilwane ezidla ezinye.
Yize izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele kufanele zidle ukudla okuningi ukuze zihlale zisebenza, zinamandla nezindlela zokubusa kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo, ngisho nase-Antarctica ebandayo noma ezintabeni eziphakeme. Bangakwazi futhi ukuhamba amabanga asheshayo futhi amade kunezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo.
Izinto ezingalungile ze-homeothermia
Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomzimba ezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele lihlala lizinzile, liyizindawo ezinhle zezifo eziningi zokuhlaselwa yizimbungu, ezinjengezibungu, noma ama-microorganisms, kufaka phakathi amagciwane namagciwane, eziningi zazo ezingadala izifo ezibulalayo.
Njengoba izilwane ezi-homoothermal zikhipha ukushisa kwazo, into ebalulekile isilinganiso sosisindo endaweni yomzimba. Isisindo somzimba esikhudlwana sikhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe, bese kusetshenziswa indawo enkulu yomzimba ukupholisa ehlobo noma endaweni eshisayo, njengezindlebe ezinkulu zezindlovu. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele azikwazi ukuba nezincane njengezinambuzane ezinegazi elibandayo.