Sonke siyakwazi (ngiyathemba ukuthi siyazi!) Ukuthi izicabucabu nesibazi ama-arachnids anemilenze eyisishiyagalombili, angokwesigaba se-arachnid. Siphakamisa ukuthi sikhulume ngamalungu angajwayelekile aleli qembu okungenzeka ukuthi ake wezwa ngalo.

Kwenzekani uma weqa umfezela, isicabucabu, umqhele futhi ungeza amaphupho amabi kakhulu lapha? Thola lo mfo omuhle! Hlangana - i-phryn noma i-spider spider (lat.Amblypygid).

Igama lesiLatini elithi "Amblypygid" lisho "imbongolo eyisimungulu" ngoba la ma-arachnid asezindaweni ezishisayo awanayo imisila. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-scorpion angenantambo.

UMoody udonsa abamele lo mphakathi kule movie uHarry Potter noGoblet of Fire emgqonyeni, uthi: "Imperio!" - Futhi i-frein yenza ama-acrobatic stunts futhi ishaya umdanso wokushaya. Kwefilimu, bamethula kithina njengesidalwa esinobuthi esingabulala ngokulunywa okukodwa. Ngabe kunjalo ngempela?

Babukeka kanjani?

IFreen ihlala incane ngosayizi futhi ikhula ibe amasentimitha ama-2. Kodwa-ke, ubude bemilenze yakhe bungafinyelela amasentimitha angama-20, okubenza bakhulu kakhulu. Imvamisa inombala omnyama, okukhombisa inhlanganisela emnyama, grey kanye nsundu. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, ziba mhlophe ngokuphelele noma luhlaza.

Imizimba yabo ibuthaka impela. Izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinomlenze ziphila kusuka eminyakeni emi-5 kuye kweli-15, izinsikazi zide kakhulu kunabesilisa. Amafutha adinga izixhumanisi ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba akhule abe ngosayizi wawo ogcwele, aguquka abe ngabantu abadala.

I-scorpion engenamila inemilenze eyi-8 kuphela, eyi-6 yayo isetshenziselwa ukuhamba, kanti amabili asebusweni (i-patapalps) asetshenziselwa ukudonsa ukudla. Kunezengezo ezimbili ezingezansi zesiswebhu ezinjengezimpondo futhi ziyadingeka ukuze izicabucabu zikwazi ukuzula futhi zikuqonde kangcono okwenzekayo nxazonke. Lokhu okufakiwe kukhumbuza kakhulu ama-harnesses, yingakho igama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba wama-frins awunawo umsila, obahlukanise nge-scorpion yangempela futhi uhambelana negama labo - scorpion engenantambo. Ahamba ngemilenze eyi-6 eceleni, njengamakhaza.

Ukuzala

Ebusuku, izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinomlenze ziphuma ukulandela umkhondo wazo, futhi zibheke nomuntu ozoshada naye. Bakhombana, bedansa futhi bashaya imizimba yomunye nomunye nge-flagella. Ngemuva kwalokhu, inqubo yokuzala iyaqala.

Isicabucabu sowesilisa sisondela kowesifazane bese sibeka ispermatophore (isembozo esine-sperm) phambi kwakhe. Uqondisa owesimame ukuthi anqamule isipikili futhi amukele isidoda ekungeneni kwakhe sangasese. Ngemuva kwalezi zenzo, lo mbhangqwana uyahlakazeka, lowesifazane ubeka amaqanda esikhwameni esikhethekile ngaphansi kwesisu sakhe.

Izinsana ezigoqayo ziyohlala emhlane wakhe kuze kube yilapho kuqala isolt - lapho ziyobe sezikulungele ukuhamba zodwa. Uma elinye lamawundlu lingenanhlanhla, futhi ngephutha liwela, ngeke aluthole usizo oluvela kunina ukuze akhuphukele emuva, nakanjani uzokufa.

Izicabucabu ezinyawo ezinamilenze azange zichazwe kuze kube yilapho ukutholwa kokuqala kwezilwane kutholwe nguLinnaeus ngo-1758. Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1800s, zimbalwa izinhlobo zezinto ezifakiwe, futhi ngawo-1890s, imininingwane ngenani lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo yahluka kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, kuchazwe izinhlobo ezingama-136 futhi kunesibikezeli sokuthi leli nani lizokhula ngokuqhubeka kokufunda.

Bayathandana!

Mhlawumbe into ethokozisayo kakhulu mayelana nezicabucabu ze-tourniquet ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zinenhlalo futhi zihlala ziba ngamaqembu amancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinkulu, amaqembu.

Ucwaningo lokuxhumana kokuxhumana komphakathi ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zama-frins kukhombisa ukuthi empeleni baxhumana kahle (ngama-arachnids).

Ezinyangeni ezine zokuqala zokuphila kwabo, zombili lezi zinhlobo kulolu cwaningo zahlala zisondelene nonina futhi zabhekiswa kuye. Wabafuna ngenkuthalo, wazinza eqenjini futhi wanquma izingane zakhe ngobunono amathole - ngamunye imizuzu ethile. Izingane zaphendula ngokufanayo.Owesifazane oyedwa wayenamaqembu amaningi wezingane ahlakazeke phakathi kwezindiza, futhi wayevame ukuhambela ngamunye wabo.

Izicabucabu ezincane ezazinezinyawo zazikhombisa ukuhlangana okufanayo kwabafowethu nodadewabo baze bafika ebusheni. Abafowethu nodadewethu, besondela, babingelelana, beshaya izimpondo.

Amacala angawodwa wobudlova ayebhekwa ngezikhathi ezithile ayemnene kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi, uma umuntu ongaziwa engena ngaphakathi kweqembu elincanyana lama-frins, amalungu ahlanganisayo angakhombisa ulaka oluncane kuye, emsabisa ngokwembula izindlela zawo zokuziphatha. Imvamisa lokhu akuhlali isikhathi eside, futhi ngokushesha baqala ukushaya umuntu omusha.

Lapho kuvela usongo lokuhlaselwa, amantshontsho asemancane aqoqana ngokushesha kunina, ngokuvamile agijima ngaphansi kwakhe. Lapho abaphenyi befuna ukuhambisa lona wesifazane kanye nenzalo yakhe kwelinye ikheji elisezandleni zakhe, wazivikela ngokuvikelekile (futhi ngempumelelo) izingane ngokushaya isandla esalimala nge-pedipalp.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, umzamo ongaphumeleli wabacwaningi wokuvusa isenzo sokuhlukumezeka phakathi kwabakwaFreens kuhlekwe ngawo. Ngenkathi befaka ibhungane ekhejini elinesigcawu, akekho noyedwa kubo owayekhathazwa yilokhu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, basondela ku-lizard futhi bahlolisisa isentimitha ngayinye yomzimba wayo nezimpondo zayo. Ngisho nesicabucabu esincanyana esinonyaka sinye siye kuye, sishaye imizuzu ecishe ibe mihlanu, bese sihamba kwesobunxele.

Ungakhuluma nganoma yini mahhala, kepha kufanele uvume iqiniso lokuthi lezi yizilwane ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Banikeza isibonelo esihle kakhulu sohlu olubanzi lwamadivayisi ama-arachnids anawo, ngayo yonke imvelaphi yokubukeka kwawo, noma ngabe kuyinhlanganisela yama-invertebrates amabi kakhulu emhlabeni.

Izicabucabu ezinemilenze eyimbudla, noma ngabe zingasabisa kangakanani, kufanele zithandwa futhi zaziswa njenganoma yisiphi esinye isilwane. Siyethemba ukuthi ngemuva kokufunda le ndatshana, ngeke uzizwe wesaba noma udanile lapho ubabheka.

Incazelo nezici zesakhiwo

UFreen ungummeleli weqembu le-arachnid. Umzimba wakhe ufinyelela kubude obungu-4,5 cm, umzimba unesimo esicaba. Umbala umnyama (omnyama, mpunga, onsundu) opende obomvu noma ophuzi.

Lesi sidalwa sine-cephalothorax ebanzi, lapho kutholakala khona amazinyo ama-2-3 ezinhlangothini, maphakathi nendawo - iso elilodwa. I-cephalothorax imbozwe ngesihlangu. Isisu sifushane, sinezigaba eziyi-12. Intambo yomsila ayikho.

Ngenxa yalesi sici, abanye abantu bathole igama lesidlaliso "Scorpion engenantambo." Igama lesayensi "Amblypygi" ngesiGreek lisho "imbongolo eyisimungulu." Izithasiselo zomlomo noma i-chelicera azinayo imifantu. Lezi zimbambo ezinamamitha ama-5 ezinamilenze. Izimbambo zokuqala zemilenze kuma-frins zidlulile, ukusebenza kwazo kuthinta. Amatende makhulu, enza umsebenzi odonsa amehlo. Imilenze ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-25. Isikhala somlenze singasukela ku-40 kuye ku-60 cm. Amabili amathathu asele wemilenze asetshenziselwa ukunyakaza amafushane kancane kunawangaphambili.

Bheka izinhlobo zezicabucabu.

Ezinye izinhlobo zinezinkomishi zokuphuza, ngenxa yazo zidlulela endaweni ebushelelezi etholakala ngokuthe nkqo. AmaFrynian awunazo izindlala ezikhiqiza ubuthi nama-cobwebs, okuwumehluko wawo oyinhloko kusuka kuzicabucabu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunemindeni engama-5, izinhlobo ezingama-21 zofuzo nezinhlobo eziyi-136 zamawele. Iningi lazo lachazwa emuva ngekhulu le-19.

Edume kakhulu:

1. Phrynus eside. Omunye wabamele abakhulu bama-frins, angafinyelela ku-6 cm ubude. Umbala womzimba wakhe grey. Uhlala emihumeni yasePuerto Rico. Ngaphezu kwezinambuzane, ingadla izihlobo zayo.
2. Phrynus marginemaculatus. I-frin encane enomzimba efinyelela ku-1.8 cm kanye nemilenze kuze kufike ku-10 cm. Indawo yokuhlala yizifunda eziseningizimu yeFlorida, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti. Ukuphila ngamaqembu.
3. Damon Medius. I-arachnid arachnid enomzimba oyisicaba inobude obu-3 kuya ku-4 cm. Ihlala emahlathini anomswakama wamazwe anendawo yesimo sezulu esishisayo nesiphakemeyo.
4. Charon grayi. Ukuphila emihumeni yeMalaysia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Indonesia.
5. Damon diadema. Hlanganisa nomzimba ompunga omnyama, ohlotshiswe ngemichilo emsundu ekhanyayo.IHabitat - amahlathi aseCentral Africa, eSouthwest Asia, eSolomon Islands.
6. Damon mosagatus. I-Frin enkulu enomzimba ongu-5 cm ubude nemilenze engamasentimitha angama-28. Le nhlobo ingaphila zombili emihumeni nasehlathini. Itholakala ikakhulu ezifundeni ezisempumalanga ye-Afrika.

Indawo yokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala kanye nendlela yokuphila

Cishe zonke izinhlobo zihlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, cishe ezingalishiyi. Zitholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile, amagatsha, amagxolo, phakathi kwamatshe. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emihumeni. Banciphise amehlo abenohlelo olulula lokukhanya.

Izinhlobo ezithile zingaphila ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi. UFrines unyakazisa njengamakhaza - eceleni kwendlela. Bahlala kakhulu ebusuku. Lawa ma-leggy abukeka esabeka kabi, kepha kubantu abawona ingozi.

Abathandi ukubona amehlo omuntu, emehlweni abantu abazama ukubaleka nokufihla. Uma ubathinta ngomunwe, banqwabelana ngesixha, bacindezela imilenze emide ngaphansi komzimba.

Ividiyo: mayelana nezicabucabu ezihamba ngezinyawo

Okudla endle

Ukudla kwale arachnid kuyizinambuzane ezincane neziphakathi. Imvamisa, izisulu zabo yizimvemvane, amasimu, izintethe. Abakhululwa babo balinde abaqamekele. Ukubamba inyamazane yabo, sebenzisa amatende, noma abasebenza ngokudlule.

Ngemuva kwalokho bayiklebhula ngosizo lwezinxenye ze-chelicera ne-pedipalps bese beyigaya ngemihlathi. Isici esithandekayo salezi ama-arachnids: ayathanda ukuphuza amanzi. Eminye imithombo ithi lapho ihlala eduze namachibi, iyakwazi ukuzingela izimbungulu.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle

Isidumbu sezicabucabu zolwandle siqukethe iminyango emibili (i-tagm) - amabanga ahlukaniseke kanye ne-opistosome encane engenzi izingxenye. I-millet ingaba ne-cylindrical (Nympnon sp.) noma i-discoid (I-Pycnogonium sp.) ifomu. Esimweni sesibili, sithambile ekuqondisweni kwe-dorsoventral. Ubude be-Pantopod 1-72 mm, ukuhamba kusukela ku-1.4 mm kuya ku-50 cm.

Millet

I-millet yakhiwa yizigaba ezine (ezingafiki ku-5-6), eyokuqala neyokugcina yayo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokusobala futhi ingumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwama-metameres amaningana. “Ingxenye” engaphambili ibizwa ngokuthi umnyango omkhulu. Ingxenye yangaphambili ithwala ukuphuma kwethonya elinamandla - i-proboscis, engxenyeni esekupheleni kwayo lapho kunendawo yokuvula yomlomo eyi-Y ezungezwe izindebe ezintathu ezitheni (idorali elilodwa nezimpawu ezimbili), okumaka izintshisekelo ezintathu ezihambisanayo ezakha i-proboscis. Lezi zokugcina zingaba bobunjwa abahlukahlukene - abenziwe cylindrical, conical kanye ne-pipette abunjwe ngokuqhakaza engxenyeni esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo noma eliphakathi nendawo. Kwesinye isikhathi i-constriction eguqukayo ingavezwa ku-proboscis, lapho i-proboscis ingakwazi ukugoqwa futhi igobeke ngaphansi kwesibalo. Uhlobo lwe-proboscis alucaci ngokuphelele futhi lubangela impikiswano enkulu.

Ngaphezulu kwekhanda kukhona okubizwa ngokuthi i-ocular tubercle. Ukwakheka kwawo kungahluka - amasilinda, acwebile, anwebekile, aphethe izimbotshana ezinhlobonhlobo zama-chitinous spikes. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yeshubhu yeso ihlalwa ngamehlo amane alula, amabili abheke phambili futhi amabili abheke emuva. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo (isb. Anoplodactylus petiolatus) uqaphele ukuthi i-oterli pair yangaphandle inkulu kakhulu kunangemuva. Ngefomu lolwandle olujulile, ama-photoreceptors ayancishiswa. Kulesi simo, amehlo anyamalala kuqala, bese ishubhu lamehlo selululiwe phansi ukuze kuncishiswe ngokuphelele (Nymphon procerus - Ukujula kwendawo ukusuka ku-2500 m kuya ku-6000 m). Ngakho-ke abamele Nymphon longicoxa, IHeteronymphon i-sp., engahlala ekujuleni okungafani, kuneveli elehlukile lokuncishiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo. Kwabamele abahlala ezansi ekujuleni, amehlo athuthuke kahle, kepha njengoba ukujula kukhuphuka nenani lokukhanya lincipha, umbala wamehlo uyanyamalala, Amehlo ayaqina futhi ekugcineni anciphise ngokuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo ezichazwe ngenhla, amabele athatha imilenze nezitho eziningi ezihlanganisiwe.

Umbhangqwana wokuqala - abasizi - ubekwe dorsally, ezinhlangothini ze-proboscis, ngaphansi kwaso. Okuqukethe izingxenye ezi-2-3.Izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala ze-heliphor ngayinye zakha uzipho lwangempela (Nymphon sp.), omunwe wakhe wangaphakathi unyakaza futhi umunwe wangaphandle awuhambi. Ezimweni eziningi, uzipho lungahle lungabikho, bese-ke cheliphorus ibukeka njengephalishi elincane elinezingxenye ezimbiliI-Achelia sp.), noma kungenzeka ukuthi akekho ngokuphelele (I-Pycnogonum sp.). Uzipho, uma lukhona, lungahlaselwa ngamazinyo aqatha (I-Pseudopallene sp.). I-cuticle of heliphores imangalisa ngokugqamile kunezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Umbhangqwana wesibili - izimbotshana - izimbotshana zezitho ezinamathele ngokuqinile ngaphansi kwesisekelo se-proboscis. Inani lezigaba liyahluka kusuka kokuabili kuya kwesishiyagalombili. Njengezimpimpi, iziguli zingaba zinde (I-Achelia sp.) noma mfushane (Neopallene sp.) i-proboscis, futhi futhi ingahle incishiswe ngokuphelele (I-Phoxichilidium sp., Pallene sp.). Lokhu kwenzeka kuzo zombili izinambuzane nangezindlela zokuphila mahhala. Isizathu sokuncishiswa kwabo asicaci. Ngempumelelo, izintende ziyi-appendages enozwela.

Umbhangqwana wesithathu - imilenze ethwala amaqanda - izengezo ezihlanganisiwe zitholakala ngaphandle, eduze nezinqubo ezilandelanayo, lapho kufakwe khona umlenze wokuqala wokuhamba. Izinhlobo eziningi zibonisa i-dimorphism yezocansi. Kukhona abesilisa bazo zonke izinhlobo ezaziwa njengamanje, futhi bangakhiqizwa babe ngamazinga ahlukahlukene kwabesifazane. Ngakho-ke kwabesifazane I-Phoxichilidium sp. ayikho imilenze ethwala amaqanda, kodwa kwabesifazane Nymphon sp. akhona, yize engahle abe ngaphansi kwalawo owesilisa wohlobo olufanayo. Umsebenzi walezi zitho ngukuthathwa kwamaqanda nezinsana, okwenziwa owesilisa kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilenze yeqanda isetshenziswa yizicabucabu zasolwandle ukuhlanza umzimba we-fouling ne-detritus. Ngokusho komcwaningi waseMoscow uBogomolova, lo msebenzi wokugcina kufanele ubhekwe njengento eyinhloko yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidingidwayo.

Izingalo ezisele zifanekiselwa imilenze yokuhamba, enamathele ezikhulisweni ezikhethekile ze-lateral millet. Inani labo ngobuningi bamacala ayisishiyagalombili. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwezicabucabu zolwandle kunezindlela ezinhlanu (I-Pentanymphon sp., I-Pentapycnon sp., I-Decalopoda sp.) kanye nesithupha (I-Dodecalopoda sp) ngababili bemilenze yokuhamba.

Umlenze ojwayelekile wokuhamba uqukethe izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili. Ziqokwe kanjena - isiko ukubiza izingxenye ezintathu ze-proximal ngokuthi "coxae" bese zibanikeza ama-indices ahambisanayo kusuka kwelilodwa kuya kwabathathu, ukuqala nge-proximal, bese kuba "femur", bese izingxenye ezimbili ezilandelayo zibizwa ngokuthi "tibia" nge-indices eyodwa no-2, eyodwa ene-repultimate " i-tarsus ”futhi ingxenye esekude kakhulu yi-“ propodus ”. Amalunga okuhlangana kwezinsikazi ayavuvukala. Ukuphuma kwegonad kungena kule ngxenye yomlenze. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, amaqanda abonakala ngokucacile futhi athole umbala wewolintshi noma ophuzi ngenxa yolk aqukethe. Engxenyeni yesibili ehlanganayo yomlenze ngamunye wokuhamba noma ingxenye yawo kukhona okuvulekile okuncane kokuzala (ama-gonopores), avalwe nge-cap cap ekhethekile (opercum).

Ingxenye ye-distal yomlenze wokuhamba ithwala imichilo eminingi, phakathi kwayo eyodwa enkulu (enkulu kunazo zonke) ne-adnexal emincane (encane) ihlukaniswa. Ngosizo lwabo, isicabucabu sasolwandle singabambelela ezintweni ezizungeze lapho zihamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlawu ziyayivumela ukuthi ihlale phezu kwesiqalo esine-yamanje enamandla.

Izinwele eziningi zitholakala emilenzeni yokuhamba nasemzimbeni wesicabucabu solwandle. Inani labo lenyuka ezingxenyeni ezihlukanisayo zamalunga. Lezi zinwele zilingana nokuphela kwezinzwa. Cishe lezi zinhlobo zingama-mechanoreceptors.

Phakathi kwezicabucabu zasolwandle, umuntu ngamunye angatholakala lapho imilenze yokuhamba incane futhi ilula ngombala uma iqhathaniswa neminye. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungumphumela wokuvela kabusha. I-Pycnogonida, njengoba ilahlekelwe imilenze eminingana, ingabuyisela kalula. Amandla okuvuselela izinyawo ziyimfanelo esezingeni elifanele. Ngakho-ke umsunguli we-haymaker, obuye waziqondisa omunye wemilenze yokuhamba, akasakwazi ukwenza kabusha okusha, okungelinye lobufakazi bezinga lakhe eliphakeme lenhlangano.

I-Opistosome

Kuzo zonke izicabucabu zolwandle zesimanje, le ngxenye yomzimba ayihlukaniswanga.Inobume be-cylindrical. Okuvame kakhulu ukugoba kancane ohlangothini lwe-dorsal. Ayiphathi imilenze noma imilenze. Emaphethelweni wayo we-distal yi-anus.

Amafomu ezinsalela ezifana I-Palaeisopus problematicus futhi I-Palaeopantopus maucheri, wayene-opistosome ehlukaniswe ngaphandle, kepha wayengasenazo izitho.

Uhlelo lokugaya

Uhlelo lokugaya izicabucabu zasolwandle lumelelwa yisihlukanisi esibi nge-tube. Inesici esisodwa esihlukile kuleli qembu - ukuba khona kwe-diverticulum, okuyizinto eziphuma kamuva esibelethweni. Bangena emlenzeni ngamunye wokuhamba, futhi imvamisa izibhamu, kwesinye isikhathi bazigwaze ziye engxenyeni yokugcina - ingxenye.

Ohlelweni lokugaya, kungokwesiko ukwahlukanisa iminyango emithathu - eyaphambili, ephakathi neyasemuva. Ziyahluka hhayi ngokuziphatha kuphela, kepha futhi zibekwa ngezindlela ezihlukile ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu. Amasistimu wokugaya ukudla kwangaphandle nangasemuva abekwa njengokuphuma kwe-ectoderm, kanti maphakathi nendawo aqhamuka endodermal.

Amathumbu angaphandle aqala ngokuvula umlomo okwenziwe njengo-Y okwatholakala ekugcineni kwe-phenoscis. Isixhobo esikhethekile semisipha sivale ukuvula umlomo lapho i-pycnogonid ingondli. Lokhu kulandelwa umgodi omncane womlomo. Kungashiwo ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Ngakho wena Pseudopallene spinipes lokhu kufunda kufundeka kahle kumalungiselelo omlando. Ezindongeni ezisetshenzisiwe kunezindawo eziningi eziphuma ngaphandle, eziphezu zazo zingaphuma lapho kuvulwa umlomo. Okulandelayo yi-pharynx enezinto zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuhlunga, ezakhiwa ngamazinyo amaningi anobuhlakani, iziphelo zawo eziqondiswe lapho kuvulwa umlomo. Abavumeli izinhlayiya ezinkulu zokudla zingene ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo zohlelo lokugaya ukudla. I-pharynx ilandelwa yi-esophagus emfishane efakwe ne-epithelium enekholomu.

Isibeletho maphakathi nomzimba. I-lateral Outgrowths - diversicula - suka engxenyeni yayo ephakathi. Azikho izidakamizwa ezikhethekile ezitholakele. Udonga lwalo mnyango lwakhiwa i-epithelium yesisu esisodwa. Amaseli aqukethe inani elikhulu lamagremu, afakwe ngombala o-bromo-phenol oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye neSudan emnyama B, okukhombisa uhlobo lokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni okukhonjisiwe. Ama-nuclei eseli ezimweni eziningi ahlukaniswa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amaseli ku-cytoplasm lapho inani lama-vesicles lingelikhulu kangako, i-nucleus ifakwe kahle nge-Ehrlich hematoxylin. Amaseli angakha i-pseudopodia futhi abambe izinhlayiya zokudla.

Ingxenye engemuva iyifushane kakhulu. Kuyishubhu ekugcineni kwe-distal okukhona kuyo u-anus. Umngcele ophakathi kwaphakathi nesisu sezinsikazi uphawulwa yi-sphincter yemisipha.

Ukugaya kuhlangene - isisu kanye ne-intracellular. Amaseli amaningi emfihlo afaka ama-enzyme angama-lymet emgodini wamathumbu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseli ngamanye abamba izinhlayiya zokudla nge-pseudopodia. Izinsalela ezingafakwanga zisuswa ngokusebenzisa inkanuko.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa

Isistimu yezinzwa yezicabucabu zolwandle, njengamanye ama-arthropods, imelelwa yi-supralopharyngeal ganglion (ubuchopho), i-pharyngeal ganglion kanye ne-abdominal nerve chain (BNC).

I-supralopharyngeal ganglion of spider sea is a single organisation, ingxenye yangaphakathi yayo yakhiwa yimizimba yama-nerve cell (neurons), kanye nengxenye eyinhloko ngezinqubo zazo, ezakha okubizwa ngokuthi yi-neuropil. I-pharyngeal ganglion itholakala ngaphansi kweshubhu leso, ngaphezulu kwe-esophagus. Izinhlobo ezimbili (ama-spinse we-Pseudopallene) noma ezine (i-Nymphon rubrum) ze-optical (optic) zisuka endaweni ephakathi kwengqondo. Zithunyelwa kwamehlo atholakala kubhulashi bamehlo. Ingxenye ye-distal yezinzwa yakha ukuqina. Kungahle kube yisigelekeqe esibonakalayo.Izinzwa ezimbalwa ezimbalwa zisuka ebusweni bangaphambili - i-nerors eyodwa ye-dorsal proboscis, i-pair yezinzwa ezifaka i-pharynx, nolunye uhlangothi lwezinzwa ezisebenzela abasizi.

I-pharyngeal ganglion iyi-neuromer yemvelaphi eyinkimbinkimbi, equkethe okungenani izigaba ezimbili, njengoba kufakazelwa yizimpawu zokungabonakali kwezitho ezihambisanayo. Izimbambo zezinzwa eziqondiswe ezintendeni zezisuka ebusweni bangaphambili, nezinzwa ezivela endaweni yangaphakathi zangaphakathi yemilenze ye-ovum. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona izinzwa ezimbili ezisheshayo zingene ku-proboscis, zikhonza izicubu ze-pharynx.

Iketango lezinzwa zesisu lezicabucabu zolwandle liqukethe izinhlobo eziningana (4 kuya kwezi-6) ze-ganglia ezixhunywe ngezintambo ze-longitudinal nerve (ukuxhumana). Ezingxenyeni ezingemuva zeqembu ngalinye elinjalo, kuqhamuka inzwa enkulu, ifaka imilenze yokuhamba. I-ganglion yokugcina ngezindlela ezine-ganglia ezi-4 esikhungweni sezinzwa sesisu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iqukethe okungenani ama-neuromeres okungenani amathathu. I-opistosome ifakwe ngaphakathi eqenjini lokugcina; ayinayo i-neuromeres yayo.

Izitho zomzimba

Izinto ezibonakalayo zesicabucabu sasolwandle zimelelwa ngamehlo amane angaphakathi atholakala kwishubhu yeso. Iso ngalinye liqukethe ingilazi ye-pigment, ilensi ye-cuticular namaseli e-retina. Amehlo anhlobo lohlobo lwe-rhabdomy, njengawo wonke amanye ama-arthropods (umbala obonakalayo utholakala ekuphumeni kwama-microvillary cell cell). Inhlangano yeso elinjalo ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe nguM. Heb, R.R. Melzer no-U.Smola besebenzisa isibonelo Anoplodacylus petiolatus (sem. I-Phoxichilidiidae) Ingqimba ye-epidermis itholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwe-cuticle (ezincwadini ezindala igama elithi "hypodermis" livame). Imvamisa, i-cuticle imemezele ukuqina kwe-lenticular. Ngaphansi kwesendlalelo se-epidermis, ungqimba lwe-tapetum lungalala, ngaphansi kwalo lapho kutholakala khona amaseli we-retinal. Ingxenye ye-apical yeseli ngalinye eline-retinal ithwala inani elikhulu lama-gruneles anjenge-elektroni-dense, azungezwe amathangi e-ESR. Engxenyeni ephakathi yeseli elibukwayo kukhona i-nucleus ene-nucleolus enkulu nenani elikhulu le-mitochondria. Ingxenye ye-basal imelwe yi-rhabdom (inani elikhulu le-ukuphuma kweseli - i-microvilli). Inqubo yezinzwa isuka kuyo, ifaka izingqimba ezine zamangqamuzana e-pigment futhi, njengengxenye ye-main optical nerve, iya kwi-supraglottic ganglion. Amangqamuzana engulube akha indebe echazwe kahle, enombala kusuka okhanyayo okhanyayo icishe ibe mnyama. Ngezindlela eziningi ezihlala ekujuleni okukhulu, amehlo neshubhu lamehlo kuncishiswa.

Izinto ezibonakalayo zezicabucabu zolwandle, ngokusobala, azakhi izithombe ezibukwayo. Izicabucabu zolwandle ziyakwazi ukuzulazula kumgomo we- "light -thunzi", behlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo ezinokukhanya okuhlukile. Ngokusho kwezifundo, abamele ukuzalwa Nymphon sp. futhi I-Pycnogonum sp. babe ne-phototaxis enhle, efakwa esikhundleni se-negative uma ukukhanya kukhanya amanani wokuncipha (ngoba I-Pycnogonum litorale - I-15 lux).

Azikho izitho zokuphefumula ezingazodwa.

Uhlelo lokujikeleza luqukethe inhliziyo esuka kwishubhu yeso iye kwisisekelo sesisu futhi ihlinzekwe ngamabili amabanga ama-2-3 of fissures lateral, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ingenakubalwa ekugcineni kwasemuva. Izitho ezithandekayo zisesigabeni sesibili nesesithathu semilenze futhi zivulekile engxenyeni yazo yesi-4 noma yesi-5.

Abobulili bodwa bahlukile, ama-testes abukeka njengezikhwama futhi atholakala esibondeni eceleni kwamathumbu, futhi ngemuva kwenhliziyo axhunyiwe nge-jumper, ku-jozi le-4-7 lezinyawo anikeza izinqubo ezifinyelela ekugcineni kwengxenye yesi-2, lapho nge-6th and 7th pairs (kuyaqabukela ngamabhuzu ama-5) futhi kuvuleke ngokuvuleka kwezitho zangasese, izitho zangasese zowesifazane zinesakhiwo esifanayo, kepha izinqubo zazo zifinyelela engxenyeni yesi-4 yemilenze futhi zivuleke ngaphandle engxenyeni yesibili iningi lemilenze, emadodeni engxenyeni yesine yababili izimbotshana kukhona izimbobo kule okuthiwa tezi usimende okuyimfihlo yezinto ezibonakalayo eyakho, lapho izinsikazi zesilisa amasende aso abekwe ngowesifazane emabhola bese ezinamathela emilenzeni yakhe yesibili.

Intuthuko

I-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa inani elihlukile lezitho zobulili kwezocansi, kanye nokukhula okuningana kwemithambo kowesilisa. Iqanda licebile nge-yolk, ukuqhekeka kwalo kuqediwe futhi kufana noma kungalingani, i-blastoderm yakhiwa ngendlela efana ne-delamination, izibungu zishiya ulwelwesi lweqanda ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezinamabili okuqala angama-3-4 emilenze, hhayi kaningi ngakho konke, futhi kancane kancane zithola konke ngemuva kokuxubha okuningi, ezinye izinhlobo zezibungu zixutshana nama-hydroids.

I-Ecology

Ama-Pantopods angama-arthropods wasolwandle kuphela. Zitholakala ekujuleni okungafaniyo (ukusuka kwelebheli elingezansi kuya kwalasha). Izinhlobo zezinhlwathi kanye nokwehlukaniswa zihlala emajikijolweni okotshani obomvu onsundu, enhlabathini yezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene. Umzimba wezicabucabu zolwandle uvame ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yesigcawu yizinhlobo eziningi ezihlala phansi nezokuhlala (sedentary polychaeta), foraminifera (Foraminifera), bryozoans (Bryozoa), ciliates (Ciliophora), isiponji (Porifera), njll. Ukuncibilika ngezikhathi ezithile kuvumela umzimba ukuthi uqede imfashini, kepha abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili (abangachazi) abanalo ithuba elinjalo. Amaqanda, uma ekhona, asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza umzimba.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izicabucabu zolwandle zihamba kancane kancane ngaphansi komhubhe noma i-algae, zinamathele kwizigaxa ezisezindimeni zokugcina zomlenze ngamunye wokuhamba. Kwesinye isikhathi izicabucabu zasolwandle zingakwazi ukubhukuda amabanga amafushane, zihambisane nekholamu yamanzi, zishukunyiswe izingalo bese zizithinta kancane. Ukucwila phansi, bathatha isici esibonakalayo se "isambulela", begoba yonke imilenze yabo ezinyakazayo esezingeni lesibili noma lesithathu le-coxal segment (coxa1 ne-coxa2) ohlangothini lwe-dorsal.

Izicabucabu zolwandle zingabaningi abazingelayo. Bondla izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-invertebrates ahlala phansi noma ahlala phansi - ama-polychaetes (Polychaeta), ama-bryozoans (Bryozoa), amathumbu (Cnidaria), ama-nudibranch mollusks (Nudibranchia), ama-crustaceans aphansi (uCrustacea), ama-holothurians (Holothuroidea). Ukuhlunga iPantopoda endaweni yayo yemvelo kubonise ukuthi ukwelashwa abakuthanda kakhulu ngama-anemone olwandle. Ngenqubo yokondla, izicabucabu zolwandle zisebenzisa inkuthalo ngenkuthalo, ekugcineni kwendawo lapho kukhona uzipho lwangempela. Ngaso leso sikhathi, isicabucabu sasolwandle asigcini ngokuphatha inyamazane yaso, kodwa futhi singaklebhula izicucu kuso futhi sikulethe ukuvula umlomo. Amafomu ayaziwa ukuthi ngama-heliphores ancishiswe kanjani. Lokhu kungavezwa ngokuncipha kosayizi (Amothella sp., Fragilia sp., IHeterofragilia sp), ukunyamalala kwezikhafu (I-Eurycyde sp., I-Ephyrogymma sp.) futhi ngisho ngokuphelele (Tanystilla sp.) salo lonke ilunga. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuncishiswa kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokukhuphuka kosayizi we-proboscis (okuthiwa umphumela wokunxephezela). Akukho lutho olwaziwayo mayelana nezici zokudla okunempilo kwamafomu anjalo.

Inqubo yokondla izicabucabu zolwandle Nymphon, I-Pseudopallene kulula ukubona elabhorethri, kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukubulawa yindlala isikhathi eside (kuze kube izinyanga eziningana) ngaphandle kokulimala komzimba. Ukugcina isiko elijabulisayo lesicabucabu sasolwandle, ama-hydroids amakoloni nama-anemone amancane olwandle asetshenziswa njengokudla.

Futhi kwezinye izimo, izicabucabu zolwandle zingaba yizinto zokuhlobisa noma izimuncagazi. Ngenxa yokuntuleka komngcele ocacile phakathi kwalezi zinto, kwesinye isikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda kahle ukuthi hlobo luni lobudlelwano olubopha izinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ukuzihlanganisa kwe-pantopod Anoplodactylus ophiurophilus futhi uhlobo oluhle I-Ophiocoma elihunyushwa iSloan njengesibonelo sokuhlakazeka, noma kunjalo, akukho senzo esibi esatholakala noma isicabucabu sasolwandle noma i-ophiura. Yize umbhali ephawula ukuthi ama-pycnogonides agxila eduze komlomo I-Ophiocoma, futhi mhlawumbe ingxenye yokudla kwe-ophiura iya kwizicabucabu zolwandle.

Isibonelo sokuhlangana kwezicabucabu zolwandle nama-holothurians (I-Lecythorhynchus hilgendorfi futhi Holothuria lubrica ngokulandelana). Umcwaningi waseJapan uHiroshi Oshima umchaza njengesibonelo sokuhlukumeza. Umcwaningi ofanayo wachaza olunye uhlobo lobudlelwano - phakathi kwama-pycnogonides ezinhlobo Nymphonella tapetis nama-bollve mollusks Paphia philippinarum. Kulokhu, ama-pycnogonides, ubude bawo bomzimba angafinyelela ku-7-10 mm, atholakala ngqo emgodleni wehembe. Izicabucabu zasolwandle zingadliwa izinyamazane - ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi kanye nama-crustaceans, njengoba kukhonjisiwe okuqukethwe yisisu samuva.

Zonke izinto zokuziphatha ezichazwe ngenhla nezibonelo zobudlelwano be-Interspecific zihlobana kuphela nezindlela zokuhlwitha nezingafani. Izici zemvelo zezakhamizi zaseBatial nase-Abyssal azikaziwa.

Phylogeny

Iqembu lePantopoda linesikhundla esingacacile se-taxonomic. Kunemibono eminingana kulokhu.

• Izicabucabu zolwandle njengeqembu elihlobene ne-chelicerae (Chelicerata).

Abaphenyi abaningi banamuhla banamathela kuleli phuzu lokubukwa. Futhi lokhu kucabanga kwenziwa nguLamarck ngonyaka we-1802, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokugcina, wabeka iqembu Ama-Pycnogonides e-Arachnida, ebabheka njengezicabucabu zangaphambi komhlaba, abaphinde baphendukela endleleni yokuphila yasemanzini. Kodwa-ke, uLamarck akazange anikeze ubufakazi bangempela balokhu, ngaphandle kokufana kwangaphandle okufana.
Kamuva, ngo-1890, uMorgan, ebheka ukukhula kwe-embryonic yeqembu lePantopoda, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi kunokufana okuningi ekwakhiweni kwezicabucabu zomhlaba kanye nezicabucabu zolwandle (ngokwesibonelo, izici zokubekwa kanye nokwakhiwa komzimba womzimba - i-myxocell, ukwakheka kwamehlo, uhlelo lokugaya uhlelo - ukuba khona diverticulum). Ngokusekelwe kule mininingwane, ubeka phambili ukucatshangwa mayelana nokungahle kube khona phakathi kobudlelwano bolwandle kanye nezicabucabu zomhlaba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka we-1899, uMeinert waveza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kufundwe ngemvelo yesigcawu sasolwandle kanye nokugqwala kwesicabucabu, kanye nezindlala zesicabucabu zezinambuzane zezicabucabu zolwandle kanye nezindlala ezinobuthi ze-arachnids. Esikhathini esizayo, kwavela amaqiniso amasha ngokwanda, abesetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuzwana kwamaqembu okukhulunywa ngawo. Futhi umcwaningi ngamunye, indawo yakhe ethakaselwayo yayihlobene ngqo noma ngokungaqondile naleli qembu elingajwayelekile futhi elifundwe kancane, wakubheka kungumsebenzi wakhe ukubeka okungenani ubufakazi obuningi ebhange lehagu. Isibonelo, kwaboniswa ukuthi umzimba wezicabucabu zolwandle neChelicerata yesimanje inenombolo encane yezingxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwezinzwa lubonakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-ganglia yomgudu wezinzwa wasesiswini kanye nokungabikho kwe-deutero-cerebrum (isigaba esiphakathi seqembu le-pharyngeal ganglion). Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isitatimende sokugcina asisebenzi. Ngokusho kwedatha yezifundo zesimanje ze-neuroanatomical, bonke abamele uChelicerata bane-deutero-cerebrum ehlukile, ngokungafani nemibono yakudala mayelana nokuncishiswa kwayo. Le ngxenye yobuchopho ifaka phakathi izimbambo zokuqala - izitho zomzimba eziphathwayo kuma-pycnogonids kanye noshizi ku-chelicerae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisiko ukwenza ngokwezifiso izinyawo zesicabucabu sasolwandle kanye nama-arachnids. Kuleli phuzu lokubuka, izicabucabu zasolwandle zihambelana ne-chelicerae, futhi iziguli zamalulwane ziyahambelana nezinyawo. Isibalo semilenze yokuhamba emaqenjini womabili ayisishiyagalombili. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi badlula ezinkingeni ezimbalwa ezisobala. Imilenze ebunjiwe njengeqanda lezicabucabu zolwandle ayinazo izigcawu zasemakhaya kuma-arachnids. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi ezinhlotsheni zezicabucabu zolwandle kukhona amafomu ezinhlanu (I-Pentanymphon sp.) futhi ngisho nesithupha (I-Dodecalopoda sp.) ngazimbili zemilenze yokuhamba, engahambelani nalomqondo nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi zingaki izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe ezihlukaniswe ngabodwa, noma ngabe zinokunye okuhlanganisiwe. Ngokusobala, isisekelo se-morphological sokwabiwa kabusha kwezicabucabu zolwandle nge-chelicerae sidinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe nokucwilisa. Isimo samanje sale hypothesis sishintshe ngandlela thile. Iqembu leChelicerata lifaka ama-subgroups amabili azimele - i-Euchelicerata (Merostomata neChelicerata s.s.) nePantopoda uqobo. Isisekelo salokhu ukufana kwe-tagmosis - ukuba khona kwama-prosomas nama-opistosomes emzimbeni, kanye nokungabikho kwezimpondo.
Ngaphezu kobufakazi be-morphological, kwatholakala imininingwane yamangqamuzana ekhombisa ubuhlobo bezicabucabu zolwandle ne-chelicerae. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo ezilondoloziwe zezici ze-elongation EF-1a, EF-2, polymerase II, 18S kanye ne-28S rRNA, i-18S ne-D3 yesifunda se-28S rDNA, ama-histones H3 kanye ne-U2 snRNAs, izicabucabu zolwandle ziyiqembu lodadewethu.

• Izicabucabu zolwandle njengeqembu elihlobene nama-crustaceans (Crustacea).

Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis yesibili, izicabucabu zasolwandle zingeqembu leCrustacea.Lokhu kucabanga kwavela futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Omunye wabahlaseli bokuqala kwalokhu kwakunguSavigny, owathi izicabucabu zasolwandle zenziwa ama-crustaceans, aphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izigcawu zasolwandle ziyasizakala esihlokweni sabakhubazekile. Ngemuva kwalokho, izicabucabu zasolwandle zahlukaniswa ngomunye umcwaningi - u-Edward - waba ngumndeni ohlukile wama crustaceans - u-Araneiformes. Obunye ubufakazi obuphambili balesi hypothesis ukufana kwangaphandle phakathi kwesibungu se-pycnogonids (protonymphon) ne-crustacean nauplius. Abasekeli balombono bathi uCrustacea nePantopoda bayinzalo evela kukhokho ojwayelekile onamaqhubu ezinemilenze eyisithupha. Ngemuva kwalokho, leli khokho laveza amagatsha amabili - ama-crustaceans anamuhla nezicabucabu zolwandle. Lezi zangaphambili zazibonakaliswa yizibungu eziphila ngokukhululeka ezihlala kukholamu yamanzi (nauplius), kanti eyokugcina ngesibungu esinamathiselwe esidluliselwe ekuhlwayelweni ku-hydroids (protonymphon). Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iziphetho ze-nauplius ne-protocolphon azinambulelo komunye nomunye. Kowokuqala, izimbotshana zokuqala zemilenze zimelelwa ngama-antennas angama-single-branching, owesibili nowesithathu - ngemilenze yokubhukuda (i-antennas yesibili nama-mandibles). Ku-protonymphon, izimbambo zokuqala zezimbambo zimelelwa ngabashayeli bezindiza, abagcinwe kumuntu omdala, kanti ngababili abasele bamelelwe yimilenze eyi-larval, eyehliselwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka. Ngakho-ke, le hypothesis inenani lomlando kuphela njengesigaba esithile ekwakhiweni kwemibono ngobuhlobo bezicabucabu zolwandle kwelinye lamaqembu e-arthropod.

• Izicabucabu zolwandle njengeqembu elihlobene nemikhaza (Acari).

Eqinisweni, le hypothesis iyisibonelo esithile sokuqala, noma kunjalo, yize lokhu, kufanelekile ukuletha ekucabangeni okuhlukile. Njengobufakazi obuphambili, kusetshenziswa izakhi ezifanayo zalesi sibalo esinemilenze eyisithupha yama-tick kanye ne-protonymphon, kanye nokufana kwe-tagmosis - ukuba khona kwe-millet ne-opistosome. Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi bokuqala noma besibili obungeke banele ukwamukela lo mqondo. Imikhaza ikhetheke kakhulu, i-chelicera ephansi kakhulu. Futhi ngezicabucabu zasolwandle zingahlanganiswa kuphela yindlela yokuphila eyisidlakudla, okuyisimo sokukhombisa ukungabonakali kanye nengxenye yemikhaza. Ngaphandle kwalokho, la maqembu awunazo izinhlamvu ezivamile ze-apomorphic ezingawasondeza ndawonye.

• Izicabucabu zolwandle njengeqembu elizimele lama-arthropods.

Leli yindawo okwamanje elinokubukwa okuningi ngalolu daba. Eboniswe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nguZrzavy (1998). Ngokusekelwe kwizici zokuziphatha kanye nokuma kwamangqamuzana, umbhali ukhomba iqembu elihlukile lePantopoda esigabeni sesigaba esizimele, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze impikiswano phakathi kwabaxhasi bobuhlobo beChelicerata noPycnogonida nabalobi balesi hypothesis. Futhi manje, ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-10, impendulo yokugcina yombuzo ayitholakalanga.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Kunezinhlobo ezi-6 zezinsalela zezilwane ezaziwa ngokuthi izigcawu zasolwandle:

• I-Cambropycnogonon klausmulleri Waloszek, Dunlop, 2002 kusuka ekubambeni kwaseLate Cambrian kwaseSweden,
• I-Haliestes dasos Siveter et al., 2004 kusuka kwidiphozi yaseSilurian eBritish Isles,
• I-Palaeisopus problematicus Broili, ngo-1928 kusuka ezincwadini zokuqala zaseJalimane zeDevonia,
• I-Palaeopantopus maucheri Broili, ngo-1929 kusuka ekuthomeni kokuqala kwediphozi yaseJalimane,
• I-Palaeothea devonica Bergstrom et al., 1980 kusukela ekubekweni kwaseDephoni kwaseDenion kwasekuqaleni,
• I-Flagellopantopus blocki Poschmann, Dunlop, 2006 kusukela ezincwadini zokuqala zaseGermany zeDermoni.

Ababhali banamuhla (Dunlop & Arango, 2005) babeka iPycnogonida noma ngaphandle kwe-Arachnomorpha (Chelicerae + Trilobites) njengesiqu se-basal ye-Euarthropoda noma njengengxenye yeChelicerata. Leli qembu elincane alisafundwa kahle, futhi ukwahlukaniswa kwalo akukakhiwa. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-1300 nezinhlobo ezingama-68 zofuzo ziyaziwa, ezihlangene emikhayeni eminingana:

Ingabe bayingozi?

Izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinemilenze emincane nemizimba emincane nemilenze emide, ekuqaleni nje, kungabonakala kusabisa kakhulu. Eqinisweni, alinangozi futhi lizolile. IFreen ayinazo izindlala ezinobuthi. Okubi kakhulu okungenzeka ukuthi uzokuphina ngepippa yakhe, kodwa hhayi kakhulu.

Lesi spider asifaki amakhandlela, asikwazi ukubulala isisulu saso ngosizo lobuthi. Ekuzingeleni, usebenzisa imilenze yakhe, efana nemikhaza ngama-spikes, ukuze, ebamba inyamazane yazo, adle kancane. Uma isicabucabu sisha, ukukhipha lezi spikes kungaba buhlungu ngandlela thile.

Amakhosi omhlaba

Kuthiwa isazi semvelo esidumile saseNgilandi uJohn Haldane (John Burdon Sanderson Haldane) wake wavela enkampanini yezazi zemfundiso yenkolo, futhi bambuza lo mbuzo: Ngabe yiziphi izici zoMdali ezembulwa lapho kufundwa ngesimo sendalo? UHaldane, owaziwa ngokubuka kwakhe ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, wabubula: "Umdlandla omkhulu wezinambuzane» (“Ukuthanda ngokweqile amabhungane", Kuqhathwe ngokuthi: G. E. Hutchinson, 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia noma kungani kunezilwane eziningi kangaka?). Le mpendulo yamahlaya, nokho, yayigxile emaqinisweni okuphilayo. Kuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi amabhungane, noma amabhungane, angukukhanya okuningi embusweni wezilwane. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, siqhathanisa amabhungane nezilwane ezincelisayo, kuvela ukuthi inani lezinhlobo zamabhungane elaziwa njengamanje lidlula inani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ngezikhathi ezingama-72. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthi iqiniso ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo aziyona into ehlukanisayo, kepha isigaba, okungukuthi, iqembu elisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.

Lokho obekushiwo ngezimbungulu kunganwetshwa ezihlotsheni zazo ezivele ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kusuka eduzane kuya kude. Amabhungane izinambuzane, zona, ezinohlobo lwe-arthropod. Izinhlobonhlobo zalolu hlobo zinhle impela. Ngokwezibalo zesimanje, ngaphezu kwama-80% azo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezinama-multicellular ama-arthropods. Elinye igatsha eliphumelela kangaka lokuziphendukela kwemvelo alikho ngokwemvelo. Incwadi enhle ebhalwe ngu-Edward Wilson (u-Edward Osborne Wilson), ingxenye ebalulekile esitshela ngokuvela kwezinhlelo zezenhlalo kuma-arthropods, ngaphandle kwesizathu esibizwa nge- "The Masters of the Earth."

Akumangazi ukuthi ukuvela kwama-arthropods kuyathakazelisa kubacwaningi abaningi. Lolu daba lwenziwa ukuthi umlando wezinsalela ze-arthropods ucebile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukufunda" kwakhe kungumsebenzi owabonga kakhulu. Ngokomgomo wokuqagela iqiniso, okukhona kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda okwedlule. Ikakhulu, noma iziphi iziphetho maqondana nezilwane zasemfucumfucu ekugcineni kufanele zisuselwe kwidatha yezilwane zanamuhla - ngaphandle kwalokho umcwaningi ubengenalutho nje angancika kulo. Endabeni yama-arthropods, lesi simiso sisebenza kahle, ngoba ososayensi banenamba enkulu yazo zombili izinhlobo zanamuhla nezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo, ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye sahlela ngokwengeziwe noma ngaphansi kohlelo olulodwa. Lesi yisimo esifanele i-paleontologist, futhi kungokwemvelo ukuthi abacwaningi bama-arthropods bayisebenzise ngokugcwele (bheka, isibonelo: Paleoentomology eRussia).

I-Arthropods iyiqembu lezinto eziphilayo ezilungele kakhulu ukuhlola zonke izinhlobo zama-hypotheses maqondana nenkambo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, ingabe iningi lamaqembu amakhulu anamuhla ezilwane avela ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kweCambrian, noma ukuvela kwawo ngokuzumayo ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeCambrian kuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwamathambo aqinile, kanti "izimpande" zokuziphendukela kweqiniso zijule kakhulu? Imizamo yokuthola lokhu ngokusekelwe ezintweni ze-arthropod sezenziwe (bheka i-Arthropods iqinisekisa ubuqiniso bokuqhuma kweCambrian, i-Elements, 11/17 / 2013). Kepha ukuvela kwama-arthropods, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni, kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi uqobo - njengendaba amaqhawe akhe amaningi aphilayo izinto ezingajwayelekile ngokuphelele kusukela esimweni sethu sanamuhla sokubuka. I-paleontology yekhulu lama-21 ikwazile ukuthola okuningi kule ndawo. Kodwa-ke, kusenezinkinga ezanele ezingalungiswa lapha, njengoba kwenzeka njalo.

I-Antennae, ama-mandibles no-chelicerae

Ngokusho kwedatha yanamuhla, uhlobo lwe-arthropod lunamagatsha amabili amakhulu okuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Elinye igatsha yiChelicerata, okubandakanya ama-arachnids, imvelo yamahhashi nezicabucabu zolwandle. Azinayo i-antennae, kepha zinama-chelicerae - izithasiselo ezisondelene nomlomo eziphelisa ngozipho, izingwegwe noma ama-stilettos. Iningi le-chelicerae, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esikhulu, lingabahlaseli, ngoba izinto zabo zomlomo azifanele ezinye izindlela zokondla.

Igatsha lesibili le-arthropods libizwa ngokuthi yi-mandible (Mandibulata). Okokusebenza kwabo ngemilomo kufaka imihlathi - kufaka phakathi ama-mandibles, abizwa nangokuthi ama-mandibles - okungeyona into edlula nje imilenze yokuhamba eshintshiwe. Lokhu kugoqeka kuhluke ngokwempela ku-chelicera, engahlangene nemilenze. Okokusebenza okuphathelene nomlomo okuphathelene nomzimba, okufakwe isethi yemihlathi, kuvumela umuntu ukuthi akwazi kahle izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokudla okunempilo, esikubona ngesibonelo samalungu aleli qembu - imilozi, izidleke, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-tendrils angamathenda wesimilo, noma ama-antennas, - isibhangqa esisodwa noma ezimbili.Njengoba sekushiwo, i-antennae ye-cheliceric ayenzi.

Ngokokukhuluma ngokuqinile, uhlobo oluqukethe ama-ruminant nama-cheliceraid abizwa nge-Euarthropoda (euartropoda, "arthropods real"). Leli gama, elinembe kakhulu kunokuthi “ama-arthropods,” lahlongozwa ngo-1904 isazi esidumile sezilwane saseNgilandi uRay Edwin Ray Lankester. Phakathi kwezimpawu zama-euartropods ukwahlukaniswa okucacile komzimba kube yiminyango (amathegi) kanye nokuba khona kwezitho ezihlanganisiwe, ngaphakathi lapho kukhona khona amalunga.

Izilwane ezingenazo futhi ezingakaze zibe nemilenze ehlanganisiwe akuzona ezama-euartropods, noma ngabe ngezinye izimpawu eziningi zisondele kuzo. Kunamaqembu amabili ezilwane ezinje: ama-onychophores - izidalwa zomhlaba, kwesinye isikhathi abizwa nge- "velvet worms" (velvet worms), kanye nama-tardigrade, abahlali bamanzi amancane (bheka, isibonelo: Ukufinyezwa komzimba we-tardigrades kuhlotshaniswa nokulahleka kwezakhi zofuzo zeHox, "Elements", 03/04/2016). Womabili ama-onychophore kanye nama-tardigrade anomzimba ohlukanisiwe ocishe ufane ne-arthropods, kepha izitho azilingani. Ngakho-ke, azihambelani nokuxilongwa kwe-Euarthropoda, kanye nencazelo engokoqobo yegama elithi "arthropods".

Noma kunjalo, ama-onychophores nama-tardigrade, yiqiniso, izihlobo eziseduze zama-euartropods. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-euartropods, ama-onychopho kanye nama-tardigrade ahlanganiswa ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni kwi-supratype yePanarthropoda (ngokoqobo "wonke ama-arthropods"). I-Panarthropods iyigatsha elikhulu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuthi nalo lifakwe eqenjini lezilwane ezincibilikayo (i-Ecdysozoa, bheka, isibonelo: ama-paleontologists aseChinese athole isibungu sakudala se-cephalopod, i-Elements, 06/04/2014). Lesi yisikhundla sama-arthropods ohlelweni lomhlaba wezilwane.

"I-stem euartropoda"

Kuze kube manje, sikhuluma ngama-arthropods nezihlobo zawo, sikhulume ngamaqembu wanamuhla kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda okugcwele kwezenzisakuzivela ezakha uhlobo oluningi kakhulu lombuso wezilwane, kubalulekile nje ukuthi unake irekhodi lokugcina komhlaba, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, izingoma zonyaka weCambrian, lapho cishe wonke amagatsha amakhulu okuvela kwezilwane enziwa. ECambria, izidalwa eziphilayo ezitholakalayo zitholakala ezingafani ngokuphelele nezihlobo zazo zanamuhla (eziningi zazo azinakubalwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesimanje - okungenani ngaphandle kokucaca okusobala). Ubunzima ukuthi izidalwa "ezinomzimba othambile" ezingenazithambo zamaminerali noma amagobolondo azivamile esikhathini sazo, futhi lokhu, yeha, kuyasebenza naku-arthropods. Ukuze bangcwatshwe, kudalwa amadwala ahamba ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kwezimo zomoya-mpilo (lapho kunomoya-mpilo omningi, izilwane ezihlikihla zingena emhlabathini, ezephula ngokushesha ukwakheka kwalolo lwandle, bheka u-A. Yu. Zhuravlev, 2014. Umlando wakuqala weMetazoa - ukubukwa kwe-paleontologist ) IBurgess Shale, isihlanti saseCanada lapho sekwenziwe khona ukumbiwa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, idume kakhulu njengomthombo wezimbiwa zaseCambrian ezifakwe eLagerstätt. I-Burgess shale fauna idume kakhulu kangangokuba izindawo ezinalolu hlobo lokulondolozwa zikhonjiswa ezincwadini zesayensi yisihloko se-BST - iBurgess Shale-hlobo, "Uhlobo lwe-Burgess shale". I-Paleontology namuhla yathuthuka ngokushesha, futhi izindawo eziningi ze-BST ziyaziwa, futhi kwezinye zazo izinga lokulondolozwa limangalisa ngokumangazayo. Lokhu kuvumele ukufundwa okuhle kwezihlobo zakudala ze-arthropods futhi, njengoba besho, zisikhanyisela ngemvelaphi yazo. Kuliqiniso, isithombe esivulekileko asinakubizwa ngokuthi silula. Kepha okuthakazelisa ngokwengeziwe.

Bheka isihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokusho kwedatha yamangqamuzana, okuthi kulokhu kuvumelana kahle nedatha ye-paleontological, izihlobo ze-euartropod ezisondele kakhulu ezisindile kuze kube namuhla zingama-onychophores. Erekhodini lezinsalela, ama-onychophores - noma, noma kunjalo, amafomu asondele kuzo - nawo akhona. Kuliqiniso, ngesikhathi seCambrian besingakabi ngumhlaba, kepha kwasolwandle (bheka. I-Aysheaia) Lezi yizidalwa ezinjengezinambuzane ezihamba ngaphansi ezansi emilenzeni eminingi emifushane ephetha ngozipho.Kungenzeka ukuthi okhokho abajwayelekile bama-euartropods nama-onychophores ayefana nabo.

U-fig. 2. Isihlahla semvelo esenziwe lula se-arthropods nezihlobo zabo. ITardigrades, isikhundla sayo esisaphikisanayo futhi noma ngasiphi isimo simele igatsha le-lateral elikhethekile, alifakiwe lapha. Umcibisholo we-Orange likhomba abamele "stem euartropods." Ubona ukuphuma kwesibhakela emzimbeni, amehlo anobuhlakani kanye nokuqina okuningana okunomlomo (ngalezi zimpawu, bheka ngezansi kulombhalo)

Kodwa-ke, ama-onychophores awekho neze qondisa okhokho be-euartropod (noma ngabe yikuphi, i-euartropod ngomqondo oqinile nongokwesiko walelo gama). Yilapho kuqala khona injabulo. Esihlahleni sangempela sokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwegatsha le-onychophore negatsha le-euartropod, kukhona iqoqo lonke lamagatsha aqothulwe ngokuphelele, amalungu alo aqukethe izinhlamvu ze- “euartropod” ezihlukile, kodwa kuze kube manje akakazitholi izikhala zawo ezigcwele, njengoba sibona kwisicabucabu, i-centipede noma indiza. Lawa magatsha angabizwa ngokuthi awokuguquguquka, kepha kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi endaweni okuyo kanye nesikhathi sayo, isilwane ngasinye esihlobene naso sasiwumzimba ophelele, silotshwe ngokuphelele ku-niche ethile yezemvelo (ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kungene irekhodi lokugcina). Yize, kunjalo, ngokombono wethu wanamuhla, amalungu amaningi ala magatsha "wesikhashana" abukeka emangalisa kakhulu.

Isikhundla se "stem euartropods" emthini wokuziphendukela kwemvelo sikhonjisiwe kuPhi. 2. Uma isikhashana sishiya eceleni amagama aqine, singasho ukuthi "stem euartropods" izinga lokuziphendukela kwemvelo elihlanganisa ingxenye yesihlahla ngaphezulu kwe-onychophore nangaphansi kwe-euartropod ngomqondo omncane. Kwenzekani kuleli zinga lokuvela kwemvelo?

Futhi izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo zenzeka lapho. "I-stem euartropods" ingathinta umcabango wanoma ngubani - ukubukeka kwabo kuyinto engajwayelekile futhi ehlukahlukene (bheka Amakhiwane 1 no-3). Isiqu sazo esakhiwe nge-arched sasivame ukuhlotshiswa ngemigqa yama-gill, like-wing noma blade-like angasebenza njengohlobo lwamaphiko. Kuvele izihlangu zekhanda lamaChinin, okwathi kwamanye amaqembu zaba imbangi. Imilenze yokuhamba yayihlukahluka kulo lonke uhla ukusuka ku-“papillae” wakudala (noma ukungabikho kwabo) kuya emilenzeni emide eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuvezwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kufana, njengama-crustaceans. Ukutholwa okusondelene nomlomo kuhlukile ngezinhlobonhlobo zawo ezimangazayo: kucashunwe noma kungacaciswanga, kuyinqaba noma kunamandla kakhulu, kufushane noma kukade, kubamba noma ukuhlunga, kwesinye isikhathi kube yi-branching, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube nezinsimbi, izingwegwe, izihlakaji, noma amatende. Ekugcineni, ezinhlotsheni eziningi kwaqhamuka amehlo amakhulu ayinkimbinkimbi, acishe afane nezinambuzane zesimanje, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ahlala ezihlahleni. Futhi zonke lezi zibonakaliso zingene ekuhlanganiseni okuningi phakathi kwazo, zivame ukungalindeleki kubadwebi bezokwelapha besimanje.

U-fig. 3. Ama-Panarthropods asuka emabeleni amaBurgess. FUTHI - eduze kwama-onychophores anamuhla I-Aysheaia. B — I-Opabinia, umnikazi wezimali ezinhle kakhulu, amehlo anesiqu nesiqu esihlanganisiwe, kulokhu kugoqwe ngaphansi komzimba. C — UHurdia, okuvela kulo kuphela lapho kwatholakala khona imishini yomlomo ngesithombe esimile samazinyo e-chitinous (ku-arthropods yangempela, akukho lutho olunjengalesi olwenzeka). D — I-Anomalocaris. Izengezo ezinde ezenziwe ngomlomo eziseduze zibonakala kahle. E - okukodwa I-Anomalocaris. Imicibisholo emhlophe khomba izicubu zesigaba mnyama - ekuphumeni kweglandular yesisu. F — Leanchoilia. Izithasiselo ze-Okolorotovye zinde futhi zihlwanyelwe, la magatsha asebenza njenge-probes. G — I-Perspicaris, umnikazi wesihlangu sekhanda le-bivalve. H,Mina,J — Helmetia, Sidneyia futhi Emeraldella. Ubude bezingxenye ezilinganayo: 5 mm kuya phambili A10 mm ngamunye B–F futhi H–J no-3 mm kuqhubeke G. Umfanekiso ovela esihlokweni esidingidwa ku I-PNAS

Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eye yamukela “ama-stem euartropods” ichazwa kahle igama elithi “arthropodization” elethwe ngu-Alexander Georgiaievich Ponomarenko (A.G. Ponomarenko, 2004. I-Arthropodization nemiphumela yayo yemvelo). Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimpawu zama-arthropods zavela ngasikhathi sinye emagatsheni amaningi (ahlobene nawo) wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, athobela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifa elivamile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izidingo ezijwayelekile zezemvelo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuzivumelanisa okufanayo kwakuvame ukufezeka emigqeni ehlukene yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okokuqala, ngokulandelana okuhlukile, futhi okwesibili, ngezindlela ezihlukile ezihlukile. Lokhu yikho okwenza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhambisana kancane kancane nokwenzeka emqondweni kohlobo olusha ngokushesha "ehlome ngokuphelele" - njengo-Athena, ophume ehlome ngokuphelele ekhanda likaZeus.

Isibonelo, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi okungenani emagatsheni amabili ahlukile "we-stem euartropods" izinto ezihlanganisiwe eziqonde eduze komlomo, zisebenza ngokufana, empeleni zingezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zekhanda - okusho ukuthi zikhule ngokuzimela futhi azikwazi ukuzwana (1). DA Legg, J. Vannier, 2013. Okuhlobene ne-arthropod yemvelo Issoxys kanye nemithelela yazo ngemvelaphi yama-arthropods). Lokhu kunengqondo kakhulu: yile ndlela inqubo yokubhula kwamalungu omzimba okufanele ibukeke ngayo, uma siqala kusuka emibonweni yemibono, eqinisekiswe yidatha kwamanye amaqembu ezinto ezivele ngokuvela okufanayo (isibonelo esiyisibonelo seqembu elinjalo njengesilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinamadlozi).

"Umqhele we-euartropoda"

Ukuqedela lesi sithombe, kufanele kufakwe ukuthi ama-euartropods asezingeni elidala elithi "Ray-Lancaster" azwakala kakhulu noma ngaphansi ahambelana nomqondo wesimanje we- “group of euartropods”, noma umane “euartropods” (umqhele-Euarthropoda). Kwezentengiselwano zanamuhla, iqembu lomqhele liyingxenye yesihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esigoqana nokhokho abajwayelekile bonke abasindayo kuze kube namuhla amalungu aleli qembu, kanye nayo yonke inzalo yalo (akunandaba ukuthi bayaphila noma bayashabalala, bheka Amakhokho amadala ama-annelids angabukeka njenge-brachiopod, "Elements", 02/26/2016). Futhi iqembu lesiqu liyingxenye yesihlahla esinamagatsha awo angafinyeleli okwamanje (bheka umdwebo 2).

Kuneqembu elilodwa lama-arthropods esingakaze sisho ngaphambili. Kuyinto trilobite-like (Trilobitomorpha). Ama-Trilobites ayizilwane ezaziwa kakhulu ze-Paleozoic ezivame ngokufana ngokubukeka kwezintwala zokhuni, kepha zinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kokubukeka nendlela yokuphila (bheka uR. Forti, 2014. Trilobites. Jehovah of Trolution. Zine ukwahlukaniswa okucacile komzimba kube amathegi, kanye nezimpondo zangempela nemilenze ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisiwe. Zonke lezi yizimpawu ze-euartropod. Izazi zesimanje zezinto eziphilayo zivame ukuthi zithi ama-trilobites yiqembu le-euartropods yomqhele, yize ephela ngokuphelele. Kuliqiniso, akucaci ukuthi basondele kubani phakathi kweqembu lomqhele - kwi-chelicera noma kwabanamatheleyo. Izindlela zamangqamuzana ezingase zixazulule le nkinga ngokungenanjongo azisebenzi kuleli cala: phela, ama-trilobites okugcina anyamalala esikhathini se-Permian, futhi akukho DNA eyasala kubo.

Ama-arthropods okuqala

Manje sesifunde ngokwanele ukwazisa isibuyekezo esijabulise kakhulu esishicilelwe entwasahlobo yonyaka we-2018 yiqembu labancane abanezinsizwa kodwa owaziwayo (owabhali oyedwa odabuka eCanada, abanye abathathu abavela eBrithani). Bonke bengochwepheshe kuma-arthropods ezinsalela, izihlobo zabo nemvelaphi yabo. Umbuzo omkhulu abathakazelisa ababhali ukuthi: yini i-euartropods (yomibili "umqhele" ne "stem") engasitshela yona uma sibabheka njengofakazi bokuqhuma kweCambrian?

Ukuze siqonde umongo wendaba, sidinga izinombolo ezimbalwa. Ngokusho kokuthandana kwakamuva kakhulu, isikhathi seCambrian saqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-541 edlule. Izinsalela ze-arthropods zingaveli ngokushesha ezinkulisa zaseCambrian. Ama-euartropods okuqala 'eqoqo lomqhele' atholakala ezweni lamathambo angamacala amathathu, izinsalela zokuqala zazo ezineminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-521 ubudala.Ngaphezu kwalokho, zitholakala cishe ngasikhathi sinye ngamaphoyinti amaningi eMhlabeni: ukuvela kancane, ama-trilobites asheshe athola ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba (ngokusobala, hhayi okungenani ngoba ayenezibungu ze-planktonic emjikelezweni wawo wokuphila ongathwalwa kalula yimisinga yolwandle). Ngokuqondene ne "stem euartropods," ummeleli wabo wakudala uyisidalwa seqembu elingalolekisi, lapho kutholakala khona isengezo esiseduze nomlomo (i-AC Daley, DA Legg, 2015 ) Iminyaka yalokhu etholakele kuze kube manje inqunywa kuphela iminyaka eyi-519-520 yezigidi. Kamuva nje, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-518 edlule, le ndawo okuthiwa i-Chengjian biota ingena endaweni yesehlakalo, lapho kuvela khona “ama-stem euartropods” kubo bonke ubuhle bawo. Futhi ekugcineni, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-514 edlule, izinsalela ezincane zama-crustaceans okuqala avela ezinkulukazi. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisigidi ezimbalwa, kunama-crustaceans amaningi - i-fauna isondela yesimanje, ukuqhuma kweCambrian ngemuva.

Ngabe zonke lezi zinsuku zisinikeza ini? Okokuqala, kukhona iqiniso eliyindida: "ama-stem euartropods" avela embhalweni wezinto zamandulo ngokuhamba kwesikhathikune "mqhele". Ngamafuphi, amadlozi avela ezincwadini zamuva ngemuva kwezizukulwane (yize kungenzeki kakhulu kamuva). Kusho ukuthini? Akekho, ofisa ukungabaza ukuthi "umqhele we-euartropods" uvela komunye we "stem". Kodwa okungaqiniseki iqiniso lokuthi okwesikhashana la maqembu abekhona ndawonye. Okunokwenzeka kakhulu, iqiniso ukuthi "ama-stem euartropods", ngokweqiniso, amelelwa kakhulu kwi-Annals: ama-cuticle awo aqine kakhulu kunawama-trilobites nama-crustaceans, futhi ngenxa yalokho imizimba yawo (noma izingxenye zomzimba) mancane amathuba okuthi ihlale ngaphansi kokwehla. Lapha kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi i-onychophore, engeyona ize ebizwa ngokuthi "izibungu ze-velvet", i-cuticle isathambile, i-velvety, elula - ayifani nhlobo ne-crustaceans noma izinambuzane.

Kukhona nokho, okunye okungenzeka. Kuthiwani uma ama-trilobites engekho "umqhele we-euartropods", kepha elinye lamaqembu "wesiqu" afinyelele ezingeni lokuziphendukela "euartropod" ngokuzimela ngokuphelele? Lokhu kungenzeka, kepha kudinga ubufakazi obungathi sína, obungakatholakali.

Njengoba ubona, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili zokuqala zeCambrian, azange zitholakale “stem” noma “euartropods” (kunoma yikuphi, okwamanje, ungakhohlwa ukuthi i-paleontology iyaqhubeka ukukhula ngokushesha futhi ukutholakala okusha kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi). Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi bavela ezingxoxweni ngokuzumayo? Cha. Njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka ezimeni ezinjalo, ukutholwa kwezidumbu (noma izicwicwicwe zomzimba) kwandulelwa ukutholwa kokutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa zishiywe yizinto ezifanayo. Lesi futhi isifundo okufanelekile ukusifundelwa. Kukhona isayensi yonke yezinyawo zezinyawo - ubuchwepheshe be-paleo-technology. Ngakho-ke, ekubekeni kokuqala kweCambrian kunamathrekhi amaningi wezinsalela, amanye awo, ngokusobala, angawokunye "ama-stem euartropods", kanti amanye angawokunye "komqhele". Emidala kakhulu kubo ineminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-537.

Hhawu, yini eyayikade yenzeka? Ingxenye yonke yomlando woMhlaba, eyandulela ukuqala kwenkathi yaseCambrian, ibizwa nge-Precambrian. Ngokuqondile neCambrian kusuka ngezansi - ohlangothini lwezikhathi zasendulo - isikhathi se-Ediacar, esingokwesikhathi se-Proterozoic, imingcele. Imvelo yasendle ye-Ediacaria ihlukile. Ihluke kakhulu kusuka ezilwaneni zasendle zaseCambria. Imisuka yama-arthropods - "isiqu," "umqhele", noma ngabe kuyini - ku-ediacium, ngokusho kwabanye ababhali, "akekho ngokufana" (MG Mangano, LA Buatois, 2014. Ukuncipha kokuhlukaniswa kwecebo lomzimba kanye nokwakheka kwemvelo ngesikhathi the Ediacaran - Ushintsho olwenzeka eCambrian: Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokudla kokuphilayo). Kodwa-ke, lokhu akumangazi kangako, kususelwa ekuqondisweni okungenzeka ukuthi ama-arthropods awazange abekhona ngaleso sikhathi.

Izimo ezidingekayo

Ukuphila lesi sidalwa, kuyadingeka ukumhlinzeka ngethrafikhi enezindonga eziphakeme okungenani ezingama-25 cm kanye nevolumu yamalitha okungenani angama-40 (kumuntu oyedwa). Uma izindonga ziphansi, khona-ke ezinye izinhlobo zingazihlula kalula. I-terrarium kufanele ibe nesembozo kanye nezimbobo zokuphuma komoya lapho umoya uzongena kuwo.

Njengoba i-phryn ithanda ukucasha phakathi nosuku, ukugcotshwa kukakhukhunathi noma amaqabunga omile, ama-peat moss kufanele abekwe phansi kwendlu yokuhlala, futhi amatshe, izingodo, amagatsha kufanele afakwe kuzo. Isendlalelo kufanele sibe yinye egcina umswakama ngokuphelele.

Kubalulekile!I-terrarium idinga ukufakwa endaweni enomthunzi. Imisebe yelanga, noma ingamanani amancane, iyabulala.

I-Microclimate ese-terrarium kufanele isekelwe kuzinkomba ezinjalo:

• izinga lokushisa lomoya - 23-25-25 С,
• umswakama ungama-75-80%.

Kungcono ukuhlomisa ikhaya le-arachnid nge-thermometer ne-hygrometer ukulawula lezi zinkomba. Ngokuncipha kwezinga lomswakama, kuyadingeka ukufafaza i-substrate ebekwe phansi ngesibhamu sokufafaza.

Ukukhanyisa, ungasebenzisa isibani senyanga. UFreen angahlala e-terrarium eyedwa, nabesilisa noma abesilisa nabesifazane, noma eqenjini le-1 lowesilisa nowesifazane abathathu.

Akunconyelwe ukufaka abesilisa abangu-2 endaweni eyodwa - lokhu kungaholela ekuqineni nasekulweleni ubuholi.

Ungabona ukuthi ngubani ophambi kwakho - owesimame noma owesilisa, ngosayizi womzimba we-arachnid. Imvamisa, abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi banezici ezibanzi emathendeni.

Emadodeni, ubude bezinyawo eziya “ezinqeni” buyefana nobude bokugoba kwamabili okuqala emilenzeni yokuhamba (kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu). Kwabesifazane, ubude bezinyawo eziya “ezinqeni” bufushane kunebanga ukusuka ekuqaleni kuya ekugoqweni kwemilenze esetshenziselwa ukunyakaza.

Umsoco

Ngaphambi kokuthola le-arachnid, kufanele ucabangele ukuthi ungayithenga kuphi noma ukuyitholela kuphi.

Ekhaya, for frin, maphela, izintethe, amakhethini, izimvemvane, izimpethu ze-wax kuzoba okumnandi okuhle kakhulu. Ukudla kungafakwa emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba noma kudliwe ngama-tweezers. Inani elanele lokuphakelayo - izikhathi ezi-2 ezinsukwini eziyi-7.

Isimfanelo esiyisisekelo ku-terrarium yisitsha sokuphuza. Amanzi azodingeka ukuthi aguqulwe nsuku zonke nanjengethangi likhipha amandla.

Kubalulekile!Ngemuva kokuncibilika, okwenzeka izikhathi ezi-5-6 empilweni ye-arachnid, udinga ukulinda okungenani izinsuku ezi-3 ngaphambi kokumnika ukudla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-frina kuzoba nzima ukuyibamba futhi idabule ngezimpawu ezibuthakathaka.

Ngakho-ke, ama-frins angama-arachnids anezinyawo ezinemilenze yomdabu ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezilungele ukugcinwa njengesilwane sasekhaya esingajwayelekile. Ukuzigcina ziphephile futhi zilula.

Into esemqoka ukudala izimo ezidingekayo nokunikeza ukudla okudingekayo. Uma uzizwa ukhululekile, uzokwazi ukuhlala eduze kwakho iminyaka engaba ngu-12.

Izicabucabu zeBarefoot zefrina (lat.Amblypygi)

Izicabucabu ze-phryne ezinemilenze emide (lat.Amblypygi), ezihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezishisayo nezinomswakama womhlaba, zakha ezazo, indawo ehlukile, igama lazo elihunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini ngokuthi "ukuba nembongolo eyisimungulu."

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• Bathola igama elingathandeki kangako ngenxa yokungabikho ngokuphelele “komsila,” nokho, lokhu kuntuleka kwama-fins kunxephezelwe ngokuphelele yimilenze emibili emihle ukuthi noma yimuphi umzingeli ovela esigabeni sase-Arachnid angaba nomona.
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Emilenzeni eyisishiyagalombili, ngazimbili izitho zomlenze wasemuva kusetshenziswa amafrasi enhloso yawo - ukuhamba, kanti umphambili ungamaphisi amade lapho ezwa khona umhlaba ngaphansi kwezinyawo zawo futhi ufuna izinambuzane. Ubude bezintuthwane ezinjalo bungaba kaningana ubude besicabucabu uqobo.

1. 
2. Ama-frins ahola indlela yokuphila yobumfihlo eyimfihlo, futhi ngesikhathi sasemini afihla ngaphansi kwamagxolo awela ezihlahla, amaqabunga amanzi noma ngaphansi kwamatshe, kwesinye isikhathi emigedeni.
3. 
4. Uhla lobukhulu bawo bukhulu impela - kusuka kumincane, cishe icishe ingabonakali, izicabucabu zingabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha amahlanu, ziye ezilo ezinkulu lapho kunesikhala somlenze esingamasentimitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya kwamashumi ayisithupha.
5. 

Naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okwesabekayo, ama-frins aphephile ngokuphelele kubantu. Imilenze yabo emide eqinile ne-pedipalps enamandla enjenge-tick, elungele ukuklebhula isisulu esingavikelekile emizuzwaneni embalwa, kwesinye isikhathi idukiswa izakhamizi zakule ndawo ezibheka ukuthi amaFrines angabadli begazi.

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• Eqinisweni, lezi spider zibeka engcupheni yangempela izinambuzane ezinjengamasimu, amabhu, amakhethini kanye notshani.
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• Ngaphambi kokuba udle, inyamazane ebunjiwe yeFrynian iqoqwe ngokucophelela inqwaba futhi iyisondeze eduze nomlomo wakho ngangokunokwenzeka ngemilenze efanayo engaphambili yangemuva, ikudabule kube yizicucwana nge-pedipalps enomzimba obunjiwe, bese izingulule ezinamandla zigaya isisulu.
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• Amawele aphila ngemifudlana esezintabeni angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokudoba kwezinhlwathi, ukuzikhipha ngqo emanzini.
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Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zesicabucabu, ama-frins awakwazi ukufaka i-web, ngoba ayinazo izindlala zesicabucabu, futhi ubuthi obunobuthi nabo abukho. Izikhali zabo kuphela ezinamandla amakhulu ezinyawo ezifakwe nge-spikes ebukhali.

Kuhamba ukuzingela, lezi spider zihamba eceleni komgwaqo, njengamakhaza, ziveza enye yezintuthwane lapho zihamba khona, bese okwesibili zifunisisa inhlabathi nxazonke. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ukusabela kokuqala kwe-phryne kungukuhamba lapho, kodwa uma kuvela ithuba lokuphunyuka, nakanjani uzolisebenzisa.

AbakwaFreens bangomunye wabameli abambalwa besigaba se-Arachnid, abakhombisa izimpawu zokuziphatha emphakathini. Kwabonakala ukuthi uma inzalo yabanye abazali ibekwa endaweni engajwayelekile, babeyofuna omunye komunye futhi bazame ukunamathela ndawonye. Owesifazane unganakekela namawundlu ngokuwaphuca nge-antennae yakhe.

Kodwa-ke, inzalo yomama asebekhulile ingathembela kumusa ofanayo kusuka kumama, futhi labo abasanda kuzalwa basengozini yokudliwa ngunina wabo uma engeyona inhlanhla futhi bawele emuva kuye ngaphandle kokulinda i-molt yabo yokuqala. Labo abakwaziyo ukusinda bazofinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba eminyakeni emithathu kuphela.

Ngubani isicabucabu noma umphetho onomunwe?

Ama-frins ahlukile ngoba anemilenze eyisithupha yokuhamba, kanti amanye ama-arachnids anesishiyagalombili.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Izicabucabu ezingenamsondo ezinomlenze (ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-phryne) zibizwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi ama-amblypigids ngoba zingamalungu e-oda i-Amblypigi. Babizwa nangokuthi ama-wallet angenamachwane emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi ngenxa yokuntuleka komsila (telson). Empeleni, i-amblypigid isho imbongolo eyisimungulu.

Ama-frins yi-arachnids. Izicabucabu, izinyoka, imikhaza namanye amaqembu angaziwa (bheka umdwebo ngezansi) yizihlobo zawo eziseduzane.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesigcawu esinezinyawo ezinyaweni

Ama-frins ahlukile ngoba anemilenze eyisithupha yokuhamba, kanti amanye ama-arachnids anesishiyagalombili. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi izicabucabu ezihamba ngezinyawo zaba ngabokuqala kuma-arachnids ukushintsha imilenze yokuhamba yaba izitho zomqondo.

Lezi zimbambo ezinde ezibucayi zingaba zide ubude bomzimba, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha imvelo.

Njengoba ama-frins asebenza ezimeni lapho ilanga elincane lingena khona, lemilenze eguquliwe ibaluleke kakhulu kubo njengethuluzi lokuqonda umhlaba obazungezile.

Enye into ehlukanisayo yindlela yabo yokuxebuka ngendlela yezikhafu. Lezi zinhlaka zisebenza njengezitho zokubamba i-mantis noma i-mantis shrimp. AmaFrins awasebenzisela ukubamba inyamazane, athi ayigaye ngomlomo wawo, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-chelicera.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwesicabucabu esinezinyawo ezinyaweni

Njengamanje, osomatekisi bahlukanisa imindeni eyi-5, izinhlobo ezingama-17 zofuzo nezinhlobo ezingama-136 zamafransi, ezihlala emhlabeni wonke emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo nezishubile. Kunamahlebezi amaningi ngabo futhi izinganekwane eziningi zibhalwe ngababhali baseYurophu nabaseMelika. Isizathu salokhu kwakuwukungakhululeki kwabo ngokwedlulele nokungabikho ngokuphelele emazweni anesimo sezulu esipholile.

Freens ngaso sonke isikhathi zazingaqondakali futhi zingathandeki kubantu abavamile, ngakho-ke ziningi izinganekwane ngabo.Kwezinye izindawo lapho kuhlala khona izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinemilenze, abahlali bendawo bayabesaba futhi bababheke njengeyingozi kakhulu.

Isibonelo, ngesikhathi ngihlala eSeychelles ngo-1872, izakhamizi zakule ndawo zatshela esinye isazi sebhayoloji ukuthi ngemuva kokulunywa yi-frin, ukuvuvukala komzimba, ukuvela kanye nokuhlanza, nokuthi uma isiguli singalashwa nge-ammonia, lokhu kugcina kuholele ekuguleni okude noma ukufa.

Ngisho nabanye ososayensi babenovalo lokuhlola ngisho nokuqagela kwale mibono yama-arachnid alethwe eYurophu, ubandlululo lwabo lwalulukhulu kakhulu. Omunye wababhali bokuqala ochaze lama-frins uthe kungadala ukulimala okukhulu kumuntu ngosizo lwe-pedipalps, okungaholela nasekufeni ngemuva kokulunywa.

Kodwa-ke, bebengeke babhale ngalezi zidalwa, kepha akunangozi ngokuphelele. Amawele ancishwa ithuba lokuluma noma nganoma iyiphi indlela alimaze umuntu. Izicabucabu ezinyawo ezinyaweni azinobuthi, futhi izinyawo zazo ezisetshenziswayo zisetshenziselwa kuphela ukubamba inyamazane encane, ezinjengezinambuzane ezincane ezihlwitha iziqu zomuthi.

Ngisho nanamuhla, abezindaba abaze bathathe isinyathelo sokukhipha inganekwane yokuthi abakwaFreez bayingozi ebantwini. Isibonelo, ku-movie yeHarry Potter ne-Goblet of Fire, izicabucabu ezinemilenze emide zichazwa njengezilwane "ezifayo" eziqalekiswe yi-All-Seeing Eye. UFrins uyizimenywa ezingatheni kumabonakude ngenxa yokubukeka kwabo okungatheni. Ohlelweni lwe- "Factor Fear", ababambiqhaza baphoqeleka ukuthi badle lezi zidalwa, okufakazela ukuthi abantu bayingozi kakhulu kuzicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinobunxele kunathi.

Indlela yokuphila yenkululeko:

Iningi lamawele lisebenza ngendlela yokuphila yobusuku. Bachitha ingxenye ekhanyayo yosuku emijondolo yezihlahla noma ngaphansi kwamatshe. Ezinye izicabucabu ezihamba ngezinyawo zihlala kuphela emihumeni.

Ukulwa kusenziwa phakathi kwabesilisa:

Abesilisa banezindlela ezihehayo zokusungula ukuthi ngubani ophethe phakathi kwabo. Lapho abesilisa ababili beshayisana, bahlanganyele kuhlobo lwemincintiswano "yokulwa". Imvamisa ukushayisana nabasondelene nayo, bese bezama ukubambana ngemilenze yabo yangaphambili yangaphambili.

Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zimpi ziphenduka izimpi zangempela, kanti abesilisa bavalelisane bese besunduza. Izimpi ziyaphela lapho omunye okhululwayo ephunyuka enkundleni yempi noma evumela ophikisana naye ukuba angenele kukho. Uma ophumelele nalowo olahlekelwe bendawonye ngemuva kwempi, umuntu olahlekile uyogwema ukunqobayo ngazo zonke izindlela futhi abonise ukuthobeka kwakhe ngokuthinta izandla ukuze agweme enye impi.

Ukuzala:

Abakwa Freens ngabazali abakhathalelayo. Futhi ukubabuka ngalesi sikhathi kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. UFrata osanda kuzalwa unamathela esiswini sikanina izinsuku eziningana ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ngemuva kwalokho bayancibilika bashiye ukunakekelwa konina. "Ingane" yesicabucabu esinezinyawo ezinyaweni ngokuvamile imhlophe masinyane ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho ibonakala ngokushesha lapho i-phoenix ibeletha.

Ngubani owenza ucwaningo ngempilo yama-frins?

Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana nezicabucabu ezihamba ngezinyawo. Cishe kukhona ososayensi abambalwa kuphela emhlabeni wonke ababamba iqhaza ekutadisheni izici ze-biology yabo.

Isicabucabu samahhala. Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala yesicabucabu

Phryne - Isicabucabu Umlenzeokuthi, ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okumangalisayo, kubangele ukwethuka kubantu abaningi. Kodwa-ke, kuphephile ngokuphelele kubantu futhi kungafaka usongo kuphela ezinambuzaneni eziyingxenye yokudla kwayo.

Ngokubukeka kwabo okungajwayelekile, abamele leli qembu lama-arachnid bathola isidlaliso kumaGrikhi asendulo, okuthi, lapho lihunyushwa ngokoqobo olimini lwesiRussia sanamuhla, kuzwakale into efana "nabanikazi imbongolo eyisimungulu."

Izici nendawo yokuhlala yalowo mabhungane

Frins - ama-arachnids, abangabameli bendawo encane kakhulu, etholakala kuphela ezifundeni zomhlaba ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo.

Ngaphandle kokuthi ubude bomzimba wabo abudluli amasentimitha ayisihlanu, bangabanikazi bemilenze ende ende afinyelela kumasentimitha angama-25.I-cephalothorax inegobolondo elivikelayo, eliye lazungeza izinhlaka kanye nezimbili zamehlo ezinamasondo namabili amabili kuya kwamathathu wamehlo asebusweni.

Ama-Pedipalps makhulu futhi athuthukisiwe, ahlome ngemikhumbi emihle. Ezinye izinhlobo zezicabucabu zinezinkomishi ezikhethekile zokubamba, ngenxa yokuthi zingakwazi ukuhamba kalula ezindaweni ezihlukile zibheke phezulu.

Umuntu anganquma kanjani ngokubheka isithombe seselesi sesicabucabu, zona, njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, zinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili nesisu esihlukanisile. Ingxenye yesibili neyesithathu kuhlalwa ngababili bamaphaphu. Isicabucabu sisebenzisa izimbambo ezintathu zemilenze ngokuqondile ngokuhamba, kanti isibili sangaphambili sisebenza njengezintuthwane zangempela.

Ngosizo lwabo ukuthi ahlole inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakhe ngokuthintana futhi abandakanyeke ekufuneni izinambuzane. Imilenze emide yesicabucabu inenombolo enkulu yama-flagella, okwathi, empeleni, wabelwa isigaba sababonisi.

Lezi zicabucabu zitholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba nezishisayo zomhlaba wethu, ezihlala emahlathini aminyene omningi kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesicabucabu uFrina itholakala ngobuningi eNdiya, ezwekazini lase-Afrika, eSouth America, eMalaysia nakwamanye amazwe amaningi asezindaweni ezishisayo.

Imvamisa bakha amakhaya abo phakathi kweziqu zezihlahla eziwile, ngqo ngaphansi kwegxolo lesihlahla nasemifantwini yamatshe. Kwamanye amazwe ashisayo, bahlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala kwabantu, imvamisa benyuka ngaphansi kophahla lwamakamelo, ngaleyo ndlela bangenise izivakashi nabahambi esimeni esesabekayo.

Isimo nendlela yokuphila yesicabucabu

Spider oluhlaza kwehluka kwabanye abamele lezi zinhlobo ngokungatholakali kwe-arachnoid kanye nezindlala ezinobuthi. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi akakwazi ukufaka i-web nje kuphela, kepha akanangozi ngokuphelele kubantu. Lapho nje ebona abantu, ukhetha ukufihla emehlweni abo. Uma ukhanyisela ngethoshi kuyo, lapho-ke izocwilisa kakhulu endaweni yayo.

Kodwa-ke, ekuthinteni kokuqala, uzozama ukushesha ukuthatha umhlalaphansi endaweni ephephile. Lama-arachnids ahamba emaceleni noma eceleni kwendlela, njengamadwala. Njengamakhaza, lezi spider ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Emini, bakhetha ukuyohlala ezindaweni eziqashile, kepha kuthi lapho sekumnyama bashiye indawo yabo yokukhosela bayozingela.

Ukujikeleza insimu eseduze, ngosizo lwezibongo ezithuthukisiwe, bafuna izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, abazethembayo futhi bazigaye kancane ngaphambi kokudla.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izicabucabu ze-frinae ziyehluka kwabanye abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo hhayi nje kuphela kwezindlala ezinobuthi nokungakwazi ukufaka i-web, kepha futhi kubucayi bokuthi "isakhiwo senhlalo". Ezinye izinhlobo zithanda ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amancane ngisho nomhlambi wonke, otholakala ekungeneni emigedeni nasezitaladini ezinkulu.

Benza lokhu ukukhulisa ukuvikelwa kwenzalo yabo. Abesifazane besifazane be-freen ngokuvamile bakhombisa ukunakekelwa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwizicabucabu, bashaye izinyawo zabo ezinde futhi babanikeze induduzo ephezulu.

Kodwa-ke, izintokazi zikhombisa lo mbono ngokukhethekile kufinyelela kuzicabucabu esezikhulile. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingondla abazali bazo uma ziwela emuva kumama ngaphambi kokuchitha.

Idamu eliguqukayo le-Damon Damonpatgatus

Idamu eliguqukayo lingomunye wabamele abakhulu bezicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinomlenze. Indawo yayo yokuhlala itholakala emahlathini ashisayo ase-East Africa - Kenya naseTanzania. Ubukhulu bomzimba walolu hlobo buyi-4-5 cm, ubude bomlenze bufika ku-25 cm.

Lama-arachnid achitha usuku lonke ezindaweni zokugcina ezimnyama nezimanzi - ngaphansi kwamagxolo, emifantwini yamatshe noma emihumeni, futhi lapho kuhlwa kuhlasela khona bayahamba bayozingela. Ngokungafani namanye ama-arachnid amaningi, amadoni, njengomthetho, awakhombisi ulaka kubazalwane babo, ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile bangatholakala emalokishini ngamaqembu amancane.

Naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okuhle, ukukhululeka akunangozi.Azinabo ubuthi, kepha esimweni esingenathemba zingabamba isitha ngemichilo yazo ebukhali. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu - kuvame kakhulu ukuba sengozini, abasebenza ngokuzimela bazame ukubaleka ngokushesha bacashe endaweni yokukhosela. Abesilisa bangahlela ukulwa phakathi kwabo.

Ngemuva kwesiko lokubingelela, basondela futhi baqale ukushayisana ngezinyawo. Olahlekile njengesibonakaliso sokuhanjiswa kuyasuswa.

Efuna inyamazane, lawo ma-frins ahamba kancane eceleni kwezihlahla nezihlahlana, ngenkathi ezwa ingaphezulu ngenqubo yazo ende, efana nentambo yangaphambili yemilenze.

Lapho nje enye yezintambo ze-flagella inyamazane, i-frin iba yindawo yokuhlaselwa futhi ibambe ngokushesha nge-pedipalps yayo ende, efana nozipho.

Izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene nezibungu zazo kudla njengokudla kwalezi zinhlwathi ezimangalisayo.

UFryn (isicabucabu se-tourniquet): izici zesakhiwo, indlela yokuphila, indawo yokuhlala, okuqukethwe

UFreen ungummeleli weqembu le-arachnid. Umzimba wakhe ufinyelela kubude obungu-4,5 cm, umzimba unesimo esicaba. Umbala umnyama (omnyama, mpunga, onsundu) opende obomvu noma ophuzi.

Ubuwazi? Izihlahla ngama-arachnid asendulo kakhulu. Izidumbu zabo zitholakala, abathi i-paleontologists zithi isikhathi seCarboniferous sesikhathi sePaleozoic. Le nkathi yaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-358 eyedlule futhi yagcina iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-65.

Lesi sidalwa sine-cephalothorax ebanzi, lapho kutholakala khona amazinyo ama-2-3 ezinhlangothini, maphakathi nendawo - iso elilodwa. I-cephalothorax imbozwe ngesihlangu. Isisu sifushane, sinezigaba eziyi-12. Intambo yomsila ayikho.

Ngenxa yalesi sici, abanye abantu bathole igama lesidlaliso "Scorpion engenantambo." Igama lesayensi "Amblypygi" ngesiGreek lisho "imbongolo eyisimungulu." Izithasiselo zomlomo noma i-chelicera azinayo imifantu. Lezi zimbambo ezinamamitha ama-5 ezinamilenze.

Izimbambo zokuqala zemilenze kuma-frins zidlulile, ukusebenza kwazo kuthinta. Amatende makhulu, enza umsebenzi odonsa amehlo. Imilenze ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-25. Isikhala somlenze singasukela ku-40 siye ku-60 cm.

Amabhuzu amathathu wemilenze esele okusetshenziselwa ukunyakaza imfushane kancane kunangaphambili.

Bheka izinhlobo zezicabucabu.

Ezinye izinhlobo zinezinkomishi zokuphuza, ngenxa yazo zidlulela endaweni ebushelelezi etholakala ngokuthe nkqo. AmaFrynian awunazo izindlala ezikhiqiza ubuthi nama-cobwebs, okuwumehluko wawo oyinhloko kusuka kuzicabucabu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunemindeni engama-5, izinhlobo ezingama-21 zofuzo nezinhlobo eziyi-136 zamawele. Iningi lazo lachazwa emuva ngekhulu le-19.

1. Phrynus eside. Omunye wabamele abakhulu bama-frins, angafinyelela ku-6 cm ubude. Umbala womzimba wakhe grey. Uhlala emihumeni yasePuerto Rico. Ngaphezu kwezinambuzane, ingadla izihlobo zayo.
2. Phrynus marginemaculatus. I-frin encane enomzimba efinyelela ku-1.8 cm kanye nemilenze kuze kufike ku-10 cm. Indawo yokuhlala yizifunda eziseningizimu yeFlorida, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti. Ukuphila ngamaqembu.
3. Damon Medius. I-arachnid arachnid enomzimba oyisicaba inobude obu-3 kuya ku-4 cm. Ihlala emahlathini anomswakama wamazwe anendawo yesimo sezulu esishisayo nesiphakemeyo.
4. Charon grayi. Ukuphila emihumeni yeMalaysia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Indonesia.
5. Damon diadema. Hlanganisa nomzimba ompunga omnyama, ohlotshiswe ngemichilo emsundu ekhanyayo. IHabitat - amahlathi aseCentral Africa, eSouthwest Asia, eSolomon Islands.
6. Damon mosagatus. I-Frin enkulu enomzimba ongu-5 cm ubude nemilenze engamasentimitha angama-28. Le nhlobo ingaphila zombili emihumeni nasehlathini. Itholakala ikakhulu ezifundeni ezisempumalanga ye-Afrika.

IFreen (isicabucabu) - isithombe nencazelo

Isicabucabu samahhala singumhlali wakudala womhlaba wethu, njengoba kufakazelwa izinsalela zezilwane eziye zalala emhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-358. Abamele abaphilayo benyathi bakuphinda ngokuphelele ukubukeka nemikhuba yezihlobo zabo ezingapheli futhi bavame ukwethusa umuntu wesimanje ngendlela efanayo njengoba bethusa okhokho bethu.

Umzimba walesi sigaxa uma uqhathaniswa namanye ama-arachnids unosayizi omncane: ukusuka ku-5 mm kuye ku-4,5-5 cm futhi uhlukile ngesimo esithambile.Kubukeka kungahambi kahle kuleso silwane ngemilenze emide engafani, edlula ubude bomzimba izikhathi ezi-5 futhi sikhula sibe ngama-25 cm noma ngaphezulu. Isikhala somlenze sabathile abantu sidlula ama-40-60 cm.

Umbala wesicabucabu se-spider, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, ungaba mnyama, ucishe ube mnyama, uphuzi, grey, ube nsundu noma ubomvu. Ama-frins asanda kuzalwa ngaphambi kwe-molt yokuqala ahlukaniswa umbala okhanyayo.

Umbala oluhlaza ngemuva kokuncibilika

Isisu esihlanganisiwe se-frin siqukethe izingxenye eziyi-12 futhi sixhunywe ku-cephalothorax ngesiqephu esiguqukayo, esimisiwe. I-cephalothorax enwetshiwe ithweswa umqhele ngamehlo ama-1 ama-eye ama-medial kanye namabili ama-2 wamehlo anamehlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izinhlobo zomhume, izitho zasemuva zombono zilahlekile ngokuphelele.

Imihlathi (noma i-chelicera) yama-frins ifushaniswa futhi iphetha ngezinqubo ezenziwe ngesimo se-hook.

Uhlaka lwesicabucabu esinezinyawo eziqinile lunamabili amabele ama-5. Amaphethelo amade kakhulu futhi aqukethe izigaxa eziguquguqukayo eziveziwe ezifana ne-antennas yezinambuzane. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuthinta: ngemilenze nezitho zabo ezibucayi, ama-frins, anjenge-haymaker, azizwa ngendlela nangezinto ezizungezile.

Umbhangqwana wesibili wezitho zomzimba (noma ama-pedipalps) ufana nezihlakala ezifakwe ngama-spikes nokwenza umsebenzi wokubamba. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izimbambo zineziphetho ezinamathelayo, ezifanayo namazwibela, zikuvumela ukuthi uqhubekele endaweni ebushelelezi emile mpo.

Izimbambo ezintathu zezingalo zesinqe zimfishane kunangaphambili futhi zisetshenziswa amafrasi ngenhloso yazo ebekiwe - ukunyakaza.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-frins kanye nezicabucabu ukungabikho kwe-arachnoid kanye nezindlala ezinobuthi. Kubo bonke ukubukeka kwabo okwesabisayo, ama-frins awanangozi ngokuphelele futhi aba yingozi ezinambuzaneni ezincane ezidliwayo.

Ngabe kuhlala kuphi izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinemilenze?

Amawele ayizilwane ezishisayo futhi ezinempilo kodwa-ke, indawo ephambili yakhethwa amahlathi emazweni ase-Afrika, Australia, India, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, Florida, Florida, Haiti, Cuba, Malaysia, Indonesia kanye namanye amazwe amaningi anezimo zezulu ezishisayo nezishubile.

Cherry top ukugqoka isivuno esihle

UFriny - izinhlobo, izithombe namagama

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamanje kuhlukanisa i-oda lezicabucabu ezinyaweni emikhayeni eyi-5, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-21 zofuzo nezinhlobo eziyi-136. Izinhlobo eziningi zatholakala emuva ngekhulu le-19. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifundwe kakhulu zamawele, okulandelayo kuyahlukaniswa:

• I-Phrynus longipes Phrynus is a great expression of the spider -inyawo spider: the ubude phryn's body lifinyelela ku-5-6 cm, futhi isikhala somlenze singaba ngaphezu kuka-20-25 cm. Njengawo wonke ama-phrynos, umzimba wabantu balolu hlobo uyindilinga, izitho zinde kakhulu futhi zimncane . Imilenze emibili emide yenza umsebenzi onobuhlakani, ama-pedipalps afana nezinzipho futhi ambozwe nge-spikes ejwayelekile. IFreen inethoni empunga, ekuvumela ukuthi ucishe uhlangane ngokuphelele nemibala yezindonga emihumeni emanzi futhi emnyama, lapho isicabucabu sithanda ukuchitha cishe impilo yaso yonke. Habitat - EPuerto Rico. Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo benza insangu, badla izihlobo zabo ngesifiso sokudla.

• UFryn Phrynus marginemaculatus uhlala eningizimu yeFlorida, eBahamas, eCuba naseHaiti. Abantu abadala banomzimba ofinyelela ku-1.8 cm ubude, ama-forelimbs anobude obungamasentimitha ayi-10. Abantu ngabanye bathanda ukuhlala emaqenjini amancane, okuvame ukufaka abesifazane besifazane abangama-3-5 abanezizukulwane zeminyaka ehlukile. Ngisho namawundlu asekhulile awahlukani nonina, anakekela izihlobo zawo ngobumnene, kodwa kubantu abangabazi, wonke amalungu eqembu anolaka futhi avikela indawo yawo kuzivakashi ezingamenyiwe.

• Phryne Damon Medius. Ubukhulu bomzimba wesicabucabu esenziwe ngonyawo buyi-3-4 cm, nobubanzi bezitho bufika ku-25 cm. Amapulangwe alezi zinhlobo anomzimba osicaba nemilenze emincane impela. Emadodeni, izandulelo zinde kakhulu, futhi ama-pedipalps ahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunabesifazane. Idla ezinambuzaneni ezincane.UFreen Damon medius uhlala esifundeni saseBenin naseGuinea, utholakala emahlathini aseLiberia, eCameroon, eGhana naseMali, imvamisa abameleli bayo bangabonakala eNigeria naseSenegal, eDemocratic Republic of Sao Tome nasePrincipe, eRiphabhlikhi yaseCôte d'Ivoire, eSierra- E-Leone.

• IFreen Charon grayi yande eMalaysia nasePhilippines, ihlala eSolomon Islands nase-Indonesia, ivame ukutholakala eSingapore, Palau nasePapua New Guinea. Njengezinye izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinomlenze, ikhetha indlela yokuphila ebusuku, ngokuba matasa ebumnyameni bemhume emanzi.

• Phryn Damon diadema. Ubukhulu bomzimba wesicabucabu buyahlukahluka kusuka kumamilimitha amane kuya kwamathathu, ubude bomlenze bufika ku-20 cm. Umbala ompunga omnyama uyabonakala ngombala wefinisi, ngokumelene nesizinda esijwayelekile kunemidwebo eguqukayo yetoni elinsundu elikhanyayo. Isisu sikhanya ngokugqamile kune-cephalothorax. Lesi spider esihamba ngezinyawo sihlala eCentral Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Yemen, eSomalia.

• I-frein eguquguqukayo (lat. Damon mosagatus) - enye yezikhulu kakhulu. Ubungako bomzimba we-arachnid ngamasentimitha ayi-4,5-5, ubude bawo bube amasentimitha angama-25- 28. Umzimba walesi sikejana uyisicaba, njengakwezinye izicabucabu ezinyaweni ezinomlenze. UFreen uhlala emihumeni emnyama, enomswakama kanye namahlathi ansundu aseMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi eTanzania.

Isikhathi sokuphila sesicabucabu sincike ezinhlotsheni

Ezinye izinhlobo zezicabucabu zingahle zingafinyeleli ekuvuthweni iminyaka eminingana. Izicabucabu ze-Desert Sicarius zaseNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika zingaphila iminyaka eyi-15. Ukuluka kwesicabucabu, njengomthetho, akuhlali isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu, noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zemvelo.

Zingaphi izigcawu? Isikhathi esiningi cishe unyaka, izinyanga ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha zivame ukuchitha esiteji seqanda. Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-tarantulas angaphila isikhathi esingangeminyaka engamashumi amabili. Umlando uyazi ngamacala lapho abamele ababodwa abathunjiwe basinda khona kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Futhi izicabucabu zamahhashi asezindaweni ezishisayo ziphila cishe izinyanga ezintathu noma ngaphansi.

Yini izicabucabu eziyidingayo endlini yomuntu?

Izicabucabu azidingi okungako - isikhala esincane samahhala nokudla. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bakhetha ukungcola nokugcwala okuningi, basakwazi ukutholakala kumagumbi ahlanzekile futhi anomoya omuhle. Ezindlini nasezindlini zabantu, izicabucabu zikhetha izindawo ezipholile futhi ezimnyama, imvamisa lawa amakhona odonga emakamelweni, indlu yangasese, ihholo lokungena, kuvulandi, ngemuva kwamakhabethe nokunye.

I-Tibetan Terrier: Incazelo yohlobo, umlingiswa nesithombe

Indawo ekahle ukushoda kwezilwane zasendle, njengoba ukudingiswa kwandisa isikhathi sabo sokuphila. Kodwa-ke, kuya ngokuthi banakekelwa kanjani. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umuntu angaba futhi usongo oluthile kwizicabucabu ezifuywayo.

Cruel World Yezilwane zasendle

Okokuqala, endaweni yemvelo, izicabucabu azivamile ukuba ziphile zize zigugule kakhulu. Lapha, ubukhona babo busongelwa ngabahlaseli, izimo zezulu ezinzima nokuntuleka kokudla. Kungakho kunzima kakhulu kososayensi ukuthola ukuthi zingaki izicabucabu ezihlala endle. Ikakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngabamele abancane balo mndeni abangafa ngisho kusuka nomoya owodwa onamandla.

Futhi nokho, basakwazi ukuthola amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Isibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi izicabucabu ezinkulu ziphila isikhathi eside kunalezi ezincane. Umthetho ofanayo uyasebenza kulawo ma-arachnids atholakala ezifundeni ezomile - umkhawulo wawo ophezulu wokuguga uphezulu impela, uma uqhathaniswa nezakhamizi ezishisayo.