Imvamisa i-barguzin ibizwa ngokuthi kuphela komoya ophunyuka esigodini, futhi kubizwa umoya omude obude ngaphezulu kwechibi I-Verkhovik ihhashi noma isikhova sobusuku. Eningizimu echibini kungenzeka kube nomoya wasempumalanga. Bona Imimoya eLake Baikal.

Isichazamazwi semimoya. - I-Leningrad: IHydrometeoizdat. L.Z. Proh. 1983.

Incazelo yezilwane

I-Barguzinsky sable yiyona ndlela encane kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyi-17 ezisebenzayo. Kubonakale njengomphumela wokudidiyelwa esiphambanweni phakathi kwesisekelo yezinhlobonhlobo ze-Altai.

I-barguzin ibukeka kahle. Isilwane sinomzimba oshubile, imilenze emifushane enamakhonkolo abanzi futhi anamandla ama-paws, isesizalweni esincane esingunxantathu ngezindlebe ezibukhali namehlo obuhlalu. Kepha yisidlakela esinolaka esidla izinduku ezincane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi.

I-Barguzin ihluke kakhulu ku- "izihlobo ezisebenzisekayo" ngosayizi:

• ubude bomzimba obunekhanda: 39 - 42 cm emadodeni, 36 - 41 cm kwabesifazane,
• ubude bomsila: 12,2 - 15,5 cm kwabesilisa, 12 - 14.5 cm kwabesifazane,
• isisindo somzimba: 0.9 - 1.2 kg.

Ngokuya ngekhwalithi yoboya, i-barguzin ingeyesibili kuphela ku-Vitim sable.

I-barguzin inebala elikhanyayo ebeleni laso, nekhanda laso lakhanya kunomzimba. Amadzala makhulu - ubukhulu bamathrekhi buyafana nobwezimpungushe, yize isilwane siphansi kakhulu ngokuya ngamapharamitha kusiyingi obomvu. Ngenxa yobubanzi obukhulu kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuningana koboya phezu kwemcamelo, lesi silwane sihamba kalula lapho kumiswa khona iqhwa, njengokungathi kushushuluza.

Indawo

I-Barguzinsky sable eRussia isatshalaliswa e-Urals naseSiberia taiga. Uhlala emaxhaphozini aminyene e-taiga ogwini olusempumalanga yeLake Baikal kanye ne-Barguzinsky ridge.

Abamele lezinhlobo bayatholakala naseJapan, esiqhingini saseHokkaido.

Isilwane sihlala ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, emigodini nasezindlini ezakhiwe ngokwemvelo. Isilwane uqobo asimbeki izimbobo - sakha kuphela ezikhona, sizimboza ngotshani obomile.

I-barguzin eyodwa inezindawo zokukhosela eziningana ngasikhathi sinye - ezingapheli nezesikhashana. Isilwane sihlanzekile futhi ngaphansi "kwendlu yangasese" kuchazwa imink ehlukile etholakala ngasendaweni yokuhlala enkulu.

Ukudla Okondlayo Nokuzingela

IBarguzin isiphangi, kepha hhayi isibopho. Ekudleni kwakhe akukho nyama kuphela, kepha futhi nokudla kwezitshalo.

Isilwane sizingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Izitha zakhe yilezi:

• amagundane
• ama-chipmunks - umhlaseli udla izilwane ngokwazo, futhi abhubhise ama-pantries awo futhi ahudule amantongomane, amajikijolo, amakhowe, imbewu lapho,
• pikas - isilwane esinjenge-hare esinamadlebe amakhulu ayindilinga,
• ama-shrews - igama elijwayelekile labamele abomndeni wezinyoni, ngokubukeka nosayizi ofana nezimpundane, kepha okungekhona okokuqola - izilwane zidla izinambuzane ezincane, izibankwa, ngezikhathi ezithile - amagundane,
• ama-voles - namagundane, eSiberia, kuvame ukubomvu kuphela,
• squirrels
• ondlunkulu.

Ngezikhathi ezithile, isilwane sidla u-carrion, fish beached, noma inhlanzi uqobo lapho iqhuma.

IBarguzin ngumzingeli ohlakaniphile, onesibindi onomqondo omnandi wokuhogela nokuzwa. Uzwa inyamazane engaphansi kwengqimba yeqhwa. Isilwane sihamba kalula ekuduneni kweqhwa nasemathangeni angenakunqandeka. Kepha umgibeli kanye nokubhukuda ovela esilwaneni akuyona kakhulu. Uma kudingekile, i-Barguzinsky sable igibela isihlahla noma ingene emanzini, kepha ikwenza ngokunganqikazi. Kepha ukhombisa izimangaliso zesenzo sokulinganisa: ugxuma kahle esuka egatsheni eya kwelinye igatsha, noma ngabe ibanga eliphakathi kwawo lingama-3-4 m.

Ngenkathi, isilwane senqabe ukudla kwezitshalo:

• uju - i-barguzin yayo ivame ukudla nezinyosi,
• imbewu yepayini yemisedari - ibukeka njengamantongomane omsedari, aqukethe amafutha amaningi, amavithamini, ama-amino acid,
• ama-lingonberry,
• aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• amafuyu
• umlotha wasentabeni.

Izitha zemvelo

I-Barguzinsky sable inezitha ezimbalwa nezimbangi. Bambalwa abanesibindi sokuhlasela lesi sidlakela esincane, kodwa esibi kakhulu.

Ezinye izilwane zihlasela imidlwane nezilwane ezincane, okuvame ukuba ngamabibi amadala. Bangasijabulisa isilo:

• kharzy - ama-martens aphuzi amabele, abamele abakhulu bezizinhlobo ezinobunzima obungu-6 kg,
• izikhova nezikhova,
• oklebe
• izimpisi
• amabhere.

I-Barguzinsky sable ivame ukumaka indawo futhi ixosha abanye abesilisa kuyo. Okokwendlu, lesi silwane sibuye silwe nezinsimbi kanye nezinsika zaseSiberia - izihlobo eziseduzane zama-ferrets, weasels and minks.

IBarguzin “inomusa” kakhulu nama-martens kangangokuba ngezinye izikhathi izilwane ziyagana. Ngenxa yalokho, nzalo - kuzalwa izingane. Uboya bazo bubaluleke kakhulu kunokubhuntsha, kepha bungaphansi kwesable.

Ukuzala

Izilwane mate mate ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10, kusuka kumntwana kuya kwezingu-4 kwilitha. I-Sable izalwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Bazalwa beyisithulu futhi bengaboni. Kuphela inyanga kamuva, amehlo abo evulekile nokuzwa kuphuma.

Izinsana azisizi ngalutho izinyanga eziyi-1-1,5 futhi zidla ubisi lukamama. Kusukela enyangeni yesibili, insikazi ibondla ngenyama edliwe inyama noma izingcezu zomdlalo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izilwane ziqala ukuphuma mink.

Maphakathi nehlobo, ukukhula okuncane kuzimele futhi kushiya indlu kayise, bese izinsikazi ziphinda zizale. Ama-barguzin asemancane afinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba kuphela eminyakeni eyi-2-3.

Ngenxa yokuqamba amanga kobusika, imizamo yokuqala yokuzala ama-barguzins ayiphumelelanga.

Irokhethi elihlangene

Kuyo yonke inkathi yokuthuthukiswa kweBarguzin BZHRK, izici zayo zobuchwepheshe bezilokhu zingaziwa. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2014, abezindaba basekhaya babika ukuthi lo msebenzi wokwakhiwa kukajantshi wawakhiwa ngesisekelo se-RS-24 Yars ekhona. Kodwa-ke, izikhulu azikuqinisekisanga lolu lwazi.

NgoNovemba 14, i-RIA Novosti yashicilela isitatimende esinelukuluku soMkhiqizi Ojwayelekile weMoscow Institute of Heat Engineering (MIT), esenza ukuthuthukiswa kweBarguzin. Isazi seRussia Academy of Science Science uYuri Solomonov uthe inhlangano yakhe idale amaYars ahlanganisiwe anekhono elibanzi lokusekela.

Umcibisholo owodwa wolwazi onjengalolu hlobo ungasetshenziswa ngesiqalisi se-silo (silo), esakhiweni somhlaba esihambayo (PGRK), noma njengengxenye ye-BZHRK. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwezixazululo nezakhi ngazinye, le nguqulo yeYarsa ihlanganiswe neBulava submarine tata.

Lolu lwazi lungabhekwa njengesiqinisekiso esingaqondile semibiko ngokuthuthukiswa kweBarguzin ngokusekelwe kwinkimbinkimbi ye-Yars. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, imininingwane enjalo ayisabalulekile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-BZHRK entsha kwamiswa ngenxa yamaphrojekthi abekwe eqhulwini. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, ikusasa lezimicibisholo zeYars kumongo wezitimela zemishini selibe yinto emnandi.

Umbuzo wokusebenziseka

Isitatimende sika-Y. Solomonov saba yisizathu sokuqalisa kabusha kwezingxabano ngesidingo se-BZHRK kuma-arsenals e-Russian Strategic Forile Forces. Imibono kule ndaba ivezwa ngamazinga ahlukile. Ngakho-ke, ngoDisemba 5, i-RIA Novosti ishicilele izitatimende ezenziwe yinhloko yeSikhungo Sokuphepha Kwamazwe Ngamazwe, i-IMEMO RAS, Isazi Aleksey Arbatov.

Isifundi sibona ezitatimendeni zikaYu. USorovov isibonakaliso mayelana nokuqalisa kabusha kokukhula kweBarguzin. Ngasikhathi sinye, isidingo sokudala i-BZHRK entsha siyangabaza. U-Arbatov ukhumbule ukuthi inqubo enjalo inezinzuzo nobubi, futhi kufanele icatshangwe lapho kwenziwa izinqumo.

Isifundiswa lesi sibize amakhono atholakala ngokufihlakala okuyisici esihle se-BZHRK. Isitimela esinemicibisholo esikebheni cishe asifani nesitimela sezimpahla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitimela siboshelwe emizileni yokuhambahamba - "ungabona ngesitimela okuzokuhamba." Izindawo ezenzelwe isitimela zisengozini enkulu, futhi ukuhoxiswa kwezixakaxaka kumphumela kungaba nzima. Futhi, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kubhidlizwe izikhungo ezinjalo akunqunyelwe.

Ngokwesimo sokuhamba, ngokusho kuka-A. Arbatov, i-BZHRK iphansi kune-PGRK ku-chassis enamasondo. Lezi zokugcina azidingi ojantshi noma amabhuloho. Imizila yabo yokuqapha cishe ayilindelekile.

Futhi, isifundiswa sidonsele ukunakekela odabeni lokuphumelela kwezomnotho. Ama-RS-24 "Yars" ahlanganisiwe anezigaba ezintathu zokuhlwaya - kodwa ingabe kuzoba nemali eyanele yokuthola wonke la mathuba?

Ngokwesimo sokuqamba izikhali ezintsha zaseRussia, u-A. Arbatov waqhakambisa ulwazi lwakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni kwamasosha enuzi asezingeni eliphakeme e-US kunohlelo olulodwa olusekelwe emhlabathini olusebenzisa ama-silos. Ukubuyisela okunye, kudalwa enye iphethini efanayo. Ukunwetshwa kobubanzi bezinhlelo ze-missile ezasetshenziswa ezweni lethu akusetshenziswa e-USA.

Akunasizathu sokuphikisana

Kuze kube ngu-2017-18, lapho kwaziwa ngokumiswa komsebenzi ngeBarguzin, isihloko sokwakha iBZHRK entsha sathandwa kakhulu futhi kwaba nezimpikiswano ezisebenzayo ezizungezile. Izindaba ezimayelana nokuqhwa kwephrojekthi kuholele ekwehlisweni komsebenzi onjalo. Izitatimende ezenziwa ngu-Yu. I-Solomonov mayelana nokuba khona kwama-Yars ahlanganisiwe kanye nokuthi kungenzeka okuyisisekelo kokudala isitimela se-rocket kuholele emiphumeleni eyaziwayo.

Isihloko kuxoxwa ngaso kuwo wonke amazinga, kuze kubaqambi abavamile kanye nabafundisi. Kodwa-ke, izingxoxo ezinjalo zibonakala zangaphambi kwesikhathi kuze kube manje. Eminyakeni emibili eyedlule, ubuholi bezempi nezepolitiki baseRussia beliyalela ukuthi bayeke ukusebenza kwiBarguzin BZHRK ukuze basebenzise eminye imisebenzi egxile kakhulu.

Imibiko yokuqala yokuvalwa kwephrojekthi yeBarguzin isho izizathu zezomnotho zesinqumo esinjalo. Imininingwane ivele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-BZHRK kanye ne-PGRK entsha kwamiswa ukuze kukhululwe izinsizakusebenza ekwakhiweni kwe-Avangard tata, ebaluleke kakhulu kuma-Strategic Missile Forces kanye namandla okuvikela.

Esikhathini esizayo, i- "Barguzin" yayisakhunjulwa, kepha manje yayingabhekwa njengengxubevange yangempela engasetshenziswa eminyakeni ezayo. Ukunakwa kwe-Strategic Missile Forces kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela wonke kugxile kwezinye izinhlelo zemishini.

Ngokwalesi sizinda, izitatimende zakamuva ezenziwe ngu-Yu. USolotov ubukeka njengesitatimende esilula seqiniso. Ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ekhona kanye nomugqa we-ICBM uwonke, i-MIT yathuthukisa inguqulo ehlangene ye-Yars missile ukuze isetshenziswe kumapulatifomu ahlukile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimayini nokwenziwa ngesakhiwo kwesakhiwo sendawo sekusetshenziswa amashushu ngenkuthalo ngamasosha, kuyilapho ujantshi washiywa. Mhlawumbe sekuphele ngokuphelele.

Yini engaba yinkimbinkimbi?

Ngokwemininingwane eyaziwayo, i-MIT yaqala ukuthuthukiswa kweBarguzin BZHRK ngonyaka ka-2012 yaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-2017. Iziphathimandla zadalula imininingwane ethile, kepha imininingwane eminingi ivela emithonjeni yemidiya engaziwa. Konke lokhu kwenze ukuthi bakwazi ukuthola isithombe esikhulu, kepha kwaziwa kanjani.

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ekwakhiweni jikelele iBarguzin entsha izofana neyeMolodets yakudala. Kungenziwa ngendlela yesitimela sezinqola eziningana ezineziqalisi, imishini yokuphepha, okuthunyelwe komyalo, izindawo zokuhlala, njll. Izici zobuchule nezobuchwepheshe kuze kube isikhathi esithile sahlala singacacile.

Ngo-2014, abezindaba baseRussia babika ukuthi ama-Yars-Type ICBMs noma ukuguqulwa kwawo azosetshenziswa njengengxenye yeBarguzin. Lokhu kwasivumela ukuthi sifinyelele iziphetho eziningi ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kwakumayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo eziningana zemishini ye-Strategic Missile Forces ngento ebalulekile. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-RS-24s ayesevele esebenza kuma-silos nase-PGRK. Ngokuzayo, bekuzonakekelwa ngama-ICBM ezitimeleni.

Ubude be-rock ye-Yars abudluli kuma-22-23 m, isisindo sokuqalisa singaphansi kwamathani angama-50. I-rocket yesimanje ilula ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezimbili kunomkhiqizo weMolodets RT-23 UTTX, onobuhle obukhulu. Isiqalisi se-missile esinezimpawu ezinjena singena emkhawulweni wesitoko esigoqekayo. Ikakhulu, asikho isidingo sokwenza imoto ekhethekile nenani elikhulayo lama-wheelchair. Izidingo zendlela ziyancishiswa, okunyusa izindawo ezitholakalayo zokuhamba.

I-BZHRK ngesisekelo se- "Yars" ingahlukahlukahluka kuqhathaniswa nezimpawu ezi- "Wenze kahle" eziphakeme zokusebenza kanye nokufihla okukhulu. Ukudidiyela okunjalo kungaba ukwengeza okuhle futhi okulula kwezinye izindlela zamasu we-Strategic Missile Forces.

Ekwindla ka-2016, kwabikwa ukuthi kwenziwa izivivinyo zokuphonsa imishini yeBarguzin BZHRK endaweni yokuqeqeshwa ePlesetsk. Ezinyangeni ezizayo, lolu hlobo lwezindaba alwamukelwanga, kwathi ngoDisemba wonyaka we-2017, abezindaba bamemezela ukumiswa komsebenzi. Kamuva, izizathu zokuvalwa kwephrojekthi zaziwa.

Ikusasa elingenazo izitimela

Amasu ajwayelekile oNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela kanye ne-Strategic Missile Forces Command Commanders ukwakha izikhali zamasu ayaziwa. I-ICBM enkulu yamabutho kancane kancane iba ngama-RS-24 "Yars" ngezinguqulo ezimbili - ezimayini nasekuqhubekeni kwezakhiwo zomhlaba. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuzoba ne-rocket new RP-28 Sarmat entsha esindayo. Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili zesimanje kuzovumela ukwenziwa okusha kwe-Strategic Missile Forces futhi kwandise amandla abo.

Amacebo akhona ayinandawo yokuthuthuka futhi abeke ezinhlelweni zemishini yokusiza esekwe ezitimeleni. Phambilini, lezo zinhlelo zazithathwa njengezinesidingo, okwaholela ekuqalisweni kwephrojekthi yeBarguzin. Kamuva yashiywa yenzela ukuhambisana nentuthuko efanelekile. Ukubuyela emuva ekwakhiweni kwe-BZHRK, ngokwazi kwakho, akuhlelwanga.

Kodwa-ke, ngokwemiphumela yomsebenzi ongaphelele ngesihloko se- "Barguzin", i-MIT namanye amabhizinisi athola isipiliyoni ngokwakha i-BZHRK yesimanjemanje ngaphansi kombumbulu wamamodeli wakamuva. Uma kunesidingo, lolu lwazi lingaqaliswa kuphrojekthi entsha uma umyalo uthatha isinqumo sokuqhubeka nomsebenzi.

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Barguzin

Barguzin Kuyi-carnivore ebukekayo evela emndenini oyi-marten, otholakala emahlathini aseNyakatho ye-Asia, obaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yoboya bayo obucekeceke nobuthakathaka. Umbala woboya ubusuka ebumnyameni obukhulu kuze kube nsundu okhanyayo. Okumnyama umbala wesikhumba, inani lentengo yakhe endalini yoboya. Igama le-barguzin sable, linezimpande zamaSlavic futhi selimile ngezilimi eziningi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuhweba ngoboya ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, i-sable yaseRussia (sobol) yavela yaba yi-Zobel yaseJalimane, i-zibelina yasePutukezi, i-zibline yaseFrance, i-soopeli yaseFinland, i-Dutch Sabel, njll.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

UCarlos Linne wachaza uBarguzin ngonyaka ka-1758 encwadini ebizwa ngokuthi yiMvelo, ebizwa ngeMustela zibellina. Ukuhlukaniswa komzimba yi-genus marten (Mustelidae) kwenziwa nguSergey Ognev emuva ngo-1925. Ngokuvamile, i-barguzin Martes zibellina ifana kakhulu morphologic kanye ne-pine marten (M. martes), i-American marten (M. americana) neJapan marten (M. melampus). Kodwa-ke inomsila omfushane nesikhumba esimnyama, esikhanyayo nesithe xaxa.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Animal Barguzin

Ngenxa yokuhluka ngokubonakala kwama-barguzin ezindaweni ezihlukile zezwe, kuye kwaba nenkulumompikiswano mayelana nenani eliqondile lokubhaliswa okungakhonjwa ngokusobala. Izindlela eziyisikhombisa eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene ziyaqashelwa namuhla, kepha eminye imithombo yesayensi yakamuva iveze izinketho ezisuka kwabayisikhombisa kuye kwamashumi amathathu.

Umzimba we-barguzin, njengama-martens amaningi, ubonakala ngomzimba ophakeme, nomzimba omncane nezitho ezimfushane kahle. Ngokwe-morphologically, i-barguzin ifana ne-pine marten, kepha ikhulu futhi inomsila omfushane, kanti ijazi alilingene futhi lithambile.

Umbala wejazi uhluka kusuka kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuya kokumnyama. Ikhanda livame ukugqama kancane kunomzimba. Kwesinye isikhathi kuhlangana izinwele ezimhlophe noma ezinombala ophuzi. Kulokhu, umbala ngamunye woboya uba lula ngokukhanya futhi ube mnyama emhlane nasemilenzeni. Kwabanye abantu, kuvela ubovu umphimbo, ongaba mpunga, omhlophe noma ophuzi. Isambatho sasebusika sinezinwele ezinde kakhulu futhi ezinwele, futhi ehlobo ziba mfushane, zihlanganisiwe futhi zimnyama. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi nango-Agasti kuya kuLwezi.

UMb zibellina ukhombisa ubungqingili bocansi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ama-Sables afinyelela ubude bomzimba obungu-32 kuye ku-53 cm (abesilisa) noma ama-30 kuya kwangama-48 cm (abesifazane). Umsila omuncu kusuka ku-30,5 kuya ku-46 cm ubude. Ngokwesilinganiso, abesilisa bangama-9% ngaphezulu kunabesifazane. Isisindo sabesilisa sisukela ku-1150 kuya ku-1850 amagremu, izinsikazi kusuka ku-650 kuya ku-1600 amagremu. Ebusika, isisindo sanda ngo-70%.

Ihlala kuphi i-barguzin?

Photo: Barguzin eRussia

IBarguzin isable itholakala kuyo yonke inyakatho ye-Asia, lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kumboze indawo ukusuka eScandinavia kuye enyakatho yeChina. Njengamanje, indawo yokuhlala kwalesi silo ayidluleli kude nasentshonalanga, kepha isatholakala kulo lonke elaseSiberia nasenyakatho neChina.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: eRussia, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-barguzin kuhlotshaniswa nokwethulwa okuphindwe kabili kwesisindo kwezilwane eziyi-19,000 emvelweni kusukela ngo-1940 kuye ku-1965.

Indawo yokuqala yokusatshalaliswa kwe-barguzin ihlanganisa iningi le-Northasia yasenyakatho, futhi ihlanganisa neScandinavia. Kwezinye izindawo zokusatshalaliswa kwazo, zanyamalala, ngakho-ke namuhla azihlali entshonalanga ye-Ural Mountain.

Izindawo zamanje zokuhambisa zifaka:

• Russia: cishe yonke iSiberia empumalanga ye-Urals, kufaka phakathi iSakhalin,
• IKazakhstan: enyakatho-mpumalanga eseduze nemifula iBukhtarma ne-Uba,
• I-China: indawo yokusatshalaliswa ifaka izindawo ezintathu ezihlukile: emaphethelweni we-Altai e-Xinjiang, ezintabeni zeGreater Khingan futhi, mhlawumbe, nasezintabeni ze-Lesser Khingan, ezintabeni zaseChangbai,
• EMongolia: e-Altai nasehlathini,
• ENyakatho Korea: eNtabeni i-Changbai naseningizimu yezintaba,
• EJapan: esiqhingini saseHokkaido.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwasentshonalanga kwe-barguzin kuhlanganisa izintaba zase-Ural, lapho zihlala khona ngozwela ngama-pine martens abomvu. Le nhlobo ithanda amahlathi aminyene e-taiga, emathafeni nasezintabeni ezisenyakatho ye-Asia. IBarguzin M. zibellina itholakala emahlathini aqhakaza nasendaweni yemisedari yaseMpumalanga yeSiberia, kanye nasehlathini eliphakeme laseSiberia. Kubonakala sengathi ugwema iziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu eziyinyumba ngokweqile. Uhlobo luvame ukudala imvelo yasemhlabeni kanye nokwakha imisele ngemfucumfucu ehlathini.

Ngabe kudlani i-barguzin?

Photo: Barguzin ngokwemvelo

Ukudla kwe-barguzin kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesizini. Ngokuvamile zidla amagundane acwebezelayo, ama-chipmunks, ama-squirrels, amaqanda enyoni, izinyoni ezincane ngisho nezinhlanzi. Izilwane nazo zingadla amajikijolo, amantongomane zikaphayini kanye nohlaza, lapho imithombo yokudla engatholakali. Ezimweni zesimo sezulu esibi, i-barguzin M. zibellina igcina inyamazane yayo ngaphakathi kolwandle ukuze izisekele ize ikwazi ukuzingela futhi. Izilwane futhi zidla ama-ermine, izinyoni kanye nemisipha emincane.

Kwesinye isikhathi ama-barguzins alandela umkhondo wezimpisi noma amabhere futhi adle izinsalela zemikhosi yawo. Isilwane singondla ngama-mollusks, njengama-slugs agxobhoza kuwo emhlabathini, ukuze asuse i-mucus. Ama-Sables kwesinye isikhathi adla izinhlanzi, ezibanjwa ngama-front ngaphambili. Ukudla kwabo okuningi kuqukethe izinduku ezincane. ESiberia, amagundane akha ngaphezu kwama-50% okubukwa kokudla okwenziwe ngamashubhu. Ebusika, lapho bephephela khona esiqandisini naseqhweni, bavame ukudla amajikijolo asehlathini.

Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo kwimenyu zingaba:

Ukudla kwezilwane kungafaka nezinyoni, inhlanzi nezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwane sikhotha uju kusuka ezidlekeni zezinyosi. Izitshalo azakha ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla. Maphakathi neYenisei, kwatholakala ukuthi insiza yasendaweni idla ngo-20% wembewu kaphayini kanye ne-blueberries. AmaBarguzins azingela ikakhulukazi ngomsindo nangomphunga, futhi anokuzwa okujulile. Bakhomba indawo yabo ngephunga elikhiqizwa yizindlala esiswini.

Manje usuyazi ukondla i-barguzin. Ake sibheke ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Barguzin ebusika

Amasabatha ikakhulukazi ahamba emhlabathini, kepha angakhuphuka kahle. Bakha izidleke eziningana endaweni yabo eduze kwemifula yomfula nasezingxenyeni ezinkulu zehlathi, ikakhulukazi ngeziqu zezihlahla eziyize, emifantwini noma ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla abazisabalalisa ngezitshalo ezomile noma izinwele. Lezi izimbobo zenziwa ephephile ngangokunokwenzeka.

Indawo ye-barguzin isuka ku-4 kuye ku-30 ​​km². Isayizi incike endaweni yokuhlala ngakho-ke ekudleni okungaba khona, kanye nobudala besilwane. Nsuku zonke, i-sable isebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhala sayo esingama-6.5-12 km. Ezimweni ezihlukile, ibanga lingaba ngu-30 km, kepha ukuthutha okungamakhilomitha angama-300 kutholakele.

Kakhulu kusetshenzelwa ngokuhlwa kusihlwa, kepha ingahamba ebusuku, kepha kuyaqabukela phakathi nosuku. Uma kubanda kakhulu, bavame ukuchitha izinsuku ezimbalwa esidlekeni sabo. Ukuqhubekela phambili kungenxa yokuxhuma okuncane okunobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-70. Ngokusezingeni, insimbi ingagxuma ibheke kumamitha angama-4. I-lair yazo ifihlwe kahle, imbozwe ngotshani noboya, kepha ingaba yisikhashana, ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho isilwane sihamba sifuna inyamazane enkulu ibanga.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Indlela yobudala balezi zinhlobo, enqunywe indlela yokuguga, imi ngalendlela elandelayo: izingane ezingama-62,7%, unyaka owodwa ubudala ngu-12,5%, iminyaka engu-2 - 4-- 2.7-5.5%, iminyaka emi-5-7- 1-5. I-3.7%, izilwane ezineminyaka engu-8 nangaphezulu - u-0.4-1.7% e-Urals no-75.6%, 5.7%, 2.7-4.9%, 0.8-22% kanye no- 0.2-1.4%, ngokulandelana, ku-Western Sayan. Ukusinda kwaminyaka yonke kwemihlahlandlela: 19.9% ​​kwabancane, 44.0% kubantu abasebenza ngonyaka kanye no-75.9-79.4% wezilwane iminyaka engu-2-9 e-Urals no-33.0%, 59,6% no-49.3-75 , I-8% ngokulandelana ku-Western Sayan.

Emapulazini, ama-barguzins aphila iminyaka eyi-18, kuyilapho ezilwaneni zasendle zinesikhathi eside sokuphila seminyaka eyi-9 kuya kwengama-10, ama-barguzin amadala kakhulu. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezilwane zasendle ezingabantu abashubile zingabantu abangaphansi kweminyaka emibili.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Little Barguzin

Kuyabonakala ukuthi abesilisa, bahlela indawo yabo, bakha imidumba noma imifino emincane eqhweni cishe ngemitha ubude, behambisana nokuchama kaningi. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka phakathi kukaJuni 15 no-Agasti 15, nosuku oluhluka ngendawo. Ezindaweni lapho kunabantu abambalwa khona, amasiko okuthandana afaka ukugijimela, ukugxuma kanye “nomsindo wekati” phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwamabanga abesilisa kugcwele, ukuncintisana kwabesifazane kungaholela ezimpini ezinolaka.

Ngemuva kokungeniswa, iseli elivundisiwe alifakwa odongeni lwesibeletho sowesifazane. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, kanti ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-25-30 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sesikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-250 kuya kwezingama-300. Imfucumfucu yabesifazane isuka ku-1 kuya ku-7 amawundlu, kepha ilitha elincane labantu abangu-2-3 livame kakhulu. Amanye ama-barguzin anakekela abazali, ngoba abesilisa bavikela indawo yabesifazane futhi banika omama abancelayo kanye nenzalo yabo ukudla.

Ama-barguzins asanda kuzalwa azalwa engenakusiza, anamehlo avale kanye nozinwele elincanyana kakhulu lezinwele. Izinsana zinesisindo esiphakathi kwamagremu angama-25 kuya kwangama-35 kanti ngokwesilinganiso zinobude obungama-10. AbakwaBarguzyat bavula amehlo abo phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-30 nezingama-36 zokuphila kwabo bese beshiya isidleke maduze nje. Ngemuva kwamaviki ayisikhombisa ezelwe, alunyulwa futhi athola ukudla okuhlafunwe ngunina. IBarguzins ifinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.

Izinketho kanye namanani. Thenga eMoscow

Ubuhle obulalayo: yini ukubaluleka kwe-barguzin fur

Uboya obusebenzayo bekulokhu kunconywa kakhulu. Ikhulukazi imnyama. Ngakho-ke, i-barguzin yasongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Wabulawelwa ijazi elimnyama eliluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uboya be-barguzin babungcono kunoboya bezinye izinkwa ngobukhulu, bushelelezi nangokukhanya.

Emakhulwini eminyaka we-XV-XVIII, ama-barguzins abulawa amashumi ezinkulungwane. Uboya bazo bebubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba imali evela ekuthengisweni kukaboya beyiyisisekelo semali yezwe laseRussia ngekhulu le-XVII. Izikhumba zathengwa, zathengiswa, futhi zaze zasetshenziswa njengemali.

Ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi kangaka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, cishe azikho izigaxa ezazisele. Basinda kuphela ezindaweni lapho bebevikeleke khona ngamabomu.

Ukwakhiwa kojantshi, ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo zasendle ezazenziwe abantu ngaphambili, imililo yamahlathi, kanye nokuncekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwengeza ekuchithweni kwezihlahla ezigudlukayo.

Umthelela ophambili kulondolozo lwezinhlobo ukuvulwa kweBarguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve - indawo yokuqala eRussia. Yasungulwa ngo-1916 endaweni yaseBuryatia. Sisakazeka ngaphezu kwamamitha skwele angama-3743. km esifundeni saseNyakatho Baikal, ogwini lweLake Baikal kanye neRigguzinsky ridge.

I-Sable ibhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia nase Sakhalin.

Kodwa-ke, kunenqwaba yabantu abafuna ukuthola ijazi loboya, isembatho, ikhola noma isigqoko esivela esimeni esimnyama. Ukuze zingaziqothuli izilwane zasendle futhi ngasikhathi sinye sanelise izidingo zabantu, ama-barguzins aqala ukufukulwa emasimini oboya.

IBarguzin isimangaliso sangempela se-taiga. Isilwane sicishe safa ngenxa yengubo yaso yoboya enhle ngokumangazayo. Ngenhlanhla, inani labantu lasindiswa futhi lakhula. Namuhla ungasithanda isilwane eBarguzinsky Reserve. Lapha, insiza ayihlali ehlathini kuphela, kepha futhi isondela ezindlini zamahlathi.

Izitha zemvelo zama-barguzins

Ngaphezu ekufeni kwemvelo, ama-barguzins angahlaselwa ngezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezilwane ezincelisayo nezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezinyoni. Abancintisana abasebenza ngokuqinile endaweni abahlala kuyo bayizisulu ezihlekisayo nezithandekayo. Isilwane singaba nobunzima bokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezingama-34 zama-helminth, izinhlobo eziyi-19 zezinambuzane nezinhlobo ezintathu zama-gamasid mites, ezichazwa njengezindawo zokuhlalisa ezingabambeki.

Izidakamizwa eziphambili ze-barguzin zifaka phakathi izilwane eziningi ezinkulu, ezithi:

Ama-Barguzin afakelwe imiphetho ebukhali namazinyo abukhali, okuwavumela ukuba azivikele ngokuphumelelayo kubantu abazingelayo abaningi. Kodwa-ke, umuntu ungumhlaseli oyingozi kakhulu, ngoba emakhulwini eminyaka bekukholelwa ukuthi i-sable inesinye sezikhumba ezibaluleke kakhulu. Izilwane zazaziwa kabanzi kakade ngekhulu lesithathu leminyaka B.C.E. Ngenhlonipho, abantu baseSkithe bathumela uboya obalulekile emhlabeni wamaGrikhi oLwandle Olumnyama.

Kamuva, izikhumba ezithandekayo zaba uphawu lwesimo, ikakhulukazi eRussia. Umqhele we-tsars waseRussia wahlotshiswa ngoboya obukhethekile obukhethekile kusukela ngekhulu le-17. Abantu abanqobile baseSiberia bakhokha intela esikhumbeni esikhanyayo. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuzingela ngokweqile, i-sable yaba yinto engatholakali ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Intengo yokuthengiswa ngo-2010 yayingu- $ 167 ngoboya obusetshenzisiwe no- $ 138 ngokuzingela kwasendle. Izikhumba eziningi ezivela ezilwaneni ezifuywe epulazini manje zingena emakethe.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Animal Barguzin

Ukuthengiswa kungokwesigaba sezilwane ezingakhathazeki kangako, ngoba ngokusho kokuqagela kokuqala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili basakazeka e-Eurasia. Ebuchosheni bayo obuningi abukho bungozi bokwehla kwamanani, naphezu kokuncipha kwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa ingxenye encane kuphela yebanga lokusabalalisa kwawo.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: ESoviet Union, ukuzingela ama-barguzin nokudoba kwakuvinjelwe phakathi kuka-194 no-1960, lapho kwakhululwa imishayo engama-20,000 emapulazini yangena endle. Lezi zinyathelo ziholele ekutheni namuhla isibalo sabagugi ezweni sibuyele ngokuphelele ebangeni laso lasekuqaleni, futhi i-IUCN ikholelwa ukuthi akukho okusongela isilwane manje.

Isici esiyinhloko sokwehla ukuzingela kwasebusika. Kodwa-ke, eRussia, i-sable isebenza ngokuhambisana nesilinganiso esenziwe ngokwesayensi, ngakho-ke lokhu ukuzingela akubeki usongo ezinhlotsheni. Enye indawo elahlekile ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa kwezokuxhumana kanye nokwakhiwa kwezimayini ezintsha, amasimu kawoyela negesi.

IBarguzin ivikelekile ezindaweni zemvelo zikahulumeni nasemapaki ezwe. Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezivikelwe, ukuzingela okuzinze eRussia kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngezilinganiso zokuzingela esifundeni ngasinye futhi kukhawulelwe ngesikhathi kusuka ngo-Okthoba 15 kuya kuFebhuwari 29. Izindawo ezinkulu lapho i-barguzin ivikelekile yiziindawo ezingama-41 zemvelo ezigcinwe endaweni eyi-164,960 km².

E-China, ukuzingela akuvunyelwe kuyo yonke indawo yezinhlobo ezingama-215,678 km². EMongolia, kubhekwa njengosengozini. Ku-DPRK barguzin ihlukaniswe njengoba isengozini. EJapan, okubhalwe phansi kwasendaweni kuvikelwe kusukela ngo-1920 futhi okwamanje kufakwa kuhlu njengoba kusengozini. Akunakulinganiswa okuningana kweJapan, Korea, noma iKazakhstan; izingxenye zabantu banamanye ala mazwe enza ingxenye encane kuphela yezinhlobo zomhlaba wonke.