Ngokuqala kwekwindla, sibona esibhakabhakeni imihlambi emikhulu yezinyoni ezindiza emafudlaneni ashubisa ubusika. Mayelana nalokhu kunezindaba eziningi, izincwadi, amakhathuni nezinganekwane. Njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi, okungukuthi, lezo ezihlala endaweni efanayo unyaka wonke, ngisho nasebusika. Izinyoni ezinjalo zibizwa nangokuthi izinyoni ezingahambi. Kukhona izinyoni ezijwayelekile impela ezingathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindiza kithi ebusika futhi zingazalela ebusika! Lokhu kuyathakazelisa ngempela futhi kuyamangaza. Ake sibone ukuthi kungani izinyoni ezahlukahlukene zenza lokhu nokuthi kuncike kuphi.
Izinyoni zasebusika zaseRussia: ngezigaba, ngabamele
Yiziphi izinyoni ezisaqhubeka nobusika eRussia? Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-70 zezinyoni zisale. Sizocacisa futhi. Izinyoni zasebusika zithathwa njengezihlala emazweni abo omdabu ngesikhathi sebusika esibandayo. Ngakho-ke, bayakwazi ukusinda futhi bathole ukudla lapha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, le nyoni ngeke ibande kuphela uma idlisiwe. Ngakho-ke, lezo zinhlobo ezidla kuphela izinambuzane ziyandiza zibaleke. Futhi kukhona abangadla amajikijolo, imbewu, imvuthuluka noma izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Ngokufanelekile, lezi zinyoni zahlukaniswa ngombandela ngamaqembu amaningana ngohlobo lokudla :
- herbivorous
- omnivores
- abahlaseli
Futhi endaweni yokuhlala ebusika, amaqembu alandelayo akhonjwa:
- uhlala edolobheni
- uhlale ehlathini
- hlala endle
Kusetshenziswa isicupho sezinyoni ukubabamba futhi bahlala ekhaya. Ezinye izinhlobo zingena kalula ekhaya, ezinye zithunjwe zimane zife. Ngakho-ke, isicupho sezinyoni kwesinye isikhathi asisizi ngalutho futhi kungcono ukudedela ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ngasikhathi sinye, kunokuba uzihlukumeze. Ebhlokini elilandelayo, sibheka ngokuningiliziwe izinhlobo ezithile zezinyoni zasebusika. Nazi ezivame kakhulu:
Ama-Bullfinches, ama-Crossbill, amaJay, amaCrows, amajuba, ama-wax, ama-Cedars, ama-Carduelis, ama-Muscovites, ama-Sparrows, ama-Siskins, amaKhosi aphuzi aphuzi, ama-Woodpeckers, ama-Tits, ama-Nuthatches, ama-Schuras, ama-Magpies, ama-Eagle Owls, Izikhova, njll.
Izinyoni zasebusika zaseRussia: ukuhlukaniswa, uhlu
Kusuka kumakhaza wokudla anamakhaza. Mayelana nezinyoni zobusika Bathi: "Izinyoni ezondleke kahle kuphela azesabi amazinga okushisa aphansi." Ngakho-ke, izinyoni ezasala zifihlekile kufanele zizuze impilo yazo phakathi kwezingwe.
Kungaba imbewu yezitshalo, amajikijolo, izilwane ezincane, i-carrion, udoti wokudla emigqonyeni kadoti yasemadolobheni. Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingavikeleki zifudukela ezindaweni eziseningizimu ebusika. E-Russia, cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa zezinyoni zihlala kuze kube sebusika.
Iqembu lezinyoni zobusika ngokwesisekelo sendawo kufaka izinhlobo eziningana:
Ngokwendlela yokudla, nabo bahlukaniswe:
Ukuze uhlu amagama wezinyoni zobusika akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele. Ungacabanga nje uhlu lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu nezidumile.
- inkunzi
- undlunkulu
- isiswebhu
- nuthatch,
- usisi
- inhloko ekhanda ophuzi,
- i-waxwing
- umsedari
- insimbi
- IGoldfinch
- EMoscow,
- tit
- jay
- I-Schur
- umdanso wokushaya
- Woodpecker
- amashumi amane
- ijuba
- khokho
- jackdaw
- isihlahla se-oki
- pika
- hazel grouse
- ugogo omnyama
- i-partridge
- ukhozi owl
- isikhova esimhlophe
- isikhova.
Ama-Bullfinches
Ngokungangabazeki ummeleli ogqamile futhi othandwa kakhulu wezinyoni zobusika. Ngisho nezingane ezincane kunazo zonke ziyamazi futhi ziyamazi ngesimo sakhe ebomvu elikhanyayo futhi alidingi ncazelo ekhethekile. By way, hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izinsikazi babe webele elijwayelekile grey. Okubomvu kukhanya kuphela kwabesilisa. Ama-bullfinches acishe abe ngosayizi kondlunkulu.
Unyaka wonke bahlala emahlathini bendawonye emhlambini omncane. Emahlathini ahlanganisiwe noma e-coniferous, adla ngembewu namajikijolo, ama-buds avela ezihlahleni.
Simbona ebusika kuphela, ngoba kungalesi sikhathi sonyaka kuphela asekulungele ukushiya indawo yakhe yemvelo eyokondla emikhombeni yokudla edolobheni. Amajikijolo awathandayo ebusika empeleni angumlotha osezintabeni, ngakho-ke noma ngubani owakhulisa ezigcekeni nakanjani uzokwazi ukubona lezi zinyoni ezinhle ebusika.
Uma ufisa, ungabamba kalula i-bullfinch futhi uqeqeshe ukuhlala emgodini ekhaya. AmaBullfinches akuthanda kakhulu ukudla, ayajabula ukudla konke okuhle kwezimbewu namajikijolo azokunikezwa. Bakhethwe kahle futhi bakulungele ukusheshe bathulele izingoma zabo kubanikazi. Ukuphela kwento eyingozi ukuthi kulula ukuyondla futhi ilimaze impilo yabo.
Yize le nyoni isebusika, azikwazi ukusinda iqhwa elinamandla ngaphezu kwama-50 degrees. Ngakho-ke, ama-bullfinches ahlala emahlathini e-coniffort enyakatho yezwe asandiza ebusika. Iqiniso alikho eningizimu, ukusondela nje kancane futhi kufudumele futhi kuvela ukuthi indiza ebusika iyafana nje nathi eRussia. Ngakho-ke sithole ukuthi iziphi izinyoni ezindiza ebusika?
Ondlunkulu
Lezi zinyoni ezincane ezinombala onsundu zihlala kahle emadolobheni futhi unyaka wonke phambi kwamehlo ethu. Banenombolo enkulu kakhulu okubhekiselwa kuyo kwizinyoni zobusika zasemadolobheni. Emhlabeni wonke babalelwa ezigidini eziyinkulungwane! Vumanani isibalo esihlaba umxhwele, ngakho ondlunkulu bayaziwa emazweni amaningi nakwamanye amazwe.
Lezi zinyoni ezincane ezingenakuthengiswa azijwayelekile kakhulu eqinisweni. Isibonelo, izintamo zazo zinama-vertebrae aphindwe ka-2 kakhudlwana kuneindlulamthi. Kuzwakala kungaqondakali okuncane ngoba izintambo zondlunkulu zimfushane futhi azizinde, kepha imfihlo yonke ukuthi ama-vertebrae awo ayacaba futhi ngenxa yalokho afanele inani elinjalo entanyeni emfushane kangako.
Lezi zinyoni nazo zithembekile kakhulu. Khetha umngane womshado impilo yakho yonke. Bangakwazi ukuhlangana nenye inyoni kuphela uma kushonile umlingani wabo. Lezi izinto.
Ondlunkulu banomusa omkhulu. Lapho befuna ukudla, bandiza ngamaqembu futhi uma undlunkulu oyedwa ethola ukudla, khona manjalo ubiza abanye. Ebusuku, ukuze kufudumale, bonke bahlala ndawonye ngokuqinile komunye nomunye, bashintsha izindawo ngezikhathi ezithile, ngaleyo ndlela bezifudumeza zikhathi.
Ondlunkulu basebenza futhi emasimini njengoba bedla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene zezinambuzane. Kepha lesi sikhathi asikhathalelwanga ku-PRC ngasikhathi sinye, futhi lapho ondlunkulu nabo bedla okusanhlamvu, banquma ukuyiqothula leyo undlunkulu emasimini abo okusanhlamvu ukuze kube nokuvunwa okwengeziwe. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi undlunkulu ungaba undiza okweqile imizuzu eyi-15 futhi ubasabise ngomsindo akubavumelanga ukuthi bangene emasimini, ngenxa yalokho bakwazi ukubhubhisa izinyoni eziyisigidi eziningana. Kepha injabulo yabo ayibanga yide, izinambuzane eziningi zahlukaniswa kungazelelwe, futhi ondlunkulu kwakumelwe bangeniswe ngokuphuthumayo ukuze kusindiswe ngokuphelele ukuvuna.
Ngakho-ke undlunkulu ubaluleke kakhulu kulayini wokudla.
Kungani kungezona zonke izinyoni ezindiza ebusika
Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezishisayo azihambi ngenxa yesimo sezulu sasebusika esithambile, esivumela ukuthi zingaziphiki ukudla okujwayelekile futhi zizale unyaka wonke. Isimo sokuhlala kwezinyoni eziningi “zasenyakatho” (amagwababa, izibungu, izikhova, amantshontsho, isisa, amajuba, izinkuni, ondlunkulu nabanye) kuchazwa ngamakhono amahle okuguqula, ukutholakala kwamalungiselelo afanelekile kanye nokungabikho kwezitha zemvelo.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinyoni zasebusika ngesisekelo sezwe, noma kunalokho kungqubuzana, kubukeka kanjena:
Isidleke sokuqala edolobheni nezindawo ezihlala kuzo, sisondela eduze nasezindlini zasebusika, ukuhlola ngokukhululekile amathini odoti sifuna izinsalela zokudla. Ngendlela yokondla, izinyoni zasebusika zimelelwa yizo zonke izigaba ezaziwayo:
Zonke izinyoni ezilwa nesithwathwa zifunda ukuthola ukudla ngeqhwa eliningi nangamaqhwa amakhulu. Izendlalelo ezinonile ezinamafutha kanye ne-fluffy plumage, egcina ukushisa, zisindisa emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Kubalulekile. Umbono ongelona iqiniso wokuthi izinyoni ezingavikeleki zindiza ziye eningizimu ngenxa yokuqandeka kwezinambuzane. Ama-tits kanye ne-nuthatch, ngokwesibonelo, azithola ngaphansi kwamagxolo, angawanaki futhi amaqanda, izibungu ne-pupae.
Zidlani izinyoni zasebusika?
Azihluphi kangako ngesithwathwa njengokuswela ukudla, okudingekayo ukwanelisa indlala futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukukhipha ukushisa. Indlela elula kunazo zonke izinyoni ezinhle (ezinjenge-Carduelis, i-siskins, ama-bullfinches noma ama-tapas) ngemenyu yabo ecebile yasebusika, efaka:
- imbewu ye-birch
- imbewu ye-alder
- iwashi
- izithelo ezi-rollan
- imbewu ye-lilac kanye nomlotha.
Izinyoni ezizidlayo zivumela ukubamba umdlalo omncane ngisho nangaphansi kweqhwa, kanti okusele, ngethemba lokuthi zizothola amalungiselelo, zisondele kakhulu kubantu.
Ukuphaka ubusika kwezinyoni
Ihlose ukunciphisa ukufa kwezinyoni zobusika. Ukondla kwasebusika kuqala (kucatshangelwa izimo zezulu) ngo-Okthoba - Novemba futhi kuphele ngoMashi - Ephreli.
Okusanhlamvu nokuningi
Ukondla ubusika kuhlose ukuheha izinyoni eziwusizo, ikakhulukazi ama-tits nuthatching, kanye nokunakekela nokukhulisa inani lazo. Ekudleni kwasebusika kwalezi zinyoni kufaka imbewu:
- ubhekilanga
- hemp
- i-spruce nephayini (ongaphansi),
- ikhabe kanye ikhabe
- amathanga.
Igobolondo lojongilanga liziboleka kalula kuma-tits amakhulu nakunkulisa, kuyilapho izithonjana ezincane zidinga ukuchobozwa kancane. Imbewu yeWatermelon, edliwa ngentshiseko ngama-tits ngokunganakekeli, emafrijini aqandayo aphenduka umuthi ongalawuleki, noma owenzelwe i-tits ezinkulu.
Ukunakwa. Akufanele kube nosawoti ku-feeder (lokhu kunoshevu kuzona zonke izinyoni), futhi imbewu sunflower, ithanga, ikhabe, uphayini nekhabe kufanele kubekwe okusha, hhayi okuthosiwe.
Zonke izinhlobo ezidla okusanhlamvu zidla ku-oats nemabele, kanye nama-tigo, ngaphezu kwalokho, zidla izingcezu zamafutha angenawo umdlandla, inyama, amanoni angaphakathi nezidumbu zezilwane ezincane, ezigxunyekwe egatsheni olunentambo / intambo.
Izingxube zokuphaka
Zihluke kakhulu ekubunjweni, kuya ngohlobo lokudla kwezinyoni ezondliwayo. Ngakho-ke, kuma-unstivores, kunconywa i-sunflower kanye nembewu ye-hemp ngokwesilinganiso se-1: 4 kunconyiwe. Njengomthetho, noma iyiphi inhlanganisela iqukethe okusanhlamvu okuchotshoziwe kanye nembewu: ngendlela emsulwa noma egcwele amanoni ezilwane ancibilikile. Lezi zokugcina zizithanda ngokukhethekile izithonjana.
Enye yezindlela zokupheka eziphakeme kakhulu zekhalori yizicucu zenyama ebilisiwe, egcwele amanoni, nayo engeza imfucuza yokudla okusanhlamvu, imbewu noma okusanhlamvu, ngokwesibonelo, i-oatmeal. Izinyoni ezidla okusanhlamvu nokungavikeleki zindizela ngokuzithandela kuma-feeders, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona imifino ye-hemp, amabele, amajikijolo omisiwe (umlotha wentaba, i-elderberry), i-sunflower echotshoziwe ne-oats echotshoziwe.
Okuphakelayo
Le miklamo ingaba nobunjwa obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu, into esemqoka ukuthi ayihumushi okuphakelayo. Kulokhu, abondli kufanele bafakwe eduze kwezakhiwo zokuhlala, njengoba izinyoni eziningi ebusika ziyaqonda ukuthi usizo luvela kumuntu.
Uma okuphakelayo kuhloswe kakhulu ukuthola ama-tits nokuthambisa, isilinganiso sanyanga zonke sisukela ku-1.5 siye ku-2 kg wengxube ye-feed, 0.5 kg yenyama nama-200-300 g wamafutha. Emahlathini naseziqiwini, lapho kuye kwaba khona ukwanda kwenani lezinambuzane eziyingozi, abeka i-feeder eyodwa nge-100-200 ha.
Ukuphakama kokubekwa akudlali, kepha kuphela uma kungekho maxhaphozi endaweni, kuvame ukuchitha abondli. Kulokhu, balengiswa okungenani ngamamitha ayi-2,5, yize kulula kakhulu lapho okuphakelayo engele ngaphezulu kokuphakama komuntu.
Ukuheha izinyoni, beka abondli ezindaweni ezifanayo, ukuze izinyoni zilethe ukukhula lapha.
Ukondla njengesizathu sokuvela kwemvelo
Izinyoni zasebusika ziyavela uma zidla njalo. Lesi siphetho, esivezwa ekhasini lephephabhuku i-Current Biology, senziwa ngabasebenza nge-ornithologists ababebheka izihlabani zamakhanda abamnyama iminyaka eminingana. Ososayensi baqaphela abantu abangu-2 baseSylvia atricapilla abavela eJalimane, ababehlanganyela kuphela ama-800 km. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izinyoni zazo zombili lezi zinhlanga zandiza ebusika eMedithera, zidla iminqumo neminqumo khona.
Ngawo-1960s, ingxenye yama-warblers (cishe ama-10%) yaqala ebusika e-foggy Albion, eyayigcinelwa ukondliwa okusebenzayo kwezinyoni ohlangothini lwesiNgisi esikhathazekile. Ukuhlaziywa kweDNA kukhombisa ukuthi izimpi zalezi zizwe ezimbili, ezaqhubeka ukundiza eMedithera, zakhombisa ukufana okukhulu phakathi kwazo (ngisho nokucabanga ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-800) kunalabo abathuthela e-UK.
Izazi zesifo sezinhlungu zesikhumba sezilwane ziyaqiniseka ngokubaluleka kokwehlukahluka kofuzo okubonwa kuma-warblers wesibalo esisodwa ebusika emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, womabili amagatsha esintu aqala ukuhluka ngaphandle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba abacwaningi begcizelela, kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuthola isiphetho somhlaba, ngoba uSylvia atricapilla waqala ubusika ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene hhayi kudala. Noma kunjalo, izazi zebhayoloji ziphakamisa ukuthi bathola ukuhlukaniswa kwesibalo sabantu ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezizimele, ezenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya elifanayo lomuntu.
Undlunkulu
Leli gama livame ukufihla undlunkulu wendlu, izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu nezingathenjiwe zohlobo londlunkulu bangempela. Cishe zonke izingosi ezingama-12, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, ziphila impilo ezinzile futhi zinamathele kumuntu. Ondlunkulu bendlu bahlala endaweni eseningizimu nasenyakatho yomhlaba (kufaka phakathi i-Eurasia, i-Australia, iNyakatho / iNingizimu Melika, iNingizimu Afrika, iNew Zealand kanye neziqhingi eziningi), kepha abakwazanga ukuzivumelanisa ne-Arctic kuphela.
Iduna lingabonakala kalula ibala elimnyama eliya enkanjini, umphimbo / isigaxa esifubeni esiphakeme, kanye nompunga omnyama (hhayi onsundu, njengasesifeni sowesifazane). Insikazi inomphimbo nekhanda grey, kuthi lapho kudlula iso.
Indlunkulu yendlu nondescript, njengoba kwenzeka nje, iyashada, futhi ingene emshadweni wesibili kuphela ngemuva kokushona komlingani.
Izinyoni ziyaxaka futhi zaziwa ngokungafanele kwazo - unganqikazi ukuntanta etafuleni lekhefi elisemgwaqweni ukuze ujikeleze imvuthuluka embalwa. I-House Sparrow inesikhathi esifushane sokuphila, hhayi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-5. Amahemuhemu kondlunkulu abahlala kabili isikhathi eside awabhalwa.
Bullfinch
Lo omele umndeni we-Finch mkhulu ngokwedlula undlunkulu wendlu, kodwa ubukeka mkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yomzimba wawo obukhulu. Owesilisa uhlukaniswa yisisu esibomvu, umbala waso uthuthukiswa amathunzi abomvu esihlathini, umphimbo kanye nasezinhlangothini (hhayi isibonelo sowesifazane odakiwe). Izinsikazi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zincishwa imicu emhlophe ezimpikweni zazo, nezilwane ezincane kuze kube yilapho umolter wokuqala enesigqoko esimnyama emakhanda abo.
AmaBullfinches ahlala eYurophu, Eduze naseMpumalanga Asia, kubandakanya iSiberia, iKamchatka neJapan. Umngcele oseningizimu wohlu ufinyelela enyakatho yeSpain, e-Apennines, enyakatho yeGrisi nasenyakatho ye-Asia Minor. Abahlali abaningi baseRussia banesiqiniseko sokuthi i-bullfinch ivela emahlathini ethu ebusika, kepha lokhu akunjalo: ehlobo imbozwe ngamahlamvu aminyene, futhi maqondana nembali yangemuva yezihlahla zeqhwa iba sobala kakhulu.
I-Matriarchy ibusa emindenini yama-bullfinches - umgibeli weqhwa uthola izibonelelo, uphatha owesilisa kanye nezingxabano, uma kunesidingo, nomakhelwane. Owesilisa uphathiswe imfundo yamachwane.
AmaBullfinches angakhipha imbewu kuma-rowan amajikijolo, ama-hop cones kanye ne-juniper, kepha anikeze ukukhetha okuthe xaxa ku-maple, ash kanye nembewu ye-alder. Ku-feeders musa ukudelela i-buckwheat kanye ne-map.
Omunye ongowokuzalwa emndenini omuhle kakhulu, uhlala emathangeni ahlanganayo futhi kuthiwa yinyoni enobusika obuncane ezweni lethu. UChizh ungaphansi kondlunkulu, kepha engathandwa kangako, ngenxa yengoma yamahlaya ngeChizhik-fawn.
I-Siskin inezinto ezingekho-banal ezinemibala eluhlaza okotshani kanye nedatha enhle yamazwi, ngenxa yalokho kuyakujabulisa ukuyithenga ezimakethe zezinyoni. Isisiki sisheshe sivele bese sijwayela ikheji, lapho likhonkotha imiculo engasho lutho futhi lize libonise namachwane.
Imbewu ye-deciduous (ikakhulu i-birch / alder) kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihlanganiswe nezinambuzane, ezinjengama-aphid, ezidla phambili ekudleni okungokwemvelo kweChizh. Izinkumbi ezinamanzi ziya ukondla amachwane. Ekuthunjweni, inyoni ijwayela i-canola, imbewu yefilakisi nembewu ye-canary.
Isisodwa sakha i-pair kuphela yokwakha isidleke sonyaka. Ekwindla, izingulube zikamaskandi zifudukela lapho kunezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingenawo iqhwa.
Klest-elovik
Ungumuntu wesiswebhu ojwayelekile, inyoni ingaphezu kondlunkulu, kepha ingaphansi kwenkanyezi. I-Klest idume ngomlomo wayo oqinile wesiphambano, ayisetshenziswanga nje kuphela ukukhipha imbewu ezinkomeni, kodwa futhi nasekukhweleni izihlahla. UKlest-elovik uhlala eYurophu (kufaka phakathi isikhala se-post-Soviet), eCentral naseNyakatho ne-Asia, eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, ePhilippines, kanye naseCentral naseNyakatho Melika.
Le nyoni ikhetha ngokungathi sína futhi ihlala ikakhulu i-spruce, imvamisa kaphayini futhi ixubekile, kepha ayilokothi ihlathi lomsedari.
Owesilisa ungabonakala ibele le-raspberry (kowesifazane ungotshani). Umsila nezimpiko zendlela ejwayelekile zidwetshwe ngombala onsundu. Le nyoni ivame ukulengiswa ibheke phansi, ifinyelele kwisigaxa bese ibambelela egatsheni ngeminwe emide eyishumi.
Isiswebhu “asisusi” isigaxa kuze kube sekupheleni, saneliswa cishe nge-1/3 yembewu: okusele kudliwa amagundane nama-squirrels. Imigwaqo enomsindo nimble ichitha isikhathi esiningi ezihlahleni; ezindizeni, zivame ukushaya umsindo we- “cap-cap-cap”. Ngokungafani nezinyoni eziningi, ziyakwazi ukuzala ebusika.
IGoldfinch Goldfinch
I-songbird, ephansi ngosayizi kuya kundlunkulu, futhi yaziswa ngabathandi ngamakhono ayo amahle kakhulu wokukhuluma. Ojwayelekile, noma onamakhanda amnyama, wegolide wegolide uhlabelela ngokungakhathali unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisipho sakhe ngisho nasekhejini.
Imvelo yanikela nge-Carduelis hhayi nge talente lomculi kuphela, kodwa nangendlela ebukeka ngayo emangalisa - amaplamu amnyama-aphuzi amaphiko, izihlathi ezimhlophe, emuva emuva nezinsiba ezibomvu ezizungeze umlomo noqhwaku. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivela kububanzi bomucu obomvu ngaphansi kwesiqhwaga: emadodeni ano 8-10 mm, kwabesifazane - kabili mncane.
Ngokusho kwe-ornithologists, akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana ne-2 carduelis enombala ofanayo we-plumage.
Ama-Carduelis ajwayelekile ahlala eYurophu, eNtshonalanga Asia, eNyakatho Afrika naseSiberia eseNtshonalanga. Naphezu kokungathandi amaqabunga, iningi lamakhaza ebusika e-Carduelis ekhaya, asondela ezindaweni zokuhlala. AbakwaCarduelis babhubhisa izinambuzane ezingadini eziyingozi ngokuncika kwizibungu zezihlahla, kanye nakuzo imbewu zokhula, kufaka ne-burdock, ezenqatshwa ezinye izinyoni.
Isidlaliso sikazwelonke sale nyoni yasehlathini - iqhude laseFinland, noma upholi waseFinland - sivele ngenxa yokukhanya okugqamile (ngokubhekisisa ingemuva le-raspberry) inani lamadoda. Abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abancanyana kakhulu: amabele, ikhanda nomhlane kupende ophuzi obomdaka.
I-Schur ekhula kusuka enkingeni, yangqongqozwa phansi futhi ihlomile ngoqhwaku oludwebekile, isiza ukudonsa imbewu kusuka kwizigaxa nokuqhekeza amajikijolo. I-Ordinary Schur ithanda amahlathi e-cififarm, imvamisa yama-taiga, lapho imvamisa iqala khona ukubiza ngokuthi "Ki-Ki-Ki", okusikhumbuza ngengozi i-bullfinch. Iphinde ikhiphe ukukhala okudumayo kwe- “pew-li” noma, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokukhwelana, ukushintshela kuma-tror sonorous.
ISchur ivame ukudidaniswa ne-bullfinch ngenxa yeplamu ebomvu yamabele nokunamathiselwa kumlotha osentabeni. Kuliqiniso, iSchur, ngokungafani ne-bullfinch, iyazithanda izinqubo zamanzi kungakhathalekile isikhathi sonyaka: zithi izinyoni zabonwa zibhukuda ngisho phakathi nobusika. I-Schur ngaphandle kwezinkinga ijwayela ukudingiswa, kepha, hawu, yenqaba ukuzala.
Inkosi enamakhanda aphuzi
Ibonwa njengezinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke (kuphela amasentimitha ayi-10) yaseYurophu nenyoni kazwelonke yaseLuxembourg. Inkosi ikweleta igama lakhe kumucu wegolide, oqondiswe hhayi endaweni ezungezile, njengoba kufanele umqhele wangempela, kodwa ngekhanda. “Umqhele” (owolintshi owesilisa nowphuzi kowesifazane) weqa ikhephu elimnyama ngaphezulu kwekhanda, futhi akekho ngokuphelele kumncane.
Umbala ovamile we-plumage njengasesikhunjeni ungowomnqumo, futhi ukwakheka komzimba njengase-wand kungumzimba oyindilinga, inhloko enkulu enentamo engabonakali nomsila omfushane.
Izidleke zenkosi enamakhanda aphuzi izidleke emahlathini ama-coniferous / exubile (futhi ngisho nase-taiga eminyene), kanye nasezivandeni nasemapaki lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ezindala ze-spruce. Izinyoni ezihlala kahle kakhulu, zithambekele ekufudukeni ebusika okungajwayelekile. Ifana ne-tits ngendlela yokuphila: nabo, i-kinglet nayo iyazulazula, ihlala ngaphezu kwemingcele ye-nestot biotopes.
Emhlabathini, amakhosi acishe angabonakali, njengoba aphakanyiswa phezulu emiqhele. Lapha bahlala beshintshana bephuma egatsheni beya egatsheni, bekhombisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezibandakanya ukubheka phansi. Inkosi iyakhohliseka futhi iyakwazi ukuvala umuntu eduze, kepha hhayi ngesikhathi sokudalwa.
Magpie
Le nyoni edume ngenhla ehlukile, emnyama nomhlophe, ikhazinyulisiwe ngezingoma, izinganekwane nezinkondlo. Abesilisa nabesilisa banombala ofanayo, yize abokugcina benensimbi ehlukile (eluhlaza / onsomi) yomsila omise okomuntu oncibilika ekundizeni.Uqhwaku lomagpie nemilenze imnyama, kanti umbala omhlophe umboza izinhlangothi zawo, isisu, amahlombe kanye naphansi emuva.
Inyoni endala inesisindo esisuka ku-200 kuye kuma-300 g ubude bephiko ngo-19-22 cm nomsila ongafika kuma-22-31 cm.
Amagagasi ahlala emaqenjini amancane, ngezikhathi ezithile angena emihlambini emikhulu yabantu abafinyelela kwabangu-200. Lezi zinyoni ebusika ebusika kwezinye izindawo ziningi impela, kepha azivamile emadolobheni amakhulu nasezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi.
Ukuze uthole isidleke kaningi kukhethwa:
- amahlathi ahlanganayo futhi ahlanganisiwe lapho kukhona khona imiphetho
- izingadi nemifino
- amabhande ehlathi
- amahlahla aminyene.
Amashumi amane awazesabi izintaba, lapho atholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-1.5-2,6 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, imvamisa engekude namanzi. Ezimpukwini ezibandayo ziya emasimini ashibilika, amasheya okugcwala komhlaba kanye nokuchithwa komhlaba.
Ingxenye enkulu
Hhayi kuphela ezinkulu kunazo zonke, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zohlobo lwe-genus tit, ezibizwa nangokuthi i-tit enkulu. Uqhathaniswa nondlunkulu ngosayizi, kepha udlula ukukhanya kwawo okukhulu kwenani - ikepisi elimnyama lihlotshiswe ekhanda lendoda enkulu, isisu esikhanyayo esihlukaniswe “ngothayi” omnyama kusuka esifubeni kuye emsileni, izihlathi zidwetshwe zimhlophe. Abesilisa bahlala bezwakala kakhulu kunabesifazane.
I-tit tit enkulu ijwayelekile e-Eurasia, eMiddle East nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika. Lezi zinyoni ezinelukuluku futhi ezinomdlandla zivame ukuhlala eduze kwabantu (ezivandeni, ezigcawini nasemapaki), kanye naku-rose, emagqumeni amancane nasehlathini elikhanyayo.
I-tit enkulu iyamangaza futhi idla izitshalo nezilwane (ikakhulukazi lapho zondla amaphuphu) ukudla:
- izimbungulu nezinhlanga,
- amacimbi nezintuthwane,
- izicabucabu nezinambuzane,
- omiyane nezimpukane,
- imbewu yojongilanga, rye, ukolweni, ummbila nama-oats,
- imbewu / amajikijolo e-birch, linden, maple, elderberry nabanye,
- amantongomane amancane.
IBolshaki, iningi labesilisa, ingabahlabeleli abahle abanokuhlukahluka okuzwakalayo okufika kuma-40 emkhankasweni wabo. Bacula unyaka wonke, bathula kuphela ekwindla nasekupheleni kobusika.
Waxwing
Inyoni enhle kakhulu enemibala enobuntu, ecishe ingabonakali ekundizeni. Izinsikazi azimhle kangako kunabesilisa, ngoba ezesibili zinombala ogqamile futhi obukhali - inhloko ebomvu ngombala, umphimbo omnyama nomaskandi, ophuzi, omhlophe, izimpaphe ezibomvu emaphikweni nesiphundi somsila ophuzi ziqhamukele ngemuva kwesizinda esejwayelekile somlotha.
I-waxwing ithanda amahlathi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, izingadi nezihlahlana, lapho ithela khona inqwaba, amakhulukhulu nezinkulungwane zezinyoni. Ukudla okuyinhloko ebusika kwe-waxwing kuyinto i-rowan. Ehlobo nasekwindla, izinyoni zidla i-snowberry, i-dogrose, i-elderberry, amajikijolo e-jida kanye nembewu ye-apula.
Kubalulekile. Ama-Waxworms ubusika endaweni ethile uma ecebile ngokudla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imihlambi yezinyoni iyazulazula ifuna ukudla, ihambela kude nezindawo ezidlekayo.
Umpofu ukuvunwa kwezihlahla zasendle, imisebe ebusika ibanda kakhulu emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni. Izinyoni ziyamamatheka, futhi amajikijolo awanaso isikhathi sokugaya, okufaka isandla ekusakazekeni kwezitshalo ezidliwayo.
Isikhova
Mhlawumbe isisusa esiphawuleka kakhulu ngokulandelana kwezikhova, ukubukeka okuvelele - umzimba omkhulu obunjiwe umgqomo, amehlo ansundu ogqamile, “izindlebe zezimpaphe” (izimpaphe ezithe mpo ngaphezu kwamehlo) namapayipi amile. Isibungu sokhozi siguqula ikhanda laso ngama-270 degrees futhi sikwazi ukundiza buthule phakathi kwezihlahla.
Isikhova sokhozi singabonwa nje kuphela kuningi lwe-Eurasia, kodwa naseNyakatho Afrika (kuze kufinyelele ku-15th parallel). Inyoni ejwayelekile ebusika ezizwa ithembela kuma-biotopes ahlukene, ukusuka e-taiga kuya ogwadule, ngezikhathi ezithile ivela emapulazini ngisho nasemapaki amadolobha.
Izintshisekelo zokudla kwesikhozi zikhulu zibanzi futhi zifaka phakathi ama-vertebrates nama-invertebrates:
- izinduku
- -fana nonogwaja
- abafel 'ukholo
- inzalo yabangakholwayo
- ama-hedgehogs, avame ukudliwa ngezinaliti,
- enezinwele
- inhlanzi
- ezihuquzelayo nama-amphibians.
Isikhozi sokhozi asinabo ubunzima ekukhetheni ukudla, siguquka kalula sisuka kolunye uhlobo siye kwesinye futhi sikhetha ukukhiqizwa kwesisindo esiningi.
Izintandokazi zokudla zincike endaweni. Ngakho-ke, izikhova zesifundazwe saseNorway iRogaland zigxile kumaxoxo otshani (afinyelela kuma-45% ekudleni).
Isikhova sinezwi elikhulu kanye ne-repertoire ecebile - kusuka ekubonakaleni okuhle nasezintweni zokukhala kuze kube ukuhleka nokuhleka.By the way, owamuva uthi inyoni ayijabule, kodwa ikhathazekile.
UJay
Le nyoni, ethola igama kusuka kwisenzo esidala saseRussia "khanyisa", ichaza ukufutheka kwakhe okukhazimulayo nobuningi bezinwele, umbala we-beige ohambisana nawo ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omhlophe nomnyama emaphikweni. Ijay yabantu abadala inesisindo esingama-200 g ukuphakama okungama-40 cm futhi ihlotshiswe nge-perky crest ekhuphuka lapho isiphapheme.
Uqhwaku olunamandla oluqinile lwenzelwe ukuhlukanisa izithelo ezinzima, ama-acorn kanye namantongomane. Imifino (okusanhlamvu, imbewu kanye namajikijolo) yanda kwimenyu ye-jay, ecebiswa ngezikhathi ezithile ngamaprotheni ezilwane, afana nalawa:
- izinambuzane kanye nama-arachnids,
- ama-invertebrates, isibonelo, izibungu,
- izinduku ezincane
- izibankwa
- amasele
- amaqanda namachwane.
I-jay inebanga elide, elihlala cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika nase-Asia Minor. Uhlobo luhlala eCaucasus, eChina naseJapan, eMongolia naseKorea, eSiberia naseSakhalin. AmaJay ahlala ngokuzithandela emahlathini (i-coniferous, deciduous futhi exutshwe), enikeza ukuthandwa okukhulu kuma-oki okhula. Le nyoni ayinamahloni emapaki anganakwa, kanye namakati amade (ngokuvamile eningizimu).
Umsedari
Ungumuntu ovela emndenini we-corvé. Akumangazi ukuthi le kude le nyoni engamasentimitha angama-30 ingahle ibe nephutha ngokuphelele lesikhonyane. Eduze, izinhlaka ezijwayelekile zamakhaza ziphikisana nombala we-atypical - ikhanda nomzimba womsedari awumnyama, kepha onsundu, onendawo ebonakalayo emhlophe, nomsila omnyama uhlukaniswe nomhlophe. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka: izintokazi zilula kancane / zincane futhi zinezindawo ezimfushane kakhulu emzimbeni.
Amahlathi kaphayini ahlala kusuka eScandinavia kuya eJapan, akhetha ubuthi be-taiga for nesting, ikakhulukazi amahlathi emisedari. Izinyoni azesabi iqhwa elinamandla, noma izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kuka-40 degrees Celsius.
Imikhiqizo efana:
- ama-acorn
- imbewu yesihlahla e-coniferous / deciduous,
- Izithelo zeHazel
- amajikijolo
- ama-invertebrates amancane.
Ama-pine nutcrackers ahlakaniphile, njengawo wonke amakhorali: aqoqa amantongomane, alahla lawo onakalisiwe, futhi futhi aqukethe ngosuku oluna imvula, acashe amantongomane emigodini, ngaphansi kophahla noma angcwatshwe emhlabathini.
Ngesinye isikhathi, le nyoni ithwala amantongomane wepine afinyelela ku-100, ayibeka esikhwameni se-hyoid.
Amahlathi emisedari ahlala eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye noma emihlambini, athuthela amabanga amancanyana lapho okuphakelayo kuphela. Izinyunyana zomndeni zidala kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo.
Isikhova esimhlophe
Likhulu ngosayizi kunezinye izikhova ezihlala e-tundra, kanti izintokazi zezinhlobo zezilwane zakha amarekhodi, zikhula ziye kuma-70 cm ezinesisindo esingama-3-3 kg. Ekuthunjweni, izinyoni ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30, kepha ingxenye yakhona isendle.
Ikhanda lesikhova esingenamikhawulo liyindilinga, liphezulu lisifaka phakathi kwamakhaza, amhlophe ngemisinga. Abesilisa balimhlophe kunezinsikazi kanye nezilwane ezincane ezinamamaki amaningi amakhulu afakiwe. Amehlo aphuzi ngokugqamile, uqhwaku lumnyama ngezimpaphe-amabhlogo, izimpaphe emilenzeni ziphenduke ku- “cosmas”, amaphiko afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,7.
Isikhova esine-polar, eqashelwa ngokwenxenye njengezinhlobo ezizulazulayo, isuka ezindaweni ezivulekile, njengomthetho, i-tundra, imvamisa - kuya esitebhisini nasehlathini-tundra.
Ihlala e-Eurasia, eNyakatho Melika, eGreenland naseziqhingini ngazinye ze-Arctic Ocean. Ukuhlala phansi emhlabathini, kugwema izimila eziphakemeyo, okuyindlela yokuzingela - kusuka emhlabathini, ihleli egqumeni. Ukusuka lapho, ubuka indawo ezungezile futhi, lapho esebonile inyamazane, indiza ebheke kuye, eshaya amaphiko ayo kakhulu ukunamathisela izindwani ezibukhali emhlane wakhe.
Ekudleni kwesikhova esimhlophe kukhona isidalwa esiphilayo:
- namagundane, imvamisa,
- ama-hares kanye nepikas,
- izinqe
- ama-hedgehogs
- goose namadada
- umgwaqo
- inhlanzi ne-carrion.
Izinyamazane ziginya umdlalo omncane ngokuphelele, zikhulu - ziyise esidlekeni ziyidle, ziyidwengula. Isidingo sansuku zonke ngamagundane ama-4. Izikhova ezingama-polar zizingela ngemva kokusa nokushona kwelanga, zindizela esidlekeni sazo. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, izikhova ezimhlophe azithuleli, kepha ngesinye isikhathi ziyagquma, zimemeza ngokungazelelwe, amagxolo kanye nocingo.
Amajuba
Zifanekisela umndeni wejuba futhi zihlala eduze kwabantu, zihlakazeke emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic ne-Antarctic.Isisindo samajuba wangempela ahambisana nezinhlobo futhi kuyehluka kusuka ku-0,2 kuye ku-0,65 kg. Amajuba ahlukile emibalabala yokufaka imibala kanye ne-plumage - izinyoni zingaba pink, peach noma ezinemibala ehlukahlukene, njengopholi. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpaphe ziyagxotshwa, zigobeke, noma zakhe umsila wepigogo.
Amajuba, ikakhulukazi awasemadolobheni, cishe ayamangaza, njengoba efika udoti. Ngokuvamile, imenyu yamajuba wangempela aqukethe:
- imbewu nezinhlamvu
- izithelo namajikijolo
- izinambuzane.
Ukusebenziseka kalula kwamajuba kuchazwa inani elincane lezinhlamvu zokunambitha - ngama-37 kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkulungwane ezingama-10 ama-receptor umuntu ngamunye anazo.
Kungani bengandizeli eningizimu
Imvamisa, labo abahlala ebusika bazosinda emakhazeni. Isibonelo, i-heron idla ama-amphibians nezinambuzane. Ebusika, azikho, hhayi ezinye - okusho ukuthi i-grey heron, ehlala kulayini ophakathi nendawo, iyaphoqeleka ukuba izulazule minyaka yonke ibheke eningizimu, cishe cishe zonke izihlobo zayo ezingavikeleki: i-swallow, flycatcher, lark.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlala phansi, kukhona izinyamazane ezidla kanye nama-phytophages okwazi ukondla amagxolo, izigaxa, imbewu, amajikijolo asebusika - akadingi ukuthutha. Abamele abaningi baleli qembu benza amasheya emigodini nasemifantwini. Izinyoni ezisindayo, ezingakwazi ukumboza amabanga amade ekundizeni: i-partridge, i-grouse emnyama, ne-hazel grouse nazo azindiza.
Yini esiza ebusika
Noma iziphi izinyoni zibekezelela iqhwa impela. Umoya obandayo ungena phakathi kwezimpaphe ngenkathi undiza, ngenxa yalokho i-pichuga ibanda ngokushesha. Kunzima ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi samaqhwa eqhwa kulabo abadla imbewu nezitshalo. Ngemuva kwalokho isakhiwo esikhethekile soqhwaku sisiza - kungathatha isikhathi eside ukukhipha ukudla ngaphansi kwesithwathwa seqhwa, noma siqine futhi sigobile, okusiza ukukhipha imbewu ezinhlotsheni. Futhi izimpaphe eziseduze kakhulu ne-fluff zisiza ukugcina ukushisa komzimba.
Ezinye izinyoni bezijwayela ukusebenzisa zonke izinzuzo zokuba seduze kwabantu. Ngakho-ke, amajuba asedolobheni kanye nondlunkulu angabe esakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwempucuko. Zindiza ezindlini ezikhethekile zokudla, kubhasikidi oseduze kwezindlu, ngaphansi kophahla nangaphansi kwama-windows sill. Izazi zesifo sezinhlungu zesikhumba sezengqondo zibiza lokhu okungezansi kwe-sedentary synanthropes.
Umehluko kusuka ekufudukeni
Umehluko omkhulu ekudleni kwalawa maqembu amabili. Izinyoni ziyizidalwa ezinegazi elifudumele, lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba elijwayelekile lingama-41 ° C ziyakwazi ukubekezelela noma iqhwa elinzima eSiberia nase-Altai Territory. Kodwa-ke, ukuze baphile emakhazeni, badinga amandla amaningi, ngakho-ke ukudla.
Ngakho-ke, ama -fowfowl adla izinambuzane zasemanzini, ama-herbivores amaningi kanye nama -tivtivores ayaphoqelelwa ukuba aqale ukufuduka njalo ngonyaka efuna ukudla. Ngokungafani nokushiwo ngenhla, abantu ebusika abalahli ukudla kwabo ngisho nasebusika. Ngakho-ke, ahlala endaweni engenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zazo (njenge-grouse emnyama, i-capercaillie, njll.) Azihlelaniswanga ohambweni olude kanjalo nokulahleka kwesibalo sazo lapho bezama ukwenza indiza kungaba ngaphezulu kunasesikhathi sobusika esinzima kakhulu endaweni evamile.
Izici zesakhiwo
Izinyoni zobusika ebusheni bazo azihluke kakhulu kubalingani bazo abafudukayo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubuchopho nomsebenzi onengqondo kuthuthukiswa kahle ngokuqondile endaweni ehleliwe, kanti ubuchopho babafuduki bungcono ekuzulazuleni.
Ukwakheka kwemizimba yabo kuqondane, kulungiselelwe, kanti ukuhlala lapho kungaba nzima kakhulu. Isikhumba sezinyoni cishe asinazithukuthuku zomjuluko, munye kuphela, owakhiwe ngaphansi kwaleli qembu, onobuthi. Izimpaphe zasebusika ziba mncane futhi ziba mncane; i-fluff ivikelekile ngokuthembekile kumakhaza. Ugebhezi lwabantu abadala lukhanya futhi ngaphandle komthungo. I-sternum ne-protrusion ekhethekile (i-keel) yezinyoni ezinjalo akakhiwa kancane. Kodwa abameleli abakhulu (i-partridge ne-grouse emnyama) banemisipha yemilenze ethuthukisiwe.
Uhlelo lokugaya ubusika luhlukaniswa yi-goiter-sagi ekhiqizwe ngokukhethekile ekugcineni kwe-esophagus, lapho ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali kokudla okuqinile kuma-granivores kwenzeka khona. Amaphaphu ayimizimba enzima, futhi inqubo yokuphefumula indiza yenziwa kusetshenziswa umoya.Isistimu yokujikeleza kwegazi ijikeleke ngokuphelele kunaleyo yezilwane ezincelisayo, inhliziyo ihlukaniswe izingxenye zomzimba kanye nezomzimba. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba ligcinwa ezingeni elijwayelekile elingaphansi kwama-38 ° C, futhi kulezo zinhlobo okumele zikwazi ukubekezelela amazinga aphansi okushisa, lifinyelela ku-43 ° C.
Ijuba
Enye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-synanthropes. Okwamanje, iningi labantu lihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu nezincane: amadolobha, amadolobhana, amadolobhana. Okudume kakhulu futhi okuningi yijuba elimpunga.
Le inyoni ephakathi nendawo - isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-650 amagremu. Kuyinto engathandeki ekudleni - ingadla imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izitshalo, amajikijolo ngisho nokungcola kumathini kadoti. Umbala wejuba wehlukene futhi uxhomekeke ekuzaleni: kukhona amhlophe, apinki, noyinki, kanye nezinhlobo ezimnyama. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ezingwevu zingaqashelwa yi-plumage eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuthunyelwe yonke indawo ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Tit
Le nyoni enemibala engajwayelekile ezweni lethu yaziwa yibo bonke. Ubude bawo abudluli ku-17 cm, isisindo esingu-20 g, amaphiko - isilinganiso samasentimitha angama-25. Nazi izici ze-tit enkulu, i-blue tit incane kancane. Ukubukeka kwakhe okugqamile kuyashayisa: inhloko emnyama nentamo, izihlathi ezimhlophe, ibele eliphuzi namaphiko amnyama aluhlaza. Kukhona okweshumi endaweni ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Afrika.
Ehlobo, le nyoni isebenzisa izinambuzane ezinambuzane, ekwindla nasebusika ishintshana nezithelo nembewu yezitshalo. Ngeke ayenqabe ucezu lwesinqe, ngoba imvamisa ifakwa kwi-tit feeder.
IGoldfinch
Inyoni encane yombala ophuzi-beige, ekhanda kwezinye izinhlobo kukhona "isigqoko" esibomvu. AbakwaCarduelis bahlala emaphethelweni amahlathi, amapaki kanye namakhophi. Ubude bawo bungaphansi ngisho nakuma-tits - ama-12 cm kuphela, futhi anesisindo esingama-g ayi-20.
Izitshalo ezinjenge-burdock ne-linnet ziyathandwa, kepha zombili imbewu nezinhlamvu kufakiwe kwisisekelo sazo sokuphakela. IGoldfinch ivumelanisa kalula nokuphila ekudingisweni - muva nje iye yathandwa njengesilwane ngenxa yobuhle bayo kanye nokuhlabelela okumangazayo, okuqala.
I-Kinglet enekhanda eliphuzi
I-birdie, eyaziwa kahle eBelarus. Lesi ngesinye sezinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke eYurophu naseRussia. Ngobude obungu-10 cm, isisindo senkosi asidluli i-8 g. I-plumage ihlukaniswa ngamathiphu we-olive-beige, ekhanda kukhona uphawu olukhanyayo ophuzi okukhulunywa ngalo egameni lokuzalela.
I-Kinglet ihlala eziqongweni zezihlahla ezikhethekile ezi-coniferous. Akakhethi ngokudla - udla okusanhlamvu, amakhambi kanye namajikijolo. Ehlobo, izingela izinambuzane ezincane. Uyinyoni ephathekayo, kunzima kakhulu ukuyibona emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Amagwababa
Ngokuphikisana nesitayela esikhona ezincwadini zezingane, amagwababa namagwababa ziyizinhlobo zezinyoni ezihluke ngokuphelele. Igwababa lihlala emahlathini, kanti igwababa lingahlali kude nempucuko. Ngobukhulu, owokuqala mkhulu kunowokugcina - ukukhula kwawo kufinyelela ku-60 cm (10 cm more), futhi isisindo sawo sidlula okuzalelwa "emadolobheni" ngo-500-700 g - kuze kufike ku-1.5 kg. Zombili lezi zinyoni zibonakala ngamapulangwe amnyama namnyama noqhwaku olude. I-Raven itholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kweNingizimu Melika neNew Zealand. UCroke uzinze kuphela eNyakatho Yurophu, enkabeni yeRussia kanye naseNyakatho Melika.
Bobabili abamele abamele ama-corvids ahlekisayo, kepha bathambekele ekubikezelweni yisimanga. Badla ama-passerines kanye nama-Finch kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
I-Woodpeckers
AmaWoodpeckers ahlala emahlathini ase-Eurasia, e-Afrika nakuwo womabili amaMelika. Umbala wayo ungahluka, kepha okuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifuywayo luhlobo lwama-Woodpeckers ane-cap ebomvu, emuva elimnyama, amaphiko nomsila, isisu esimhlophe nesihlathi. Umsebenzi oyisisekelo wama-woodpeckers ukugoba imigodi ezihlahleni ezihlahleni kanye nokuqoqa amasheya wasebusika agcinwe kulezi zimbobo. Zigcina imbewu, okusanhlamvu namantongomane. Ehlobo, ibamba ama-invertebrates, kwesinye isikhathi intshontsha amaqanda ezidlekeni zezinyoni ezincane.
Yikuphi okuhlala eRussia
E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-70 zezinyoni ezixazululiwe.
Esiqeshini saseMoscow kutholakala ama-phytophages: i-crossbill, waxwing, Muscovite, grouse emnyama, iSchur, kanye nama-carnivores: isikhova nesikhova. Isifunda saseLeningrad sesibe ikhaya le-greenfinch, i-grey crow, i-blackfinch yaseYurophu, kanye ne-curler.
Isifunda i-Voronezh sicebile ezinkozi, izinkozi zegolide, izingulube nezinsikazi. Izinyoni eziningi ezingenangozi zihlala lapha: igajethi, ophuzi, oki. Ensimini yesifunda saseNizhny Novgorod kukhona ama-nuthatch, redstart, Finch, hazel grouse, nama-falcons abomvu ezinyaweni.
E-Urals kukhona ukudansa kompompi, umphetho, okokhozi begolide, imicu ye-wax, kanye ne-grouse yokhuni. IBashkiria ihlalwa ngumnyama omnyama, utshani, i-goose ne-vakhir. EMpumalanga Ekude bukhoma ama-boas asendle, ama-ospreys, ama-loons, ama-zuikas.
Kungani udinga ukondla izinyoni ebusika
Eminyakeni eminingi yokuphila, ngokubambisana nabantu, izinyoni eziningi ezisebusika azifundanga nje ukusebenzisa wonke amathuba anikezwa ngumakhelwane, kodwa futhi ziye zancika empucukweni. Ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngoFebhuwari, izinyoni zihlushwa amakhaza nendlala. Ukondla izinyoni ngezikhathi ezibandayo, abantu bayazisiza zisinde kumakhaza, zibavumela ukuba bakwazi ukugcwala amandla amaningi.
Njengokugqoka okuphezulu, imbewu ye-sunflower, i-oats, amabele, isinqathe, izithelo ezomisiwe kufanelekile - konke lokhu kufanele kungafakwa unsalated futhi kungafakwanga. Kungcono ukugcwalisa abondli amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba kumnyama ukuze izigceme zingalahlekelwa amandla abo okufuna ukudla futhi ngasikhathi sinye ungalali ulambile.
Inani lokubanda ubusika kubantu
Abahlali bahlala ngemisebenzi ebalulekile emvelweni, enezici ezinhle esintwini. Ngakho-ke, zidla izilwanyana ngezinambuzane, zivikela isivuno futhi zivikele ukusakazeka kwezifo ngokungena kwegazi. Kudla futhi kugcinwe imbewu, ebusika ibathwala ibanga elide, inikela ekusatshalisweni okuyikho kwezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla nezihlahlana. Ekugcineni, ama-scavenger (i-magpie, i-crow ne-jay) ahlanze imvelo yemikhiqizo yokubola ngokweqile.
Izinyoni eziphikelela ubusika
Izinyoni zasebusika zimelana kakhulu, ngoba isikhathi sasebusika sinzima kakhulu kubo. Ukusuka ekuseni kuze kube sebusuku kufanele bafune ukudla, ngoba umzimba ondla kahle ubavumela ukuthi bakhiqize ukushisa okwengeziwe, okubavumela ukuthi bangabandi. Kumakhaza amakhulu, izinyoni azizami ukundiza, ngakho-ke zifuna ukudla ekondleni emikhombeni nasemhlabathini. Ebusika, ngisho nalezi zinyoni ezihlala zodwa ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile zingaphambuka emihlambini.
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Uhlu lwezinyoni zasebusika
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Kubukeka sengathi inyoni encane nebumpunga ayesabi kakhulu. Ondlunkulu basendle ebusika bazama ukundiza budebuduze nedolobha noma idolobhana ukuze bathole ukudla phakathi kwabantu. Ondlunkulu bandiza ngamaqembu, ngakho uma inyoni eyodwa ithola ukudla, izoqala ukubiza ezinye. Ukuze kuhlale kufudumele ngobusuku basebusika, izinyoni zihlala zilandelana futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zishintsha izindawo futhi zifudumale ngokwazo.
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Ijuba
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Ngenxa yokwakheka kwama-paws, ijuba alishintshwa ukuze lihlale esihlahleni. Ekukhetheni kokudla, le nyoni akuyona into emnandi. Isici esahlukile samajuba ukunamathela kwawo endaweni ahlala kuyo.
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Ekwindla, amahlosi andizela amabanga amafushane abheke eningizimu. Amakhowe aseMoscow afika eKharkov, kanti eMoscow kukhona amakhwela e-Arkhangelsk. Ngokudla okwanele, amagwababa ahlala ethembekile endaweni yakhe. Ebusika, izinyoni zishintsha indlela yokuphila yokuphila nomhlambi ziba umhlambi.
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Klest
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Le nyoni yasenyakatho, ifuna ukudla, ingandiza ukuhamba amabanga amade. Ama-crossbills ahunyushwa ukuze ahlanganiswe nesithwathwa kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ukumelana nokubanda kuvumela izinyoni ukuba zigcinele amaqanda ngisho esimweni sezulu esingesihle. Bafaka izidleke zabo kahle nge-moss nezinwele zezilwane.
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Bullfinch
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E-Russia, bahlala emahlathini acwebile eduze nemifula, futhi bahlala emadolobheni. AmaBullfinches ahlala emihlambini emincane. Emadolobheni, adla ngomlotha wasentabeni nama-apula asendle, kanye nembewu.
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Tit
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Akenzi amasheya okudla ebusika, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esibandayo kunzima kakhulu kuye ukuthoba. Imvamisa, lezi zinyoni ziphila ebusika kuphela ngenxa yokondla okwengeziwe ngabantu. Bathanda isinqe, izithelo ezomisiwe, imbewu namantongomane.
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I-Waxwings
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Lezi zinyoni ziyamangaza futhi ziyakuthanda ukudla. Ebusika, iya kumajikijolo, amantongomane kanye nembewu.Ngezikhathi zamakhaza, ahlangana ndawonye emihlanjini futhi azulazula efuna ukudla.
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UJay
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Inyoni yamaNadic idla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Uyakwazi ukwenza umphako wasebusika ngendlela yamasheya ama-acorns.
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Magpie
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Ebusika ngisho namathagi aphonsa ku-feeders. Baqala indlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi futhi bangahambi kude nesidleke ngezikhathi ezibandayo.
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IGoldfinch
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Izinyoni ezinentaba enyakatho nesifunda ziyakwazi ukuzulazula amabanga amafushane. Lapho befuna ukudla baqoqana ngamaphakethe.
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Umsedari
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Ebusika, izinyoni zasehlathini zidla ikakhulu ngembewu yomsedari kanye namanye amantongomane. Ebusika, ayizwa ukuntuleka kokudla.
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Owl
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Ebusika obunzima, izikhova zingahambela emadolobheni zizingele undlunkulu. Lezi zinyoni zenza ukudla ebusika ezidlekeni zazo.
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UNuthatch
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Le nyoni ebusika ibonakala ngokuqhamukayo. I-nuthatch ayitholi ukushoda kokudla ebusika, ngoba ekwindla iqala ukuqoqa okusanhlamvu, amantongomane namajikijolo. Le nyoni ifihla ukudla endaweni ehlala kuyo.
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Ukuwela imithetho
Lowo omele i-oda lokugcina lomndeni amaPasseriformes avelele phakathi kwabo bonke abanye. Ukukhuluma ngakho okuyinto izinyoni hibernate eRussia, futhi bakhulume ngokuwela umgwaqo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi bazalanisa futhi bondle inzalo emakhazeni ayi-30!
Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, lezi zinyoni ezincane zibizwa ngokuthi "zihlabelela eqhweni." Kuliqiniso, ukuwela umgwaqo kungakhethi ebusika kuphela, kepha futhi ehlobo. Ukuze insikazi ihlale emaqandeni, iqiniso kuphela lokuthi ukutholakala kokudla okuzungezile kubalulekile.
Umzimba womuntu owela umdubulo womuntu omdala awudluli ku-20 cm ubude; umuntu ngamunye unesisindo esingama-gramu angama-50. Abesifazane abaneminyaka yobudala emithathu ubudala banezinwele eziluhlaza okotshani obumpunga, kanti abesilisa bavame ukuba nsundu.
Ama-crossbill adla ngembewu yama-cones. Izinyoni zikhipha ukudla zisebenzisa umlomo ogobe. Ngokuya ngokuncanyelwayo kokudla, i-crossbill-spruce ne-crossbill-pine ziyahlukaniswa. Zibuye zihlukaniswe ngokwezimpawu zangaphandle.
Ezindaweni zokuhlala, izinqola eziwela umgwaqo azitholakali. Lokhu impela kungumhlali wasehlathini.
Izinqamula-ndlela zowesifazane nazo azikhanyi njengabesilisa
UNuthatch
Igama lesibili lale nyoni encane ngumgodi. Iwumndeni wakwa-nuthatch, emahlathini amaningi acwengile, ahlanganayo futhi axubile asenkabeni yeRussia naseSiberia. INuthatch ibuye izale emapaki nasezivandeni zezindawo zokuhlala. Ngakho-ke, i-nuthatch ingafakwa kuhlobo lwezinhlobo zasehlathini nezasemadolobheni eRussia.
Izinyoni zabizwa ngokuthi ama-nuthatch ngekhono lazo elimangalisayo lokugibela iziqu zezihlahla, zinamathela ngokuqinile kwizimpondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kaningi lezi zinyoni zihamba zibheke phezulu zibhekise amakhanda phansi.
Umshayeli we-nuthatch ubizelwa amandla abo okwenza imisindo efanayo nokushayisana kolimi. Imisindo efanayo iyatholakala lapho umuntu elawula ihhashi. Kepha lezi akuzona kuphela “izingoma” zabo. I-repertoire kaNuthatch ibanzi kakhulu. Le nyoni enomsindo icula ngokukhuthele ngesikhathi sokudlela: ebusika ngasekuqaleni kwekwindla.
Lalela izwi lomphathi
Bazalela izingane emigodini, bahlala kuyo endala yamapulangwe kuyo, noma bathola imigodi yemvelo engakahlalwa muntu - abakwazi ukukhokhela indawo “yokuhlala” bona. Abazigwebi izingcingo kanye nezimbobo zokufakelwa.
Umqeqeshi udla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Inyoni ekhathalelayo ihlala ihlinzeka izinto zosuku "lwemvula", ifihla ukudla ngokweqile emifantwini yezihlahla futhi ifake imasking "lichen" noma i-bark.
Le nyoni yaba negama layo ngokwazi ukukhwela izihlahla ngobuhlakani zize zibheke phansi
Futhi yiziphi izinyoni ezishiywe ebusika endaweni ephakathi neRussia? Kuyiqiniso, masisi! Lokhu kungenye yameleli yama-Passchformes omndeni wokuhlotshiswa komndeni. Lesi yisakhamuzi sasemahlathini ama-coniferous. I-siskin idla izinambuzane nembewu, kuya ngenkathi.
Amabili awakhiwa kuphela ngesikhathi se-nesting. Ngokuqala kwekwindla ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, o-siskin bashayelwa phansi emihlambini futhi bazulazula baye ezindaweni ezinendawo yokugcina amanzi eqhweni. Ngakho-ke, ama-siskins ahlukaniswa njengezinyoni zobusika ezihlukanisayo eRussia.
IChizhik-fawn inikezelwe engomeni eyaziwa yibo bonke. Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu, le nyoni encane iyabonakala ngokubonakala kwayo, ukuzijabulisa kwabantu. Uwela kalula izicupho ezahlukahlukene, ngokushesha usetshenziswa ekudingisweni, abe ngesandla, futhi aze azale inzalo ekuthunjweni. Udla ikheji ngembewu ye-canary, edlwengulwa, nembewu yefilakisi.
Ngokubekezelela okwenele, umuntu angafundisa isiski sasekhaya izindlela ezahlukahlukene, amaqhinga. Ngakho-ke, ezimakethe zezinyoni, le nyoni ihlala ithandwa yilabo abafisa ukuba nesilwane esineminwe.
Amakhosi aphethe amakhanda
Lokhu kungenye yengoma evela emahlathini e-coniferous, angahambi lapho kuqala ubusika futhi, njengesidleke, angakwazi ukubhekela phansi esiqwini. Kukhona isidalwa ekhanda lenyoni, eyaqanjwa ngayo. Futhi inkosi yayiyocholwa, kodwa ubukhulu benyoni abuzange bulingane. Ubungako bokungaphezulu kodrako omkhulu lo ungumculi wehlathi lamagramu ayisikhombisa. Yebo, zifihle ekuhloleni kwamehlo inkosi.
Inkosi kunzima ukuyibona phakathi kwamahlamvu, kepha kulula ukuyizwa. Kunzima ukudidiyela ingoma emnandi yomuntu osebenzisa ihlathi nabanye, iziqu zakhe nokuchichima kwakhe kukodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni “ezizwakalisa” isikhathi sezidleke, inkosi iyacula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Lalela lapho kuculwa khona inkosi enamakhanda aphuzi
Isidleke senyoni sakhiwe ngendlela yebhola elithambile yotshani, i-fluff, i-moss, i-lichen, eqinisa konke nge-cobweb. Ngemuva kwalokho, abazali besikhathi esizayo balengisa indlu yabo phezulu emagqumeni esihlahla. Ngaphakathi esidlekeni kugcwele impela, amachwane ahlala ecindezelwe bebhekene.
Ukuthola inkosi njengesilwane kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi. Unakekela kakhulu endle, futhi ekudingisweni - akhethe ngokuqukethwe. Imvamisa, lapho ihlala ekhejini, i-kinglet iyenqaba ukondla futhi ibulawa yindlala.
Le nyoni incane, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuyibona ehlathini kaningi, kepha kulula ukuyizwa
I-Waxwings
Le nyoni enhle emndenini wama-passerines, acishe abe ngu-20 cm ngosayizi futhi anesisindo esingu-60 g, angatholakala emahlathini aseRussia ebusika. Ekhanda lenyoni kukhona i-crest, amehlo, amaphiko, i-goiter kanye nomsila zizungezwe mnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabala abomvu ayabonakala emaphikweni, futhi emsileni kukhona ulayini ophuzi.
I-pichuga yathola igama layo ngenxa yokugcotshwa kwayo okungenacala okufana nemisindo: "Sviri-ri-ri-ri". Noma ngubani ozwile ukucula kwe-waxwing akasoze amdida nenye inyoni.
Lalela izwi le-waxwings
Ama-waxx ajwayelekile emahlathini ama-taiga asenyakatho hemisphere. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, azihlali endaweni eyodwa. Babizwa ngama-nomadic, ngoba bahlala bafuna ukudla.
Umsedari
Igama lesibili lale nyoni yomndeni wama-corvidae yi-nati. Lincane kakhulu kune-jackdaw, kepha linomlomo omude. Usiza umsedari ukukhipha amantongomane ezakhiweni. Ukufihla ukudla esikhwameni se-hyoid, inyoni idlulisela esidlekeni sayo.
Ngesinye isikhathi, umuntu oyedwa angathwala amantongomane ayikhulu. Futhi okunye, okuyinto umuthi womsedari wakuqaphela, kepha kungenakukwazi ukungena esikhwameni sayo se-hyoid, le nyoni ifihla esifundeni esingamakhilomitha angama-2 kubhekwe iqhwa ebusika, futhi kwezinye izikhathi zonyaka ngqo emhlabathini.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi edolobheni laseTomsk kukhona isikhumbuzo esikunyoni yezinyoni. Ngempela, ngenxa yokuqhuma kwayo, iyasiza ukukhulisa amahlathi e-coniferous. Akuwona wonke amantongomane angcwatshwe emhlabathini atholakalayo, okusho ukuthi okunye kokuhlinzekwayo kuzoqhuma entwasahlobo.
I-Carduelis
Igama lale nyoni emndenini we-Finch livumelana ngegama elithi "Goldfinch". Lokhu kufanelekile, ngoba indoda enhle kangako isadinga ukubhekwa. Izihlathi ezimhlophe ziqhathanisa kahle nomqhele omnyama wekhanda. Imaski ebomvu ezungeza uqhwaku olude olucwebezelayo igcwalisa isithombe senyoni eyi-dapper.
ICarduelis ayihlukile ngosayizi omkhulu, ngoba ikhula ifinyelela kuma-17 cm kuphela. Isisindo sawo asidluli ngama-20. Noma kunjalo, udumo lwe-Drachunov lwalunamathele ngokuqinile kulezi zinyoni. Izinyoni ezinesibindi zikulungele ukulwela insimu yazo hhayi eyokuphila, kepha yokufa.
Lezi zinyoni zingezinhlobo zasensimini.Ifolishi lama-goldfinches lisebenza njengembewu yotshani bokhula, ikakhulukazi ikhakhasi, i-burdock, i-burdock, i-dropsy emnyama nezihlahla ezithile. Azideleli imbewu yama-cones. Lapho kuqala ubusika, izinyoni zifuna ukudla ezitshalweni ezinamathela phakathi kwezingulube.
IGoldfinch iyakuthanda ukucula. Ku-repertoire yakhe kunezinhlobo ezingama-20 zama-trill ahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, bathanda ukumgcina emizini yabo njengesilwane esifuywayo.
Lalela izwi le-carduelis
Futhi i-Goldfinch ekhejini, lapho inakekelwa kahle, ijabulisa abanikazi bayo ngezingoma ezihlekisayo unyaka wonke. AbakwaCarduelis bangahlala ekudingisweni kuze kube iminyaka engama-20!
EMoscow
Igama lesibili lale nyoni encane ngu-tit tit. Ngokubukeka, ifana kakhulu ne-tit ejwayelekile, kepha incane. Futhi isifuba sakhe ngimpunga.
Kumamashu amnyama azungeze uqhwaku, ephenduka isigqoko, inyoni ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuthi “imaski”. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baqamba leli gama kabusha ukuze lisebenziseke kalula kumuntu waseRussia, okwabonakala sengathi ubuyela emuva edorobheni lakuleliya lizwe - eMoscow.
AmaMoscovite ahlala emahlathini e-coniferous. Kepha ekuqaleni kwesimo sezulu esibandayo singatholwa eduze kwalabo abondlayo ezivandeni nasemapaki.
Igama lokuqala lale nyoni laliwumaskandi, ngenxa yeplamu yento efana nemaskhi
Amathayi
Le nyoni encane iyamangaza ngoba ingabhubhisa cishe izibalo eziyinkulungwane zezinambuzane nezinambuzane ngosuku. Ngenxa yobudlova obunjalo, waba ngumvikeli ophambili wamasimu nezingadi zemifino. Abantu bakubonile lokhu futhi baqala ukugada izithonjana. Ngekhulu le-17, kwakukhona ngisho nesimemezelo sasebukhosini, sokuthi umbulali wayezobhekana nesijeziso esinzima.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-tiles asondela lapho kuhlala khona abantu, lapho adla khona izinsalela zokudla kwabantu noma isidlo sakusihlwa sokudla okusele kwenziwe ngokukhethekile i-"canteens" enezinhlaka. Abafundi bayakujabulela ukubalungiselela okondlayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eRussia yanamuhla, ama-tits nawo athola ukunakwa okukhethekile. NgoNovemba 12, iSinichkin Day yasungulwa ezweni. Kwezinye izindawo (ngeshwa, hhayi yonke indawo), ngisho nemikhosi ihlelwe yiziphathimandla ngalo mcimbi.
AmaJay
Le nyoni ingeyomndeni wama-corvid we-Passeriformes ye-oda. Ifinyelela ubude obungu-34 cm, futhi isisindo sayo cishe sicishe sibe ngu-180 g. Igama lale nyoni libuyela emuva esenzweni elithi "khanyisa", ngoba ama-jays amahle kakhulu. Amapayipi alo avuthiwe, amaphiko awo amhlophe futhi afakwa phakathi okwesibhakabhaka, kanti ekhanda kukhona i-crest encane.
Ukudla kweJay kuqukethe imbewu ye-sunflower, i-spruce, okusanhlamvu, ama-acorns. Le nyoni ayidli kuphela imbewu ye-oki, kodwa futhi izilungiselela yona, iyingcwabe emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, kunomthelela ekusakazweni kwama-oki endaweni.
UJay uyamangaza. Ngaphezu kokutshala ukudla, isilwane sifakwa ekudleni kwaso: i-carrion, izinduku ezincane, amaphuphu ezinye izinyoni, amaqanda. Futhi lokhu kungezelela izinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Kunezimo lapho i-jay ihlasela izinyoni ezindala, yazibulala yazidla.
Onezinwele uqaphela kakhulu. Kunzima ukubamba futhi ubone nje, ngakho-ke ngobuqili ufihla phakathi kwezihlahla. Kepha uyakwazi ukukuzwa. Noma kunobunzima lapha: i-jay akuvamile ukuthi icule izingoma zayo, imvamisa ilingisa amazwi abanye abantu: i-Nightingale trill, i-crows egwedliwe, izinja zikhonkotha futhi ngisho nesidalo somnyango.
Emahlathini ama-taiga, izinyoni ezinhle ezinhle zomndeni we-Finch, amaSchur, ziyaphila. Ubukhulu bawo buhambisana nosayizi wezinyoni. Ngemibala egqamile (amabele okusajingijolo nasemhlane, isisu esimpunga, amaphiko ansundu omnyama nomsila, imithende emhlophe emahlombe) abizwa ngokuthi ama-roosters aseFinland noma ama-parrots aseFinnish.
Kuliqiniso, ama-Schura abesifazane anemibala ethambile kakhulu yamapulage: esikhundleni sombala we-rasipiberi, kuphuzi okuphuzi okugqamile kuwo. Ama-ponytails we-schurov nge-neckline enhle. Kwesinye isikhathi i-pike iyadideka nge-bullfinch - zombili zinezifuba ezibomvu futhi zithanda ukudla emlotheni osentabeni.
Into ethokozisayo ukuthi i-pike ithanda ukubhukuda, ayinandaba ukuthi isizini igcekeni lini. Ngisho nasebusika, lezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo zithola amachibi angenawo uqhwa futhi azithokozisa ngenhliziyo kuzo. Ekuthunjweni, lezi zinyoni zihlala kahle, kepha zizala okuqabukela kakhulu.
Amagagasi
Kuma-magpie, igama lesidlaliso "isela" laligxishwe ngokuqinile.Ukufisa konke okucwebezelayo futhi kukhanya kunamandla onke. Imvamisa abantu batholakala ezidlekeni zabo, kanye nesembozo sensimbi nobuhlalu, ubucwebe begolide obubizayo, amawashi, ukusikwa kwesiliva. Ukuthi izinyoni zikwazi kanjani ukweba lokhu kubanikazi kuyimfihlo eyaziwa yizo kuphela.
Amagagasi izinyoni ezihlakaniphe kunazo zonke. Izazi zesayensi yokuqaqambisa kwamazinyo zikufakazele ukuthi uhlakaniphile kunezinye izinyoni, ngoba yizilwane ezinebala elimhlophe kuphela ezingazibona esibukweni. Ababoni enye inyoni ekhombini, bayihlasela noma bayithuke, bangakhathazeki.
Uma i-magpie ikhulela kumuntu, khona-ke ayazi inkosi yakhe hhayi ngezwi lakhe kuphela, kodwa nangokuthi yi-gait, figure. Lezi izinyoni ezithembekile: ziletha iziqu zazo kubanikazi (kwesinye isikhathi ezebiwe), zabelana ngokudla. Izindaba eziningi ezihlekisayo zitshelwa ngalokhu yilabo okwakudingeka babhekane "nezipho" ezivela esilwaneni esinamehlo.
Amagagasi asethunjiwe aphile isikhathi eside, athengiswa kalula, angaqeqeshwa. Ukuziphatha kwabo kwesinye isikhathi kuyamangaza. Ngokwesikhathi sakhe esikhululekile, ngokwesibonelo, inyoni ekondliwe kahle ingajabulisa ngokugoqa emthambekeni ophahleni esembozweni sensimbi esivela emseleni. Futhi, lapho isisongelwe phansi, imantshi ithatha “isifuya” sayo ngomlomo waso bese idonsa ibhekise phezulu, njengoba kwenza izingane ezisegqumeni.
Kunezinganekwane ezithi uMetropolitan Alexei ngekhulu le-19 wasola umgomo wabantu kulezi zinyoni. Unqume ukuthi izangoma zazingabathakathi ababethatha uhlobo lwezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, imilingo yayingavunyelwe ukusondela eMoscow.
Abanye abamele le nhlobo bayakwazi ukulingisa imisindo eyenziwe ngabantu. Noma lokhu kwenzeka kaningi.
Incazelo
Usayizi we-bullfinch awudluli undlunkulu, kepha ubukeka mkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yomzimba omnyama. Le nyoni ingeyokuphela konyaka komndeni.
Isici esahlukile sabesilisa isisu esibomvu, kanye nezihlathi, intamo kusuka phansi nezinhlangothi zinombala obomvu. Kwabesifazane, le ndawo inezwi elinsundu ngisho nelimpunga. Abesilisa nabesifazane kulula ukuhlukanisa komunye nomunye. Ngaphezu kombala webele, futhi anokwehluka nge-plumage. Iduna linomucu omhlophe emaphikweni, kepha ama-poppies awanalo. Izinyoni ezincane, ngaphambi kwe-molt yokuqala ekwindla, nazo zihlukile kubantu abadala. Izinyoni ezincane azinayo cap emnyama; zinombala onsundu omnyama we-plumage yonke, ngaphandle komsila namaphiko. Zimnyama.
Uma ubona isigaxa sezinkabi ehlathini, khona-ke umehluko phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane, kanye nesizukulwane esisha.
Kunokwehluka okuncane kumbala wezinyoni, kuye ngesifunda sendawo yokuhlala. Izinyoni ezihlala eduze naseningizimu yezwe lethu zinombala wesifuba nezihlathi zibomvu ngokugqamile. Futhi ukusondela kweMpumalanga Ekude, kuyakhanya kule ndawo. EziQhingini ZaseKuril ungathola inyoni ebambe ibele eliphinki. Futhi, lokhu kusebenza kwabesilisa kuphela.
Habitat
Inyoni ye-bullfinch ihlala kulo lonke elaseRussia. Kukholakala ukuthi indiza kithi ebusika. Kodwa-ke, empeleni lokhu akulungile. Ehlobo nje, phakathi kwamahlamvu le nyoni kunzima ukuqaphela. Kepha ebusika, ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesithwathwa esimhlophe - izinkabi ezibomvu esifubeni ziyabonakala kakhulu.
Le nyoni ihlala emahlathini lapho kunotshani obukhulu khona. Gwema amahlathi kaphayini ahlanzekile. Ungumvakashi ojwayelekile emapaki amadolobha nasezigcawini. Alithandi kuphela ukuba namathafa aminyene kuphela, kodwa namahlathi aminyene asebekhulile, amahle kakhulu.
Njengezinye izinyoni, indiza ibheka eningizimu ebusika, kuthi ngoMashi indize ibuyele esizeni esidlekayo. Futhi maphakathi no-Ephreli, bacishe banyamalala ngokuphelele ukusuka elangeni eliseningizimu naphakathi neRussia. Indawo eyinhloko yokwakha le nyoni yizindawo ezisenyakatho eziya e-Arctic Circle.
Lezi zinyoni zihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eSiberia, eNhlonhlo yeKamchatka naseJapan. Imingcele yendawo yabo yokuhlala eningizimu idlula cishe endaweni etholakala enhloneleni ye-Apennine peninsula, futhi enyakatho inqunyelwe yi-Arctic Circle. Ama-Bullfinches ayizinyoni ezihlala phansi, ngakho-ke njalo ngo-Ephreli abuyela endaweni efanayo yezidleke. Imindeni yama-bullfinches yi-matriarchal. I-snowball ithola ukudla lapha, ibuye ixazulule "izimo zokungqubuzana". Owesilisa uganene nenzalo.
Ukudla kweBullfinch
Lezi zinyoni zinomlomo ongajwayelekile - zimnyama ngombala, ziwugqinsi, zibanzi futhi zifiphele ekugcineni, zinobulongwe obucashile nobulukhuni. Ngomlomo onjalo, kulula kakhulu ukudonsa imbewu kusuka kumajikijolo ama-rowan, ama-hop cones kanye ne-juniper. Kodwa-ke, ukudla okuthandwa yilezi zinyoni yimbewu yomlotha, imephu, i-alder.
Abesilisa bayathandeka ngokwemvelo futhi banobuvila ngokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ama-feeders axhonywa abantu. Lezi zinyoni zithandwa kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa (nowesifazane, naye) ngeke azidele zombili amabele ne-buckwheat.
Lezi zinyoni zidla "okujwayelekile", ezimise inkomishi. Ububanzi besidleke bungafinyelela ku-20 cm, kanti ukuphakama kungamasentimitha ayi-8. Owesifazane ungazalela amaqanda ayi-6. Lokhu kwenzeka maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ama-bullfinches akhetha ukudlekelwa ezihlahleni ze-spruce.
Insikazi izingela amaqanda kuphela ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala, bese kuthi ngemuva kokubopha amachwane endiza ihambe iyokwenzela umndeni umndeni, bese iduna lihlala esidlekeni. Insikazi yondla amachwane ngokudla kwezitshalo, kuletha izinambuzane ngamathuba amsulwa nje. Sekukonke, amaphuphu asesidlekeni cishe amasonto amabili. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukufunda ukundiza.
Umsoco
Ondlunkulu badla konke ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama. Azikho izintandokazi ezikhethekile. Badla izinambuzane, okusanhlamvu, imvuthuluka, ukungcola ukudla komuntu. Lezi zinyoni azizithobeki ikakhulukazi. Bangahlala futhi babuke ngomunyu emlonyeni womuntu odla etafuleni endaweni yokudlela yasehlobo.
Uma okwesikhashana kuhlala kuleli cala ngaphandle kokunyakaza, inyoni ingagibela etafuleni ibambe lokho okuheha ukunaka kwakhe. Ukunyakaza okuncane kakhulu kwenza inyoni indize. Izinyoni azinakho ukuhaha ngokudla. Wonke umhlambi uyandizela, lapho kuqala umkhosi.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ekupheleni kobusika, izingoma zondlunkulu ziyezwakala futhi ezinye zazo ziyaqapheleka. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isizini yabo yokuzala iyafaneleka. Ukulwa phakathi kwezimbangi zakho kuyaqabukela kungagwenywa. Ngenxa yalokhu, umbhangqwana ufinyelela impilo yonke, lapho kuphela uMashi ukwakha isidleke sayo somndeni.
Ngo-Ephreli, insikazi ibekela amaqanda. Ngokuvamile azikho ngaphezu kwesi-8 zazo esidlekeni .. Cishe amasonto amabili owesilisa nowesifazane bazodinga ukubabopha. Futhi bakwenza ndawonye.
Azihlali isikhathi eside, cishe iminyaka emi-5. Kepha phakathi kondlunkulu kwakukhona amakhulu eminyaka ababehlala amahlandla ama-2. Isikhathi sokuphila esifushane salezi zinyoni kungenxa yobunzima busika kwezinye izindawo.
Ukubukeka
Ngobukhulu bayo, i-goldenfinch ejwayelekile iqhathaniswa nondlunkulu, isisindo sayo singama-20 g. Amaphimbo wegolidefinch anomnandi ikakhulukazi, angenza izingoma ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili. Abesifazane banezwi elinomusa kakhudlwana, abesilisa kwesinye isikhathi baba namanothi abukhali asika izindlebe zabo.kodwa ama-trill akhethekile kakhulu futhi amnandi ayenziwa ngabesilisa abamema izintombi zabo endizeni ehlanganyele.
Umbala wenyoni uqhakazile futhi uyingqayizivele. Isisu sikhanya, emuva nesifuba kuxubekile: amabala amnyama, ansundu, amabala e-beige. Imigqa yamaphiko igcizelelwa yipayipi eliphuzi. Ikhanda limhlophe, emuva kwezimpaphe zekhanda bakha uhlobo lwekhola emnyama, ngenxa yokuthi enye yezinhlobo zabizwa ngokuthi i-golden -in-brown. Uqhotho luzungezwe izimpaphe ezibomvu ezikhanyayo. Amachwane angenawo, avela ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo. Umbala wezinsikazi ukhanya kancane kunowabesilisa. Izazi zesifo sezinsimbi zithi ama-carduelis ama-2 anemibala ofanayo awekho.
Ibhayoloji
I-Magpie iyinyoni ejwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi eningi. Ihlala amahlathi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene (ikhetha imiphetho yamahlathi eduze kwezindawo ezivulekile), amasango, izingadi, amabhande amahlathi nezihlahla zombili emathafeni nasezintabeni eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-2600 ngaphezu kolwandle. m. eTien Shan namamitha ayi-1,500 - e-Altai, imvamisa eduze kwamanzi. Akuvamile ukuthi uhlale emadolobheni namadolobhana anezihlahla ezinamahlahla. Ebusika, kutholakala kumasheya, emasimini e-sloping nasekubhekeni komhlaba. Yonke indawo, iningi lonyaka kwenzeka ngamaqembu amancane, ezimeni ezihlukile, kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezingama-200. Entwasahlobo, amafomu amasha ngababili ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - Mashi. Ukuzalela ngamabili ngababili kumamitha angama-75-200 ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Ukuzala amajuba
Amajuba ayindida futhi adala umndeni impilo yawo yonke. Lapho ijuba lowesilisa linakekela insikazi, lisakaza umsila walo liqonde phezulu, bese liguqa phansi, linyakaze futhi liqhekeze insikazi. Ngalesi sikhathi somdanso, iduna likhala kakhulu. Abathandi bahlanza izimpaphe zabanye futhi bathinte imilomo yabo, bakha ukufana ngokwanga.
Lapho lo mbhangqwana, owesilisa ugibela emhlane wakhe kuya kowesifazane futhi ulinganise kuwo ngenxa yamaphiko. Emva kwalokho, uyandiza, amathe amaphiko akhe ngomsindo. Isikhathi sokumatanisa kwamajuba singaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, njengoba kuya ngendawo yokuhlala yomuntu ngamunye. Amajuba amabili akha isidleke endaweni esecashile lapho kunzima khona ukusithola. Owesilisa uthola izinto zokuhlala, ijuba libeka amahlumela amancane, amahlumela kanye notshani. Ngonyaka, insikazi ingakha imichilo eyi-8, equkethe amaqanda ama-1 noma amaningana. Esikhathini esiningi, insikazi ibamba amaqanda, kepha ijuba lowesilisa nalo lihlanganyela ekubambeni. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-16 - 19, kuvela amaphuphu amajuba, angaboni futhi anombala ophuzi. Abazalwa ngasikhathi sinye, njengoba ukuqanda amaqanda kungenzeka kwenzeke ngekhefu lezinsuku ezimbili. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, abazali bondla izingane zabo umhluzi nge-goiter. Ngemuva kwalokho imbewu zengezwa ekudleni. Lapho kudlula inyanga kuphela, amajuba amancane aqala ukundiza futhi abe njengabantu abadala.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Isikhova esine-polar sidonswa ngokusobala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Uyazonda noma iyiphi imifino emide. Lokhu kungenxa yendlela yokuzingela. Le nyoni ihlala izingela emhlabathini, ihlale endaweni ephakeme. Ubheka indawo ezungezile, abheke inyamazane, futhi lapho ebona induku, uphakamisa amaphiko akhe kakhulu, indiza kuye futhi inamathela kulowo ogwetshiwe ngozakwabo abukhali. Imgwinya izidalwa ezincane ziphelele. Ukhipha umkhiqizo omkhulu awudle. Uboya namathambo kuqhuma ngendlela yezinselo ezincane. Isikhova esine-polar sidla okungenani izinduku ezi-4 ngosuku ukuze zanele. Ukhetha ukuzingela ekuseni kakhulu noma amahora kusihlwa.
Ngaphezu kwamagundane, wondla ama-hares, ama-ermines, ama-hedgehogs, amadada kanye namaphethelo. Udla nezinhlanzi, angakucasazi ukugcwala. Inyoni ayizingeli eduze esidlekeni sayo. Amaqhubu afanayo ayayisebenzisa. Zihlala eduze nesikhova futhi zizizwa ziphephe ngokuphelele, njengoba inyoni yezinyathi ihlakaniphile. Sekuyikhilomitha ukusuka esidlekeni, uqala ukuxosha izinyamazane, ukuze, kwenqatshelwe, uNkulunkulu akazange awadle amantshontsho akhe.
Indawo kanye nohlobo lwamajay
AmaJays asakazekele kulo lonke elaseYurophu, e-Asia Minor, eNyakatho Afrika naseCaucasus. Ungahlangana nale nyoni engajwayelekile eSiberia, China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea nase Sakhalin. E-Asia Ephakathi, le nyoni ayenzeki ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo.
- Ezinye zezinyoni zale nyoni ziyafuduka, kanti ezinye zihlala phansi. Lokhu kuthembela kuhlukile hhayi kubantu basenyakatho kuphela, kepha futhi nasezindaweni zaseYurophu.
- Kuyo yonke inkathi yasekwindla-ebusika, ama-jays azulazula ehlathini. Isikhala se-Autumn sigcina maphakathi no-Septhemba kuze kube yingxenye kaNovemba. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kwenzeka ngoMashi.
- Izinyoni zihlala emahlathini - ziyaqabula, zixubile futhi zixubekile. Okuthandwa ngokukhethekile kunikezwa inkukhu ye-jay ngamapula ama-oki namahlathi.
- Eningizimu, izidleke zezinyoni phakathi kwezihlahla ezinde. Ngaphezu kwamahlathi, amaphuphu ama-jay angahlala emapaki amadala, ama-deciduous noma ama-coniferous thickets.
Ukubhebhetheka
IMagpie yaseKazakhstan iyamangaza, ngaphandle kokukhuculula ugwadule olungenamfutho nezindawo eziwugwadule. Ngemininingwane eminingi mayelana nokusatshalaliswa eKazakhstan, bheka isigaba se-Subspecies.
Ibhayoloji
I-Magpie iyinyoni ejwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi eningi. Ihlala amahlathi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene (ikhetha imiphetho yamahlathi eduze kwezindawo ezivulekile), amasango, izingadi, amabhande amahlathi nezihlahla zombili emathafeni nasezintabeni eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-2600 ngaphezu kolwandle. m. eTien Shan namamitha ayi-1,500 - e-Altai, imvamisa eduze kwamanzi. Akuvamile ukuthi uhlale emadolobheni namadolobhana anezihlahla ezinamahlahla. Ebusika, kutholakala kumasheya, emasimini e-sloping nasekubhekeni komhlaba.Yonke indawo, iningi lonyaka kwenzeka ngamaqembu amancane, ezimeni ezihlukile, kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezingama-200. Entwasahlobo, amafomu amasha ngababili ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - Mashi. Ukuzalela ngamabili ngababili kumamitha angama-75-200 ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Amajuba
Incazelo
Amajuba, noma amajuba angempela, ayizinyoni ezivela enjaneni efana ne-oda, umndeni wamajuba. Ijuba lasendle laludotshwa cishe iminyaka engama-5,000, futhi mhlawumbe eminyakeni eyi-10,000 eyedlule. Ubude bephiko lejuba bungama-20-27 cm, isisindo sisukela ku-200 kuye ku-650 g.
Umbala wamajuba ungahluka ngokuphelele. Ezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobo zamajuba zenziwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene, njengopholi, noma ngemisila efana namapogogo. Akumangalisi ukuthi imibala epinki yamajuba, ephuzi, peach noma ekhofi. Amajuba angaba wombala ofanayo, anemibala eminingi noma abe nephethini kumapayipi awo. Kunezinhlobo ezinamapheya ama-curly noma inombolo enkulu yezimpaphe eduze kwekhanda noma i-paws.
Indawo yokusabalalisa
Amajuba ahlala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica kanye nesifunda esinamakhaza. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isibalo samajuba azulazulayo afinyelela ezigidini eziyisihlanu, anyamalala ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi eNyakatho Melika.
Umsoco
Amajuba adla imbewu, izithelo zezihlahla zezithelo, namajikijolo. Izinyoni ezihlala emadolobheni zingadla imfucuza yokudla (ukolweni, ummbila, i-oats, nebhali). Kwesinye isikhathi amajuba adla izinambuzane. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinyoni zithanda ukuhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala yomuntu, ngakho-ke kuba lula ngabo ukuthola ukudla. Amajuba awathobeki nakancane ekukhetheni umthombo wokudla, ngoba ijuba linezinambuzane ezimbalwa kakhulu zokunambitha emlonyeni: ama-37 amaqabunga wokunambitha aqhathaniswa nezinhlamvu ezingama-10,000 zokunambitha umuntu anazo.
Lapho ijuba liphuza, lizidonsela amanzi ngokungathi ngotshani, kanti ezinye izinyoni empeleni zibamba amaconsi ambalwa ngemilomo yazo bese ziphonsa amakhanda emuva ukuze amanzi angene emphinjeni.
Ukuzala amajuba
Amajuba ayindida futhi adala umndeni impilo yawo yonke. Lapho ijuba lowesilisa linakekela insikazi, lisakaza umsila walo liqonde phezulu, bese liguqa phansi, linyakaze futhi liqhekeze insikazi. Ngalesi sikhathi somdanso, iduna likhala kakhulu. Abathandi bahlanza izimpaphe zabanye futhi bathinte imilomo yabo, bakha ukufana ngokwanga.
Lapho lo mbhangqwana, owesilisa ugibela emhlane wakhe kuya kowesifazane futhi ulinganise kuwo ngenxa yamaphiko. Emva kwalokho, uyandiza, amathe amaphiko akhe ngomsindo. Isikhathi sokumatanisa kwamajuba singaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, njengoba kuya ngendawo yokuhlala yomuntu ngamunye. Amajuba amabili akha isidleke endaweni esecashile lapho kunzima khona ukusithola. Owesilisa uthola izinto zokuhlala, ijuba libeka amahlumela amancane, amahlumela kanye notshani. Ngonyaka, insikazi ingakha imichilo eyi-8, equkethe amaqanda ama-1 noma amaningana. Esikhathini esiningi, insikazi ibamba amaqanda, kepha ijuba lowesilisa nalo lihlanganyela ekubambeni. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-16 - 19, kuvela amaphuphu amajuba, angaboni futhi anombala ophuzi. Abazalwa ngasikhathi sinye, njengoba ukuqanda amaqanda kungenzeka kwenzeke ngekhefu lezinsuku ezimbili. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, abazali bondla izingane zabo umhluzi nge-goiter. Ngemuva kwalokho imbewu zengezwa ekudleni. Lapho kudlula inyanga kuphela, amajuba amancane aqala ukundiza futhi abe njengabantu abadala.
I-Arctic Owl (I-White Owl)
Ukubukeka
Isikhova esine-polar sinomzimba omkhulu. Ubude bawo, kwabesilisa, bungama-55-65 cm, izinsikazi zikhulu. Afinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-70. Isisindo sabesilisa sisuka ku-2-2,5 kg - ubulili obunesisindo bunzima kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi iba nesisindo esingu-3.2 kg, ikakhulu isisindo sazo sihambelana no-3 kg. Izimpiko zifinyelela kuma-cm angama-165. Le nyoni inekhanda eliyindilinga namehlo aphuzi aphuzi. Izindlebe zincane kakhulu - cishe azibonakali. Umlomo upende omnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, icishe imbozwe ngokuphelele ngezimpaphe. Kuphela isicoco sayo siyabonakala. Imilenze imbozwe ngezinqwaba ezinde zezimpaphe, zifana kakhulu noboya. Izihlakala zimnyama njengoqhwaku.
Umbala weplashini wale nyoni umhlophe qhwa futhi uhlanjululwe ngemifudlana e nsundu. Kwesinye isikhathi, esikhundleni semisipha, imichilo eshintshashintshayo yombala onsundu iyabonakala.Abesilisa balula kunabesifazane, amaphuphu azalwa embozwe nge-fluff emhlophe, bese eshintsha umbala abe nsundu. Abesilisa abasindayo banenqwaba yephunga elimhlophe - elincane, elinamachashaza. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka ezinyoni ekuqaleni kukaJulayi kanye nekwindla sekwephuzile. Ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaNovemba, isikhova esine-polar sigqoka ingubo entsha ebusika.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesikhova esisezingeni eliphakeme siba ngoMashi-Ephreli. Kwinzalo yesikhathi esizayo, insikazi ilungisa isidleke. Kulokhu, ukhetha izindawo eziphakeme. Kaningi uzithanda izintaba. Kwenza ukudana okuncane emhlabathini, kuyiqinise ngamahlamvu owomile naphansi. Amaqanda aqala ukubeka engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi. Iqanda elilodwa ngosuku, kuyaqabukela kabili. Ukubabopha ngenyanga. Isikhova sokuqala sidonsa ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Owesilisa uyakunakekela ngokuphelele okuphakelayo, kepha ngokushesha insikazi ijoyina yena, njengoba inani lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa landa ngokushesha okukhulu.
Eminyakeni eyondlayo yamachwane, kungahle kube ne-10 noma i-17. Amachwane amkhandiweyo afudumeza amaqanda okugcina. Ezikhathini ezilambile, kukhona amaqanda amaningi. Uma kukubi impela, khona-ke akukho okushiwo izingane. Izikhova zizinza masinyane esidlekeni, ziqale ukuphuma kulo, zizulazule. Inyanga nohhafu ngemuva kokuzalwa, aqala ukundiza emoyeni. Isikhathi sokuthomba esibongeni esisezingeni eliphakeme senzeka lapho sinonyaka owodwa. Isifiso sempilo yiminyaka eyi-15-17. Ekuthunjweni, lezi zinyoni zingaphila iminyaka engama-30.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Isikhova esine-polar sidonswa ngokusobala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Uyazonda noma iyiphi imifino emide. Lokhu kungenxa yendlela yokuzingela. Le nyoni ihlala izingela emhlabathini, ihlale endaweni ephakeme. Ubheka indawo ezungezile, abheke inyamazane, futhi lapho ebona induku, uphakamisa amaphiko akhe kakhulu, indiza kuye futhi inamathela kulowo ogwetshiwe ngozakwabo abukhali. Imgwinya izidalwa ezincane ziphelele. Ukhipha umkhiqizo omkhulu awudle. Uboya namathambo kuqhuma ngendlela yezinselo ezincane. Isikhova esine-polar sidla okungenani izinduku ezi-4 ngosuku ukuze zanele. Ukhetha ukuzingela ekuseni kakhulu noma amahora kusihlwa.
Ngaphezu kwamagundane, wondla ama-hares, ama-ermines, ama-hedgehogs, amadada kanye namaphethelo. Udla nezinhlanzi, angakucasazi ukugcwala. Inyoni ayizingeli eduze esidlekeni sayo. Amaqhubu afanayo ayayisebenzisa. Zihlala eduze nesikhova futhi zizizwa ziphephe ngokuphelele, njengoba inyoni yezinyathi ihlakaniphile. Sekuyikhilomitha ukusuka esidlekeni, uqala ukuxosha izinyamazane, ukuze, kwenqatshelwe, uNkulunkulu akazange awadle amantshontsho akhe.
Klest
Incazelo
Amandla we-paws avumela inyoni ukuthi ikhuphuke izihlahla, ilenga ibheke phansi eduze neqhubu. Umbala webele labesilisa ubusubhele, futhi kwabesifazane uluhlaza okotshani. Imisila nezimpiko zezinyoni ziphenduka isikali esimpunga. Ukuculwa kwama-crossboll ngamanothi aphezulu kufana ne-twitter ngokuthinta impempe. Lokhu kuyabonakala ngesikhathi sezindiza. Emagatsheni, izinyoni zithulile.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoni, ezintathu zazo eziyinhloko futhi zihlala ngobukhulu beRussia:
Ziyafana ngendawo yokuhlala nendawo yokudla. Amagama ahlangana nezimpawu zezinhlobo zokukhethwa kwama-conifers kanye nokuba khona kwezimpaphe ezimhlophe.
Habitat
Okhokho benkambiso yanamuhla basendulo, baneminyaka eyisigidi eziyisikhombisa nantathu. Emahlathini aseConiffort eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kwavela abantu abasemqoka bezinqamula. Ukuhlala kwabo ngqo kuncike ekuvuneni kwama-cones, okuwukudla okuyinhloko kwezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, ama-crossboll ahlala ku-tundra nasehlathini-steppes, enza izindiza ezinkulu ukuya ezindaweni ezicebile zokudla. Kube nezimo lapho kutholakala khona amakhilomitha angama-2 000 ukusuka kumasayithi okungena izidleke. E-Russia, bahlala emahlathini aphayiniwe futhi aqhakaza indawo enezintaba ezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwe, enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Izinyoni zitholakala emahlathini alawulwa ngababulali.
Umsoco
Kungaba okungalunganga ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu obhidliza izidumbu udla kuphela imbewu yesigaxa, yize kungukudla kwakhe okuyinhloko. Uqhwaku olunesihlwathi luyesula esikalini, luveze imbewu, kodwa ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yesigaxa iyodliwa. Le nyoni ishiya okusanhlamvu okulula ukufinyelela kuyo, kulula kuye ukuthola elinye iqhuma.Ukudlulela kugelezela emhlabathini bese kuba isidlo sezimpuku noma ama-squirrels kanye nakwabanye abahlala emahlathini. I-crossbill ingadla ezintanjeni ze-spruce noma zikaphayini, ikakhulukazi esimweni lapho kushoda khona izigaxa, izinsensane endaweni evulekile esebhu kanye namagxolo ezihlahla, kanye nezinye imbewu, izinambuzane kanye ne-aphid. Ekudingisweni, akazideleli izibungu zikafulawa, i-oatmeal, umlotha wasentabeni, i-hemp kanye nembewu enamafutha elanga.
Ukuzala
Amachwane awela emnqamlezweni, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, avela ebusika, ngokuvamile ngoKhisimusi, njengomusa woPhezukonke, ngokusho kwenganekwane. Lokhu kunomthelela ekunikezelweni kokuphakelayo. Isidleke sowesifazane sakhiwa phezulu kwamaConifers noma ngaphansi kwesembozo samagatsha ajijekile kusuka emvuleni nasezingubeni. Ukwakhiwa kwezidleke kuqala ngesithwathwa sokuqala futhi kwenziwa ngokucabanga ngazo zonke izivivinyo ezinzima: ngohlu olufudumele lwe-moss, izinwele zezilwane, ilayisi, izimpaphe zezinyoni. Izindonga zesidleke zingaqhosha ngokuqina: kusuka emagatsheni elukiwe, kutholwa izingqimba eziningana, zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Isidleke kwesinye isikhathi silinganiswa ne-thermos ukuze kulondolozwe indawo yokushisa njalo. Ebusika, iziqaqa, naphezu kweqhwa, zikhuthele ukondla izingane zazo. Ukudalwa kokuciwa kwamaqanda ama-3-4 kuthatha isilinganiso sezinsuku eziyi-15. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa ngazo zonke izindlela kungenzeka anakekela insikazi, izondla ngembewu ethambile kwi-goiter.
Umkhwa omnyama
Incazelo
Ngomzimba, usayizi kanye nokulingana - ikhophi lomkhonto ompunga, kepha lonke iplamu linsundu, linensimbi yensimbi. Ihluka ngehlungulu ngamasayizi amancane, umsila oyindilinga omncane (hhayi owenziwe njengotshani), inhloko elula, enoqhwaku olungenamandla kangako. Kulula ukudida nge-rook encane, kusuka lapho kufanele ihlukaniswe khona nge-denser physique, umlomo onamandla ngokwengeziwe (ingaphezulu loqhwaku lugoba obukhali phansi kuya phezulu), azikho “amabhulukwe” (okusho, izimpaphe ezinhlangothini zingahambelani), izimpaphe ezisekhanda lekhanda. iphakanyisiwe ukuze ikhanda "liyisicaba", libe nokujikeleza okubushelelezi kusuka koqhwaku kuya emuva kwekhanda. Owesilisa nowesifazane ngaphandle bangafani. Abancane bafana nabantu abadala, bahluka ngamapulage amaningi okukhululekile, ngokukhanya okungenamandla. Isisindo 500-750 g, ubude 50-57, amaphiko 32.7-41.2, amaphiko ama-90p10 cm.
Ukubhebhetheka
EKazakhstan, ihlala ezintabeni nasezindaweni ezansi kweSouth-Western Altai neKalba Uplands, iSaur, i-Dzungarian Alatau neTien Shan, esifundeni saseZaysan naseBalkhash-Alakol naseSifundeni esiseNingizimu yeBalkhash, eSigodini saseChu, eSarysu engezansi nakuyo yonke iSyr Darya. Ngasenyakatho kule ngxenye yeKazakhstan ingena ezindaweni eziphansi zaseTurgay nase-Ulkayak. Ngesikhathi seminyaka yokucima ukhipha amachibi ohlelweni lweTurayi, ikhula eNaurzum. Emingceleni echaziwe etholakala ekuzuleni ebusika. Ukukhanya ngokweqile kwaphawulwa e-Ustyurt, eMogodzhary, abafuduki - eKokchetav Upland.
Ibhayoloji
Inyoni ephilayo ehlala phansi. Ihlala emahlathini asogwini, imifino, amabhande amahlathi nemibhede yomhlanga emathafeni, futhi emahlathini aqinile, axutshwe futhi ahlanganisiwe ezintabeni eziphakeme aze afike ku-2600 m eTien Shan nama-2200 m e-Altai, ikakhulukazi eduze kwamanzi. Kuvela ezindaweni ezidlekayo ngoMashi. Ukuzalela ngababili abahlukene ebangeni eli-100-150 m, kwesinye isikhathi i-8-10 km ukusuka komunye nomunye. Isidleke sitholakala esihlahleni (i-spruce, i-juniper, i-elm, isihlahla sama-apula, i-popula, imbuzi, i-willow, i-birch, i-larch) endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2-25 ngaphezulu komhlaba, noma esihlahleni se-tamarisk kanye nomhlanga, isidleke sakhiwa sivela emahlumela noma umhlanga neziqu, futhi ifakwe izinwele eziningi. I-Clutch yamaqanda angama-3-6 yenziwa ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi. Bobabili abazali bondla amachwane lawo aqala ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Ukuphindaphinda izidleke ngemuva kokulahleka kwe-clutch yokuqala kuvamile. Ukuhamba kwe-Autumn kuqala ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba.
UJay
Indawo kanye nohlobo lwamajay
AmaJays asakazekele kulo lonke elaseYurophu, e-Asia Minor, eNyakatho Afrika naseCaucasus. Ungahlangana nale nyoni engajwayelekile eSiberia, China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea nase Sakhalin. E-Asia Ephakathi, le nyoni ayenzeki ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo.
- Ezinye zezinyoni zale nyoni ziyafuduka, kanti ezinye zihlala phansi. Lokhu kuthembela kuhlukile hhayi kubantu basenyakatho kuphela, kepha futhi nasezindaweni zaseYurophu.
- Kuyo yonke inkathi yasekwindla-ebusika, ama-jays azulazula ehlathini. Isikhala se-Autumn sigcina maphakathi no-Septhemba kuze kube yingxenye kaNovemba. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kwenzeka ngoMashi.
- Izinyoni zihlala emahlathini - ziyaqabula, zixubile futhi zixubekile. Okuthandwa ngokukhethekile kunikezwa inkukhu ye-jay ngamapula ama-oki namahlathi.
- Eningizimu, izidleke zezinyoni phakathi kwezihlahla ezinde. Ngaphezu kwamahlathi, amaphuphu ama-jay angahlala emapaki amadala, ama-deciduous noma ama-coniferous thickets.
Ukubukeka
UJay inyoni yasehlathini leyo ngithole igama laso kusuka kufomu elidala lesenzo lesiRussia "khanyisa". Leli gama lanikezwa inyoni ngobuningi bayo obukhanyayo nomlingiswa ojabulayo.
- Umzimba wale nyoni upendiwe ngombala we-beige. Ebeleni, izimpaphe zikhanya ngombala.
- Izimpiko zihlotshiswe ngamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amhlophe namnyama, abizwa nangokuthi izibuko.
- Ubungako bomzimba wenyoni kanye nomsila wayo awudluli ku-40 cm. Ijay lamachwane lizalwa likhulu futhi lithola isisindo ngokushesha.
- Isisindo somuntu omdala asidluli kumagremu angama-200.
- Izimpaphe zinama-paws ansundu amnyama.
- Ekhanda lenyoni kunobuhle obuhle bezimpaphe. Uma lokhu kunyuka kukhuphuka, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi inyoni ishaqekile.
- Isici esiyingqayizivele se-jay eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iplamu ekhanyayo yangemuva nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanda.
- Uqhwaku lwalezi zinhlobo unamandla futhi ubukhali, buncane ngosayizi. Muhle ngokuqhekeka amantongomane, ama-acorn nezithelo ezinzima.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kulezi zinyoni ziqala entwasahlobo. Lapho ukhetha i-pair, iduna liqala ukuqola, lenze umsindo omningi, lihlakaze i-crest yakhe emizamweni yokujabulisa insikazi.
- Kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli, izinyoni ziqala ukwakha ngababili nesidleke. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni lapho ama-jays esezinze isikhathi eside futhi angeke aphazanyiswe ezinye izinyoni.
- Kwakhiwa isidleke esinamandla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basebenzisa isigaxa sotshani, amahlumela acashile kanye namahlumela woboya. Izindlovu zitholakala ezihlahleni zezihlahla emagatsheni aqinile ngenhla kwamamitha ayisigamu nesigamu ukusuka emhlabathini.
- Amaqanda kuma-jay anemibala, aluhlaza okotshani. Ngesizini eyodwa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-4-7.
- Umbuzo wokuthi ngubani ohlolela amaqanda usaphikisana. Abanye odokotela bezengqondo bathi lesi yisiphetho sowesifazane, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi insikazi nowesilisa bahlala esidlekeni ngokuhlukile.
- Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15-17, amaphuphu avela esidlekeni. Abadala banakekela amachwane kuze kuwa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, abantu abasha baqala ukukhombisa ukuzimela - baphuma izidleke bezama ukuthola ukudla. Intsha idla amacimbi atholakala ngabazali bawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaphuphu asencane akhulile aguqula ngokuphelele ukudla izitshalo.
- Ngemuva konyaka, amaphuphu amajayi ayavuthwa ngokocansi.
Ukudla kwe-Mckingbird
Ukudla kwalezi zinyoni kwehluka kakhulu futhi kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ama-Mockingbird adla ukudla kwezilwane nezitshalo, okutholakala ezihlahleni nasemhlabeni womhlaba.
- Ngenkathi efudumele, amaphuphu e-jay adla izinambuzane - izibungu, izicabucabunjll. Lokhu kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu ehlathini ngokuya ngokulawulwa kwezinambuzane.
- Ngaphandle kwezinambuzane, le nyoni idla ngokulangazela amagundane, amasele noma izibungu.
- Lezi zigebengu azideleli izidleke zabanye abantu, ziyazilimaza zidle amachwane namaqanda.
- Kokudla kwezitshalo, ama-mockingbird akhetha imbewu, okusanhlamvu namajikijolo. Ngokuvamile, "ukudla" kwezitshalo zakha inqwaba yokudla kwalezi zinyoni. Bathanda kakhulu ama-acorns, ama-hazelnuts, ama-cherry bird kanye nama-rowan amajikijolo.
Inkosi enamakhanda aphuzi
Ukubukeka
Amakhosi ayizinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke eYurophu. I-kinglet ekhanda eliphuzi ihlukaniswa ngephethini yesimo sekhanda nekhampasi ehlanganisiwe, phezulu kungwephuzi grey, phansi kumhlophe qwa, kube nombala ophuzi onsundu.I- “cap” ekhanda lowesilisa ihlotshiswe ngomugqa we-orange longitudinal (ophuzi kowesifazane), ohlanganiswe nomnyama emaceleni. Intsha ayinayo umhlobiso wekhanda onemibala ehlukahlukene.
Ukubhebhetheka
Uhlobo luhlala futhi lufuduka, lunama-subspecies ayi-13 eYurophu. Uhla oluphambili lwaseYurophu aluhambi eningizimu ye-45 ° inyakatho ye-latitude. Ubusika eduze kwezindawo zokuzalela noma eningizimu, kuya eningizimu yeYurophu. E-Italy, inani lezinyoni ezidlekayo ngamakhulu amabili anamakhulu amathathu lamakhulu ayisithupha, ikakhulukazi atholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-900 kuye kwangama-1,900 ngaphezu kolwandle. Okuvame kakhulu ebusika.
Ohlala emahlathini ama-coniferous, aze afike ezindaweni eziphakemeyo. E-Alps, ukusatshalaliswa kwenkosi enamakhanda aphuzi kuhlobene kakhulu ne-fir and spruce. Izidleke zalapha emapaki asemadolobheni kanye nasezingadini lapho kutholakala khona amasimu angama-coniffort.
Ibhayoloji
NgoMeyi-Juni, kuvame ukubeka amaqanda ama-9- 11, okufakwa kuwo owesimame cishe izinsuku eziyi-16. Amakati ashiya isidleke ezinsukwini eziyi-17-22 emva kokuzalwa. Masonry amabili ngonyaka. Inkosi enombala ophuzi iyaqabukela yehlela emhlabathini, ibheke izicabucabu ezincane nezinambuzane, amaqanda ayo nezibungu kuhlamvu, ihlole lelo na linye ngalinye. Imvamisa “imiswa” kusuka kumagatsha angezansi noma ilenga phambi kwawo, amaphiko ayo abilayo. Kukhipha ucingo oluzolile lokukhala, alunamandla futhi lubude kunenkosi enekhanda elibomvu.
Ingxenye enkulu
Incazelo
I-tit enkulu inyoni evela emndenini we-titmouse. Le inyoni ekhanyayo nenhle - inombala omnyama ekhanda, izihlathi zakhe zimhlophe qhwa, isisu saso siphuzi, emuva ingekho nsundu. Umsila namaphiko kune-tint eblue. Eduze ekhanda nasesifubeni kunemivimbo emnyama ebonakalayo ebonakalayo. Abesilisa bavame ukuba nombala ogqamile kunabesifazane. Ngobukhulu, le nyoni icishe ifane nondlunkulu owaziwayo. Ubude bawo busuka ku-13 kuya ku-17 cm, kanti amaphiko aso angamaphiko afike ku-26 cm.
Ukubhebhetheka
I-titit enkulu isabalele ezwenikazi lase-Euro, kanye nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika. Izinyoni zihlala emahlathini aqhelile, ama-grey, emagqumeni nasezindaweni ezivulekile ezimbozwe yizihlahla ezingandile. I-Titmouse ihlala ngokuzithandela eduze kwezindlu zabantu - zingatholakala ezivandeni, emasimini, emapaki nasezigcawini.
Amakhehla Eagle Owl
Ukhozi lwentwala luthanda amahlathi, izitebhisi, izintaba zokuziphilisa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, zingakwazi ukuhlala emifuleni nasemachibini. Kuliqiniso, awathandi amahlathi aminyene impela, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuzingela kuwo, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ensimini yaseRussia, le nyoni ingatholakala esifundeni saseSverdlovsk, esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, eRiphabhulikhi yaseKomi, ezifundeni zase-Ulyanovsk naseSaratov nakwezinye izifunda. Lezi zinyoni ziphila impilo enhle.
Isikhathi sokuzala nokuzalanisa
Izinyoni "zomshado", eziqala ngoJanuwari. Ukuheha insikazi, isikhova sowesilisa siqala ukucula. Ihlatshwe umxhwele ngokucula, insikazi kwesinye isikhathi iyazijoyina, manje - sekuvele kunabahlabeleli ababili egatsheni. Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalela, isikhova sowesifazane sizalela amaqanda amabili kuya amahlanu.
Cishe inyanga ngemuva kokuqandula, amachwane amancane awashiyi isidleke. Kepha vele ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu izikhova ezindizayo zindlula amabanga amade zodwa. Ababelethi baqapha ngokucophelela amachwane, bayakwazi ukuzivikela kunoma iziphi izitha.
UNuthatch
Le nyoni inemuva elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka nesisu esimhlophe. Izimpaphe zinemivimbo ebomvu enemivimbo emnyama. Emilenzeni - kugoqiwe izindwani ezibukhali. Angena phakathi kwesiqu somuthi, ahamba ngokushesha nangokuzindela ngakubo. Le nyoni ifuna izinambuzane ezifihliwe, izibungu zazo. Uqhwaku olude, olude lubavumela ukuba bakhasa ebusika. Inyoni ibafundela konke ukuqhekeka ku-cortex.
Ama-Nutatches akhetha ukuhlala emahlathini e-oki. Lapho oki kungakhuli, izinyoni zikhetha amapaki anamaqabunga. UNuthatch ufuna izihlahla ezinezimbobo, zihlala kuzo. Uma umnyango wokungena endlini ubanzi, uhlanganiswa nobumba. Ama-Nutatcher enza lo msebenzi ngenkathi efudumele.
Ama-Nutatches akhetha ukusinda lapho ehleli ebandayo ezihlahleni zezihlahla