Ama-TimVickers - Umsebenzi Ownaye / Wikimedia Commons
Ososayensi bathatha uhambo lokuya ehlathini lase-Amazon bayobheka ukuthi yini edala izinganekwane eziningi zasendaweni mayelana nokucula ama-bushmasters - izinyoka zohlobo Lakesis, inyoka enkulu enobuthi ku-Western Hemisphere. Kwavela ukuthi "izingoma" ezithiwa izinyoka empeleni zikhipha amasele ohlobo olungaziwa. Lokhu okutholakele kubikwa kumagazini weZookeys.
IBushmeister (noma iSurukuku) ifinyelela amamitha amathathu nengxenye ubude. Izinganekwane mayelana nekhono lakhe lokucula zazidlangile phakathi kwamakoloni aseYurophu nezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene ze-Amazon. Izazi zesayensi yezempilo ezivela eNyuvesi YamaRoma Katolika e-Ecuador, University of Colorado kanye nezinye izikhungo zithathe isinqumo sokuhlola ukuthi yini edala lezi zinganekwane.
Ekuqhubekeni nezifundo zasensimini (ePeru nase-Ecuador), kuvela ukuthi "abaphathi bezinhlahla zasendle" kabazange "bacule", kepha amasele amakhulu esihlahla ahlala emigodini yezihlahla. Lamaxoxo angamalunga esakhiweni esingaziwa isayensi. Tepuihyla . Izinhlobo ezintsha zaqanjwa Tepuihyla shushupe, ngaphezu kwalokho, "shushupe" kolunye lwezilimi zasendaweni futhi kusho uBushmeister. Ososayensi baphawula ukuthi imisindo eyenziwe ngabantu balolu hlobo yezinhlobo zezilwane ayinakususwa kwamaxoxo futhi ifana nezingoma zezinyoni. Akukaziwa namanje ukuthi kungani amaNdiya ase-Amazonia athi le misindo inyoka.
Izimfihlo Zobuhlakani - Ukuhamba Ngezikhathi (Ephreli 2020).
Ifinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3,5 ubude, umphathi we-bushmaster (ongowobuningi bezinhlobo zohlobo lwethambo) yinyoka enkulu kunazo zonke endaweni yasentshonalanga. Inganekwane isabalale phakathi kukoloni kanye nabomdabu abavela esifundeni saseAmazon naseMelika Ephakathi, kuthiwa iyacula. Ukuthola le milayezo eminingi engahlobene kuyamangaza, ngoba kwaziwa kahle ukuthi izinyoka azikwazi ukucula, ososayensi ekugcineni bathatha insumansumane.
Ngenkathi abaphenyi besanda kwenza umsebenzi wasensimini e-Ecuador nasePeru e-Amazon, bakhombisa ukuthi bekungekhona ukucula kwenyoka. “Ingoma” yayijabulisa ngempela amasele esihlahla amakhulu ahlala esifubeni esingenalutho ehlathini.
Ngenkathi abaqondisi bendawo kuwo womabili la mazwe bethi izingoma zitholakala kwi-Bushmaster, ama-amphibians cishe akaziwa ngokuphelele. Bamangala ukuthi, esikhundleni sokuthola inyoka, amaqembu asensimini athola izinhlobo ezimbili zamasele wohlobo lweTepuihyla. Le miphumela ishicilelwe ephephabhukwini elivulelekile i-ZooKeys ngokubambisana nososayensi abavela e-Katolika University of Ecuador, Peruvian Institute for Amazonia Study, Ecuadorian Museum of Natural Science, kanye nase-University of Colorado, e-USA.
Elinye lamasele esihlahleni uhlobo olusha, iTepuihyla shushupe. Igama elithi shushupe lisetshenziswa ngabantu bomdabu ukusho iBushmaster. Izingcingo azijwayelekile kakhulu kumaxoxo, ngoba ukuhleka okukhulu, okukhumbuza ngengoma yenyoni. Akukaziwa ukuthi kungani abantu bendawo behlobanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezinselelo neBushmaster.
Zikhona yonke indawo
Izindawo ezijwayelekile zalaba bantu basemanzini zingamachibi, amachibi nezinye izidumbu zamanzi, lapho amanzi engenawo amandla okushesha. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abadinga amanzi, ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe ngumthombo omncane. Ezinye zezinhlobo zazo zingaphila kahle emhlabeni, futhi hhayi emhlabeni kuphela, kodwa nasezihlahleni, futhi kukhona labo abachitha izimpilo zabo ezingxenyeni ezinzima zobumba emathunjini omhlaba kuze kube amamitha ambalwa futhi ngisho nasehlane. Vele, lokhu kuthinta ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zazo kanye nezindlela zokuhamba. Bayakwazi ukugxuma, ukuhamba, ukumba izimbobo ezijulile, ukubhukuda, ukugibela izihlahla ngisho nokuhlela emoyeni.
Amehlo la ahlukile
Amehlo we-Frog ayamangazi. Baphila izimpilo ezizimele futhi bangabuka ngasikhathi sinye ngezindlela ezihlukile. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokusakazwa okunjalo kwensimu, babona bekude konke, kepha kuphela okunyakazayo.
Uma uwafaka e-terrarium bese uphonsa lapho inqwaba yokudla okumnandi kakhulu kubo, bangafa yindlala ukufa bengakaze babone amanoni, kepha nokho bandize ngaphansi kwezinyawo zabo. Kodwa-ke, azikhethi kakhulu ezintweni ezihambayo futhi uma kwenzeka zingabamba okuthile ezingakwazi ngokuphelele ukubonisana, ngokwesibonelo, indiza ebunjiwe indiza emoyeni noma esiphondweni. Abayitholanga esiswini sabo, yize ezimeni eziningi ukungaphili kusaphume. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-95% yolwazi olutholwe kwizixhobo ze-ocular kumaxoxo lingena engxenyeni yobuchopho, ebaphoqa ukuthi basebenze ngaphandle kokuzilayisha ngemicabango yokuhlola ngemininingwane abayitholile. Ngibonile - ngiyibambe. Iso lomuntu alikwazi ukulandela ijubane lokuzingela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubamba okungabonakali, okungenamisila akusikhathazeki ngalokhu. Ngale ndlela ubuchopho babo busebenza ngayo, abakwazi ukuqopha ukwehluleka futhi bakhumbule okungenani okuthile okungaphezu kwesibili edlule.
Kwenziwa amandla izinyoka
Inyoka ingahamba kancane futhi kahle. Ukunyakaza okunjalo kungaphezu kwemingcele ye-frog visual pono futhi kuthathwa njengento emile. Futhi inyoka eyaqhubeka nokuzingela ikwazi kahle lokhu. Kepha ulimi lwenyoka lusika masinyane umoya, isisulu esibi sibona kahle impela. Ngobukhulu bayo nangokwemvelo yokunyakaza kwayo, ifana kakhulu nempukane. "Impukane" isondela futhi umzingeli usekulungele ukumbamba. Umzuzwana - kanti nesele ligxuma entweni elizingelwa ngayo liyokufa, lingasoli ukuthi le nto empeleni iyona uqobo. Sebebuzwile ubunyoninco bokubona kwexoxo, ososayensi bayiphika insumansumane yezinyoka eziguqula ingqondo.
By the way, amehlo adlala enye indima ebalulekile empilweni yalawa ma-amphibians. Babambe iqhaza ku ... ukugaya. Ukuze kuqhutshekiselwe phambili ukudla emlonyeni, adinga ukufiphaza bese ecindezela amashiya kuwo, uma kungenjalo ngeke kusebenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma sebelele, bavala amehlo abo isikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Phefumula? Easy!
Amaxoxo angaphefumula noma yini. Ngokuya ngesimo, bangakwazi ukukwenza ngemilomo yabo, nangamaphaphu abo, nangobuso bonke besikhumba sabo esimangalisayo, okungatshelwa imininingwane eminingi eminingi ethokozisayo ngayo. Kepha abanazo gill. Amaphaphu nomlomo enza imisebenzi yawo emhlabeni, kepha uma isigaxa sicwiliswa emanzini, isikhumba sibonisa ukuthinta kwendawo yasemanzini futhi kuvala uhlelo lokuphefumula. Ama-amphibians akhanyayo mikhulu maqondana nomzimba, futhi ayakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngomzimba nomoya-mpilo isikhathi eside, imikhiqizo esetshenziswayo ethunyelwa esikhunjeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhumba singaphefumula ngokwaso, sihlanganise oksijini emanzini. Lokhu kuvumela ezansi ukuthi zichithe sonke isikhathi esibandayo sisesimweni sopopayi omisiwe, lapho ukushintshaniswa komoya kuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu.
Isibonakaliso sengcebo, inhlanhla nokuphila okuphakade.
EGibhithe lasendulo, la ma-amphibians ayewuphawu lokuvuka nokuphila okuphakade. Kwakuyisiko ukubacwilisa ngomufi futhi kuhlanganiswe naye ethuneni ukuze kusizakale lowo muntu futhi ukuze avuke.
Ngokusobala, lokhu kungenxa yekhono lokuwela esimweni sokumiswa komoya ngesikhathi somkhuhlane wasebusika, nokubuyela empilweni kabusha entwasahlobo. Ngokusobala, engxenyeni esenyakatho yeGibithe kubanda ngokwanele ebusika, ukuze abantu babone le nto engaqondakali kubo.
Indima ehlonishwayo yanikezwa amasele eJapan, lapho athi khona amandla okuheha inhlanhla. E-China, bese kuthi nase-Europe, kube nenkolelo yokuthi isithombe sabase-amphibi abathathu abefake umcebo endlini futhi sivikele labo abahlala kuso.
Kungani amaxoxo akhula amanye amathanga?
Ukungabikho kwe-paw eyodwa kuwuphawu lwengcebo kungachazwa njengoba uthanda (ngokusho ngenganekwane, elesine lathathwa nguBuddha ngenxa yezono), kepha abantu abane-paws eyengeziwe kudala badideka ososayensi, futhi bona ngokungcola kwamakhemikhali. Kwavela ukuthi ama-amphibians aba yizisulu zamakhemikhali angangeni emanzini, ezihlaselweni zeRibeiroia, ezinomjikelezo wokuphila onzima oqala emigodini. Ukukhula, bafuna umnikazi omusha, oba yinhlanzi noma i-tadpole. Futhi njengoba i-tadpole isanda kuhlangana nokukhula kwe-paw, inqubo yokuzalwa kabusha kwama-molecule amasha iyaphazamiseka bese isakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, okubangela ukukhula kwezitho ezintsha zomzimba. Inani eliphezulu lama-paws abonwa yi-frog ngumuntu kwakuyizingcezu eziyi-10 ohlangothini ngalunye.
Kungani uphonsa amasele obisini?
Ukuthi ezinsukwini zakudala kwakuyisiko ukukwenza, abaningi bayazi. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-amphibian ebandayo ivimbela ukufudumala komkhiqizo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ibambezela ukumuncwa kwayo. Uma kungekho esiqandisini, lokhu kufanelekile. Umkhosi ofanayo wokuhlanzeka ocishe wenziwe wawungekho eRussia kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Isikhathi eside bekubhekwa njengezinkolelo-ze, kepha ubisi aluzange luphenduke omuncu impela futhi izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaba nesithakazelo kulokho. Kwavela ukuthi isikhumba se-amphibian sinamaseli akhethekile angakhiqiza imvelo elwa namagciwane, ngaphandle kwawo bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi kube khona indawo enomswakama, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngenxa yokutheleleka kwamagciwane kanye namagciwane, okuyilapho izimo ezinjalo ziyipharadesi emhlabeni, ama-amphibians abengeke abe nesikhathi sokubheka nxazonke, njengoba ngabe ambozwe ngubumba. Imithi elwa namagciwane yemvelo nayo iyashintsha ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. E-amphibians, gxuma ogwini lwethu lwendabuko, ayinamandla kangako, kepha ama-peptides akhiqizwa yisikhumba anezinyathelo ezanele zokubulala izinhlungu ukuvimbela amalitha ambalwa obisi ukuba omuncu.
Ungadla, kepha awukwazi ukuthinta
Enye yezinto ezinamandla (futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko, ubuthi obuqine kakhulu) bemvelaphi yezilwane ingquza enesihlwathi esincane saseColombian Cocog, osisindo saso singeqi i-1 g nokuphakama okungamasentimitha amathathu. Kepha munye umuntu onjalo unele ukubulala abantu abayi-1,500. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubuthi bayo abunangozi lapho kudliwa, kepha inani elincane elitholile esilondeni libangela ukukhubazeka nokufa ngokushesha. Akukho okubhekwayo kukho. Ngendlela, i-amphibian organism ayazi ukuthi ingakhiqiza kanjani ubuthi; iyangena nayo ngokudla.
AmaNdiya ama-Choco endawo anobunzima obukhulu athola amakhophi amaningana e-cocoa ehlathini awabambe ngenhla komlilo ukuze ubuthi buvele esikhunjeni, bese uwagcoba ngemicibisholo. Uma yomile, igcina izakhiwo zayo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15.
Amanye amaqiniso afuna ukwazi ngamasele
- Ngasogwini lwe-Amazon, kukhona inhlobo yezilwane lapho abesilisa bezalwa kaningi kunabesifazane. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, akudingeki ukuthi bakhethe, futhi bazama ukufaka umanyolo hhayi abaphilayo kuphela, kepha nabesifazane abafile. Ngolimi lwesayensi, le nto ibizwa ngokuthi "necrophilia esebenzayo."
- Kunezinhlobo lapho amawundlu angakhuli ngobudala, kodwa ancipha. Ngenkathi abazali be-tadpole bengadluli ku-6 cm ubude, yena ngokwakhe angaba "nokuphakama" okungafika ku-25 cm.
- Ukuguqulwa kusuka kumaqanda kuya kumuntu omdala kunezigaba ezi-30, kukuvumela ukuthi uzivumelanise ngokuphelele nokuphila endaweni ehlukile.
- Izinguquko ekukhanyiseni nasemuva kwefrigi azibonwa ngamehlo, kodwa ngesikhumba. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zinto ngombala wazo.
- Njengoba isitha sisondela, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-amphibians ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Isibonelo, ikompisi ye-lichen Copepod (mossy frog) iyaziqhenya futhi izifihle. Kepha isihlangu sesihlangu samasentimitha ayi-13 sihlangana nesitha ngendlela ehlukileko. Unwebisela imilenze yakhe ezinhlangothini, aphakamise isisu sakhe, avule umlomo bese eqala ukumemeza, ejaha izitha.
- Isele elinezinwele lase-Afrika alinabo izinwele ngokweqiniso, kodwa likhula imivimbo yesikhumba ngesikhathi sokuzala (abesilisa). Kepha okumangazayo kakhulu yukuthi, njengoba bezalwe ngaphandle kwezimpi, bazenza bodwa. Ukuze benze lokhu, bamane baphule iminwe yabo bese izicucu zamathambo zibhoboze isikhumba. Manje bahlome ngokuphelele! Ngeshwa, hhayi kubantu baseCameroon basendaweni, abathanda ukudla othosiwe, obhekwa njengento yokudlela kulezi zingxenye.
- Isele elibubende, ngaphandle kokubukeka kwalo elimfushane kakhulu, lemba izimbobo kahle futhi ngokushesha liya ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-3 noma ngaphezulu. Lapho, uthola umswakama awudingayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamele izinhlobo zingabazali ababalulekile kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuzala amaqanda, insikazi ibuye iqhubeke ngaphansi komhlaba, inganakile ukuthi kuzokwenzekani enzalweni. Noma kunjalo, njengobaba wakhe.
- Isithombe esihlukile sibonwa ngababili namaxoxo kaDarwin. Owesifazane uziphatha ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ubaba uhlala eduzane nokwakha kuze kube kuvela imithungo emaqanda. Njengoba ebakhohlise ngolimi lwakhe, ubadlulisela kubo bonke esikhwameni sakhe somphimbo, lapho ebathwala khona ngezindleko zezinsizakusebenza zakhe kuze kube sezakhiwe ngokuphelele.
- Kwindawo ehlukile, i-amphibian izwa ngezitho ezahlukahlukene - amaseli namathambo endlebe yangaphakathi, kanye namathambo nemisipha yezitho ngokudlidliza kwenhlabathi.
- Amaxoxo anamazinyo, kepha ubuhlalu, ngokungafani nawo, awunawo. Kodwa-ke, adinga amazinyo kuphela ukuze akwazi ukukhiya inyamazane emlonyeni wawo kuze kube yilapho izingqimba zamehlo zisihudula ngaphakathi.
- Amaxoxo esihlahla anezinyawo ezikhethekile ze-webbed ezisiza ukundiza. Vele, lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi indiza ngokunemibandela, kepha bangahlelela amabanga amahle.
- Kuma-amphibians angama-5000 achazwe izazi zebhayoloji, ama-88% ngamasele.
- Babesetshenziswa ku-11% womsebenzi wezinguquko weNobel laureates emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye ne-biology.
- Indlela yokupheka eyaziwa ngabantu ngokumelene ne-angina ithi udinga ukubamba isoyi elikhulu kakhulu, ulethe emlonyeni wakho futhi uphefumulele kuyo. Ngokuya ngenganekwane, lesi silwane sizofa kungekudala, isiguli sizolulama. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi le ndlela yokupheka ayaziwa, kepha seyiphile iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.
Singaphila ngaphandle kwabo?
Cabanga amasele! Kungani abantu bezidinga? Eqinisweni, kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani sasiba sibi ngaphandle kwazo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezithile kwisayensi kuzoncipha. Futhi lolu daba alugcini kuphela endabeni yokulungiselela. Sinokufana okungaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-1.5 zofuzo, okusivumela ukuthi sifunde i-pathology kanye nemiphumela yezinto ezahlukahlukene emzimbeni womuntu. Isibonelo, bekubonga kulama-amphibians ukuthi isifo se-Alzheimer's safundwa.
- Basiza ukulawula okuqukethwe yimizimba yamanzi, kunciphisa inani le-algae. Ngaphandle kwabo, izinhlanzi ziyafa ngokuswela i-oksijini, ukuqhuma kwamanzi bese kuba yingozi.
- Lawa ma-amphibians ayinto ebalulekile yeqoqo lokudla.
- Ngaphandle kwabo, inani lezinambuzane eziyingozi lizokhula ngokungalawuleki.
- Umphumela wokugcina ukushisa kwezolimo uzokhula, okuwumphumela oqondile wokunyuka kwesibalo sezinambuzane, ngoba izitshalo zizodinga umsoco womhlabathi.
- Enye into ehambisana nezinambuzane ukuthi zithwala amagciwane we-pathogenic, okusho ukuthi abantu bazogula kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, uma lezi zilwane ezishelelayo futhi ezingathandeki kakhulu zihlala emhlabeni, omiyane bazoba, mhlawumbe, banciphe kakhulu bezinkinga umuntu ahlangabezana nazo.