Ubhungane olugobile ngesinye sezinambuzane ezingathandeki. Ihlukaniswa ngesakhiwo sokuqala somzimba, okungukuthi ukuba khona kwezimpondo ekhanda, nosayizi omkhulu. Kodwa-ke, hhayi ukubukeka nje okungajwayelekile okwenza leli bhungane libe yinto ethakazelayo evela kubathandi bezinambuzane. Lesi silwane se-arthropod esingenasici sangempela sihluke ngokuphelele futhi sikufanele ukunakwa ngokukhethekile, ngoba akusizi ngalutho ukuthi sibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi neRussia.
Igama lesayensi ibhungane eliyisidwaba kanye nenqubo yalo ehlelekile
Lesi sinambuzane sibizwa ngokuthi - ibhungane eliyisihlahla. Unamanye amagama - insebe, ilucan, ngesiLatin - uLucanus cervus. Leli bhungane elikhulu kunazo zonke elitholakala endaweni yaseYurophu, futhi lesibili ngobukhulu kulawo ahlala ezweni lethu. Ngosayizi, kungokwesibili kuphela kwizikhuni ezilandelwayo.
Ukuma okuhleliwe kwe-lucan:
- isizinda - ama-eukaryotes,
- umbuso yizilwane
- uhlobo - ama-arthropods,
- isigaba - izinambuzane,
- iqembu - amaphiko,
- umndeni wezinceku
- uhlobo - mabhungane wezinyamazane,
- buka - mabhungane
Ukwakheka kwesinambuzane esikhulu
Abesilisa bakhula ngobude ukusuka ku-45 kuye ku-85 mm, izinsikazi zifushane ngo-20- 28 mm. Izinambuzane ezivela ezindaweni ezihlukile zihluka kakhulu ngobude bomzimba. Ibhungane ende kunazo zonke ebanjwe eYurophu ngumuntu ngamunye ongama-95 mm. Amaduna, atholakala eTurkey naseSyria, ngobude ngokuvamile afinyelela ku-100-103 mm. Akunandaba nendawo yokuhlala yamalucans, kunzima ukubiza okuncane.
Banomzimba omkhulu onesimo esithambile, ikhanda engxenyeni engenhla liyicaba. ULukan uboniswa yi-dimorphism yezocansi: kwabesilisa, ama-mandibles (imihlathi ebhangqiwe engaphezulu yezisetshenziswa zomlomo, ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-mandibles) athuthukiswe kahle futhi andiswa. Mikhulu kakhulu kunensikazi.
Yize kukhulunywa ngogwayi egameni lesinambuzane, ama-mandibles awo awahambisani nalutho lwamathambo asekhanda lwalesi silwane. Zikhumbuza kakhulu uzipho njengalezo ezitholakala ku-crayfish kanye nemfantu. Amazinyo ama-2 avela esiqwini esikhulu sokugwinya ngakunye. Okuyinhloko emaphethelweni angaphakathi emihlathi ebhangqiwe yezinsimbi zomlomo kutholakala ngaphambili kwabo. Emadodeni, umbala wokugwazwa uhluka kusuka kokushibilika obomvu onsundu kuya ku-brown. Ngemuva kokufa kwebhungane, ama-mandibles aba mnyama.
Isisu (ngemuva komzimba) simbozwa yi-pubescent elytra. Emadodeni, anombala onsundu ngombala obomvu, owensikazi - onsundu. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezinambuzane ezinama-elites ansundu amnyama.
Ikhanda, i-tergite yengxenye yokuqala yesifuba, emuva kwesifunda se-dorsal se-mesothorax, imilenze nomzimba ophansi kumnyama. Izindebe ezingaphezulu kwabesilisa zigobile phansi, ikhanda likhula kakhulu. U-Antenna unenkani ngesiqu eside. Ingxenye yokuqala inkulu ngokungalingani, esesibili sidluliselwe phambili. Isikhala semichilo esakhelwe phezulu asivali. Kungaba nezingxenye ezi-4, ezi-5 noma ezi-6.
Amakona wangemuva wangemuva ongxenyeni wokuqala wesifuba sika-anyanisi ayatholwa. Ama-coxae angaphambili ama-paws asebangeni elikude ukusuka komunye nomunye. Emilenzeni yangemuva lemilenze kukhona amazinyo ambalwa asemaphethelweni angaphandle. Azikho izimbambo kanye nezinkinobho okhalweni lwemilenze yangaphambili. Ebunzini elingaphambili lamathanga ebunjiwe kukhona izithunzi ezibomvu ezichazwe ngokunamandla ezibomvana zibekwe eduze namabala njengasesibelethweni. Zimbozwe izinwele ezimfishane eziminyene.
Ekhanda kukhona izitho zokuthinta, ukuphefumula kanye nombono. Izimpondo zibhekene nomqondo wokuhogela. Ngosizo lwabo, i-bug ifuna ukudla. Uphefumula umoya-mpilo ongena ohlelweni oluvunguza esifubeni nasesiswini. Ukusuka kulezi zitho, ungena ngamashubhu amancane okuphefumula amboze izitho, bese engena kuwo ngokukhululekile.
Ukuze ukwazi ukubona izinto ezizungezile unesibopho sokubandakanya amehlo amaningi alula, amehlo atholakale ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Ngokungafani nazo zonke izitho zokubona kwabantu besifazane emadodeni, zihlukaniswe ngaphakathi nendawo yi-buccal protrusions.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinambuzane, ngokwesibonelo, ibhungane elingangemvula, elingenantambo, i-Grant stag, njll. Ngencazelo kuphela lapho kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi u-anyanisi ubukeka kanjani. Ukuthi isinambuzane sisebenza kanjani, ungabona ngemininingwane eminingi kumdwebo ongezansi nesithombeni.
Ukuzala kabusha nezigaba zokuthuthuka: kusuka kwiqanda kuya kwi-imago
Umuntu ngamunye ushada amahora amaningi. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezihlahleni. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ibhungane leduna eliyinduna libamba insikazi ngezimpondo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, la maqanda azalela amaqanda.
Ngokusho kocwaningo oluningi, umuntu oyedwa uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaba ma-2, kuthi komunye nomunye aquqele igumbi elikhethekile ekubambeni izinkuni - iziqu ezindala, izimbobo neziqu zemithi ezibolile. Ubungako bamaqanda bungama-2,3,3 mm. Ziyakwazi okusaqanda futhi zinombala ophuzi. Akukho imininingwane eqondile yokuthi lesi sigaba sihlala isikhathi esingakanani. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lesi sikhathi sisuka ezinsukwini ezingama-35 kuye kwezingu-42, ngokusho kwabanye - kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-14 kuye kwezingama-28.
Ekupheleni kwesigaba, ubude, ububanzi, nesisindo sezibhungane ze-reindeer zifinyelela ku-10-13,5 mm, 2 mm, no-20-30 g, ngokulandelana. Kulesi sigaba somjikelezo wempilo, izinambuzane zinomthunzi omhlophe noma okhilimu omnyama no-C-shape. Ngosizo lwezitho ezikhethekile, bakhiqiza ukudonsa okungu-1-wesibili futhi bavame ukuphinda imisindo ngokuvama kwe-11 kHz Kungenzeka kakhulu, ngale ndlela baxhumana nabanye.
Ngosuku bangadla cishe amamitha ayi-23 cubic. cm izinkuni. Ukondla engxenyeni engaphakathi efile yezihlahla, amabhungane okuzayo aqhume emiseleni emaceleni ayo, okufaka isandla ekuwohlisweni kwezinsalela zokhuni bese ngaleyo ndlela ebamba iqhaza ezinqubekweni zokwenziwa kwenhlabathi. Izibungu zihlala kuma-oki, ama-beeches, ama-elms, ama-birch, ama-willow, i-hazel, i-ash, i-poplar, i-linden, i-chestnut, kaningi ezihlahleni zezithelo. Amacala wokuhlaliswa kwawo kwezihlahla ze-coniferous ahlukile.
Lo mjikelezo wokukhula kwezinambuzane uncike ezimweni zezulu futhi uthatha iminyaka emi-4 kuye kweli-6. Izibungu zeLucan zizwela ukuntuleka komswakama. Umoya omile uthinta kabi ukukhula kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi - aze afike kuma-degree angama-20 ngaphansi kwe-zero. Ngakho-ke, amabhungane asezintabeni ahlala peninsula yaseCrimea, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile, anezici ezincane kakhulu kunalezo ezikhula ezweni elikhulu.
Isigaba sokuqothuka senzeka ngo-Okthoba. Le nqubo yenzeka ekujuleni kuka-15-40 cm ku-cradle - igumbi elinodonga olwakhiwe ngamapulangwe, inhlabathi nemikhiqizo ebalulekile yama-larva. I-Pupa ngobude ikhula ibe ngu-50 mm. I-imago ifihle egumbini okwenzeka kulo ukucunwa. Ifika ebusweni kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni.
Ngabe ibhungane lingakuluma, kunceda ngani futhi kuyingozi?
AmaLucans ayizidli, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ziyaluma. Kungani bahlasela abantu? Bangaluma noma ngubani osongela izimpilo zabo. Kodwa-ke, bona uqobo ngeke bahlasele umuntu. Uma isinambuzane silunywe izimpondo, i.e. imihlathi engaphezulu, khona-ke kungowesilisa, uma ophansi - owesimame. Ama-mandibles afakelwe amazinyo, ngakho-ke ukulunywa yisihlungu kubuhlungu kakhulu. Abuye alume umunwe.
Yonke into ephilayo idinga imvelo. Kungalimaza uhlobo olulodwa futhi ngasikhathi sinye kusizakale abanye. Ama-Lucans ahlukile kulo mthetho, ngoba ayizidalwa eziwusizo kakhulu. Amakamelo okudla okuhlafunwa kuwo izibungu, azilimazi izihlahla ezinempilo, anentshisekelo kuzo ezibolile kuphela. Zithola ukudla kuphela ezingxenyeni ezibolile zemithi. Ukuhlanza ihlathi ekubola, izinambuzane zidlala indima yama-oda asehlathini. Amandla amabhungane okwenza noma yikuphi ukulimaza abantu noma izilwane ezinkulu yinganekwane.
Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Inani lebhungane lenyamazane lehla ngokushesha, futhi ngenxa yalokho libhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu emazweni amaningi. Lezi zinambuzane zihlala eYurophu, eTurkey, eNtshonalanga Asia, e-Iran naseNyakatho ne-Afrika. E-Russia, zingatholakala engxenyeni, ebhekisele ngokwaseMpumalanga Yurophu. Amaphara amancanyana amancane atholakala ezifundeni zeKaluga, Lipetsk, Kursk, Voronezh nePenza.
Ubhungane lusatshalaliswa empumalanga endaweni engasondelene neVolga, kanye nohlelo oluseningizimu lwezintaba zase-Ural. Indawo ehlala kuyo i-Western Caucasus. Ngesinye isikhathi, ingquza ibonakala e-Udmurtia, e-Krasnodar Territory, esifundeni se-Greater Caucasus Mountain Range. ULucan angatholakala e-Ukraine, esifundeni saseCrimea, eBelarus naseKazakhstan.
Laba banikazi bezimpondo ezihlaba umxhwele bahola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo ngokuqala kokuhwalala. Emini bacishe bangasebenzi. Esimweni sezulu esinomoya nesinomswakama, kanye nalapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lehla ngaphansi kwama-degrees ayi-16, azindiza. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ngenxa yesisindo esikhulu sezimpondo ezidlula umzimba, i-lucan iphoqelelwa ukundiza endaweni eqondile. I-Stag bhungane lidla kakhulu ijusi le-oki.
Kungenzeka yini ukugcina ibhungane eliyinja lapha kunokulondla?
Izithandwa eziningi zezinambuzane zizalanisa ngempumelelo lucans ekhaya. Ukuze isilwane esinjalo sizizwe sikhululekile ekudingisweni futhi sikhule ngokugcwele, udinga ukwakha indlu ye-oki bola neziqu zemithi ezibekwe ezweni lasehlathini. Ngenqubo yokuthuthuka, izibungu kufanele zivikeleke ezinambuzaneni nasezifo zezikhunta. Uma konke kwenziwa kahle, eminyakeni embalwa kuzofakwa ibhungane lasekhaya.
Uma kungenanhloso yokuzala amabhungane agxekayo, umane ungafaka u-anyanisi ebhokisini lekhadibhodi, elingaphansi kwawo ligcwele inhlabathi yehlathi notshani. Ungazondla ezifuywayo ezinjalo ezingejwayelekile ngesiraphu yeshukela. Uju, izithelo noma ijusi le-berry nakho kufakwa kushukela oluncibilikisiwe.