I-swan - umuntu onqabile akababukeli ubuhle bale nyoni. Muhle impela. Noma kunjalo, inyoni enolaka enomlingiswa omubi imvamisa ifihla ngemuva kokubukeka okuhle kwe-swan.
Ama-Swans aluhlobo lwezinyoni ze-oda ama-Anseriformes omndeni wamadada. Sekukonke, uhlobo luqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-7. Bahlala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kubandakanya neRussia.
Ngombono we-philistine, i-swan iyisidalwa esimsulwa, esingavikeleki, nesihle. Kodwa-ke, endle, inyoni ayihlali ihambelana nesithombe esihle. Imvamisa lokhu kuyinyoni engaphili enesimilo esingenangqondo futhi esibi. Futhi iyakwazi ukuzimela!
UShag genus Wagler, 1832
Amasayizi mancane, aphakathi nendawo futhi makhulu. Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-15 cm. Ubude bomsila kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-10 cm. Izindlebe zikhulu impela, ziveza ngaphezu kwezinga lezinwele. Umsila umbozwe ngezinwele ezimfishane nangama-setae angavamile. Umbala onsundu, onsundu, onsundu-onsundu, ompunga noma omnyama. Izinzipho zangaphambili aziphakeme. Izingono ezi-3 ngazimbili. Ifomula yamazinyo = 28, ngaphansi kaningi 26. Imiqhele yamazinyo imhlophe. Engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlathi ophezulu 3 (kwesinye isikhathi 4) amazinyo aphakathi. Kwisethi yediploid, i-shrew ejwayelekile inama-chromosomes angama-42.
Izakhamizi zezindawo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba: amahlathi, izitebhisi, izindawo eziwugwadule nezingwadule. Umsebenzi uvame kakhulu ebusuku. Zidla ikakhulu ama-invertebrates; zihlasela namaxoxo nezinyoka. Isikhathi sokuzala sisukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Okthoba. Ukukhulelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-28. Minyaka yonke, insikazi iletha amalitha ambalwa. Inani lamawundlu ku-udoti lisuka ku-3 liye ku-7 (kwesinye isikhathi lisuka ku-1 liye ku-10). Encane, izinwele zigubungela ngokuphelele umzimba ngosuku lwe-16. Amehlo avulwa ngosuku lwe-13. Ukuvuthwa kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezi-2-3 zeminyaka.
Kusatshalaliswa e-Afrika, e-Asia nePhakathi ne-Asia kuya eJapan, eTimor naseCeylon empumalanga naseningizimu.
Uhlelo lwama-shrews luthuthukiswe kabi kakhulu futhi ludinga ukubuyekezwa okukhulu. Kususelwa emisebenzini ka-Ellerman noMorrison-Scott (1966), Stroganov (1957), Gromov et al. (1963), Bobrinsky et al. (1965), Ellerman, Morrison-Scott noHeiman (1953), Game de Balzac (1956a, 19566, 1957, 1958, 1968), Game de Balzac no-Ellen (1958),ULori noNkomo (uLaurie noNkomo, 1954), uChayen (Chasen, 1940), uTaylor (Taylor, 1934) nabanye, izinhlobo zezingulube ezili-148 zokwehlukanisa zingaphawuleka.
Uhlobo lwe-Shrew - iCroccura
Umsila wembeswa noboya, kusuka lapho izinwele ezihlukanisiwe zivele zivele. Amazinyo amhlophe, izindlebe ziphuma ngokuvelele kusuka kuboya. Umbala uhluka kakhulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-shrews, ama-shrews ayizilwane ezithanda ukoma ngokwengeziwe. Izakhamizi zase-steppe, amahlathi asemaqeleni, ogwadule.
Zizalela izidleke zotshani eziyindilinga, ezihlelwe ngemisele emiseleni, ngaphansi kwamatshe. Ukukhulelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-28. Kungaba nama-broods amaningana ngonyaka, imvamisa kusuka kumawundlu angama-3-7. Amawundlu amadala alandela umama isikhathi eside, akha “ikharavani” lapho isilwane ngasinye sibamba amazinyo aso phansi komsila ngaphambili.
E-Russia, kunezinto ezinhlanu ezinzima ukwahlukanisa izinhlobo zezilwane: i-shrew encane (i-Crocidura suaveolens), i-white-bellied shrew (i-Crocidura leucodon), i-Siberian shrew (i-Crocidura sibirica), i-shrew enkulu (i-Crocidura lasiura), ne-ende-tailed shrew (i-Crocidura gueldensted).
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Igama lesiLatini lohlobo livela egameni elisho ukuthi "owokuhleba, u-twitter, u-buzz." Lokhu kusho imisindo eyenziwa yizilwane ngenkathi kushayisana. Igama lesi-Russian lesakhi sofuzo linikezwa umbala obomvu onsundu wezinhla zamazinyo.
Hlukanisa izinhlobo zokwakheka kwamazinyo, okunzima kakhulu kumqambi. Ama-systematics athuthukiswe kahle, namuhla kunokwahlukaniswa okuhlukile, ngokusho okukodwa kukho kunezinhlaka ezintathu.
Ividiyo: Shrew
Kepha ngokusho kwenye - ezine:
- izinhlobo zemvelaphi engaziwa, kufaka phakathi i-shrew encane (i-Sorex minutissimus) - empeleni, isilwanyana esincanyana kunazo zonke eRussia nesesibili emhlabeni, ngaphansi kwalokho okuyi-shrewf (polydent) emfushane efanayo,
- i-subgenus Sorex, efaka phakathi i-shrew ejwayelekile, ibuye ibe yi-shrew (Sorex araneus) - ummeleli ojwayelekile kakhulu futhi ojwayelekile wohlobo kanye nesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke enyakatho yeYurophu,
- subgenus Ognevia noyena kuphela, kepha omele kunabo bonke - umpetha omkhulu (Sorex mirabilis),
- i-Otisorex subgenus ifaka ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kakhulu zasendaweni - i-American dwarf shrew (Sorex hoyi).
Ifosili lisalokhu livela ku-Upper Eocene - isikhathi lapho kwavela imiyalo yesimanje yezilwane ezincelisayo.
Impendulo
Isilwane esincanyana kunazo zonke i-shrew emfushane, isilwane esidla ubhedu somndeni onobuhlakani. Ayidluli amaphuzu amane amahlanu ayishumi kwesentimitha ubude, ingabali umsila, ongafinyelela kumaphuzu amathathu amahlanu kweshumi kwesentimitha, futhi inesisindo sephuzu elilodwa. Isilwane sibhubhisa izinambuzane eziyingozi. Idla kathathu kuya kane isisindo sayo ngosuku. (ukuphela akuqondanga, kodwa ..) 70- amashumi ayisikhombisa
Isaladi elingenampilo
Ama-Swans ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "inyoni yasebukhosini." Futhi “inkosi” enezimpiko ifanela ngokuphelele isihloko esinjalo. I-swan, njengesikebhe esikhulu, ihamba ngamaza. Futhi uma othile esongela ukungabaza ubukhulu bakhe, khona-ke ufunda ngokushesha amandla wqhwaku oqinile namaphiko anamandla. Inkosi yezinyoni ivame ukuphakamisa amadada, ama-geese nezinye izinyoni zamanzi.
Ngendlela, nobani kuyadingeka ukubhekana nezinyoni ezingezinhle. I-bird inyoni enkulu. Isibonelo, amaphiko edwayi elisimungulu afinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5, futhi isisindo somuntu ngamunye sifinyelela amakhilogremu angama-20 noma ngaphezulu!
Kwesinye isikhathi amachwane ama-waterfowl ahlushwa imvelo enganakekeli. Kunecala elingaphezu kwelilodwa lapho inkosi yezinyoni ihlasela amantshontsho amadada kanye namahansi.
Amadada, okuthi, ngosayizi wawo omncane, awakwazi ukuphindisela umhlaseli oziqhenyayo, ikakhulukazi akuthole. Ngokwezindaba zabazingeli, kwesinye isikhathi ama-swans abhubhisa wonke amantshontsho amadada akhiwe eduzane nedamu.
I-swan ngesihluku ayiziphathi nje endaweni yokugcina amanzi, kodwa futhi nasogwini. Umphangi onezandla uhlasela imihlambi yezinye izinyoni ngaphandle kokungabaza. Ngisho nokuphakama kwenani labaphikisi akumkhathazi.
Akucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha ihlotshaniswa nobani. Ngokunokwenzeka, into leyo ngosayizi wedamu. Echibini elikhulu, i-swan ihlangana nezinye izingane zamanzi ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Kepha ubheka ichibi lasedolobheni noma ichibi elincanyana kakhulu ukuba akwazi ukulihlanganyela nezinye izinyoni.
USwan akayona into yomuntu
Akekho owatshela uSwan ukuthi umuntu umqhele wemvelo. Ngakho-ke, inyoni maqondana neHomo sapiens ihlala iziphatha kabi, ngokuziqhenya nangokuzidla. Uhlasela ababhukudi bebodwa, uhlasele abadobi kanye nabavakashi beholide.
Ngeza kulokhu eminye imiqobelo yeqhawekazi lethu: ukuhlaselwa kwasekwindla emasimini wezolimo, ukungena kubalimi babahlali behlobo namabhishi, okuyinto ayithandayo ngokugcotshwa kwakhe.
Akazithandi izilwane ezihluthwe ngabantu: izinja ne-waterfowl ezifuywayo. Ikakhulu iya ezinjeni. Kuzo, ama-swans abona usongo ngqo enzalweni yawo.
Kodwa-ke, akufanelekile ukusola i-swan esimweni sokungaguquki kubantu. Okokuqala, ukuthambekela. Futhi okwesibili, bheka ukuthi abantu baphendukelani ogwini lwamachibi nemifula! Ukube ubuyinyoni, ubungamcindezela kabuhlungu futhi ushaye izingulube ngamaphiko :)
Okuhle kufanele kube nezinduku
Ku-Tale of Tsar Saltan, inkosazana engenakuzivikela icishe iwele isisulu sikakhokho. Kodwa-ke, endle, i-swan ngeke ikukhubekise. Le nyoni enamandla enolaka engaxosha noma yimuphi umhlaseli!
Ngokushaywa yephiko, i-swan ingashesa impungushe noma impisi encane. Futhi kaningi yena uhlasela izitha. Izinyoni ezidla inyama cishe azinalo ithuba lokulwa nesidoda esidala. Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezinkulu zokhozi nezinkozi zegolide.
Ngokuyinhloko, ama-swans kanye nabantu abasha baba izisulu zezitha. AmaSwidi asengozini ikakhulukazi. Kwesinye isikhathi hhayi nje kuphela izinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane ezincelisayo kodwa, kodwa futhi nezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile anjenge-pike ne-catfish.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umjondolo?
Izilwane ngokubuka kokuqala kubukeka njengamagundane, kepha zingamalungu e-oda elihluke ngokuphelele - i-safetivores. Ukwakheka komzimba lapho uhlolwa eduze kwehluka kakhulu kusuka kwigundane. Okokuqala, ikhanda elilingana nesihlazo esilulelwe ku-proboscis eguquguqukayo liyamangaza. Isilwane sihlala sibahambisa, sibhukuda futhi sifuna inyamazane. Izindlebe zincanyana, azivelwanga lutho oluvela koboyeni. Amehlo ayimicroscopic, alishintshi ngokuphelele.
Uma sibabheka njengesibuko somphefumulo, lapho-ke ujwayelekile cishe awunawo umphefumulo - yonke imicabango yesilwane imayelana nesinkwa semihla ngemihla. Kepha izilwane ezincane ezinjalo azinakuba ngenye indlela, zilahlekelwa ukushisa ngokweqile uma ziqhathaniswa nezinkulu; zihlala zidinga amandla ashukumisayo wezinqubo ze-metabolic eziqhubeka ngejubane elikhulu. "Isisindo esincane - ukudla okuningana" kungumthetho ojwayelekile kubo bonke abantu abanegazi elifudumele. Izinsana zinamazinyo angama-32, njengakuye kubantu, kepha izifakelo, ikakhulukazi ezingaphansi, zinde kakhulu. Amazinyo obisi athathelwa indawo yilawo ahlala njalo ngisho nasesibelethweni, ukuze isilwane sizalwe sivele sinawo wonke amazinyo.
Ubude bomzimba (ngaphandle komsila) ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene bungasuka ku-4 cm ngesigaxa esincanyana, kuze kufike ku-10 cm endaweni eshisiwe enkulu, isisindo sisukela ku-1,2 - 4 g kuya ku-14 g, ngokulandelana. Usayizi ojwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo, ku-shrew ejwayelekile ungama-6-9 cm, kanye nomsila ongu-3-5.5 cm. Umzimba umbozwe nge-velvet thick fur enamathela ngokuqondile, ngakho-ke isigaxa asikwazi ukusikwa “ngokumelana nejazi”. Umbala woboya ohlangothini olungaphezulu ubomvu, onsundu noma onsundu futhi ubeka kahle isilwane emhlabathini, ohlangothini olungezansi lomzimba limpunga.
Umsila ungaba mfushane kakhulu noma ucishe ulingane nomzimba, umbozwe ngezinwele ezi-sparse. Ezinhlangothini nangaphansi komsila wayo, kuvame ukuba nezindlala ezivalela imfihlo yomsipha obukhali onamandla ovikela umgodi kwizinyamazane. Abesifazane banezingono eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi. Emadodeni, izivivinyo zitholakala ngaphakathi emzimbeni, futhi isitho esinamaphaphu singafinyelela ku-2/3 ubude bomzimba.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ugebhezi logebhezi lufana nonxantathu ophakeme - lunendawo eyakhiwe kakhulu yamakhonkolo futhi incishisiwe ekhaleni, ukuze imihlathi ibukeke njengama-tweezers. Ngobusika, igebhezi liyancipha, lehlise umthamo wobuchopho, futhi landa ehlobo (okubizwa ngokuthi “yiDanel effect”). Ingqondo iyi-10% yesisindo sesilwane sonke futhi lesi silinganiso sikhulu kunesomuntu noma, ngisho nehlengethwa. Ngokusobala, isidingo esiqhubekayo sokuxazulula izinkinga zokudla sinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchopho.
Uhlala kuphi umgodi?
Photo: Shrew eRussia
Uhla lohlobo luhlanganisa ikakhulu izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba nezinesizotha zazo zonke izifundazwekazi zemoya esenyakatho. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu ezingaphezulu, njengeCentral America noma i-Asia Ephakathi, kuyatholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Ummeleli ojwayelekile - umugqa ojwayelekile uyisikhathi eziguquguqukayo kunazo zonke futhi ovumelaniswa nokuphila ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo ukusuka kwi-tundra esenyakatho kuya kwethafa elisitebhisi, lapho ukhetha khona imifula yezikhukhula kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zotshani ezingaxazululwa. Izilwane azizithandi izindawo ezivulekile, azikwazi ukuma ngokuqondile ukukhanya kwelanga - izindawo eziyithandayo zihlala zinomthunzi futhi zimanzi. Ebusika bahlala ngaphansi kwengqimba yeqhwa, cishe ngaphandle kokuya phezulu.
Enkabeni yeRussia, imijondolo ejwayelekile itholakala yonke indawo emahlathini nasemapaki, ikakhulukazi igcwele, inamakha aminyene futhi ungqimba lodoti lwamahlathi. Zihlala ngasogwini lwezindawo zokugcina ezimi emahlathini otshani bezitshalo zasogwini, eduze nasemabhishi. Kepha zivame futhi ezindlini ezitshalwa ehlobo, eziqinisekiswa ngamakati, zilethe njengesisulu. Ikakhulu ibakhanga ezindlini zabantu ngaphambi kobusika, lapho sebekwazi nokugibela baye ezindlini.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zihlala ema-tundra nasezindaweni eziphakemeyo, zikhuthazelela isithwathwa esishisayo saseSiberia maphakathi, yize, bekungabonakala, kufanele sihlose ezindaweni ezifudumele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwe-American ash shrew (Sorex cinereus) lwakhombisa ukuthi ubukhulu bezilwane bancane kakhulu enyakatho abahlala kuyo. Lokhu kuphambana nomthetho owaziwayo weBerggman, ngokusho ukuthi usayizi wabantu ezindaweni ezibandayo zohlu kufanele ukhuphuke.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ukutholwa kutholakala kuphi. Ake sibheke ukuthi udlani walesi silwane.
Ngabe udlani udlani?
Photo: Shrew from the Red Book
Lapho ufuna ukudla, ubuhlakani buqondiswa umuzwa obukhali wephunga nokuzwa okufihlayo, ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa i-echolocation. Ukudla kwezilwane, njengekhalori ephezulu kakhulu, kuyisisekelo sokudla. Isilumko sidla konke esingakubamba futhi sikulume ngamazinyo aso abukhali - izinaliti.
- noma yiziphi izinambuzane kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula, i-coleoptera, i-dipterans kanye ne-lepidopterans, nezinye izibungu eziningi kuyadliwa,
- izicabucabu
- Earthworms
- ama-mollusks, kufaka phakathi ama-slugs, wona onobuhlakani obukweleta izibungu,
- amanye ama-invertebrates, ngokwesibonelo, ama-vivsyaki, adliwa ngumdondoshiya omkhulu,
- amagundane egundane,
- ama-amphibians amancane,
- i-carrion, efana nenyoni noma igundane,
- njengezinyathelo zokugcina, ubandakanyeka ekusanseni, edla ngisho nezingane zakhe,
- ebusika, kudla izidlo zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi imbewu enobunzima obukhulu, obungaba yingxenye yokudla,
- udla amakhowe nezidonsa nazo.
Lapho efuna ukudla, wenza izindinyana ezincanyana, ezinamagatsha eqhwa. Inani lokudla okudliwayo ngosuku liphindwe izikhathi ezingama-2-4 kunesisindo sesilwane uqobo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Common Shrew
Umakhelwane wethu osondelene kakhulu nemvelo yemvelo, ujwayelekile ojwayelekile, ufundwe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo sakhe, sizobheka ukuthi lezi zilwane ziphila kanjani nokuthi zenzani. Umjondolo uyaguga futhi uyaqina. Yize imilenze ibuthakathaka, uvele ngokuchichima edlula otshanini nasekuchitheni imfucumfucu ehlathini, ekhonya ngaphansi kwamagxolo awile nasemaxholweni, angakhuphuka esihlahleni sezihlahla, abhukude futhi aqhume. Akazimbizi izimbobo, kepha usebenzisa izigaba zabantu ezingaphansi komhlaba, engenandaba nombono womnikazi. Imvuthuluka ehahayo iqhutshwa yisidingo sesisu nokufa ngenxa yendlala ingokoqobo kuyo kunokuqhamuka emazinyweni omhlaseli. Ngaphandle kokudla, ushona ngemuva kwamahora angama-7 - 9, nezinhlobo ezincane - emva kwezi-5.
Ngaphezu kwesigamu sesikhathi, i-66,5%, isilwane sichitha ekuqhubekeni nasekufuneni okuqhubekayo kokudla. Ngemuva kokudla, uyalala, kuthi ngemuva kokulala ahambe ayofuna ukudla futhi imijikelezo enjalo phakathi nosuku ingasukela ku-9 kuye ku-15, ukubambezeleka okuncane kulomjikelezo kuzomlahlekisela impilo yakhe. Ngesikhathi sokusesha, uhamba kuze kufike ku-2,5 km ngosuku. Lapho kuncishisiwe, ukudla kuya kwezinye izindawo.
Ekwindla, futhi ikakhulukazi ebusika, i-shrew yehlisa umsebenzi, kepha ayifihli. Ingane ayikwazi ukuqongelela imali eyanele ebusika futhi iyaphoqelelwa ukuba ijikeleze ngisho nakwaqhwa. Ngokumangazayo, ngokuvamile uyaphila kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli - Meyi nangoSepthemba- Okthoba, njengakuzo zonke izakhamuzi zezindawo ezinesimo sezulu sonyaka. Ebusika, isikhumba sikhanya. Umsindo ungachazwa ngokuthi ama-squeaks, ama-tweets noma i-twittering ecashile. Bashicilela ikakhulukazi emhlanganweni futhi kube yimpi eyilandela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isigaxa esincane sidla izikhathi ezingama-120 nsuku zonke imizuzu eyi-10 kuye kwengama-50. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlala endaweni ebanda kakhulu ye-Eurasia kune-shrew ejwayelekile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Young shrew
Ojikijeli abahlali ndawonye futhi emhlanganweni banolaka, bahlaselana ngokukhala bakhiphe iphunga labo lokusayina. Owesilisa nowesifazane bahlangana umzuzwana omfushane wokuzalela, okukhona ngokufana okuvamile kungenzeka izikhathi ezi-3 noma ezi-4 ukusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba.
Ngemuva komhlangano, insikazi ithola isiqu esidala, ibhampasi, isiqu, umgodi ongenalutho noma inqwaba yomgoqo futhi yenza isidleke se-hay, moss noma amaqabunga. Isidleke siyindilinga ene-cm engu-8-10 cm ubukhulu. Ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu, insikazi izala izingane (3) 6 - 8 (11). Isisindo se-cub singama-0.5 g, ubude bungaphansi kwamasentimitha ama-2, akaboni, uncishiswa izinwele ngisho ne-proboscis. Kepha emva kwezinsuku ezingama-22 - 25, isizukulwane esisha sikulungele ngokuphelele impilo esizimele, kanti insikazi isilungele ukuzalwa kabusha.
Intsha iyavuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka olandelayo, yize udoti wokuqala wasentwasahlobo ungazala ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ezine.Ukujaha kunesizathu ngokuphelele - izilwane ezisebenza ngokweqile aziphili iminyaka engu-2. Okuyisimo sabo bonke abameleli bohlobo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Uma isidleke sisengozini, umama namathole amancanyana ezinhlobo ezithile (ama-shrews ajwayelekile, u-ashen) akha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ngamakharavani” - ingane yokuqala ibamba umama phansi komsila, bese ezinye zinamathela ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho-ke ziyahamba ziyofuna indawo ephephile. Kukhona omunye umbono wokuthi batadisha okuzungezile, baqhube okuthiwa "yi-safari emvelo."
Izitha zemvelo zozimele
Isithombe: Grey Shrew
Wonke umuntu unezitha, ngisho nezingane ezinolaka nezinephunga elibi. Abanye bamane bababulale, kanti abanye bangadla uma bengenawo umqondo omuhle wokuhogela.
- izilwane ezidla ezinye, kufaka phakathi amakati asekhaya, avame ukwehlisa inyamazane ngaphandle kokudla,
- izikhova ezizidlayo, yize zinephunga,
- oklebe nabanye abahlaseli besikhathi sasemini,
- izingwamza
- izinyoka nezinye izinyoka,
- izilwane ezidla izinhlanzi zibambe ukubhukuda,
- iziwula ngokwazo ziyingozi komunye nomunye,
- ama-parasites (helminths, fleas nabanye) ayingozi empilweni.
Ama-Shrews ngokuvamile ahlala ngokuthula nabantu, yize kunjalo angawela ngaphansi kokusatshiswa kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngokulwa namagundane. Noma kunjalo, abantu balimaza kakhulu ngokungaqondile - ngokushintsha indawo ngokuqothulwa kwamahlathi kanye nentuthuko yasemadolobheni, besebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ocwaningweni lwenye yezindawo ezihlangene ezifuywayo, kwatholakala izinhlobo eziyi-15 zezimpethu eziyindilinga nezisicaba. Umuntu oyedwa wayenezibungu ezihlukene ezingama-497. Nasi isibonelo esivamile sokuvumelana kwendalo!
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umjondolo?
Amasayizi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ahluka kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu nezijwayelekile ze-Eurasia - i-shrew ezejwayelekile zingaba nesibalo sabantu abangama-200 - ama-600 amasampula ngehektha ngalinye. Ukudla okuningana nezindawo ezifihliwe zokukhosela, abantu banda kakhulu. Amabanga afanayo we-Eurasian ku-shrews mancane, amancanyana, amazinyo alinganayo nabanye abaningi. Izindawo ezinkudlwana futhi ezinabantu abaningi abamboza i-tundra kanye nezindawo ezingamahlathi zibonisa izinhlobo zezinhlobo zaseMelika.
Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala endaweni, njenge-Caucasian shrew, ezihlala emahlathini aseCaucasus naseTranscaucasia noma eKamchatka kusuka eKamchatka nasogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Kepha kuyaqabukela, kuncane futhi kutholakala endaweni encane, akuvami njalo. Amazwe ahlukahlukene anezinto azithathayo.
- i-shrew encane (i-S. minutissimus) ivikelekile ezifundeni zaseMoscow, Ryazan, Tver, Kaluga,
- i-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus) kanye ne-swrew-nosed-nosed thin (Sorex gracillimus) iseBhuku elibomvu lesifunda sase-Amur,
- shrew Radde (S. raddei) ku-CC yezindawo eziningi eziseNyakatho eCaucasian republic,
- i-shrew encane (S. minutus) - Ukubuthwa kweCrimea. Uma kwenzeka kwenzeka nje, kubhalwe futhi eNcwadini Ebomvu YaseMoscow njengesibonakaliso samahlathi asele. Noma kungejwayelekile akukho okusongela ingqondo,
- i-equine shrew (S. isodon) ivikelekile esifundeni saseMoscow naseKarelia. Uhla luhlanganisa indawo yehlathi ye-Eurasia kusuka eScandinavia kuya oLwandle iPacific.
Ukuvikelwa kobuhlakani
Photo: Shrew from the Red Book
KwiBhuku elibomvu laseRussia kunezinhlobo eyodwa kuphela: umdondoshiya omkhulu. Ngempela, ummeleli omkhulu wohlobo. Isigaba 3 siyizinhlobo ezingandile ezinobubanzi obuphansi kanye nobubanzi obulinganiselwe. Ngokusho kwe-IUCN, iwela esigabeni esinobungozi obuphansi. Kuhlala amahlathi abanzi futhi axubile aseNingizimu Primorye, atholakala ezindaweni ezintathu kuphela: ezindaweni ezigcinwe eLazovsky naseKedrovaya Pad, kanye naseLake Lake. Hanka.
Uhlu lwe-IUCN International Red Book lubala:
- i-big-toothed shrew (S. macrodon) iyinhlobo engahleleleki ebangeni eliwohlayo. Izindawo eziningi ziyaziwa ezintabeni zaseMexico emahlathini aphakeme ukusuka ku-1,200 kuye ku-2 600 m. Kwenzeka endaweni ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-6,400, uhla olulinganiselwa ngamakhilomitha angama-33627,
- i-shrew yezintaba zaseCarmen (S. milleri) - izinhlobo ezisengozini. Itholakala emahlathini aseMexico asezintabeni ngamamitha ayi-2,400-3 700. Ububanzi obulinganiselwa bungamakhilomitha ayi-11,703,
- I-Pribylovskaya shrew (S. pribilofensis) iyisilwane esisengozini yokutholakala ezitholakala ezigangeni ezisogwini kuphela kwesinye seziqhingi zasePribylov (e-USA) oLwandle iBering. Indawo yesiqhingi ingu-90 km². Isibalo sezinhlobo ezingama-10000 - izingcezu ezingama-19000,
- I-Sclateri shrew (S. sclateri) - izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela. Kunezindawo ezingama-2-3 ezaziwayo eMexico. Ukuphila emahlathini, indawo encishisiwe. Akukho lutho olwaziwayo ngezinombolo
- ISan Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon) - Izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela. Ukuphila emahlathini aswakeme ezintaba. Indawo eyodwa iyaziwa eMexico, ngenhlanhla endaweni evikelekile.
Izindlela zokuvikela akuzona ezangempela: ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezingaphazamisekile lapho izilwane zingahlala khona ngesamba esanele ukuzalaniswa. Imvelo ayikubekezeleli ukuba yize. Noma iyiphi i-niche yemvelo kufanele ihlaselwe, ngisho nezidalwa ezinjenge-ephemeral ezisezandleni zomthamo wegazi elifudumele zizitholela indawo. Ungagcini ngaphansi kwelanga, kepha emthunzini wezinye izidalwa - into esemqoka ukuthi ujabule bangasinda.
Okunye ukunikezwa:
I-Chapel-bath yaseSt. Nicholas the Wonderworker
Ithempeli lokuhlonipha i-Kazan Icon yoMama kaNkulunkulu
ISonto eli-Old Believer Orthodox egameni le-Assidence of the Blessed Girl uMariya
ISonto le-Icon likaMama kaNkulunkulu "Injabulo Yabo Bonke Abadabukayo"
ISonto labaNgcwele be-Equal-to-the Apostles Tsar Constantine noMama wakhe Tsarina Elena
ISonto le-St Nicholas the Wonderworker
Isynagogue enkulu yeChoral
ISonto Lokunqunyelwa KweNtombi Engcwele
Isonto egameni likaSt. Nicholas the Wonderworker
I-Pokrovsky Convent
ISonto Lokuvikelwa kweNkosazana Engcwele
Ithempeli egameni leNkosana u-Alexander Nevsky
ISonto lokuphakanyiswa kweNkosi Engcwele nelinikeza Ukuphila
Ithempeli ukuhlonipha i-Vladimir Icon kaMama kaNkulunkulu
Intwasahlobo yenyanga (Nun-Latka)
ISt. Nicholas Monastery
ISonto Lokunqunyelwa KweNtombi Engcwele
Izindawo ezingcwele ezingama-50 ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ezihlonishwayo zesifunda Saratov
Isiguli Soguquko
Umthombo weSt. Nicholas the Wonderworker
ISt. Nicholas Convent
Isonto lama-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
ISonto likaSt
Umthombo weSt. Nicholas the Wonderworker
Ithempeli Lesisekelo Somoya Oyingcwele
Umthombo ongcwele womfel 'ukholo omkhulu uPanteleimon the Healer
Isiphethu esingcwele seNgelosi enkulu uMikayeli kaNkulunkulu
Isonto egameni le-Holy Equal-to-the Apostles Grand Duke Vladimir
Isonto egameni likaSt. Mitrofan, uMbhishobhi waseVoronezh
Izilwane zesifunda Saratov
Ukhetha ukuhlala emahlathini, amadlelo alahliwe, amasimu nezingadi. Isilwane sithanda izindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngabantu. Ingatholwa kude nehlathi noma emaphethelweni, emasimini anomphunga nasezigcekeni, eceleni kwendlela, izingadi, amadlelo alahliwe, ezigodini zemifula. Usebenzisa ngenkuthalo imifantu emhlabathini futhi imisele imigoqo ukwakha isiphephelo sakhe. Kwesinye isikhathi senza umsebenzi wokwakha izidleke zomhlaba. Ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka, bathuthela kwezinye, izindawo ezicebile kakhulu zokudla.
Uma i-shrew izwa ukusweleka kokudla, ingahlala eduze kwabantu, emadolobhaneni nasemadolobhaneni, ifudukele ezindlini ebusika. Lokhu kufingqa okuncane kuzwela kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Uma ikholomu ye-thermometer yehla ngaphansi kwama-degrees angama-5, khona-ke ayikwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside kulezo zimo.
Ukudla ngokuyinhloko kufaka izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, izicabucabu, iminenke, iminyundu kanye mabhungane. Ngenxa yemetabolism ebukhali ngosuku, i-shrew kumele idle ukudla okungenani isisindo sayo okungenani kabili. Ngakho-ke, ukufuna ukudla kuthatha sonke isikhathi sakhe. Kusale ingxenye encane kuphela yalokhu yokulala.
Ebusika, lapho isidingo sokudla siphezulu kakhulu, bangadla nohlobo lwabo. Musa ukudelela kanye namakhowe ahlukahlukene kanye nembewu, ikakhulukazi kuma-conifers. Uma i-white-belled shrew ishiywe ngaphandle kokudla, ukufa akunakugwenywa emahoreni ambalwa.
Izilwane zihola impilo yasemhlabeni, zihlale zikhuthele unyaka wonke. Bancamela ukuhamba kusihlwa nasebusuku. Isikhathi sokuphumula nokuvuka kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukufakwa esikhundleni sabo, izikhathi eziphakathi kwabo zingamahora ama-2 kuye kwangama-3.
Zihlala emigodini, ezihosheni zeziqu noma ezihlahleni eziwile, ngaphansi kokhuni olufile, ngisho nasezakhiweni zabantu. Imvamisa sebenzisa ngezinhloso zazo imisele nokuhamba kwezinye izilwane.
Isikhathi esiqondile sokuzalela lesi silwane esifuywayo asikaziwa; kuthiwa siyahluka phakathi kuka-Ephreli noSepthemba. Insikazi ihlomisa isidleke endaweni eseceleni noma ngaphansi kwesihlahla, iletha amawundlu amancane ngesilinganiso esingu-3 kuya ku-10. Sinesisindo esisodwa kuphela. Ngemuva kweviki elilodwa noma amabili, izilwane zivula amehlo azo, kuthi ngosuku olungamashumi amane zizimele. Lapho amathole efuna ukuhamba, aqonde emgqeni ojwayelekile wohlobo lwawo, abambe amazinyo awo emsileni womuntu ohamba ngaphambili. Ukuxhumana okunjalo kuvame ukuthatha amasonto amane.
Ngenkathi eyodwa yesizini, i-shrew enamehlo amade ingaletha amalitha ama-4. Ukukhulelwa kwakhe kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-29, nokukhulelwa kube ngu-19 - 20. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuya kwezi-2.
Ukuba nomlingiswa omubi, endaweni eyodwa ngeke kuhlangane ngisho nezihlobo zayo. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngokungafuni ukuhlukanisa indawo abahlala kuyo, noma ungene ekulweni. Imilomo yabo ivulekile kakhulu futhi i-yelp, baqala ukucasulwa. Baxhuma bagxume bodwa, bezama ukubamba isitha. Lapho nje ziphumelela, impi yangempela iyaqala. Izophela kuphela lapho esinye sezimbangi sisohlwini oluphelele.
Ukuba nephunga elingajabulisi, ama-shrews amhlophe anombala awathandeki kukhwalithi yokudla yabazingeli abaningi. Kepha nokho lokhu kusilela akusona isithiyo sezikhova, izikebhe nezikhoba.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zilwane ziletha usizo olukhulu kwezolimo. Babhubhisa izinambuzane eziyingozi ezindaweni lapho amanye ama-unstivores engenalo ithuba elinjalo.
Uma isilwane singekho engozini, sizophila kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-16.