Ama-Warts ase-Afrika
I-Senegalese Libya ( I-Lybius dubius )
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

ILybiidae Sibley & Ahlquist, 1985

Ama-Warts ase-Afrika (IsiLatini: ILybiidae) - umcebo (umndeni) wezinyoni ovela engcebweni (ehlanganisiwe) yama-woodpeckers.

Kunezinhlobo ezingama-42 ezinentshebe, ezivela kuhlobo lweLibia (I-Lybius)ngihlala emahlathini, kuze kufike abakhandi bamapulangwe (Pogoniulus) abahlala bobabili emahlathini nase shrubby steppes. Ububanzi balezi zinyoni buyi-Afrika yonke emnyama, ngaphandle kwengxenye yayo esekuningizimu eningizimu eseningizimu.

URod Rodastiki-trachyphonuses (I-Trachyphonus) hlala emathafeni avulekile kakhulu ukusuka eningizimu yeSahara kuye eSouth Africa.

Incazelo kanye nemvelo

Iningi leentshebe zase-Afrika linomzimba oyindilinga ongu-20-25 cm ubude nekhanda elikhulu nezimpaphe ezimfishane ngaphansi komlomo. Ama-Coppermiths mancane, amancane kakhulu angama-braziers abhekene nobomvu (Pogoniulus atroflavus) enesisindo esingu-7 amagremu no-9 cm ngosayizi.

Izinyoni zihlala zodwa, zidla izinambuzane nezithelo. Ukudla kufaka izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-60 zezithelo ezahlukahlukene kanye namajikijolo, hhayi ezikhula kuphela zasendle, kodwa futhi ezitshalwa ngabantu - izindevu zivame ukuvakashela amasimu ezithelo nemifino. Amajikijolo agwinywa ngembewu, athi kamuva ibhakazwe ngaphambi kokucula, kepha angangeni esidlekeni. Kodwa-ke, abakhopishi bashiya imbewu enamathele ye-mistletoe eduze nezidleke, mhlawumbe ukwethusa izinyamazane. Njengamanye amabhele, lezi zinyoni zingabasabalalisi abaphambili bembewu emahlathini ashisayo.

Izindebe zase-Afrika nazo zidla izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, ezinjengamantuthwane, ikicadas, udrako, amakhethini, isikhonyane, amabhungane, izimvemvane, izimbotshana, eziqoqwe ngokucophelela emagatsheni nasezihlahleni zezihlahla. Ama-scorpion, millipedes, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ama-vertebrates amancane - izinyoka, amasele, ama-geckos - nawo aya ekudleni.

I-biology yokuzala isingaqondakali kahle. Yize ezinye izinhlobo ezifuyayo zidla ngokuzithandela osebeni lomfula noma emigodini yesigodi, okungeyona eyejwayelekile ngabasebenza ngezinkuni, abanye bahlela izidleke emigodini yezihlahla. Imvamisa amaqanda ayi-2-4 abekwa (ngaphandle kwe-pearl trachyphonus (I-Trachyphonus margaritatus), ukubekela amaqanda afinyelela kwayi-6), ukukopela izinsuku eziyi-13-16. Bobabili abazali banesibopho sokuqhaqha amantshontsho.

Ukungenelela nethonya lomuntu akunakwa. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuncipha kwenani lezinhlobo ezihlala ikakhulukazi endaweni yehlathi ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, okunikeza ithuba kwezinye izinhlobo zezintshebe. Isibonelo, ukuncishiswa kwamahlathi e-alpine eKenya kuholele ekushabalaleni cishe ngokuphelele kwama-brazier asezintabeni (Pogoniulus leucomystax) nokwandisa ububanzi be-brazier ebheke ebusweni obomvu (Pogoniulus pusillus).

Ukuhlukaniswa

• • I-Buccanodon Echithiwe ( I-Buccanodon duchaillui)
  • I-Buccanodon dowsetti
• Umusa I-Tricholaema
  • I-Spotted Libya ( I-Tricholaema hirsuta)
  • I-Redhead Libya ( I-Tricholaema diademata)
  • I-Tricholaema frontata
  • I-Redhead Libya ( I-Tricholaema leucomelas)
  • Ukulila eLibya ( I-Tricholaema lacrymosa)
  • I-Blackhead Libya ( I-Tricholaema melanocephala)
• Induku yeLibya ( ILybius)
  • ILibya enamacala amabili I-Lybius bidentatus)
  • I-Lybius chaplini
  • I-Senegalese Libya ( I-Lybius dubius )
  • I-Libya ekhokhiswe abamnyama ( I-Lybius guifsobalito)
  • I-Bald Head Libya ( ILybius leucocephalus)
  • I-Libya enamabele amabele ILybius melanopterus )
  • I-Pink-belided Libya ( ULybius omncane)
  • I-Libya enesifuba esimnyama ( I-Lybius rolleti)
  • I-Libya ebheke ubuso obomvu ( Ama-rubrifacies ase-Lybius)
  • I-Collared Libya ( I-Lybius torquatus)
  • Imivimbo eLibya ( I-Lybius undatus)
  • Igazi LaseBreak Libya ( I-Lybius vieilloti)

Lo mndeni, noma umndeni wezinkuni waseAsia, onentshebe, (lat. Megalaimidae), ungowaluphi uhlobo ICapitonides , owayehlala eMiocene yasekuqaleni nasephakathi eMelika.

Lezi zinyoni zangaphambili zifana nokuthinta kokuqala futhi, kungenzeka, zibe nendawo eyisisekelo engcebweni yama-toucans nentshebe, (infraorder I-Ramphastides) Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zifana kakhulu ne-African terrestrial woodpeckers (I-Trachyphonus), yingakho abanye ososayensi bethi yilolu hlobo lobuciko.

Ezindaweni eziphansi zaseMiddle Miocene eduze naseGrive-Saint-Alban, eFrance, kwatholakala ibhandishi (lat. i-carpometacarpus- Ithambo le-metacarpal carpal, okungenye yezinto ezithinta umthambo wephiko lenyoni) kufana nelithambo elinentshebe. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kukhombisa ukuthi ihlukile kunethambo. ICapitonides nokunye okufana namathambo wabasinde e-borodastic baseYurophu. Lokhu kutholwa kwesinye isikhathi kubuye kuhlobane ne-African terrestrial woodpeckers, okucaca okwengeziwe.

Izinsalela zokugcwalisa izinsalela zamandulo ezilahlekile (Pogoniulus) ILate Miocene itholakala eduze kwedolobha laseCofidis (Austria). Kodwa-ke, azikafundwa futhi akukacaci ukuthi ngabe zingokwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona manje. Ukwahlulela idatha yakamuva, lokhu kunjalo.

Isimo sokuzalela:

• Ukuzingela
• Abangane

• Ifanele ukuzingela
• Ubungane
• Uthembekile kakhulu
• Ukulalela okuhle
• Ukuhlanza kancane

• Izinja ezi-furry kakhulu

Umabhebhana. Ividiyo

Inja yeBarbet yohlobo lwezinja ingeyeqembu lezinja zokuzingela izibhamu. Lokhu kuzalaniswa kwasendulo kwaseFrance kwaziwa kusuka ngekhulu leshumi nane. Okhokho bakhe babeyizinja zakudala zamanzi.

IBarbet ifana kakhulu ne-poodle: ijazi elifanayo elinama-curly, kwesinye isikhathi lijikwa libe yizintambo, elingangeneki emanzini, kanye nokuvikelwa okuhle kumakhaza. Futhi bangaqhathaniswa nethoyi leplash. Umbala we-barbeque ungaba mnyama, fawn, chestnut, grey, fawn, mhlophe futhi uhlanganiswe. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba namamaki. Lezi zinja zinobungane, zinokuxhumana nabantu futhi zihlakaniphe kakhulu.

Izilwane ezifuywayo ezijabule kanye nomnikazi wazo ngeke zikhungatheke. Bayalalela, baphethe, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, banqume futhi bazimele. Bathanda inkampani yezingane, bayokujabulela ukucabanga ngezingane. Zibuye zihlale kahle nezilwane. Bangabazingeli abakhulu uma kukhulunywa nge-waterfowl. Ngenxa yomqondo othuthukiswe kahle wokuhlukaniswa, basebenza umdlalo wokudubula, kodwa futhi bangaba abasizi abahle kakhulu emhlabathini.

Incazelo yokuzala

Ukuzalela kungenye yezindala, okusho ukuthi "intshebe" ekuhumusheni. Imisebenzi yezinja yayisetshenziswa ngabalimi abangalula, amatilosi, ngisho namakhosi.

Izinja zalolu hlobo lokuzalela zinogebhezi oluyindilinga, olukhulu ngokwanele, isifindo esingunxande, izindebe ezimnyama nezindebe ende. Ama-thick bangs amboza amehlo amnyama ayindilinga. Izindlebe ezinde ezilengayo nazo zimbozwe kakhulu ngoboya. Izinwele zigobile, kepha zibumbekile futhi zilukhuni ngokuthungwa, zimboza umzimba wonke onamandla, isifuba esibanzi, imilenze eqondile nenemisipha, umsila ophansi ngosayizi omncane.

Uboya ukuziqhenya kwama-barbets. Kepha, kuzodinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela: ikamu, usike, unciphise, uma kunesidingo, geza inja, emva kwalokho, ukuze ungabambi umkhuhlane, kufanele womiswe ngokuphelele. Isifo esijwayelekile salokhu kuzalaniswa yimithombo yezindaba ye-otitis, kanti okunye okuzalelwayo kungabhekwa njengokuphilile. Isikhathi sokuphila kwezilwane sisukela eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu.

Kusuka emlandweni weBarbet

Izinja ezelusa amaMoors, ayehlala ngekhulu le-VII-VIII. kuma-Pyrenees kubhekwa njengokhokho be-barbet. Bafika eCentral Europe naseFrance nezikhulumi. Ngemuva kokuzala ngezinja zasendaweni, kwavela ama-nzalo, lawo ayesetshenziswa abafuyi kanye nabaphathi bezinja benkulungwane yamashumi amabili ukuthola ibarbet ngendlela yesimanje.

Igalelo elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwalolu hlobo lokuzingela lwenziwe ngumzingeli uLe Wheeler, ophethe ibhethoni lakhe nguDkt Vincenti, wabe eseyindodakazi yakhe uPetra, okwazile ukubhalisa izinja zakhe njengezinqola zokusesha. Kepha indoda enobuntu egama linguHermes yathatha lezi zinja ukuthi azilungile ngenxa yesakhiwo sejazi, ngakho waqala ukuzalanisa, esezihlelele iklabhu yakhe ye-barbet. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuzalanisa kunemigqa emibili ehlukene.

Umphumela wokuwela le migqa waphumelela ngokungalindelekile - izinja zaphenduka isimanga nje. Zinezakhiwo ezinamandla nezilinganayo, zinezinyawo eziqinile nezinde, ubuso obuhle obunjengentshebe (lapho kwavela khona igama). Amakhala okuvuleka atholakala ekhaleni, intamo yezinja iqinile futhi imfishane, izindlebe ziyindilinga futhi zinde, zimbozwe izinwele, ezingeni leso. Lapho inja isemsebenzini, umsila wayo uqondile. Amawele ezinja nawo ambozwe izinwele ezinde. Ukuphakama lapho kubuna ikhebula labadala ngamasentimitha angama-58-65, kwabesifazane leli nani lingaphansi kuka-4 cm. Uboya bungaba ngale mibala elandelayo: mhlophe, fawn, nsundu, grey and black.

Isimilo

Izinja ziyamaselula, njengoba kufanele kube njalo ngabazingeli bangempela, abakhuthele, abanemvelo enhle, abathanda ukuba phakathi kwabantu, ngakho-ke izivakashi eziza endlini yakho zihlala zibajabulisa. Zinhle kakhulu, ngaphandle kosayizi wazo omncane futhi ijazi elibonakala lingathandeki.

Isimo sabo esihle sikhulu kangangokuba ngisho namakati ngeke akhubeke, kungasaphathwa ingane, ukuze ushiye izingane ngokuphepha. Endlini zihambisana ngokuphelele nanoma yiziphi izilwane. Zidinga ukuhamba njalo, isikhathi eside, imisebenzi yomzimba, okwenza lohlobo luthandwe ngabantu abakhuthele abathanda ezemidlalo.

Ezempilo

Efulethini ledolobha, lezi zinja azizizwa zikhululekile, futhi izindlela zokuphila ezingasebenzi ziholela eqinisweni lokuthi izinja ezisebenzayo ziqala 'ukubuna' emehlweni ethu. Ziyakwazi nokugula, yize uhlobo luphilile.

Lezi zinja zithinteka ezifweni ezizuzwe njengefa, ngakho-ke lapho uthenga umdlwane, kufanele uzijwayeze imininingwane yabazali. Uma omunye wabo enalesi sifo, ungaqiniseka nge-100% ukuthi uzodluliselwa enzalweni. Ngaphezu kwezifo zezindlebe esezishiwo kakade, izifo zezinja zingaba: i-hernias, isithuthwane, i-dysplasia ye-hip, nabanye.

Okokuqala, kuzothinta izindlebe ngenxa yokuthambekela kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kudingeka zihlolwe njalo ukuze zingaphuthelwa yizimpawu zokuqala zesifo futhi ziqale ukwelashwa ngendlela okufika ngesikhathi. Kuthatha isikhathi esiningi ukunakekela izinwele zalezi zinja. It, njengomthetho, idinga ukukhishwa zonke izinsuku ezimbili, futhi kwenzeka kaningi uma yinde. Uma ungakwenzi lokhu, kwakheka izibungu masinyane.

Ama-barbets nawo adinga ukugunda izinwele njalo, ngaphandle kwalokho abukeka edidekile. Kepha ama-pluses afaka iqiniso lokuthi inja ayishwabani, futhi ijazi layo alibangeli ukungahambi kahle komzimba. Futhi kuyodingeka ukuthi bageze ngama-shampoos akhethekile, ngoba bathanda ukugqagqana ezindaweni ezifuywayo futhi abalokothi balahle leli thuba.

Izimpawu zangaphandle zebhari enkulu eluhlaza

IBig Green Barbet iyinyoni ephakathi nendawo enekhanda elikhulu noqhwaku olubanzi, oluqinile. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izimpaphe ngaphansi koqhwaku ziba orenji, kuyilapho ezinyonini ezincane lezi zimpaphe ezincane zimpunga ngombala. Umbala weplamu onsundu okhanyayo ngemivimbo emhlophe.

Amehlo amakhulu amnyama azungezwe umugqa ophuzi ophuzi. Umbala onsundu uyanyamalala ngemuva kwentamo, ugqoke bese uphenduka umbala ophuzi. I-Crest eluhlaza okotshani namachashazi amancane amancanyana ngendlela yamachashazi amhlophe. Umsila uluhlaza, isisu siluhlaza okotshani. Isifuba nomphimbo zimsundu. Ekhanda kukhona imivimbo ye-beige. Imilenze yebarbet enkulu eluhlaza iphuzi. Abesilisa nabesifazane empeleni abahlukile komunye ngokubukeka.

Amagabha aluhlaza adla izithelo ezivuthiwe.

Ukusakazeka kwe-barbet enkulu eluhlaza okotshani

Ibarbet enkulu eluhlaza ibhebhetheke eNdiya, kanye naseBangistan naseSri Lanka, eseningizimu yeNepal.

Ibarbet enkulu eluhlaza ehlala zonke izinhlobo zamahlathi emvula. Kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala eduzane nasezindawo zokuhlala abantu, emapaki, kumasango nasezingadini. Ingabonakala emadolobheni amakhulu njenge Delhi neBombay.

Ukubhaliswa okwesithathu kwe-barbet enkulu eluhlaza kuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni. AbakwaCaniceps abangaphansi kwabo bahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNepal neNyakatho neNdiya, ePunjab nase-Uttar Pradesh, lapho iSouth Maharashtra, Orissa neBihar). I-Inornata ihlala eCentral-West kanye neSouth-West of India (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka).

Ukudla I-Big Green Barbet

Ibarbet enkulu eluhlaza idla ikakhulu izithelo, kufaka phakathi i-ficus bengalensis, kepha ingandizela ezihlahleni ziyofuna izithelo. Ivakashela indawo yekhofi. Idla izithelo zezithelo zomndeni. Idla izinambuzane, izibungu, ama-mantises, amasimu. Ukudla kwale nyoni kufaka phakathi umucu wezimbali nasema-corolla.

Le nyoni etholakalayo itholakala eKerala, eTamil Nadu, eSri Lanka. IBarbete enamakhanda amaBrown noma iLarge Green Barbet (Megalaima zeylanica)

Ukuzalela i-barbet enkulu eluhlaza

Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-barbet zohlaza kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Okthoba. Izilokazana zivame ukuhlelwa emigodini yesihlahla ephakeme ngamamitha amabili kuya kwayi-10. Umgodi esihlahleni uhlanzwa yizinyoni zombili. Ukungena kujule kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-80 cm. Owesifazane ubeka amaqanda amhlophe ayi-2-4 nge-hatching emnyama. Hatching ihlala amasonto amabili. Owesifazane nowesilisa bondla amaphuphu.

Izici zokuziphatha kwe-barbet enkulu eluhlaza

Ibarbet enkulu eluhlaza iholela ekuhlaleni phansi, yenza ukuzulazula okuncane ifuna ukudla. Lapho ehlala kwesinye sezihlahla azithandayo, i-ficus Bengalensis, umbala weplamu uhlangana nesizinda samaqabunga. Ngisho noqhwaku lwayo linombala wezithelo ze-ficus. Amabharithi amakhulu aluhlaza avame ukondla emihlambini emikhulu yabantu abangamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu.

Ibarbet enkulu eluhlaza iyizinhlobo zezinyoni ezivamile.