Isiponji esimnandi sika-Olewidi osawolintshi (Tethya aurantium) ungomunye wabamele isiponji esijwayelekile sekilasi (iDemospongiae). Uhlobo lwayo lwachazwa kudala kakhulu - kusukela emuva ngo-1766, ngusosayensi wezemvelo odumile waseJalimane uP. S. Pallas (Peter Simon Pallas).
Emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi, kwesinye isikhathi isiponji lesi sibizwa ngokuthi "isiponji sebhola legalufu."

I-olintshi yasolwandle inomzimba oyindilinga, ifinyelela kububanzi obungu-2 kuya ku-10 cm. Ingaphezulu lomzimba walesi sipanji limbozwe ama-warts amaningi kanye namashubhu, okuthi uma kuhlangene umbala ophuzi wamawolintshi, kunikeze lesi silwane sifane nezithelo - owolintshi.
Engxenyeni engenhla kune-estuary encane - ukuvulwa lapho i-choanocyte ikhipha khona umfudlana wamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlangana kakhulu nezakhi zethambo lamathambo kangangokuba kubonakala sengathi isipanji sinemilomo eminingana. Uma ubheka umlomo wewolintshi wasolwandle, ungabona ukuthi ulwelwesi lwamathambo alo Silicon lumelelwa ngezinaliti ezihlukanisa imisebe ngokuhlangana nezinto zangaphakathi ezakhiwe ngezinaliti ezincane ezinemisebe emincane enomzimba obubanzi obungu-30-100 μm kanye nama-spicule amakhulu angenasici ane-510 - 850 ama-microns ngobude. Isiponji sinamathiselwe kwisakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba yi-nimbus, eyakhiwa ngama-spicule amakhulu angenabuntu, avame ukumbozwa ungqimba lwesilika ongaphansi.
Izeluleko zezinaliti zamathambo ziyavela ngaphezulu kwama-tubercles, ukuthintana isikhathi eside nomzimba walesi siponji kungadala ukucasuka esikhunjeni sezandla.
Umbala womzimba walesi siponji ungahluka kusuka kokuphuzi okuphuzi kuya kolintshi olunejusi.

Uhla lwewolintshi wasolwandle luhlanganisa izilwandle eziningi zoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic, kufaka phakathi iGulf of Guinea, ulwandle iMedithera, ugu lwe-Atlantic lwaseYurophu (ngaphambi kweNorway), izifunda ezisentshonalanga kwe-Atlantic, kufaka phakathi neCaribbean.

Amawolintshi asolwandle atholakala kubantu ababodwa nasemakholoni, amadwala ahlala kuwo, amadwala kanye namatshe amancane ekujuleni okufika kumamitha ayi-150. Kubhekwa njengommeleli wesipanji ongashoni, ovame ukuhlala emanzini angajulile, endaweni yomfula. Kwezinye izikhathi bahlala emihumeni nangaphansi komhlaba.

Njengeziponji ezaziwa kakhulu, ulwelwe olwandle “lubamba” umzimba wayo omncane, onikeza umoya-mpilo ku- “master” wawo, kungukudla kwawo, asuse i-carbon oxides emzimbeni, afake umbala wesipanji ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Lezi zitshalo ezinomfuziselo zihlala ngaphakathi komzimba wesipanji, eziteshini nasemagumbini ohlelo lwawo lokunisela.
Isikhathi eside, ososayensi badideka - ingabe le microslants yenza kanjani i-photosynthesis ebumnyameni obugcwele, ngaphakathi emzimbeni wesiponji? Ngempela, enkambweni ejwayelekile yale nqubo, ukukhanya kuyadingeka.
Ukutholwa okuthokozisayo ngalesi sihloko kwenziwa yiqembu lososayensi baseJalimane abavela kwaStuttgart, abafika esiphethweni sokuthi izitshalo ezingama-typiotic zithola ukukhanya ngohlobo lwamafayibha e-fiber optical, iqhaza lawo elidlalwa ngohlaka lwamathambo wesiponji.
Ngenxa yezinaliti, amathiphu awo avela ngaphezu kobuso bomzimba wesiponji, imisebe ekhanyayo iyakwazi ukungena emakhoneni amnyama omzimba wakhe, isize izitshalo ukuba zibe khona futhi zenze imisebenzi yazo eziwusizo kwiziponji.

Ukuhlolwa okwamiswa ososayensi kwakulula: isiponji se-olintshi sasolwandle safakwa esitsheni esimnyama, emzimbeni lapho kwangeniswa khona ucezu lwephepha elizwelayo. Lapho kukhanyiswa ingaphezulu kwesiponji, kwavela amabala ephepheni, akhiwe emaphethelweni ama-spicule, okwakuyimicu yangempela. Abaphenyi baphindaphinde lo msebenzi wohlobo oluthile lwesiponji olwalungenama-spicule anezeluleko ezibonakala ngaphezu komzimba. Lapho kukhanya isiponji esinjalo esitsheni esimnyama, iphepha lesithombe lahlala linganqamuki. Isiphetho siyaziveza.

Izipanji, njengeqembu elifunde kancane lezilwane zasemanzini, ziyancibilika emizimbeni yazo izixazululo eziningi zobunjiniyela ezithandekayo nezangempela. Yini imidwebo evulekile yamathambo ezinzipuni zengilazi ezenziwe ngemvelo? Azikho izinto ezidaliwe ezivelele zomuntu ezakhiwe kusetshenziswa imithwalo eqinile yolwazi nemithetho yobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, imathematics, i-Optics, i-elekthronikhi, i-physics, njll., Njll., Ongancintisana nomqambi wemvelo, osheshayo ukuveza izimfihlo ikhono labo.

IVenus Basket - isiponji sobuhle obumangalisayo

Ngabe ubukeka kanjani o-olwandle olwandle futhi kungani kwabizwa kanjalo?

Lesi siponji besaziwa ngumuntu iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200. Yachazwa okokuqala ngusosayensi waseJalimane uPeter Pallas ngo-1766.

Ulwandle Orange (Tethya aurantium).

Kungani ulwandle owolintshi? - uyabuza. Bheka isithombe bese uqonda konke: ukwakheka kwalesi silwane kuyindilinga. Imbozwe ngama-tubercles kanye ne-"warty" protrusion, njenge-peel orange. Ekugcineni, umbala: yiwolintshi.

Ububanzi bomzimba wewolintshi wasolwandle buvela kusentimitha ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-10. Ingxenye ephezulu “yebhola” lesipanji ifakwe i-stomata ekhethekile, lapho isilwane sikhipha khona umsele wamanzi.

Lapho kuhlala khona amawolintshi olwandle

Ububanzi bawo buhlanganisa izilwandle eziningi zoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic. Lolu hlobo lwesiponji lolwandle lungatholakala oLwandle iMedithera, kulo lonke ugu lwe-Atlantic lolwandle lwaseYurophu (kuze kufike eNorway uqobo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amawolintshi asolwandle "akhula" entshonalanga ye-Atlantic: eCaribbean, ngokwesibonelo.

Indlela Yasolwandle Lasolwandle

Phakathi kwabo bonke abamele iziponji emhlabeni, amawolintshi asolwandle abhekwa njengomunye oshubile, esikhathini esiningi atholakala eduze nolwandle.

Amawolintshi olwandle ahlala emakoloni, kwesinye isikhathi eyedwa.

Amawolintshi asolwandle aqhamuka ngawodwana futhi ngendlela yamakholoni. Bahlala emihubeni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bathanda emihumeni yasolwandle nangama-grottoes.

Njengabanye abamele izipanji, amawolintshi asolwandle anomakhelwane abangajwayelekile ngaphakathi kwawo - ulwelwe. Ngokuqondile, ulwelwe luhlobo oluthile “lokuthunjwa” eduze kwesiponji. Ngenxa yalokhu “kubambisana” okuxakile, izipanji zasolwandle zithola umoya-mpilo ngokwazo, okudingekayo ekuphefumuleni nasekusebenzeni okujwayelekile komzimba wonke.

Amawolintshi olwandle afana kakhulu nosawolintshi asemhlabathini.

Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-algae ahlinzeka isiponji nge-oxygen, adonsa futhi zonke izinto ezingadingekile emzimbeni wesilwane, ngaleyo ndlela eyihlanze. izipanji zinenzuzo enkulu, awucabangi?

Izipanji - "abasunguli" bobuchwepheshe obusha

Lokhu kungabonakala kunganekwane ekuqaleni, kepha ubani omunye kepha imvelo isifundisa konke okusha nenqubekela phambili. Ngakho-ke izipanji nazo zaba nomthelela. Isibonelo, ukutadisha amathambo ezinhlobo ezithile zesiponji, okucatshangwa ngokwemvelo ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu, ososayensi bathola izixazululo ezintsha zobunjiniyela futhi bathola okumangazayo ezweni lesayensi.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Izici zezindlu zokukhula ezisawolintshi

Isiko ngalinye linezici zalo ezikhulayo, kepha kunemithetho ejwayelekile yomndeni wonke.

• Izitshalo zeCitrus ziyi-thermophilic, ngokuphelele azibekezeleli isithwathwa. Kodwa-ke, ebusika, izinga lokushisa elisendlini lidinga ukuncishiswa kancane. Ukuntuleka kokukhanya kwelanga kuholela ekunciphiseni kwesitshalo, amaqabunga awawa. Ukusindisa isitshalo, wasibeka ngaphansi kwesibani sasemini noma wehlise izinga lokushisa lekamelo.
• Ama-Citruse adinga kakhulu ukukhanya kwelanga, abenzele indawo eningizimu noma efasiteleni lasempumalanga. Uma uhlela ukutshala ama-citruse endaweni ebamba ukushisa, khetha indawo evulekile nelanga.
• Isilinganiso esifanele sokushisa nomswakama kokuqukethwe kwezithelo zamawolintshi singama-degree angu-+18 no-70% Ukufinyelela amanani alinganiselayo, fafaza izitshalo ngamanzi afudumele kaningana ngosuku.
• Uma kungekho isikhathi esimanzi esihambisana nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa kwezitshalo, izitshalo zihlala ekhaya isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emi-4.
• Nikeza ukuthambisa kwezitshalo njalo futhi kuningi, kepha qiniseka ukuthi inhlabathi inesikhathi sokomisa.

Izici zokukhula kwe-mandarin

I-Mandarin yi-citrus evame kakhulu ukukhula ekhaya. Wathandana nabalimi bamaqabunga aluhlaza, izimbali ezimhlophe ezintekenteke nezithelo eziqhakazile. Kodwa-ke, ama-tangerines akhuliswe ekhaya anenani lokuhlobisa kuphela, ngenxa ye-acid eyeqile akunakwenzeka ukuyidla. IMandarin idinga ukuthambisa njalo ukufafaza njalo. Lapho isihlahla sikhula ngokwengeziwe, iba namanzi amaningi futhi avele. Kepha qaphela ukuthi ungawukhululi kakhulu umhlabathi, izimpande ziyingozi ngokuba semanzini. Ukugqoka okuphezulu ngamanyolo wezimbiwa kubalulekile ku-tangerine entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqhakaza.

Thela amanzi e-mandarin nomanyolo izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngesonto. Bamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni komqhele wesihlahla ngesi-mandarin esisha, nciza amahlumela amakhulu ukwenza amagatsha akamuva akhule. Susa konke ngaphandle kwe-ovary eyodwa njalo. Izithelo ezimbalwa zikhula esihlahleni, ziba zinkulu. Ngonyaka olandelayo, khuphula inani lama-ovari. Nakekela umuthi ngama-tangerine, futhi uzokuphendula ngobuhle obukhazimulayo bezimbali nephunga lezimbali ezimnandi.

Izici zewolintshi ezikhulayo

Ukutshala isihlahla samawolintshi kuyajabulisa. Ikhula ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-7 ngokwesimo sayo, isitshalo sinqunyelwe kumamitha ayi-3 ekhaya.Ukutshala i-orange, thatha imbewu esithelweni esidliwayo noma esihlahleni somuthi osuvele ukhulile. Kulula ukuthola imbewu, kepha umuthi otshaliwe kusuka ezinhlanyweni uzoqala ukungatheli izithelo ngaphambi kweminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ukusika kuyindlela esheshayo. Ukunakekela i-orange kuyafana nokunakekela amanye ama-citruse: ukuthambisa okuningana futhi okuningi, ukufafaza njalo, ukugqoka okuphezulu entwasahlobo ngaphambi kwenkathi yezimbali. Kepha kukhona isici: ungadedeli umhlabathi ngaphansi kwesitshalo, ukuze ungalimazi izimpande ezibucayi.

Ukutshala i-orange, thatha imbewu yezithelo ezivuthiwe, ulungiselele isitsha, usigcwalise ngenhlanganisela yomhlaba ovundile ne-peat. Ukujula kokutshala imbewu kucishe kube ngu-1 cm, ibanga phakathi kokutshala alikho ngaphansi kwama-cm 5. Lindela amahlumela okuqala kungakapheli amasonto amabili. Kulesi sigaba, yenza inqubo yokuncipha, shiya amahlumela aqinile, ususe ababuthakathaka. Faka amahlumela asele ngaphansi kwefilimu noma imbiza. Ukutshala okushisa, kususa lo greenhouse njalo kusihlwa isigamu sehora. Dlulisela izihlahla ezincane zesikhathi esizayo zibe ngamabhodwe ahlukile ngemuva kokuvela kwesibili lamaqabunga angempela.

Kudingeka ukufakelwa kwesibili lapho izitshalo zifinyelela ukuphakama okungama-20 cm, bese ziqala ukwakheka komqhele wesihlahla esizayo. Khetha i-orange indawo ebanzi efasiteleni futhi ungayithinti, ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlala luholela ekwehleni kwamaqabunga. Izithelo zewolintshi nazo zihlobisa kuphela emvelweni, ukuthola amawolintshi amnandi futhi anamanzi kudinga iminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi wokukhetha.

Usebenzisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokukhulisa izithelo zomawolinshi, tshala izithelo zakho ozithandayo, amagilebhisi, ulamula, ulamula, icitron ekhaya. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, ama-citruse iminyaka eminingi ajabulisa abanikazi ngokuqhakaza kwabo.