Scutosaurs (lat. IScutosaurus ) - uhlobo lwama-pareiasaurs aqhamuka kwiLate Permian (eminyakeni engama-252 kuya ku-248 wezigidi edlule) eRussia. Zihlobanise nalokhu. Pareiasauridae.

Izilwane ezinkulu, ubude be-skull kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-40 cm, mhlawumbe ngaphezulu. Ubude obuphelele bufika kumamitha ama-3 kuya ku-3,5. Umzimba ugcwele, i-vertebrae enezinqubo ezixubile eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sehlombe. I-carapace enjengesihlangu somlomo wesibeletho kanye nesiqu somuntu ngamunye, kwesinye isikhathi kukhonjiswa ngokuba khona kwesihlangu ngaphezulu kwesifunda se-pelvic (yingakho igama elithi "isidalwa sesihlangu" kusuka ku-lat. isikhohlela - "Isihlangu"). Kukhona ama-icaloderms angama-conical esifundeni sendlebe. Isigaxa sibanzi, futhi sikhula ngokuqinile esifundeni se-buccal nasemhlathini ophansi. Ngokungafani nama-pareiasaurs ase-Afrika, imigwaqo mikhulu kakhulu. Ku-osteoderm, kuchazwa iminwe yeminwe yemikhondo yezindlala zesikhumba, ekhombisa isikhumba esithambile se-glandular. Izembozo zophondo zingatholakala kuphela emakhaleni nasekhunjeni likakhanda. Amazinyo abunjwe ngamaqabunga, aqokiwe ngokulingana, afana namazinyo amazibuko e-herbivorous - kodwa, ngokungafani nezikhala, lapho imihlathi ivaliwe, akukho ukuxhumana kwamazinyo. Amazinyo ama-mandibular ayengaphakathi kusuka ku-maxillary. Imisipha yemihlathi ibuthakathaka. Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lwamazinyo lungakhombisa ukondleka kwe-algae.

Izimpawu zesikomposti se-postcranial zichazwa ngababhali abahlukahlukene ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ezincwadini zaseMelika, ithambo lesikuta libonakaliswa imilenze yangemuva eqondile, ehambelana nesilwane esijwayelekile emhlabeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, isithombe sokuqala sasesikhundleni samathambo (kanye namathambo abekwe emnyuziyamu we-PIN) kuhambelana nesibungu esikhulu esinemilenze emifushane esinemilenze esakazekile. UMF. U-Ivakhnenko ubheka ama-scutosaurs njengamanzi ngokuphelele, ngoba izici zesithambo esisetshenziswa ngemuva (ibhande lamahlombe asezingeni eliphansi, ama-epiphyses akhiwe kabi emathanjeni emilenzeni) kuthikameza ukuhamba emhlabeni. Kubukeka sengathi izithombe zaseMelika zibhekisela kwesinye isilwane esihluke ngokuphelele, yize izinqubo ezixubile eziphakeme zesifunda somlomo wesibeletho zibonakala zibonisa i-scutosaur. (Ngokokuqala ngqa, lokhu kwakhiwa kabusha, okwenziwe ngumculi uH. Ziska, kwavela emsebenzini kaW.K. Gregory ngomsuka wemfudu ngo-1946. Isiginesha ngaphansi komfanekiso sathi senziwe ngesisekelo sesikebhe esivela eMnyuziyamu waseMelika Wezemvelo Yemvelo).

AmaSkutosaurs achazwa yiV.P. Amalitsky avela kusayithi elidumile laseSokolki ogwini lweDigital Northern Dvina njengo Pareiosaurus karpinskii. Kuyamangaza ukuthi isipelingi segama lohlobo "I-Pareiosaurus", Hhayi"I-Pareiasaurus”(Ngokuqondene ne-pareiasaur yaseNingizimu Afrika eyaziwayo) ikhomba ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ikwazi ukwahlukanisa ama-dinosaurs e-Dvina kuhlobo olukhethekile. Noma kunjalo, igama elithi “I-Pareiosaurus", Ngokusobala, bekucatshangelwa. Ngo-1930, A.P. Hartmann-Weinberg wakhomba uhlobo "IScutosaurus».

Inani lezinhlobo liyahlukahluka lisuka ku-1 liye ku-3. Ngokuvamile, kuboniswa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwento - S. karpinskii, kusuka endaweni evulekile ye-Vyatka ye-Upper Tatar engaphansi kweLate Permian yesifunda sase-Arkhangelsk naseTatarstan. Ngasikhathi sinye, uMFF u-Ivakhnenko uyavuma ukuba khona kwezidalwa zaseSokolki kolunye uhlobo oluncane - IScutosaurus tuberculatusibekwe ngu-Amalitsky. Ngokungafani nezinhlobo zohlobo, le scutosaurus encane igcina igobolondo lesiqu esithuthukisiwe nezinqubo eziphansi kakhulu zesipinashi. (Kubantu abakhulu kakhulu bohlobo olujwayelekile, ukuncishiswa kwamagobolondo kuwuphawu). I-scutosaurus evela eTatarstan ichazwa yizicucu zesikhumba ngo-1987 njengoba Scutosaurus itilensis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Pareiasaurus endala nencane evela endaweni esenyakatho ye-Dvinsk yeTatarstan ihlukaniswa uhlobo olukhethekile nezinhlobo I-Proelginia permiana. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zingahlobene nobudala obuhlukile kanye / noma izinhlobo zocansi zohlobo olulodwa.

Ngokusobala, ama-scutosaurs futhi aba nemizimba yamanzi entsha yesikhathi seLate Permian, kodwa yaphela ngaphambi kokuphela kwayo. Eziqeshini zemingcele ye-Permian-Triassic (i-Vyaznikovsky tata) ayaziwa.

Kwisiko lomhlaba

Ama-Scootosaurs afakwa ku-movie ye-BBC Ukuhamba neMonsters. Impilo phambi kwama-dinosaurs. " I-scutosaurus iboniswa njengesilwane esisemhlabeni ngokuphelele, okwaziyo ukugijima amabanga amafushane futhi ibuye idlule ogwadule isuka kwesinye isiziba iye kwelinye iyofuna amanzi nezimila ezintsha.

Esiqeshini sokuqala nesesithupha sesizini yokuqala nakulesiqephu sesikhombisa sesizini yesibili yochungechunge "Jurassic Portal" sikhonjisiwe Scutosaurus karpinskii , noma kunjalo, inkulu kakhulu kunokuba yayinjalo futhi, ngokungafani nomzekelo wayo wangempela, ihamba kahle emhlabeni.

I-Pareiazavrins. IScutosaurus, Ingxenye 1 (Scutosaurus) - 3/4

+ Scutosaurus. IScutosaurus. "Umsunguli wesihlangu, ovela esihlakaleni samaGrikhi uyisihlangu sesikhumba, leli gama libonisa amapuleti amakhulu ezembatho zensimbi zamathambo ezimboze umzimba." I-Late Permian (ekuqaleni kwe-Wuchiapingian - Middle Changhsingian), enyakatho ye-Eastern Europe (esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk). I-Amalitsky (1922), Hartmann-Weinberg (1930). Kutholakale okokuqala IScutosaurus endaweni yasempumalanga yeYurophu V.P. I-Amalitsky ngonyaka we-1897 emfuleni iMalaya Severnaya Dvina. Ukumbiwa kwakhe okuhleliwe kwesayithi leSokolki kwaletha amathambo ayi-13, izikhova ezingaphezu kwama-40 kanye namathambo amaningi.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kweScutosaurus ngokusho kukaCarroll, ngo-1988

Scutosaurs zitholwe okokuqala endaweni edumile yaseSokolki emabhange e-Little Northern Dvina. Umzimba ugcwele, i-vertebrae enezinqubo ezixubile eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sehlombe. I-carapace iyisimo sesihlangu somlomo wesibeletho kanye neziqu zomuntu ngamunye (yingakho igama elithi "isidalwa sesihlangu"). Ngokungafani nama-pareiasaurs ase-Afrika, Scutosaurs izisekelo zamehlo zikhulu ngokulinganayo. Kungena ngaphakathi Scutosaurs enamandla, emuva, mhlawumbe iqonde, njengakwezilwane ezincelisayo. Kutholakele Scutosaurs ngasekupheleni kwesifunda se-Arkhangelsk neTatarstan.

Ngakwesokudla komfula. IDvina eNyakatho eNcane eduze nedolobhana. I-Efimovskaya eduzane nedolobha laseKotlas, indawo okumbiwa kuyo okuyikhulu kweV.P. Amalitsky	Buka ukusuka endaweni yaseZavrazhye kuya eSokolki, lapho kutholakala khona “ilensi” yama-sandstones

Nakhu ukuthi ungayichaza kanjani indawo yokuhlala Scutosaurs UM. Arefyev noV. Golubeva:

“Ugwayi obomvu ongapheli onamashaneli omile we-duct. Izinga lokushisa licishe libe ngama-40 degrees. Akukho sidalwa esisodwa esiphilayo - izidalwa zamahhashi ezigudlikile kuphela ezijika ziphuzi ogwini, lapho amanzi angakhuphuka khona ngesikhathi sonyaka wemvula owedlule. Kepha kuvela ifu eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esibhakabhakeni esisibhakabhaka esisibhoboza ngokushesha, sishintshele ngokushesha ethafeni, ngokushesha kumnyama, bese kuvunguza isivunguvungu. Imvula iwa ngasikhathi sinye. Ingxenyenamba yamachaphaza amarabi ibeka phansi emhlabathini. Kukhanya ukukhanya okuphuphuthekelayo, kuthi emva kwalokho kuqhamuke iphuphu lasendle liye esibhakabhakeni. Imvula enodonga oluqinile ikhuphuka ngenhla komfula owomile. Iziteshi ezomile zigcwele amanzi, zichichima amabhange, amachibi amancanyana asephenduka ulwandle lwangempela phambi kwamehlo ethu.

Ukubukeka kweLate Permian enyakatho yesikhulumi saseMpumalanga Yurophu

Izothatha izinsuku ezimbalwa, imvula izodonsa, amanzi ayohamba amachibi, kanti nezitshalo zokuqala zizokhuphuka ezweni elinezikhukhula. Imihlambi izabuthana eziteshini ezingashoni scootosaurs - Izikhala ezinkulu ze-clumsy ezinamahlumela akhulayo amathambo esihlathini. Inhlabathi enobumba isazothuthuka lapho amadlelo amasha avela kuma-Horsetails, ama-ferns nama-plunds efika emadlelo amasha ama-dicynodonts. Ngemuva kwabo kuzovela izisulu zokubhuqa. abezinye izizwe. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane zizofika - imigqa futhi kotlassii. Impilo enochungechunge lwayo lokufa nokubeletha okungapheli iyophinde ibuyele ezweni laphambilini elidakwe umswakama. ”

IScutosaurus ingelinye lama-pareiasaurs amakhulu. Lesi silwane esigaxekile sasilingana nenkunzi, ubude sifinyelela ku-2,5-3,5 m, sude 40 cm. Scutosaurs yayinomzimba omkhulu wesitokisi, umbozwe igobolondo lamathambo, ikhanda elincane, umsila omfushane nezinyawo ezinkulu ezicwebezelayo ezinezinyawo ezimfushane. Kwakuyizigaxa ezivuthayo ezazinokuqina okungajwayelekile kwamathambo esihlathini nesihlungu sokuqina kwemisipha emahlombe awo, sihlangene nemisipha emikhulu yentamo. Ngoba IScutosaurus izinsalela zabantu abakhulu kakhulu ziyaziwa. Ngokwedlule, azichazwanga, kepha zingakhula zibe munye nohhafu ziphindwe kabili kunokujwayelekile (sikhuluma ngamathambo emilenze).

I-Scutosaurus sude, ukubuka uhlangothi

IScutosaurus. Skele dorsal ne-ventral

IScutosaurus. Izingcibisholo ze-Anterior kanye ne-occipital

Isigaxa esindayo sibanzi kakhulu futhi siphansi, i-muzzle ibanzi. Ebusweni be IScutosaurus kuphuma ithambo okwakhiwe ngamathambo okwenziwe ngethanga. I-skull i-oval ehlelweni, ngandlela-thile iphakeme esifundeni sangaphambi kokuhlangana, ineso elikhulu kakhulu (isilinganiso sobubanzi obukhulu besisekelo so iso alikho ngaphezu kwe-1: 4), siphakanyiselwe indlela eya phambili. Amathambo esigaxa esinemisebe emisebe egandayiwe. Ushizi ukhule ngokuqinile futhi umbozwe nge-spicales spical. Izigaxa ze-Osteodermal ezihlathini nase-occiput ziyindilinga, noma zi-conical, azifinyeleli ubude obungaphezu kwengxenye yobubanzi besigaxa. Umphetho wangemuva wophahla lukakhonkolo u-concave. I-occipital condyle imugqa omncane; amathambo we-occipital alandelanayo ayabandakanyeka ekwakhekeni kwayo. Imigodi ye-Interterigoid yinde. Emathanjeni emakhala, ama-tubercles ama-icalodermal high. Esigebheni, ngaphansi komugqa womhlathi, bekukhona ibala lamathambo ebanzi.

I-Sokolki scooter sude	I-scooter skull elungiselelwe iqoqo le-V.P. I-Amalitsky

U-Ivakhnenko ubheka amathambo asondelene nalo IScutosaurus emaphethelweni wangemuva we-supratemporal noma i-scaly bone elihlobene nosizo lokuzwa futhi libizwa ngokuthi yi-sesamoid. Kepha, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, amathambo afanayo, aziwa ngama-pareiasaurs amaningi aphethe izikhali, avela emthanjeni futhi ahambelana namapuleti angaphandle e-dorsal carapace.

I-Scutosaurus izinyo	Ukwakheka kwamazinyo we-scutosaurus. Amazinyo amise okomhluzi anama-apula amaningi afana namazinyo e-iguanas, ama-cididi nezinye izinto ezihuqabhuzela i-herbivorous. Ukufakwa kwamazinyo okunjalo kanye nomzimba ojulile onegumbi (ngokusobala elaliqukethe umgudu wokugaya ukudla obanzi) kuwubufakazi bokuthi la maParis abukeka ethukile empeleni ayengama-herbivores angenabungozi

Ukubuka kwezindondo kwegatsha elingakwesobunxele lomhlathi ongezansi weScutosaurus
I-AR - ithambo le-articular, i-PRA - ithambo langaphambi kokubeletha, i-CO - coronoid, i-DE - yamazinyo, i-an - angular bone, i-SP - ipulatelethi

Umhlathi ophansi onenqubo enkulu ye-ventral yethambo le-angular. Umhlathi ngamunye unamazinyo ayi-15-16, kuthi amathathu angaphandle aselithambo elikhulukazi. Imiqhele yamazinyo ihlukaniswe ngamazinyo ayi-9-17. Amazinyo asikisela lokho Scutosaurs kwakungamakhambi abedla imifino ethambile.

Ukuphinyiswa kwesikhumba kwama-scutosaurs (osteoderm)	I-Arkhangelsk Museum of Local Lore

Izici zomzimba we-dorsal carapace IScutosaurus imvamisa ngesimo se-scutes ezinkulu (isicaba, i-concave ngezansi, i-oval in plan) etholakala ngezinqubo zesipinishi ezandisiwe ze-vertebrae kanye nezintambo ezimbili ezibizayo ezinhlangothini (i-osteoderm kuphela eyi-convex kusuka phansi), ezinye izinhlobo zinesihlangu sentamo esinamandla esenziwe ngama-osteoderms axhunywe suture. Ama-Osteoderms ku-vertebrae yokuqala awekho I-Pareiasaurus.

Amathambo we-scootosaurus, isidumbu se-herbivore esivela ku-Perm ye-Northern Dvina. Lesi yisigaxa sesilwane esikhulu, esikhishwe kokutholwa, eduze kakhulu ne-pareiasaur, sesivele sikhishwe ngokuphelele ekuthengeni okufakiwe futhi sifakwa kwizisekeli zensimbi. Akukho lutho olwenziwe ngobunono kulesi skeleton: konke esikubonayo kuyithambo langempela, elilungiselelwe kusuka ekuziphatheni.
Paleozoological Museum of the Academy of Science

Ezindaweni zomlomo wesibeletho nangaphambi kokugcotshwa komgogodla - izihlakala. Eduze komgogodla kukhona izinqubo ezijikelezayo, eziphakeme phezu kogongolo. I-Caudal vertebrae engadluli kuma-20.

IScutosaurus. Ukubuka - kwangaphandle (dorsal) kwe-tibia, B - posterior (postaxial) femur kwesokunxele	Isikebhe saseScutosaurus

I-Skeleton ye-scutosaurus yabantu abadala	Isigaxa se-scooter encane embukisweni we-Paleontological Museum

Kleitrum u IScutosaurus ulahlekile. Izandla ezinkulu ezinamandla zimfushane kakhulu, futhi iziphetho zamathambo e-tubular ezinyawo zezisemuva azakheki ngokuphelele futhi ngokusobala zazinezindlala ezibalulekile ze-cartilaginous pineal gland. Amathambo enyawo asondeleneyo ayafakwa.

IScutosaurus. Isithombe esivela ku-movie ye-BBC Ukuhamba neMonsters. Impilo phambi kwama-dinosaurs "

ScutosaursNgokusobala, njengama-herbivores amaningi, ayeyizidalwa zezinkomo, kodwa isimo sazo sokufuduka amabanga amade siyofuna ukudla kwezilwane asinabufakazi obanele. Kuyangabazeka nokuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye njengabafokazi bezingahlasela lesi silwane esinomkhosi omkhulu kakhulu, futhi esinamandla kakhulu endaweni yaso. Izilwane ezisencane, ezigulayo noma ezindala kungenzeka ukuthi zihlaselwe, njengoba kwenza izitha zanamuhla, ukuhlasela ama-herbivores amakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, izilwane zasendle.

Ukuphonswa kwesihlabathi kwe-Gypsum yesihlabathi esivela kusokhethi Sokolki. Kulesi sihloko, amalungiselelo wePaleontological Institute akhiphe ithambo lesikhohlakali. Izithombe ngu-A. A. Medvedev. Imyuziyamu yePaleontology	Izicucu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasePretic zabaphangi. Amathambo engaphambili. Izithombe ngu-A. A. Medvedev. Imyuziyamu yePaleontology

Ukuhlushwa okukhulu Scutosaurs namanye ama-tetrapod endaweni yaseSokolki, mhlawumbe ahlobene nenhlekelele ethile yendawo, okwaholela ekufeni kwezilwane eziningi ezihlala endaweni eseduze nedamu. Izidumbu zabo zacishe zangathuthwa futhi ngokushesha bangcwatshwa obukhulu besihlabathi, obekuvimbela ukubhujiswa kanye nomonakalo wamathambo, amaningi awo agcinwe ngokuphelele.

Enye yezinketho zokwakhiwa kabusha kwendlela yokuphila nezindawo zesikuta

Abanye abacwaningi baphakamise indlela yokuphila yalezi zilwane zasemanzini futhi eseyimanzini ngokuphelele (i-Ivakhnenko), kepha izifundo zesimanjemanje ziphakamise indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yasemhlabeni.

Izithombe ze-Jurassic Portal Scootosaurus

I-Jurassic Portal Scootosaurus

IScutosaurus

IScutosaurus

EWilliamstown, eKentucky, kudalwe imodeli enkulu yokhuni yoMkhumbi kaNowa, enikezela ngezindawo zazo zonke izilwane ezisebhayibhelini, kubandakanya nezingasasebenzi. Lezi zithombe ezigcwele usayizi ogcwele weScutosaurs ziboniswa kwelinye lamaseli omkhumbi kaNowa.

I-Inostrancevia, iScutosaurus kanye nezilwane zayo ezihambisana nayo zesikhathi se-Permian: Annatherapsidus, Dvinia, Chroniosuchus, Kotlassia, Microphon, Raphanodon, Dicynodontia sp.

Imodeli yes Scutosaurus esikhulile evela embukisweni ojikelezayo "Ukuphila Ngaphambi Kwama-Dinosaurs. I-Perm Monsters." Izithombe ezithathwe eMnyuziyamu wase-Australia, e-Adelaide

Ukugcwaliswa kwe-scutosaurus yezinsana emgodini endaweni yokumba. Umnyuziyamu waseFlorida Umlando Wezemvelo	Amathambo we-scootosaurus encane. I-Florida Museum yomlando wemvelo

IScutosaurus eminyene ngokwedlulele ayihuduli umzimba wayo kwenye indawo. Noma engaziwa, uCleland wacabanga ukuthi kwakuyizinhlobo “ezinjengezilwane ezincelisayo”, futhi hhayi isihlobo esikude sezilwane ezihuquzelayo zesimanje (ngaphandle kwezimbila). Cleland, H. (1916) Geology. Ingxenye II

Ikhanda lesikhova se-scutosaurus ku-nodule. Izithombe ngu-V.P. Amalitsky, 1901. Ngo-1899, i-Amalitsky yaqala ukumbiwa ngelensi elilodwa, elalingumbhede womfula wasendulo, ogcwele isihlabathi, ngaphandle kokulindela, wakhipha izinto ezingamathani angaba ngu-20. Amathambo alala emiqobeni - amatshe amakhulu esihlabathi ayewahaqa njengecala. Ezinye izigaxa zazinesimo sezikelendane: amakhanda, izidladla nezinsikazi kwakuqagelwa kuzo

Ukulungiswa ngogebhezi lwes scutosaur kusuka ku-paleontological workshop yeV.P. Amalitsky

V.P. I-Amalitsky (kwesokudla), A.A. Abezinye izizwe (isikhungo) nabalungisayo eduze kwesigaxa sokuqala se-scutosaurus scoosaurus. Izithombe ezivela kungobo yomlando ye-Paleontological Institute. A. A. Borisyak RAS

Lesi sithombe esivela kumagazini "Spark" (ngaleso sikhathi - isithasiselo esiya ephephandabeni i- "Exchange Vedomosti") sikhombisa umthambo wokuqala wedayinas elatholakala eRussia. Umbukiso waso omkhulu wenzeka eSt. Petersburg, ngamaholide kaKhisimusi wango-1900

Amathambo okuqala, agxiliwe endaweni yokusebenzela yeV.P. Amalitsky, futhi akhonjiswa emphakathini ngoDisemba 1900. Bebefuna ukwenza umthambo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi bawulungisa ezinyangeni ezimbili nje. Lapho ithambo selicishe liqediwe, ngokushesha ukuyobonisa emhlanganweni weSocial of Naturalists, kwavela ukuthi wayengenayo imilenze yangaphambili. Izandla ezilahlekile bezibolekwe kwesinye isimo, kanye nezingalo zomzimba wasemuva. Ngenxa yalokho, i-scootosaurus yokuqala yaqhosha yema ngemilenze emhlane

Isigama: I-Amalitzkia, PareiosaurusI-Proelginia.

Udokotela weSayensi M.F. Ivakhnenko uhlukanisa enye inhlobo encane emthanjeni otholakala eSokoloki - Scutosaurus tuberculatus. Le scutosaurus encane ihlukile kuhlobo lwenhlobo ngoba inesithuthuthu esithuthukisiwe esimboza isiqu kanye nokwehla okungaphansi kwesipinashi. Ngasikhathi sinye, abamele abakhulu bohlobo lwezinhlobo banegobolondo elinciphile

+ S. isifo sofuba. I-scutosaurus itholakala ngezifo eziningi.I-Late Permian (i-Changhsingian, i-Vyatka Age) yase-Eastern Europe (Isifunda sase-Arkhangelsk, iMalaya Severnaya Dvina River, iSifunda sase-Kotlas, iSokolki, Ilyinskoye, i-Salarevskaya Suite). I-Amalitsky (1922). Kukwaziwa kuphela amathambo amabili agcwele - abancane nabadala. Kukhona igobolondo le-osteodermal.

I-Scutosaurus tuberculatus (Amalitzky, 1922), skull ohlangothini, holotype, esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk, k. UM. Severnaya Dvina, uSokolki, uLate Permian, uPhakama waseTatar ongaphezulu

Ubude bekhanda IScutosaurusisifo sofuba kufika ku-36 cm, isifinyezo esifushane kakhulu, ubude bengxenye yayo engaphambi kobudala ingabi ngaphezu kwengxenye yobubanzi bawo. Isakhiwo sophahla empeleni asihlukile kulokho Scutosaurus karpinskii, ngaphandle kwendawo nesimo sendawo eyaphuma kuyo i-osteodermal. Kwithambo lamakhala, izigaxa ezibekwe ngaphambili zide kakhulu, zi-conical, ezinkulu kakhulu zingaphandle, esinye sezigaxa sesibili kwesinye isikhathi siguqukela kulayini wezindondo. Amathambo wethambo lamakhala ahlelwe ngokungahleliwe futhi awakhi imigqa efanayo. Amathambo omzimba wethambo elixakile amade futhi aqondiswa phansi. Kuleli thambo, umgogodla ongaphandle we-marginal emithathu ukhule ngokuqinile.

IScutosaurus tuberculatus. Isikhumba, i-holotype. Kwesobunxele - ukubuka uhlangothi, kwesokudla - phansi. Isifunda sase-Arkhangelsk, isiFunda saseKotlas, iSokolki, iSarerevskaya Suite

Ulwanga nalo aluhlukile ngokuyisisekelo ekwakhekeni kolwanga lohlobo lwangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, izingxenye zangaphandle ze-choanae zibanzi kakhulu, isifunda sokwehliswa okuphezulu kwe-pterygoid flank silingana nezinga lomphetho we-anterior we-incterigoid notch. Umgodi wendlebe ophakathi uyindilinga ngokuhleleka. Ibhokisi lobuchopho likhulu. Ithambo le-occipital eliyindilinga liyindilinga, likhulu, li-concyle round concyle.

Umhlathi ophansi IScutosaurusisifo sofuba inqubo ephakeme, ye-retroarticular no, ukukhula kwe-osteodermal kwi-angular bone kancanyana kunokuphakama komhlathi.

Isigaxa se-postcranial sisikhulu, ibhande lamahlombe liqukethe i-scapulocoracoid yasesitezi ephakeme, yehlise indawo ephansi ye-interclavicle ephansi. Uma kubhekwa ukutholakala kwendawo yesitayela ku-humerus kanye ne-femur, izindolowane namadolo ama-paws kukhuphuke kancane ngaphezulu kwamaphethelo we-humerus kanye ne-femur.

Izinqubo ezijikelezayo ze-vertebrae ziphansi, zinama-osteoderms anamathiselwe, ayindilinga. Kukhona isihlangu somlomo wesibeletho esenziwe ngama-osteoderms acinene, angenamandla.

A - wesibeletho osteoderm Scutosaurus tuberculatus, B - trunk lateral osteoderm Scutosaurus tuberculatus

Igobolondo lomzimba IScutosaurusisifo sofuba ithuthukiswe kahle, iqukethe ama-osteoderms ayindilinga (afinyelela ku-50 mm ubukhulu) asezinqubo ezilandelanayo, ngasemaphethelweni awo, phakathi kwe-vertebrae, angama-oval ermoderms amakhulu afanayo, ancipha kancane ngosayizi aphansi kuya ezimbanjeni. Entanyeni ye-osteoderm kuxhunywe igobolondo eliqhubekayo. Phakathi kwama-osteoderms amakhulu, amancane ayindilinga alala, ngokufanayo, ngokusobala, amboze izinhlangothi nangaphansi komzimba. Kutholakale ama-icaloderms amancane e-conical, mhlawumbe anwebeka njengamakhanda esihlathini futhi ahlangana ndawonye esifundeni sokuzwa (esifana nezinsika ezisezintanjeni zezinye zezikhala zanamuhla zama-agama). Esifundeni somsila, amapuleti afana nezindawo eziphuma ngaphandle.

IScutosaurus tuberculatus ehlukile ku- Scutosaurus karpinskii ukwakheka kwesihleko, isisekelophenoid, ukwakheka kanye nezikhundla zezigaxa zamathambo kwithambo lamakhala, inqubo emfushane yethambo le-angular, ne-carapace eyenziwe kahle yesiqu.

Abezangaphandle (Inostrancevia latifrons), enkulu kunazo zonke kuma-gorgonopsids, ene-scutosaurus (Scutosaurus tuberculatus) eyembiwa, ngandlela thile ngosayizi omncane kuneKarpinsky Skutosaurus eyaziwa kakhulu

U-Ivakhnenko uthi uhlukile Scutosaurus karpinskii Amathambo evikela kakhulu emakhaleni, ukuba khona kwezambatho zesikhumba nezinqubo ezimfushane ze-neural. Noma kunjalo, amathambo emakhaleni Scutosaurus karpinskii ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi futhi lesi simo asisijwayelekile kulesi sici. Izembatho zesikhumba zikhona nasezilinganisweni eziningi. Scutosaurus karpinskii, kepha iningi lazo lasuswa ngesikhathi sokuhlukana.

Isigama: Isifo sofuba se-Pareiosaurus, i-Pareiasaurus tuberculatus, i-Pareiasuchus tuberculatus.

+ S. itilensis. Scutosaurus Itilian. "Itil - igama lakudala lomfula. Volga. " ILate Permian (Changhsingian, Vyatka century), iRussia, isifunda iVolga, (iTitaria, umfula iSviyaga, idolobhana lase-Ilyinskoye, isifunda saseKlyuchevaya) kanye ne-Ivakhnenko neLebedev (1987). Uhlobo lwe-holotype luyingxenye yoswazi.

Ubude bekhanda elihlanganisiwe IScutosaurusitilensis ungabi ngaphansi kwama-40 cm, isifinyezo sikhuphuke kakhulu, ubude bengxenye yaso engaphambi kobubanzi bungubungenamakhota amathathu ububanzi. Kuthafa oluphakamileyo lomhlathi ongenhla, ngaphansi kwesivalo esikhulu selebhu esiphindwe kabili, kutholakala isigaxa esikhulu esiyindilinga. I-fossa ye-lateral gland gland incane, iyisicaba. Ukuvulwa kweparietal kuncane, cishe phakathi kobude bethambo le-parietal.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-skull ye-Scutosaurus itilensis yi-holotype. I-Tatarstan, Klyuchevaya Ravine, i-Vyatka isibhakabhaka

Emagodini ayisikwele we IScutosaurusitilensis kukhona ama-conical osteodermal conical ajikelezayo, i-anterior low, i-side, i-second, conical, ithuthukiswa kakhulu. Kukhona ama-osteoderms angama-neural flat. Isihlangu somlomo wesibeletho sakhiwe ngama-osteoderm amakhulu aminyene axhumeke ngohlobo oludumile lwe-schedure.

Emapuletini ezinwebu zamazinyo e-pterygoids palate ahlala eziqongweni eziphakeme eziphakeme.

Ithambo le-occipital eliyinhloko IScutosaurusitilensis omkhulu kakhulu, onekhonkrithi ojikelezayo we-concave. Ukucaciswa kwe-basiperteroid akushukumisi. Amathambo we-capsule ye-Ear ossify kahle, omkhulu, iwindi le-oval likhona liphansi. I-patity yendlebe ephakathi phakathi kwepuleti ekhuphukayo ye-pterygoid ne-periotic ithambekele ekuthini yinde kancane, iyinxantathu kuhlelo.

Kanye nezinsalela Scutosaurus itilensis ithole inani elikhulu lama-osteoderms angawodwa. Emsamo kanye ne-sacrum, njengaphakathi IScutosaurus tuberculatus, kunenqwaba yezindlela zokwenziwa kwe-osteodermal, futhi egobolondweni lomlomo wesibeletho kwesinye isikhathi zixhunywa ngama-sutures we-serated. Emhlathini ophansi, ophakeme futhi omfushane, kukhona ishubhu elincane le-osteodermal ithambo le-angular, lingaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu ukuphakama komhlathi, inqubo yokubuyisela emuva imfushane. Igobolondo lomzimba elinesihlangu sentamo se-osteoderms eveziwe.

Spike yesikwele-zygomatic ithambo Scutosaurus itilensis

Ngokusho kuka-Ivakhnenko Scutosaurus itilensis ehlukile ku- Scutosaurus karpinskii ukuphuma kwe-buccal okuyindilinga okuningana, umgodi omkhulu wendlebe ephakathi, umehluko olinganayo kugebhezi. Kodwa-ke, ukuphuma kwesihlahla se-buccal okuyindilinga kuyindlela yokwakha isimo sezulu, ukuphuma kwenye akulonakalanga ethanjeni lesinxele futhi kubukhali futhi kuqinile, kufana Scutosaurus karpinskii. Umgodi wendlebe ophakathi ufana nezinye izengezo. Ukwahluka ngokulingana kukabheki ngeke kuqinisekiswe ngenxa yokuqhekeka okukhulu kwe-holotype, okwenza ukwakhiwa ngokuphelele kwe-skull kungenzeki. Noma kunjalo, zonke izinto ezisindayo ziyafana nalezi Scutosaurus karpinskii. Ikakhulu, inesikali se-seryngulum kwezinye (kepha hhayi sonke) samazinyo asemuva neshubhu lesikhumba eliphakathi kwezifucu ze-basal; lo mkhakha awenzeki kwamanye ama-pareiasaurs. Iphinde ibe nophondo emhlathini wayo.

Ngale ndlela Scutosaurus itilensis isichazamazwi esincane Scutosaurus karpinskii.

Ukutholwa okuvela esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk kusuka e-Severodvinsk emkhathizwe - i-pareiasaurus endala nencane kukhonjwe ngabaphenyi njengezinhlobo ezihlukile nohlobo lwe-Proelginia permiana

+I-Proelginiai-permiana. I-Permiangia Perm. "Ku-Elginia." ILate Perm (Lopingian, Wuchiapingian), iRussia (iTatararstan, iSigodi saseSemin, eduzane nedolobhana lase-Ilyinskoye, esifundeni saseTetyushki, eSeverodvinsk Horon). IHartmann-Weinberg (1937). Uhlobo lwe-holotype ludebe olulodwa.

Indawo edolobhana indawo ye-Ilyinsky Tetyushsky. Kwesokudla - isigodi sase-Ilyinsky eduze nendawo yezinsalela ze-Proelginia

Isigodi saseSemin sinqamula ngasosebeni olungakwesobunxele lomfula u-Ulemka emaphethelweni aseningizimu edolobhaneni lase-Ilyinskoye esifundeni saseTetyushinsky eTatarstan. Lapha ngo-1930, isazi se-paleontologist, uSolwazi A.P. UHartmann-Weinberg uthole ama-dinosaurs ase-Permian.

I-Proelginia kakhulu IScutosaurus, igebhezi layo lingama-16 cm kuphela ubude, elihambelana nobude bomzimba obungu-1.5 m, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-scutosaurus zinogebhezi olusuka ku-26 kuye ku-40 cm ubude. Deltavatiaat I-Proelginia ukuphuma kwamathambo ezihlathini nasemathanjeni emakhaleni akwenziwanga kahle, futhi i-carapace yangaphakathi yayiboniswa kuphela ngamathambo ngamanye - okusaqanda ezimbanjeni futhi kuyindilinga kanye nezinqubo ezihlwabusayo ze-vertebrae.

I-Proelginia permiana. Isigaxa esivela ngezansi, kusukela phezulu nangasohlangothini, ukwakha kabusha iHolotype, iTatarar, iSemin Ovrag, iLate Permian, Isigaba esingezansi se-Upper. Lo mbono uchazwe njenge-Scutosaurus permianus (HartmannWeinberg, 1937)

Ngokusobala I-Proelginia i-permiana yehlukile Scutosaurus karpinskii ngokuthi:

1. akukho ukuvulwa kwamaphayini,
2. i-auricle ithuthukiswe kahle,
3. i-interterigoid cavity (ihunyushwa ngokungafanele njenge-choana) ibunjiwe kakhulu ngo-U kune-V eyakhiwe
4. igatsha lesikwele le-pterygoid liqondiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunokuba liyi-back-side, futhi i-condyle eyisikwele inesikhundla esiseduze
5. ingxenye yophahla lukakhanda luphakanyisiwe,
6. isikhumba sikhomba sakhiwe ngesakhiwo esimnandi, hhayi uhlelo lokuphuma nokwehla kwamagquma,
7. isizalo sifushane
8. ukuphuma kwe-supratemporal kukhulu, kepha ezinye izinto eziphuma esgebeni azithuthukiswa kancane,
9. ama-buccal flanks amancane

I-Proelginia permiana. Olunye uhlobo lwe-scootosaurus oluvela esifundeni i-Perm Volga, ekuqaleni oluchazwa njenge-Scutosaurus permianus. Isithombe esivela encwadini kaM. I-Ivakhnenko "Ukuphila okwedlule komhlaba"	Igebhezi le-pareiasaurus Proelginia permiana. ISemin yisigodi esidlula ngasosebeni lomfula uMfula i-Ulemka emaphethelweni aseningizimu edolobhaneni lase-Ilyinskoye, esifundeni saseTetyushsky, eTatarstan. Ukusuka ekuqoqweni kweMnyuziyamu wePaleontological. Yu.A. Orlova

Azikho izici zokuxilonga ezibalwe ngenhla. I-Proelginia permiana akuvumelekile:

1. isifunda se-occipital sesampula sonakaliswa kakhulu futhi iningi lakhiwa kabusha kusetshenziswa ipulasitiki, ngakho-ke ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokuvulwa kwephayini ngeke kunqunywe,
2. i-auricle nayo ithuthukiswe kahle kuwo wonke amanye ama-pareiasaurs, kufaka phakathi IScutosaurus,
3. V-umumo we-interperigoid cavity kwezinye izinhlobo IScutosaurus kuwumsebenzi wokulungiselela ngokweqile,
4. igatsha lesikwele le-pterygoid linokuqondisa okufanayo (emaceleni bese libuyela emuva kancane) ku-taxa,
5. ukuphakama kwengxenye ye-postorbital yeseyili kubangelwa ukuhlakanipha kwe-taphonomic,
6. Kuzo zombili i-taxa, ukuqopha isikhumba kuqukethe ukuphuma kanye neziqongo ezinefossa engavamile,
7. isihlalo sobude obulinganayo kuzo zombili i-taxa,
8. ukuphuma okuhle I-Proelginia hhayi enkulu kakhulu, ukuphuma okusalele kulokhu okucatshangelwe kukhuliswa okuncane kakhulu kunokwabantu abadala IScutosaurus,
9. amafulethi e-buccal abukeka emincane ngaphakathi I-Proelginia permiana

Ngakho-ke, umehluko wokugcina we-2 ukhona ngempela: ukuthuthukiswa okungalungile kokuphuma kanye ne-buccal flanks. Akukho phondo emhlathini ongenhla. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubukhulu bezimpawu zohlobo oluthile lucatshangiwe kuphela uhhafu kasayizi womuntu omdala IScutosaurus, khona-ke lo mehluko ungaba yi -gengenetic. I-Proelginia owaziwa kuphela yi-holotype, futhi kuvela ukuthi lolu hlobo lukhonjwe ngumuntu osemncane ngakho-ke luyangabaza, negama I-Proelginiai-permiana Ingabe igama elifanayo elincane kunazo zonke Scutosaurus karpinskii.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwekhonkolo lokudla kwezindawo zomhlaba namanzi zamanzi weSeverodvinsk Community (Malokinelskaya and Suites Vyskovaya, Late Tatar age) eningizimu mpumalanga yeYurophu yaseYurophu. Imigqa enemicibisholo ikhombisa ukuhamba kwamandla ngokusebenzisa umphakathi: imigqa eqinile ikhombisa izindlela zokuhlangana, imigqa edonsile ikhombisa izindlela zokubola.
Izakhi zamanzi: (1) izitshalo zasemanzini, (2) ama-invertebrates, i-taxa, iqhaza lawo emaketangeni wokudla wasemhlabeni alincane. Izakhi ze-Amphibious: i-taxa edlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumaketanga wokudla wasemanzini nawasemhlabeni. Izakhi zomhlaba: (3) izitshalo, (4) ama-invertebrates, i-taxa edlala indima ebalulekile emaketangeni wokudla komhlaba, (5) umdwebo wezitshalo nezilwane, (6) paleonisciform, (7) izibungu ze-amphibian, (8) Dvinosaurus, (9) ) I-Karpinskiosaurus, (10) Chroniosaurus, (11) i-Microphone eyi-cotlassid, (12) pareiasaur Proelginia (ifomu lakuqala le-Scutosaurus), (13) Suminia, (14) dicynodonts, (15) gorgonopsids

Imodeli yaseModeli Pareiasaurus Proelginia eTotma

UShakishkin (1996) kodwa waphawula ukuthi i-holotype I-Proelginia permiana livela emkhathizwe osukhulile omncane kunokuba Scutosaurus karpinskii nokuthi konke ukucatshangelwa okuvela kule ndawo kuncane kakhulu ngosayizi. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi umehluko osayizi kungenzeka ungabi nge-ontological, kepha yi-taxonomic. Kodwa-ke, yizigebhi ezintathu kuphela ezaziwa ukusuka kule ndawo, wonke ubude obuhlukile, ngakho-ke ubufakazi bokuthi umehluko osayizi bangempela abubalulekile ngokwanele.

Isigama: IScutosaurus karpinskii, IScutosaurus i-permiana,IScutosaurus i-permianus.