Lesi sidlamlilo esihle sivame ukudlala indima yama-heroine wezinganekwane zasendulo, izindaba nezamafilimu. Amatilosi kuphela enza umkhumbi olwandle oluya olwandle angabukela la oshaka. Isizathu salokhu kunganakwa siyinsakavukela - inhlanzi ende eshisayo - i-pelagic, ihlala ikakhulu emanzini avulekile olwandle nolwandle.
Phakathi kwabantu abathanda ukubamba iqhaza abahamba ngezinyawo nabasabekayo, igama lesiLatini elingaphelele lale shark livame ukusetshenziswa - longimanus.
Naphezu kokubukeka okuhle kanye nendlela ethile yokuziphatha e-melancholy, lolu shaka lungenye yezinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu ze-selakhi, futhi kubantu abaphukelwa umkhumbi kude nogu lubeka engcupheni enkulu impilo. Noma kunjalo, okuningi kulokho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Buka igama
Shark omude olwandle, ushaka omude, olwandle olude, ushaka olwandle olucwebe olwandle.
Abantu baseMelika bavame ukusebenzisa igama elithi Belopera noma i-Whitefin Ocean Shark. NgesiRussia, kuyisiko ukubiza enye yezinhlobo zabashaka basolwandle.
Igama lesiLatini yiCarkarhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861).
Habitat
Oshaka abalwandle abade abade maqondana namanzi afudumele futhi athambile awo wonke olwandle, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic. Ububanzi bawo bunqunyelwe umngcele onemibandela we-latitude phakathi kwama-degree angama-45. N kanye nama-43 degrees. S Kungokwabamele abamele izinhlanzi zasendulo ze-pelagic, ezingabonakali kakhulu emanzini osogwini lwezwekazi noma iziqhingi. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi isondela ogwini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukujula kusondele khona ogwini.
Ukubukeka
Isici esiyingqayizivele soshaka obude obune-fins, yimichilo emide engafani ngokujwayelekile neyamaduna enemiphetho eyindilinga. Ngenxa yabo, igama eliyinhloko lomdlwenguli lalilungisiwe. Imiphetho yamaphiko imakwe ngokukhanya ngisho namabala amhlophe.
Isidumbu soshaka sincane, kepha sibanzi kakhulu kunoshaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okubuye kube yinhlanzi ye-pelagic.
Umbala wangemuva ungahlukahluka kusuka ku-brownish-grey kuya kwe-bronze, ushintshe ngokushelela ube ukukhanya, kwesinye isikhathi kube yisisu esimhlophe. Amehlo mancane, afakelwe i-membrane eshwabanisa. Amakhala asemaphethelweni oyindilinga wesvuthuluka soshaka. Umlomo ungowokuma kwesimo sobuntu, esisogwini olungaphansi komzimba, ngaphansi kwesigaxa, futhi uvaliwe ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.
I-caudal fin yi-heterocercal, i-lobe engenhla inkulu kakhulu kunaphansi. Kukhona indawo ekhanyayo ekugcineni kwe-lobe ephezulu.
Amazinyo e-longimanus afana namazinyo woshaka bampunga abukeka kahle - angaphezulu abanzi ngezinhlobo zemifino, lawo aphansi engxenyeni ephezulu asuka kahle angena ekuhlanzeni okwenziwe ngathi yi-fang. Ngosizo lwabo, angakwazi ukubamba ngokuthembekile inyamazane egelezayo futhi abhekane nofudu oluncane olwandle.
Olwandle, ama-longimanuses ajwayele ukubhukuda ephelezelwa inhlanzi enamaphiko amaningi, okuyizimpawu zawo.
Ukudla
Izilwane ezahlukahlukene ze-pelagic zidla njengokudla koshaka abade, kusuka ezinhlanzini zesikole kuya kuma-cephalopods kanye nama-gastropods. Uma unenhlanhla, ingabulala ufudu lwasolwandle, iphakele ngokudla okwenziwe u-carrion ngisho ne-dolphin.
Njengoba kuhlala i-pelagy, ingacebile emthonjeni wokudla njengamanzi asogwini, ushaka awusetshenziselwa ukukhetha ekukhetheni ukudla. Uma labo bancintisana bebuthana bezungeza inyamazane, iba nolaka kakhulu. Abancintisana kakhulu nokudla kweLongimanus ngoshaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) noshaka (osilika).
Imvamisa ihamba nemikhumbi namalayidi, kudla imfucuza edluliselwe olwandle. Kungenza ukuthutha amabanga amade ngemuva kwemikhumbi.
Izici Zokuziphatha
Imvamisa kuholela empilweni yodwa. Kepha, uma kunokudla okwanele, kungahlangana ngamaqembu nemihlambi.
Akuvamile ukutholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angaphezu kuka-150, kuncamela izingqimba zamanzi ezingenhla.
Isici esibonakalayo se-longimanus yimodi yokusesha yokudla ejikelezayo, engajwayelekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zoshaka.
Indlela ejwayelekile yokuziphatha koshaka omude obude ukuhambahamba kancane kwamanzi aphakeme ngamaphiko amakhulu ahlukaniswe kabanzi. Ngaphandle, lo mbukiso ufana nenyoni noma i-glider ekhuphuka esibhakabhakeni. Ngesinye isikhathi, isicoco se-snout siphuma emanzini ukuze sisebenzise kangcono umuzwa wokuhogela ukudla.
Ukuhamba kancane, njengokungathi kulele, ukuhamba kwalaba shaka kungumphumela wokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezomnotho, okulula ukuthi kube lula ukubuyisa kude nokuphuma ogwini.
Njengamalungu amaningi omndeni we-grey shark, athambekele ekuhlanjeni kokudla.
Izici zezakhiwo nezakhiwo zomzimba ezihehayo
Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba, umqondo onethuthukile ngokweqile we-shark osekude kufanele unakwe. Lokhu akumangazi - emanzini avulekile olwandle ukuthola ukudla akulula njengokugudla ugu, futhi ngale njongo akukho mbono owanele noma umugqa oseceleni.
Okuthakazelisayo yindlela ephumelelayo yephunga, ekuvumela ukuthi uyisebenzise ukufuna ukudla ngamaphunga atholakala emoyeni. Lokhu kunikeza oshaka abade ithuba elihle kakhulu kunabanye abahlaseli be-pelagic, futhi ihlala ivela phambi kwabaqhudelanayo emthonjeni wephunga elikhangayo.
AbakwaLongimanus abayona eyama-sprinters asolwandle, kodwa, uma kunesidingo, bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu ngokushesha.
Ukuzala
Yinhlanzi ethwala bukhoma. Imibungu ikhula esibelethweni futhi ithola izakhi zomzimba emzimbeni ngamaplanethi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11 ukuya kwele-12, kwilitha ukusuka kwelinye kuya kwamamitha ayi-15 ubude obungaphezu kwengxenye yemitha. Oshaka abade baba abavuthiwe ngokocansi lapho befika ngosayizi cishe wamamitha amabili.
Usongo lokuqothulwa
Esikhathini esedlule esedlule, oshaka abahamba olwandle bebaningi kakhulu, kepha ngemizamo yabantu, inani labo lehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-70. Njengamanje, lolu hlobo loshaka olusencwadini ebomvu lungaphansi kwesimo sokuba sengozini ezingxenyeni eziningi zoLwandle Lomhlaba, nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho ye-Atlantic - ngaphansi kwesimo sokuba sesimweni esibucayi.
Ingozi ebantwini
Abanye ochwepheshe boshaka abagunyaziwe, ikakhulukazi - uJ. Cousteau, babheka oshaka abalwandle abahlawuliswe isikhathi eside njengezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu ezidla ezinye zasolwandle kubantu. Isizathu sokuhlola okunjalo okungalungile kwengozi yakho ukungabi bikho kokuqapha okungajwayelekile koshaka abaningi. Angasondela ngokuphepha kumuntu ohudula noma ukubhukuda futhi alume ngaphandle kokudweba kuqala imibuthano yokufunda ezungeze isisulu esingaba khona.
Loshaka bayingozi ikakhulukazi kubantu abazithola belwandle oluvulekile ngenxa yokuphuka komkhumbi noma ukuphahlazeka kwendiza. Lezi zidlamlilo zaba ngabokuqala ukuhamba ngesikebhe besiya endaweni yalesi sibhicongo, ngenxa yomqondo onephunga futhi bahlela ukubulawa kwabantu abanegazi.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaselwa kwe-longimanus kuyenzeka nasogwini lolwandle, kaningi ezindaweni lapho okujula kusondela ogwini. Isibonelo uchungechunge lokuhlaselwa kwabaseGibhithe kubavakashi ngoDisemba 2010.
Noma kunjalo, abahlukahlukene bavame ukubhukuda lapho benenkampani yoshaka abade ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi. Ngokusho kwabathandi abanjalo ngokweqile phakathi kwezilwane eziyingozi, into esemqoka akuyona ukukhipha iphunga elingathakazelisa i-longimanus. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kufanele uye endaweni ephephile - ukuphikelela nobudlova baba bantu oshaka kungaholela emiphumeleni edabukisayo.
Hhayi kuphela oshaka be-cannibal abahambahamba olwandle kanye nolwandle.
UGiant Shark - umqoqi we-plankton ongenangozi
Umnotho
Uhlobo olusha lwachazwa okokuqala ngundunankulu wase Rene, uNdunankulu weminyaka ngeminyaka ye-1822-1825 embikweni wokujikeleza komhlaba ngeKokil corvette. Usosayensi uchaze abantu ababili ababanjwe esiqhingini saseTuamotu, eFrench Polynesia, waqamba ushaka Carcharhinus maou. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo loshaka seluchazwe ngokuthi I-squalus longimanus Isazi saseCuba uFelipe Poei ru en ngo-1861. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama lalisetshenziswa. I-Pterolamiops longimanus. Igama lalezi zinhlobo livela egameni lesiLatini elithi longimanus - “ende -hlomile”, elihambisana namaphini amade okuqala alo shark.
Ngokwemithetho ye-International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, igama elishicilelwe kuqala liyaqala, ngakho-ke igama langempela lesayensi likashaka omude kufanele kube Carcharhinus maoukepha igama Carcharhinus longimanus kusabalele.
Indawo
Oshaka abade abanamaphiko kubhekwa njengoshaka abaningi abathanda ukushisa kakhulu abahlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zolwandle oluvulekile emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-18 ° C. Kubo, ibanga lokushisa elithandwa kakhulu lisuka ku-20 ° C liye ku-28 ° C, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lidlula lolu hlaka, bavame ukushiya insimu. Phambilini, oshaka balolu hlobo lwenyama bebevame kakhulu, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi amanani abo ehle kakhulu.
Oshaka abade abanamaphiko basatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke ukusuka ku-45 ° enyakatho ukuya ekuthwaseni okungu-43 °. Ngo-2004, ushaka walolu hlobo wabanjwa ogwini olusentshonalanga yeSweden, kude nomngcele osenyakatho ohlosiwe. Futhi ngo-2013, kwaba nemibiko yokuthi emanzini aseBrithani abona ushaka omude onobude obungamamitha ama-4 nobunzima obungaphezu kwama-300 kg.
Esikhathini esiningi, oshaka bachitha engxenyeni engenhla yolwandle ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-150 futhi bakhetha ukuhlala kude kude nolwandle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemininingwane evela emikhunjini emide, ekude kakhulu emhlabathini, oshaka abaphethe izimpiko. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi basondela ogwini futhi babhukuda emanzini angajulile. Njengomthetho, oshaka abasemaphethelweni amade bahola indlela yokuphila bebodwa, yize ezindaweni zokuqongelela ukudla bangahlangana ezikoleni. Lolu hlobo alunawo umjikelezo nsuku zonke, futhi luyasebenza imini nobusuku. Oshaka babhukuda kancane, ngamaphinifa evulekile we-pectoral. Zivame ukuhambisana nezinhlanzi - abashayeli bezindiza, izinhlanzi ezinamathela kanye nemikhanyo. Iqiniso lokugcina liyamangaza, ngoba abahlaseli bavame ukudla lezi zinhlanzi ezihlaza okotshani. Ngo-1988, oshaka abasemaphethe emide babonwa behambisana nokugaya.
Ukubukeka
Amaphinifa we-pectoral of oshaka abade bude kakhulu futhi babanzi kunezinye izinhlobo zohlobo loshaka, futhi ayindilinga ngokubonakalayo. I-snout iyindilinga, amehlo anezilonda zokuqhafaza. Umzimba uphakeme, ulungiselelwe. Umbala wangaphandle komzimba ungaba yethusi, onsundu, uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ompunga, isisu simhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi ngombala ophuzi. Imikhawulo yamaphiko imbozwe amabala amhlophe. Oshaka abade abanamaphiko bafinyelela kumamitha angama-3.5-4 ubude, kepha abantu abanebanga elingamamitha ayi-1.5-2 nesisindo esingu-20-60 kg bavame kakhulu. Isisindo esiqoshwe phezulu singama-kilogremu ayi-170. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, bakhulu kunabesilisa, ubukhulu besilinganiso besilisa bungamamitha ayi-1,8, kanye nabesifazane - amamitha ayi-1.9. Phakathi kwamaphini edorobheli wokuqala nowesibili, abanye abantu baba nendawo ekhanyayo ebunjiwe njengombala. Amazinyo angunxantathu aphansi kasayizi omncane abe nephuzu elincanyana elineserna. Emhlathini ongezansi kunamazinyo angama-133 nangaluphi uhlangothi lwe-symphysis. Amazinyo angenhla nawo anesimo esingunxantathu, makhulu futhi abanzi kunabangaphansi, imiphetho yawo ikhethiwe. Emhlathini ongenhla kunamazinyo ayi-14-15 ngapha nangapha kwe-symphysis. Isikhumba simbozwe isikali esicaba se-placoid, i-flake ngayinye imbozwe ngemigqomo engu-5-7.
Ukuziphatha
Oshaka abaphethe amaphiko amade, njengomthetho, bebodwa ababhukuda kwikholamu yamanzi, bemboza amabanga amakhulu beyofuna imithombo yokudla. Ezikhathini zasendulo, oshaka babebizwa ngezinja zasolwandle, futhi oshaka abade abangamaphiko bathethelela leli gama ngokuziphatha kwabo. Imvamisa zihamba nemikhumbi efana nenja kulandela into eyithandayo. Imfucumfucu ye-galk kuphela evame ukutholakala esiswini sabakhwetha abahamba ngemuva kwemikhumbi olwandle oluvulekile. Lapho besondela entweni ebonakala ngathi iyahleleka, ukunyakaza kwabo kuba namandla ngokwengeziwe, baqhubeka ngenkani baphishekele, bahlala ebangeni eliphephile, abalungele ukushesha beyohlasela lapho kuvela ithuba lokuqala . Ushaka omude onamaphiko ahamba kancane, kepha ayakwazi ukwenza amajezi asheshayo. Lolu hlobo luvame ukuncintisana noshaka osilika, lubambe ongezansi uma kunomncintiswano wokuphanga.
Lapho kukhona inyamazane, oshaka abade abanezimpiko bavame ukwakha imihlambi futhi bawele ekudleni kokuhlanya ru en - isimo abaqala ukukhipha kuso ngamazinyo abo noma yini enyakazayo, kufaka phakathi enye nenye. Lezi zidlamlilo ezinokuncintisana, ezivumelanisa nezimo ezisebenzisa noma iyiphi insiza yokudla ekhona, esikhundleni sokufuna inyamazane elula. Oshaka abade abanamaphiko mikhulu kakhulu. Babuke ukuthi ushaka wabamba futhi waququza kanjani, waphonswa ngaphezulu komkhumbi, baqhubeka nokubhukuda kwangathi akwenzekanga lutho eduze komkhumbi futhi baphinde bayiginya ingwegwe.
Le nhlobo ayihlukaniswa ngocansi nosayizi. Oshaka abade abanamaphiko amade balandela imihlambi ye-tuna noma i-squid, kanye namahlengethwa nokugaya, bacosha emva kwabo izinsalela zezinyamazane. Ngemuva kokugaya okufushane, kwehlela ekujuleni kwama-600 m, bese enyukela phezulu. Mhlawumbe oshaka baqondiswa amakhono e-ecolocation wezilwane ezincelisayo, ezibavumela ukubona imihlambi ye-squid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufana ngosayizi nombala kuma-grid kuvumela oshaka ukuthi banciphise ukuqaphela kwe-tuna kanye ne-marlin, nakho okuzingela ama-squid futhi okuyiyo imikhomo ingeyona ingozi. Lapho imikhomo ibisazingelwa emanzini afudumele, oshaka abade banamaphiko babevame ukudla izidumbu zabo.
Naphezu kosayizi wazo omkhulu, oshaka abade abangamaphiko bangaziphanga ngokwabo, ngokwesibonelo, abaze bahambisane nabesilisa abadala begaya elinombala omfushane, abafinyelela ubude obungaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-6.5 nesisindo esingama-3600 kg. Imikhomo enamazinyo, imikhomo enamazinyo, izinhlanzi zesikebhe nezikebhe zezikebhe kubasakazi abasha. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, umbala woshaka abade abanezimpiko ushintsha kakhulu: kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kufike ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-1,2, amamaki ezingsebeni zazo awemhlophe, njengasezinhlanzini ezindala, kodwa zimnyama. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuguqulwa kombala kuvumela izingane ezincane ukuthi zingabonakali kakhulu esikhathini esisengozini kakhulu sezimpilo zazo.
Inani lokudoba
Oshaka abade amaphiko bayinto yokudotshwa kwezimboni. Sebenzisa amaphiko, inyama, isikhumba namafutha esibindi. Inyama idliwa isha, ibhema, yomiswa futhi inosawoti. Ukudoba kwenziwa kulo lonke uhla. Imvamisa, oshaka bawa imicu emide njengokubanjwa nje, njengoba begwinya izimbambo ezihloselwe ezinye izinhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oshaka abade abangamaphiko babanga ingozi enkulu ekudobeni kwe-tuncello, bedla izinhlanzi ezibanjwe izingwegwe.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane yokudotshwa kwe-longline e-United States kukhombisile ukuthi phakathi kuka-1992 no-2000, inani labantu oshaka abade benyakatho enyakatho nentshonalanga maphakathi ne-Atlantic lehle ngo-70%. Ngokusho kolunye ucwaningo olwenziwe eGulf of Mexico, kusukela kuma-50s kuya kuma-90s ngekhulu lama-20, inani lalezi zinhlobo lehle ngamaphesenti angama-99.3, noma kunjalo, ushintsho ezindleleni zokudoba nezokuqoqa idatha lwenza kube nzima ukulinganisa ngokunembile. Ngo-2013, emanzini aseNew Zealand, laba oshaka kwathiwa bavikelekile. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature inikeze le nhlobo isimo se "Zisengozini".
Ngokungafani noshaka abakhulu basolwandle, njenge-mako shark noma ushaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lolu hlobo luphila kahle ekudingisweni. Ezimweni ezi-3 kwezingu-5 oshaka abaziwa njengamanje, bahlala ekudingisweni isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Omunye wabasakazi ogcinwe eMonterey Bay Aquarium iminyaka emi-3, ungeze ubude obungu-0.3 m, kanti okunye okubili isikhathi esingapheli kwandiswe ngo-0.5 m.
I-Ocean Long Shark (i-Long Shark, i-Longimanus)
Ushaka osekuphele isikhathi eside wachazwa okokuqala ngumbhali wezemvelo uRene Primera Lesson ekubukweni kwakhe okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokujikeleza komhlaba jikelele eCoquille corvette ngo-1822-181825. Ubuye wachaza amasampula amabili abanjwe eduze kweTuamotu Archipelago eseFrance Polynesia, waqamba igama loshaka elithi squalus maou elivela egameni elithi "oshaka" basePolynesia.
Kodwa-ke, le ncazelo ikhohliwe.Ngo-1861, lo shaka wachazwa kaningi uCuban Felipe Poi njengo-squalus longimanus.
Ushaka wasolwandle osekude kakhulu kungenye yezinhlanzi zangempela zasolwandle futhi kuyaqabukela zisondela ogwini. Imvamisa izinyamazane lezi zidonsa kancane emanzini noma ekujuleni okungatheni, ngezikhathi ezithile zinamathisela isicoco nokushaywa umoya. Enye yezinto eziyingqayizivele koshaka abade yikhono layo lokuhogela emoyeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, bangakwazi ukuhogela inyamazane phambilini kunabantu abancintisana nabo (iphunga lisakazeka ngokushesha emoyeni) bese befika ngaphambi kwabo baye “edilini”.
Isici esiyisihluthulelo sangaphandle salawa shark yizimpawu ezinkulu kakhulu ze-pectoral and dorsal, ezifana nezimpiko. Zinde kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zohlobo loshaka, futhi zinezeluleko eziyindilinga.
Ushaka omde unomzimba omkhulu owakhiwe kahle, ikhanda eliphakathi nendawo, nesiphuzo esifushane. Amehlo ayindilinga, kukhona ulwelwesi olucwebezelayo. Emakhaleni akhulumile imifino. Umlomo omise okomhlabuzane ungaphansi kwesihlwitha; lapho umdlwenguli unyakaza, kancane kancane. Gill ushiye ngamabili.
Amachashaza angaphandle, ama-pectoral, nama-caudal mikhulu, ayindilinga. Amaphiko asele mancane.
Umbala womzimba ongenhla uhluka kusuka onsundu-onsundu noma onsundu ngombala onsundu ngokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ingxenye yesisu somzimba iphuzi ngombala ophuzi noma omhlophe ngombala. Emikhawulweni yamaphiko, ezinkulu, eziyindilinga, amabala akhanyayo avame ukuba khona.
Emhlathini ongaphansi, amazinyo anciphile, acwengekile, afana namafangqa. Amazinyo asemhlathini ongenhla awunxantathu, abanzi kakhulu kunamazinyo omhlathi ophansi futhi afake imiphetho ye-lateral.
Lesi ngesinye sezilwane eziningi ezidla ubhedu zoLwandle Olwandle olufudumele, ezitholakala kude nolwandle. Ushaka wolwandle olude olunamaphiko lugcwele emanzini ashisayo nasendaweni engezansi komhlaba, olutholakala ikakhulu olwandle oluvulekile futhi olufudumele ngokulingana (ngaphezu kuka-18 ° C), luwavimbele amanzi angajulile osogwini.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaselwa kwakamuva kwalaba oshaka emabhishi eGibhithe (ngoDisemba 2010) kuholele ekuchazweni kabusha kwesimo sengqondo salolu shark njengenhlanzi ehlanzekile ye-pelagic. Kuyavela ukuthi eduzane nolwandle, laba oshaka baba yingozi kwabaphetha.
Ushaka omude - ongomunye wabamele abomndeni abakhulu I-Carcharhinidae. Ifinyelela ku-3.5 - 4 m ubude, kepha imvamisa abantu abancane batholakala bude bufika ku-1.5 - 2 m ubude nesisindo esingu-20 - 60 kg. Isisindo esiphezulu esibhalisiwe singama-170 kg. Izinsikazi zivame ukuba zikhulu kancane kunabesilisa, okuyinto ejwayelekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zoshaka.
Ushaka omude impela uzala ngokuzalwa bukhoma. Amaqanda agcolile ahlala emzimbeni wesikazi futhi isikhathi esithile imibungu ithola izakhamzimba ku-yolk sac yamaqanda. Lapho lokhu kunikezwa kuphela, i-yolk sac iguqulwa iye kwi-placenta exhuma umbungu nomzimba kamama, bese iqala ukuthola umsoco ngokuqondile kumama. Etafuleni, cishe ama-5 - 7 ama-cubic afinyelela ku-40 cm ubude.
Njengezinhlobo eziningi zikashaka, oshaka abaphethe amaphiko amade kunamanzi futhi awunawo amadivaysi akhethekile wokungena kwama-gill esimweni sokuma (imbozo yama gill noma i-splash). Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esiningi babhukuda ngokubabazekayo futhi kancane kancane ngaphandle kobuso - kungaba ukuchitha amandla ukubhukuda ngokushesha uma kungekho sizathu.
Kepha indlela yabo yokuziphatha kwe-melancholy ishintsha kakhulu lapho imithombo yokudla engaba khona iseduze. Abahlaseli bezimali ezinde bayashesha futhi babe nolaka ngokwengeziwe. Etafuleni lesidlo sakusihlwa, balawula ezinye izimbangi ze-pelagic ezinjenge-silky noma ushaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Benelukuluku kakhulu, eliphikelelayo futhi elinesibindi uma kukhulunywa ngokudla, bangahlolisisa konke abakuthola, kufaka phakathi okuhlukahlukene!
Isisekelo sokudla koshaka abasebenza isikhathi eside izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene (ikakhulukazi, i-tuna) ne-squid, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukungcola okutholakalayo. Oshaka abasondela emikhunjini olwandle evulekile ngokuvamile banokungcola kwe-galk kuphela esiswini sabo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi bangalandela umkhumbi isikhathi eside, bacosha yonke into edliwayo edonswa olwandle. Vele, njengabanye oshaka abakhulu, akenqabanga ukudla izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-crustaceans kanye ne-carrion yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Eziswini zabanye oshaka ababanjiwe, kwatholakala imfucumfucu yempahla engafani nalokhu eyaphonswa emikhunjini yolwandle.
Izimpiko ezinde zingazingela emphakathini wezinye izinhlobo zabashaka. Ezinkampanini ezinkulu ezinjalo, baba nolaka olukhulu. UPeter Benchley, umbhali wencwadi edumile yamaJaws, wake wabona iqembu elihluke kakhulu loshaka, kubandakanya nelamaphiko amade. Kukholelwa ukuthi amaqembu ahlangana kuphela lapho kutholakala umthombo omkhulu wokudla, njengomhlambi we-tuna noma umkhomo ofile. Ukuhlukumezeka okwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi akuhlangene nakancane nokuchithwa kwegazi emanzini noma indlala enkulu. Lokhu kuhlanya kokudla empeleni kungukuzivumelanisa nezilwane lapho zigijimela ekuxhashazeni "kuphela". Ukuhamba amabanga olwandle okuntengantenga kokudla kuphoqa oshaka abaphephe isikhathi eside ukuthi banikeze konke okuhle okungu-100% lapho kunethuba elinjalo, futhi konga amandla lapho kungekho ukudla. Lesi sikhanyisi, esithuthukiswe ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka yemvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, senza abahlaseli bahlasele konke "okuseduze" ngaphandle kokulinda indlala.
Imvamisa ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwesikole sezinhlanzi, oshaka bashiya inqwaba yezidumbu ezifile zintanta phezu kwamanzi ngemuva komkhosi.
Oshaka besolwandle abade kakhulu banesibindi esikhulu. Njengoba ibanjwe futhi iminyene, inyamazane, iphonswa ngaphezulu, iyaqhubeka, kungathi akwenzekanga lutho ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi futhi ingaphinde ibambe ingwegwe yesikebhe. Kodwa-ke, ukusinda okuyingqayizivele kuyimpahla yazo zonke izinhlobo zabashaka.
Ushaka onamaphiko amade ubanga ingozi enkulu embonini ye-tuna, udla konke noma ingxenye yenhlanzi ebanjwe izingwegwe. Kwezinye izindawo, kulimaza kuze kufike ku-20% we-tuna. Ushaka uqobo nawo uvame ukuwela emahlangeni, kepha ukubaluleka kwalo njengento yokudoba kuyinto engasho lutho.
Ushaka osolwandle omude obomvu uthathwa njengesidumo sokuduka komkhumbi noma abantu ababanjwe ngengozi olwandle oluvulekile, phakathi kwamagagasi. Kukholakala ukuthi lesi silwanyana esihlaselayo sihlasele umkhumbi kaningi ukwedlula bonke abanye oshaka abahlangene. Ngenxa "yomoya wephunga", i-longimanus ifika ngaphambili kunabanye oshaka endaweni lapho kukhona ithuba lokuthola inzuzo. Futhi uma ngeshwa abantu abasosizini ngemuva kwengozi yezobuchwepheshe beba yisisulu sabo, bayoba nethuba elincane lokusinda. Enye yezimfanelo zokuziphatha koshaka osolwandle osekuphele isikhathi eside ukungabi naluvalo. Yena, ngokungafani nabanye abahlaseli, angangena ngokuphepha kumuntu obhukudayo noma ohlubukayo, ngaphandle kokuhlola kokuqala kwengozi ngendlela yokusika imibuthano ezungeze umuntu angamaziyo.
Ukwesaba kwakhe nokuphikelela kwakhe kungahlulelwa ngokuqoshwa kwevidiyo yokuhlaselwa komvakashi ngomunye wabashisi abade baseGibhithe. Kakade lapho isisulu sasiselunxwemeni, bekungabonakala kuphephile, ushaka, ngokweqiniso, ekhasa esihlabathini, wazama ukusifinyelela wasibamba ngamazinyo. Umbukiso umxhwele.
Ububanzi be-Ocean Shark ye-Long-fin - i-Longimanus
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umhloli wamazwe odumile uJacques Cousteau wabiza ulwandle olude olunamaphiko ukuthi lungamaphethelo ayingozi kakhulu olwandle kubantu. Ngaphandle kokudumile koshaka omkhulu omhlophe, ushaka wezinkunzi, ne-tiger shark, kubonakala sengathi ezinamaphiko amade yibo ababhekele isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokufa kwabantu. Iqiniso ngukuthi amaqiniso amaningi okushona okusemazinyweni oshaka abantu abaphukelwa umkhumbi awangeni ezibalweni ezisemthethweni. Imvamisa usizi lwamanzi lwenzeka ngaphandle kofakazi abangakwazi ukuthi ngemuva kwalokho babike imbangela yokufa kwabantu.
Sinezizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa ukuthi ezindaweni ezishisayo, iningi labantu abazithola belwandle oluvulekile baba izisulu zalezi zilwane. Ukwenza isibonelo, phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umkhumbi owawunabagibeli abangu-1000 wawugibele eduze kweNingizimu Afrika. Kubantu abayi-192 abashonile, iningi labo kuthiwa selifile ngenxa yamazinyo oshaka abade.
Inani lentengiso loshaka osekude alunakwa. Ukunambitheka kwenyama yakhe akunakubizwa ngokuthi kucolisisiwe, ngoba, kanye nezinhlanzi (ikakhulukazi i-tuna) ne-squid, udla udoti: okuqukethwe esiswini sabaningi ababanjiwe kukhombisa ukuthi bavame ukudla imfucuza yamakhishi omkhumbi - imidwebo.
Kodwa-ke, amaphini ala shark abaluleke kakhulu njengengxenye yesobho elidumile, ngaphezu kwalokho, oshaka abade banesibindi esibalulekile nesikhumba, okusetshenziswa ekhemisi nasekhemisi.
Isidumbu, esingesona esokubaluleke kakhulu, sibhekelelwa ku-fishmeal. Kodwa-ke, iningi lalaba oshaka, uma bake babanjwa emanetheni okudoba, balahlekelwa yimichilo futhi baphonswa ngaphezulu, lapho balindele ukufa okubuhlungu okuvela emazinyweni abantu bakini, noma ukumane bafe phansi olwandle.
Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezinde zafakwa ku-International Red Book.
Ushaka omde unelinye igama elivame ukusetshenziswa - uLongimanus
Kungani ushaka enamaphiko amade?
Uma ungakaze uzwe ngalokhu, ngakho-ke khumbula ukuthi kuyingozi kunazo zonke izinhlobo. Yisiphi isilwane ushaka omude onamaphiko? Unenkohliso kancane futhi ngasikhathi sinye umuntu onolaka kakhulu olwandle. Kufakazelwe ukuthi lo shaka wahlasela kakhulu abantu abaphukelwa yimikhumbi kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abamele le nhlobo.
Uthole leli gama sibonga kumaphinifa. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi zinkulu kunezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. I-caudal fin ithuthukiswe kahle. Ubude obukhulu bomphangi bungamamitha amane, yize kutholakala abantu abancane, kungabi ngaphezu kwamamitha amabili nesigamu noma amathathu.
Ushaka onamaphiko amade unomzimba omncane, ngesinye isikhathi une-hump encane. Ubukhulu bayo abuhle kangako, kunezinhlobo ezinamapharamitha amakhudlwana, kepha, nokho, zinolaka kakhulu futhi ziyingozi.
Ngabe udlani umhlaseli?
Ngakho-ke ushaka omude onamaphiko udlani? Isisulu esikhulu somphangi izinhlanzi nama-cephalopods. Ngokwemvelo, njengezinye izihlobo zakhe, ngeke zenqabe ukudla ufudu lwasolwandle, izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kanye nama-crustaceans. Ngaphakathi koshaka ababanjiwe, kutholakala udoti ovela emikhunjini elahlwe ngabantu ngaphezulu komkhumbi.
Oshaka abazizingeli bona kuphela, kepha futhi bahlanganyela nezinye izinhlobo zabazingela olwandle. Emphakathini onjalo, baba nolaka olukhulu kakhulu.
Ukusakazeka kukashaka omude.
Oshaka besikhathi eside bahlala emanzini ashisayo, asatshalaliswa kabanzi olwandle lwaseNdiya, Atlantic nasePacific. Lab 'oshaka bathuthela emanzini kanye neGulf Stream ngesikhathi sasehlobo. Izindlela zokufuduka zidlula emanzini aseMaine ngezikhathi zasehlobo, eningizimu ziye e-Argentina entshonalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean. Amanzi abo ahlanganisa iningizimu yePortugal, iGulf of Guinea kanye nenyakatho yezindawo ezishisayo zoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. AmaShark ahamba empumalanga esuka e-Atlantic aye eMedithera ngesikhathi sasebusika. Kutholakala esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific, okubandakanya uLwandle Olubomvu, i-East Africa kuya eziqhingini zaseHawaii, iziqhingi zaseTahiti, Samoa kanye neTuamota. Ibanga embozwe yizinhlanzi lingamakhilomitha angama-2800.
Ushaka omude (i-Carcharhinus longimanus)
Ushaka uhlala kuphi?
Ushaka omfishane yinhlanzi yangempela yasolwandle. Yena, njengomthetho, akuvamile ukuthi ahlala esifundeni esisogwini. Imvamisa iyabonakala endle olwandle oluvulekile. Akaveli emanzini, kuphela inhlawulo yakhe ibonakala njalo.
Ushaka omude onamaphiko unesici esisodwa esijabulisayo. Akagcini ngokuzwa kuphela, kepha futhi uzwa ngokuphelele konke ukuhogela ngaphezu kwamanzi. Yilesi sici esimnikeza ithuba lokuba ngowokuqala ukuthola isisulu size kuye, kanti abanye abahlala olwandle bebengakamuboni.
Isisulu esiyingozi
Ushaka olude olunamaphiko uyisidlakela esivame kakhulu nesiyingozi solwandle olwandle. Isikhathi esiningi kwenzeka emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni eshisayo. Okumangazayo ngokwanele, kepha isisulu esinamandla kangaka siyakugwema ukusondela ezindaweni ezisogwini lolwandle.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ushaka omude onamaphiko wawungabhekwa njengesigebengu esinjalo esiyingozi, ngoba sasizingela olwandle oluvulekile. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2010 kwaba nezikhathi eziningana lapho le nhlobo ihlasela abantu emanzini asogwini aseGibhithe.
Njengoba kwenzeka, kunengqondo ukuthi umuntu oyisidlakudla aqaphele ngisho nasemabangeni aphephile ngaphambili abebonakala njengangaphambili.
Le nhlobonhlobo ingenye enkulu kunayo yonke, ingabizwa ngeso sigaba “soshaka maxi”. Ushaka omude onamaphiko angafinyelela kumamitha amane ubude futhi anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angamashumi ayisithupha. Ngisho necala laqoshwa lapho isisindo somhlaseli singamakhilogremu ayikhulu! Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa.
Izici Zoshaka
Ushaka onamaphiko amade ukhiqiza oshaka abayisikhombisa ngasikhathi, munye ngamunye ongadluli isigamu semitha. Umhlaseli usakazeka ngokubeka amaqanda.
Oshaka, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, abanaso isigaxa sokubhukuda. Ngakho-ke, ukuze angashoni, udinga ukuhamba njalo. Imvamisa umhlaseli uhamba kancane ngokweqile, ngoba bekungamavila, ngoba kuzothatha amandla amaningi ukuhamba ngokushesha okukhulu.
Musa ukwenza iphutha ngokuhamba kancane kokunyakaza kwakhe. Lokhu akumenzi abe yingozi nakancane. Uma kunesidingo, yenza umuntu onamandla futhi osheshayo ajikijele futhi abambelele ngaso leso sikhathi kulowo ohlukumeziwe ngokufa.
Ushaka olude olude lwasolwandle luyisidlakudla esiyingozi kakhulu esisongela ngisho nezihlobo zaso. Uma uqhathanisa le nhlobonhlobo okwesibhakabhaka noma usilika, khona-ke ngokungangabazeki ithatha indawo yokuqala.
Ushaka uyisidalwa esinelukuluku kodwa esingeke siziba noma yisiphi isisulu. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi unentshisekelo kwidayu yokubhukuda. Isisekelo sokudla okungenamsoco yi-tuna ne-squid. Sekuyisikhathi eside kuqashelwa ngabantu ukuthi oshaka bathanda ukubhukuda ngemuva komkhumbi, baqoqe noma imuphi udoti odliwayo ophonswa ngaphandle komkhumbi lapho. Uma ufudu noma isilwane esithile esifile siwela umgwaqo, khona-ke umhlaseli uyozihlelela idili. Ngokuvamile, izinto zasendlini ezingabonakali noma udoti zitholakala esiswini sabashonile.
Abahlaseli Abanegazi
Lezi zidlakela zinolaka olukhulu. Lokhu kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi noma iyiphi impilo yasolwandle idla ikusasa. Izinyamazane eziqinile zingena ngendlela yazo kaningi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze zilondoloze amandla adingekayo, oshaka bazama ukuzitholela izingcezu ezinkulu. Ukuthambekela okunjalo sekuthuthuke ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka futhi kusindiswe kaninginingi ezidlweni.
Kuqashelwe yindoda ukuthi ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa umhlambi wabasiki be-tuna ngemuva komkhosi, inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi ezifile libhukuda phesheya kolwandle.
Ngokumangazayo, ushaka olude olunamaphiko uyisidalwa esiphaphama kakhulu. Kwakunezimo ezazingaqondakali ngokuphelele lapho abadobi, bekhipha ukuduma kwezulu lolwandle, bekuphonsa olwandle. Okuxakayo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye umhlaseli wayeqhubeka ezungeza umkhumbi buthule efuna ukudla.
Ukulimala Okude
Kumele ngisho ukuthi ushaka olude olunamaphiko kudala umonakalo omkhulu ekudobeni kwe-tuna. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abahlaseli basebenzisa le nhlanzi okuningi, futhi ubuhlakani babo nejubane ekuzingeleni akunakuqhathaniswa namandla abantu. Abantu abakwazi nje ukuncintisana nabashaka. Isisulu uqobo ngokwaso sivame ukubonakala sibanjiswa enetheni, sibekelwe i-tuna. Noma kunjalo, akuhehi ngokuphelele kumuntu. Isilinganiso esiphezulu abantu abangasenza ukudla inyama yakhe.
Emikhunjini yomkhumbi olwandle olwandle, bonke labo abakwazile ukuphunyula basengozini yokubulawa yizidalwa ezidla izinyawo. Banomqondo onqabile kakhulu wephunga, elibavumela ukuba balandelele izingozi futhi bahlasele abantu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ushaka omude onamaphiko angenye yezidalwa ezesabekayo emhlabeni. Angakwazi ukuhlasela umuntu ngokuphepha kakhulu kunaye, futhi ngasikhathi sinye angacabangi ukuthi naye angaba isisulu.
Umcwaningi odumile emhlabeni uJacques Yves Cousteau wabiza oshaka abade ukuba babe yingozi kakhulu ebantwini. Yize ushaka omkhulu omhlophe, i-tiger shark ne-inkunzi shark nawo edume kakhulu, inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lokuhlaselwa kwabantu bekuyilolu hlobo lwangempela. Isibalo sokufa sinzima ukwahlulela, ngoba bekungekho zibalo ezisemthethweni ngokufa kwabathumbi abasindayo ngemuva komkhumbi, kepha bashona oshaka. Noma kunjalo, kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi emanzini ashisayo, iningi labantu ababanjwa emanzini baba izisulu zikashaka omude. Ukwenza isibonelo, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, umkhumbi onabagibeli abayinkulungwane wawela eceleni kogu lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Futhi kuze kube namuhla kunenkolelo yokuthi iningi labo lafa ngokufanelekile kulaba bantu abazingelayo. Ngakho-ke, njengamanje, ushaka olude olunamaphiko uyisilwane esiyingozi kakhulu, okufanele sisabe.
Ngabe uhlala kuphi ushaka omude?
Ushaka omude usatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi olwandle. Ku-biology yayo, ifana noshaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kepha, ngokungafani nalokhu okugcina, ithanda amanzi afudumele kakhulu, okushisa okungenani ama-degrees ayi-18.
Ngakho-ke, uhla lwabazingeli abahlukanisi ngokwengxenye, bangasebenza ngisho nasezikoleni ezihlanganyelwe (kule ndaba, ushaka omude uvame ukubusa phezu koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
Kodwa-ke, emanzini apholile apholile, le nhlobo yezitshalo ezishisayo iyivelakancane kakhulu. Isibonelo, e-East Atlantic, oshaka abade ngokungemthetho ngokuvamile abatholakali enyakatho yeSpain, ngaphandle kokubhukuda ezindaweni eziphakeme zeBay of Biscay.
Avele eLwandle iMedithera, ajwayelekile kakhulu kuma-conmophilic congeners awo.
Bukela ividiyo - ushaka omude:
Oshaka abade, njengaloluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inyamazane ikakhulukazi inhlanzi yesikole (i-mackerel, tuna, i-mackerel, i-herring) ne-squid. Ngaso leso sikhathi, bakhetha izinhlobo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza.
Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, esinye sezitsha zabo abazithandayo yi-tuna. Ukuthanda okunjalo kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ekudobeni. Kunamacala owaziwayo lapho oshaka abade beqeda ukubhubhisa kuze kufike ku-20% yokubanjwa, beshwabadela i-tuna ngqo kuma-tiers okudoba.
Kuliqiniso, ngasikhathi sinye, abazingeli ngokwabo bavame ukuwela izingwegwe. Kodwa-ke, inyama yazo ayinakho ukunambitheka okuhle. Kuthathwa amaphiko kuphela, futhi ngezinga elincane kakhulu, kutholwa isikhumba sikashaka nesibindi.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile oshaka ababanjiwe bamane baphonswe olwandle, ngemuva kokunquma amaphini abo amade.
Ngaphezu kokuzingela izakhamizi zasolwandle, oshaka abade abakuphikisi ukuluma nokuchitha imfucumfucu yokudla. Imvamisa, balandela imikhumbi isikhathi eside, bedla kuphela imfucuza yemikhumbi. Ngasikhathi sinye, bagijimela ngabomvu izingcezu abaziphonsa ohlangothini.
Besebenzisa le ndlela, amatilosi avame ukubamba oshaka abade. Imivimbo ebhodini ikhombisa ukusinda okuphezulu. Kwesinye isikhathi oshaka abebeselethile, baphonswe olwandle, baqhubeke nokuhamba ngomkhumbi ngemuva kokugwinya izingwegwe futhi.
Uyingozi kangakanani oshaka abade amaphiko kubantu?
Ushaka olude olunamaphiko uyisakhamuzi esivamile solwandle oluvulekile. Ngokungafani nabanye iningi labameleli bohlobo lwe-Carcharhinus, lesi silwanyana esibonakalayo empeleni asiveli ngasogwini. Kodwa-ke, ukuhambela kwakhe okungavamile ezindaweni zokungcebeleka ezidumile kungadala umsindo omkhulu kwabezindaba.
Abaningi bangayikhumbula le ndaba ka-2010 ngokuvalwa kwamabhishi e-Sharm El Sheikh yaseGibhithe. Imbangela yokuhlaselwa kwabavakashi, ngenxa yokuthi izivakashi zaseRussia nase-Ukraine zaphulukana nezandla, ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngushaka omude.
Kodwa-ke, amacala anjalo kusahlukile. Akunjalo ngoba ushaka olude olunamaphiko alunolaka, kodwa ngoba indawo yalo evamile kungamanzi olwandle avulekile.
Kungakho engekho maningi amacala okuhlaselwa kwalomhlaseli oyingozi kubantu.
Bukela ividiyo - uLongimanus uhlasela umuntu:
Kubukeka sengathi ukube wayenomkhuba wokubheka kaningi ezindaweni ezinolwandle, izibalo zokuhlaselwa kwawo bekungaba yithemba elibi kakhulu.
Isazi esidumile sasolwandle uJacques-Yves Cousteau ngokuvamile sasikholelwa ukuthi ushaka omude kwakuyingozi kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye. Futhi vele umsunguli wegiya le-scuba, owayefunde umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi nezakhamuzi zawo impilo yakhe yonke, wayeyazi kahle imibuzo enjalo.
Ukuphuka kwemikhumbi kanye nethala legazi lomhlaseli olwandle
Amacala amakhulu kakhulu okuhlasela koshaka abade kungukuphuka komkhumbi. Lezi zidlakudla zaqoqa isivuno esikhulu kakhulu segazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ngaleyo minyaka, kwakubalwa imisebenzi ethile yamasosha olwandle olushisayo. Abazange baye ezansi hhayi emikhunjini yempi kuphela, kodwa nasemikhunjini yezokuthutha ethwala kanzima.
Ngakho-ke, hhayi kude nechweba laseNingizimu Afrika laseThekwini, umkhumbi wokuhamba weNova Scotia washiswa. Lokhu kwenzeke ebusuku, bese kufika abatakuli ekuseni.
Phezu kolwandle kwakukhona izidumbu eziningi ezazintanta emajakhethini empilo. Kwavela ukuthi iningi lafa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa koshaka - imilenze yabo yalunywa.
Vele, akubona bonke abafa ezimweni ezinjalo ababeyizisulu zoshaka abade. Ngemuva kwakho konke, angiyithandi ukuhlasela abantu nezinye izinhlobo eziningi - i-brindle, blunt, mako, i-cannibal karharodon (enkulu emhlophe).
Kodwa-ke, ushaka omude onamaphiko okuyiwona ovame kakhulu futhi omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwabo bonke oshaka abahlala emanzini afudumele e-expanses olwandle oluvulekile.
Futhi ngokusho kobufakazi bamatilosi asindile, yisidlakela esinezimbali eside esibhekene nokuhlaselwa okuningi. Yize, kunjalo, asisoze sazi ngobuningi bamacala anjalo. Akukho muntu ongamtshela.
Naphezu kwesimo sabo esiyisidlwangudlwangu esiyingozi, oshaka abade banokuhlangana kahle nezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlanzi. Okokuqala, laba abashayeli bezindiza, ezingabonakala ezithombeni eziningi kulandela isitina esiseduze kwekhabethe labo eliqinile.
Uma kwenzeka kushona ushaka, abangane bakhe ngokushesha bazama ukuthola inkosikazi entsha. Abashayeli bezindiza badla okusele etafuleni lomhlaseli futhi, mhlawumbe, bamsize ngokuhlanza izimungulu.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezinde zoshaka.
Oshaka abasahlala isikhathi eside bahlala esifundeni solwandle olwandle i-pelagic. Babhukuda ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-60 ukusuka ebusweni bamanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi emanzini angajulile kuze kufike kumamitha angama-35. Lolu hlobo alusondeli olwandle.
Amanye amaqembu oshaka ahlotshaniswa nezindawo ezithile lapho okukhona khona amadwala, njengeGreat Barrier Reef. Zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinokuphakama okuphezulu mpo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziningi ekuhlanganeni kwezigodi, okuyizikhala ezincane phakathi kokwakhiwa kwamakhorali. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, izinhlanzi zizingela futhi ziphumule.
Amazinyo amade okusha shark.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zikashaka omde.
Oshaka abade baba negama labo ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaphini amade, abanzi anemiphetho eyindilinga. Ama-dorsal fin wokuqala, i-pectoral, i-caudal (indawo yayo ephezulu nephansi), kanye namaphiko we-ventral anezindawo ezimhlophe eziyindilinga. Uhlangothi lomzimba lungahle lube nsundu, lube mpunga noma lube mpunga, lube mpunga - luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nesisu singcolile - simhlophe noma siphuzi. Lo mbala uthile wenza umphumela ohlukile futhi wehlise amathuba okutholwa yizisulu ezingaba khona.
Isidumbu soshaka abade sinenqwaba yokushaywa nje okufushane. Izinsikazi zivame ukuba zikhulu kunabesilisa ezinobude obujwayelekile bamamitha angu-3.9 futhi zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-170. Abesilisa bayakwazi ukufika kumamitha amathathu futhi banesisindo esingama-167 kilos. Baye bahlakulela i-pectoral fin enkulu, evumela ukuthi batheleke ngokushesha emanzini. Iphinde yengeza ukuqina kokunyakaza, isiza ukukhuphula isivinini kalula. Imali ye-caudal yi-heterocercal.
Amehlo ayindilinga, afakwe ulwelwesi olunqwabayo.
Amakhala emakhaleni ahlukene. Umlomo obunjwe nge-crescent uphansi. Kunamabili ama-5 we-gill slits. Amazinyo asemhlathini ongezansi mncane, anemisila, emhlathini ongenhla unxantathu ngesimo, banzi kunamazinyo omhlathi ongezansi onemiphetho ye-canal lateral.
Abantu abasha bahlukaniswa ngumbala omnyama wama-fins, kanti inhlamvu yokuqala yensimbi inenqaku eliphuzi noma elinsundu. Ngemuva kwalokho inyoni emnyama iyanyamalala bese kuvela umbala omhlophe okwemvelo ezithombeni zamawele.
Ukudla koshaka okude.
Oshaka abade behlwaya izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous anjenge-stingrays, adla izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-marlin, ama-squid, ama-tuna, izilwane ezincelisayo, i-carrion. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlangana bazungeze umkhumbi bathathe imfucuza yokudla.
Kuyaqabukela, oshaka abade behlangene ngamaqembu; ngesikhathi sokudla, bayashukuma futhi baxwaye kude nezisulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, zigijimela phezulu ezinhlanzini, njengokuhlanya lapho zidla ukudla okufanayo nezinye izinhlobo zikashaka.
Indima yendalo koshaka abade.
Oshaka abade bahambisana nokuzisola (okungezomndeni wakwa-Echeneidae), banamathela emzimbeni wezidlamlilo zasolwandle futhi bahambe nazo. Izinhlanzi ezinamathelayo zisebenza njengabahlanzayo, zidla izimuncagazi zangaphandle, futhi zilande izinsalela zokudla zabaphathi bazo. Abesabi oshaka futhi babhukuda ngokukhululekile phakathi kwamaphayi.
Oshaka abade basiza ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle, njengabahlaseli abathinta izinhlanzi abazidlayo.
Inani kumuntu.
Oshaka abade banokubonakala kwe-pelagic, ngakho-ke izinhlawulo zabo zobude obude buhlushwa ezindaweni zokudoba ze-longline. Unqamula nje lapho edoba, bese abadobi belahla isidumbu. Lokhu kuholela ekufeni kukashaka.
Izingxenye eziningi zemizimba yoshaka zithengisa kahle. Kusetshenziswa inhlama enkulu yedors in cuisine yendabuko yase-Asia ukulungisa ukudla koshaka, futhi isobho kubhekwa njengokudla okudla kwaseChina. Izimakethe zezinhlanzi zithengisa inyama yoshaka efrangeni, elibhemayo nelisha. Isikhumba soshaka sokwakha izinto zokugqoka eziqinile. Futhi fat kusuka kwesibindi sikashark kungumthombo wamavithamini.
I-Shark cartilage iyasuswa ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha olwenziwa ukufuna ikhambi le-psoriasis.
Isimo sokulondolozwa kukashaka omude.
Oshaka besikhathi eside babanjwa ngenani elikhulu, cishe yonke indawo, lapho kudotshwa khona i-pelagic longline kanye nokudoba okushayela kancane. Iningi le-tuna libanjwa emgqeni we-longline, kepha ama-28% ekubambeni avela oshaka abade. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlanzi zilimala kakhulu lapho zibanjwa ngamanethi futhi zingasindi. Ukubanjwa kwalolu hlobo loshaka kuphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke oshaka abasebenza isikhathi eside bafakwa ohlwini lwe-IUCN njengohlobo “olusengozini”.
Ukugcina laba oshaka kudinga ukubambisana kwamazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Kwenziwe izivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba zokudotshwa kwamazwe asogwini kanye namazwe okudoba, okukhombisa izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukongiwa koshaka abasebenza isikhathi eside. Kuthathwe izinyathelo ezithile zokuvimbela umkhondo oyingozi emazweni ahlukene nasezindaweni ezivikelwe zasolwandle. Oshaka abade, ngokusho kweCITES Isithasiselo II, bavikelekile njengoba besongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
