Ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwezimoto kuyabonakala emhlabeni wonke: abantu abaningi abakhethe izimoto ezenziwa ngogesi abahanjiswa hhayi kuphela ngesifiso sokugcina kaphethiloli, kodwa futhi nesifiso sokuvikela imvelo ekungeneni okungenakugwenywa lapho kusetshenziswa injini yangaphakathi yokugibela. Kodwa ingabe izimoto zikagesi ziphephe ngempela ngemvelo noma ingabe le inganekwane?

Ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi

Umqondo wokusebenzisa ugesi ukuhambisa izimoto weza kososayensi ngekhulu le-XIX. Njengamanje, leli cebo selithole impilo yesibili; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe sekwenziwe ukuthi ukulihumusha kube ngokoqobo.

Manje iNorway ihola phambili ekuthengiseni izimoto zikagesi: inani lezimoto zikagesi lapha liyi-15% lenani lezimoto ezihamba emigwaqweni yakuleli. Ukuthengisa e-USA nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kukhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Izifundazwe eziningi zinikela ngezimali ezahlukahlukene kubathengi bezimoto ezinama-motors kagesi, hhayi ngokuzikhumbuza ngokuzikhandla ngezinzuzo ezizolethwa yimvelo lapho zinqaba ukushayela imoto ngemoto yendabuko.

IRussia isasalele emuva kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo: okokuqala, uhulumeni akahlinzeki ngezinzuzo kubathengi bezimoto zikagesi, okwesibili, ingqalasizinda yokusebenzisa kwabo isisebancane.

Izimoto zikagesi zithinta kanjani imvelo

Kukholakala ukuthi umonakalo odalwe yizimoto zikagesi eziya emvelweni mncane kakhulu: le ngxabano isetshenziswa cishe yibo bonke abenzi bezimoto zikagesi ukukhulisa ukuheha kwemikhiqizo yabo emehlweni abathengi abangahle bayithole. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abasibheki lesi sici benethemba elinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela ukuthi izinzuzo zokusebenzisa umshini onemoto kagesi zingabaza ngokuphelele: Kwenziwe ucwaningo olunzulu kucatshangelwa izinsiza ezisetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa kukagesi, izindleko zamabhethri okwenziwa kanye nokulahlwa kwawo okwalandela. Kwavela ukuthi imoto kagesi ilimaza kakhulu imvelo kunemoto enenjini yokugibela yangaphakathi: uma ukukala Ukungcoliswa kwezezimaliukusebenza ngomshini nge ilimaza amanye ama- $ 1,100 nge-motor kagesi.

Ukugibela imoto kagesi, udinga amandla kagesi, akhiqizwa kakhulu yi-hydro kanye nezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo, kanye nezitshalo zamandla enuzi, futhi ngezinga elincane - izitshalo zamandla zisebenzisa amandla elanga nawomoya. Izindlela ezimbili zokugcina zokuphehla ugesi ziyingozi encane kakhulu emvelweni, kepha inzuzo yaleli hlobo lokukhipha izinsiza lincane kakhulu. Zonke ezinye izindlela ezenza sikwazi ukuthola amandla kagesi zenza umnikelo omkhulu ekungcolisweni komoya, ngoba izitshalo zamandla zisebenza kumikhiqizo yamalahle, igesi kanye nemikhiqizo kawoyela. Izimoto zikagesi eziningi emhlabeni ziba ngaphezulu, kuzodingeka kakhulu ugesi, ngakho-ke, lapho umkhathi uqhubeka ungcolisa ngokwengeziwe.

Inkinga inezinye izinhlangothi.: okokuqalaUkukhiqizwa kwamabhethri ezimoto kungcolile kakhulu, okwesibili, lapho usebenzisa imoto kagesi, izinhlayiya eziqinile zindizela emoyeni, zisakazeka endaweni enkulu (yingakho esifundeni lapho inani lezimoto zikagesi likhula khona, isimo semvelo sithuthuka kancane, kepha izindawo ezingomakhelwane ziyahlupheka).

Kuyavela ukuthi izinzuzo zemoto enenjini kagesi ziyangabaza: Kuhlala kuphela kuze kube sekupheleni ukuthola ukuthi yikuphi okulimaza kakhulu umkhathi - izimoto zikagesi noma izimoto ezinenjini yakaphethiloli kanye nezinjini zikadizili, kodwa akukho cwaningo olunzulu olwenziwe ngalesi sihloko. Okwamanje, ama-automaker ahamba phambili abeka imali ngentshiseko yemithombo yabantu nezezimali ekuthuthukiseni izimoto zikagesi, esebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukwandisa ukuthandwa kwawo phakathi kwabantu.

Ubungani bemvelo

Umongo wezemvelo wokusebenzisa izimoto zikagesi uyiphuzu lokuqala, ingxabano eyinhloko ezingxoxweni lapho abantu abathanda izimoto zakudala eziqhutshwa yinjini yokugibela yangaphakathi (ICE) nabaphikisi babo abaqhubekayo babamba iqhaza. Noma kunjalo, namuhla akukho ukuqiniseka okungacacanga kanye nombono wokugcina odabeni olubonisiwe ngisho nasemphakathini wososayensi bezemvelo, ngakho-ke luhlala luvulekile.

Ngasikhathi sinye, abacwaningi (abangafuni izifiso zamabhizinisi kawoyela) bafinyelela esiphethweni esifanayo noma esifanayo: Izimoto zikagesi azilimazi imvelo kunezinjini ezivamile zenjini. Noma kunjalo, lapha ngeke kwenziwe ngaphandle kwamazwana.

Ukusebenza Kwamandla Amandla: ICE vs. Electric Electric

Isici sokusebenza kwamandla kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini kubalulekile esimweni somthelela omuhle emvelweni. Iqiniso ngukuthi ama-motors kagesi ahlinzeka "amandla ahlanzekile". Kepha "umsoco" wabo oqondile, ngokuya ngesifunda esisetshenziswayo, kungenzeka ngenxa yamandla akhiqizwa izitshalo zamandla ezingezona ezemvelo ezisebenza ngamalahle we-fossil.

Injini yemoto kagesiI-RenaultZoe

Kodwa-ke, iEuropean Environmental Agency yenza futhi yashicilela ucwaningo. Ukusuka kukho singaphetha ngokuthi, noma sisebenzisa amandla atholakala embonini yamandla kagesi, imoto kagesi izosebenzisa kuphela ingxenye yesithathu yamandla ebingadingeka ukuthi imoto kaphethiloli inqobe ibanga elifanayo nayo. Ngamagama edijithali, imiphumela yocwaningo ingabonakala kutafula:

100 km ngemoto kagesi

26 MJ uyadingeka ukuthi athole uphethiloli awuthumele emotweni. Imoto uqobo iyasebenzisa

142 MJ ukumboza ibanga eliqanjiwe.

I-74 MJ iyadingeka ukukhiqiza nokuletha ugesi emotweni. Ukuhambisa imoto kagesi kudinga

Lezi zibalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ezisebenzisa amandla akhiqizwa ngokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla asekhona zinikeza ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo okuthe xaxa uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto zikaphethiloli. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi asebenza ngokwengeziwe amandla cishe kunoma iyiphi imvelo.

Injini yokuhlanganisa

Ama-motors kagesi asebenzisa amandla asuka emafutheni ezinsalela - ngokwemibono yomhlaba, ayishisa ingaphansi kwezinjini zikaphethiloli, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokungaqondile, athinta ngqo ukuncishiswa kokuphuma komoya komoya obamba ukushisa.

Ukukhiqiza, ukusebenza, ukulahlwa kwezimoto zikagesi - ingabe ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinqubo kulimaza imvelo?

Isici esiyisihluthulelo sezimoto zikagesi ukuba khona kokuklama kwazo imoto kagesi nebhethri layo. Kuyiqiniso, ubumsulwa bemvelo bemishini enjalo busobala: azinakho ukuphuma okulimazayo, azisebenzisi imikhiqizo yamafutha namakhemikhali anobuthi antifreeze, njll. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, izingqondo ezifundayo zososayensi azikwazi ukubhalisa ezimotweni zikagesi zokuhlanzeka ngokuphelele nakho konke lokhu ngoba ukuthi lapha kuyadingeka ukuthi unake hhayi ukungabi bikho kokulimala ngenkathi usebenza, kodwa futhi nezinye izinto ezimbalwa. Ochwepheshe be-American The University of California baphakamisa ukuthi ukubalwa okulungile kakhulu kokungalimali kwezimoto zikagesi kuzoba kuphela uma abacwaningi behlanganyela ekuhlaziyeni umjikelezo wempilo yemoto ephelele kagesi.

Ngabe izimoto zikagesi zingalimaza imvelo?

Ama-motors kagesi ngokwawo akha "i-drafeine ehlanzekile", ngaphandle kokushisa noma yini, ngaphandle kokwenza amagesi abamba ukushisa. Kulokhu, ngisho nezimoto ezinomusa kakhulu nemvelo yakamuva ezihlanganisiwe “ziyazilahla”. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ukuthi ugesi ophelele awukona ukuphela kokusebenza kwemoto.

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi eYunivesithi yase-Edinburgh baphetha ngokuthi iqiniso nje lokusebenza kwezimoto zikagesi liholela ekukhulisweni kwenani elikhulu lama-microparticles ayingozi emvelweni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwemoto, futhi izinhlayiya ezinobungozi eziningi kangaka zakhiwa kunasetshenziswa i-ICE. Olunye ucwaningo luye lwaqinisekisa leliqiniso. Ama-Microparticles alolu hlobo akhiwa ngesikhathi sokuqothuka nokusheshisa.

Imithombo yabo yile:

• Uhlelo lwamabhuleki
• Amathayi aphuka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa
• Isisindo sezimoto - uma kukalwa isisindo, kuyadingeka umzamo owengeziwe wokusheshisa nokubopha,
• Ukudweba ngaphansi kwethonya lesisindo semoto.

Ngo-2013, abamele i-University of Hertfordshire (UK), eholwa nguRanjit Sohey, benza ucwaningo lokubonisa. Emhubheni lapho kudlula khona izimoto ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-50 nsuku zonke, kufakelwe imishini yokutholwa yama microparticles aqinile.

Izinzwa ziveze ukuthi imoto eyodwa ishiya ama-microtarticles angama-50 wemicroberticles yesimo esiqinile semvelo ehlukile ngosuku. Ingxenye yesithathu yazo yakhiwa ngezinjini. Ingxenye enkulu yazo kwakuyizinhlayiya zomgwaqo, irabha nothuli kohlelo lwamabhuleki.

Lawa ma-microparticle ayizinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zokuphuma kwegesi. Ukuphefumula kwamagesi kunomthelela ongemuhle kwezempilo ekuhambeni kwesikhathi, njengoba ziqongelela, kepha lezi zinhlayiya ziyakwenza ngokushesha okukhulu, zibangele izifo ezihlukahlukene, kubandakanya ne-pathologies yenhliziyo nepheshana lokuphefumula.

"Ukubamba" okuyinhloko kulele ekutheni izimoto zikagesi zikhulu kakhulu kunemoto ekhethekile cishe ikota - kuze kube ngama-25%, kusho ochwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, uma siqhathanisa, izimoto ezimbili eziqhathaniswa "iTesla Model S" ne "BMW 7-Series" zinesisindo samathani angama-2.1 ngokumelene namathani ayi-1.7, ngokulandelana.

Esekela leli qiniso, liphinde lithi nabanikazi bezimoto zikagesi baphoqeleka ukuthi baxhumane nezitolo zokulungisa izimoto kaningi kakhulu ukuze baphendule amathayela enjoloba ngenxa yokugqoka kwabo. Isisindo esandisiwe sezimoto zikagesi sihlotshaniswa namabhethri asindayo, afakwe ngenhloso abakhiqizi ukuze kwandiswe uhla oluzimele lomshini ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphinda usebenze.

Ngisho nezingxenye “ezilula” kuma-motors kagesi zinesisindo esihle. Lokhu kuholela ngqo enkingeni yokusheshisa kwamathayi, uhlelo lwamabhuleki kanye nomgwaqo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwama-microparticles aqinile ayakhula. Ngokwezinga elithile, lokhu kufinyelela ngisho nomphumela wezemvelo wezimoto ezinjalo.

Ukuphefumula - azikho ngempela lapho?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ilula - yebo, izimoto zikagesi ngokwazo azinazo - zikhona kwenye indawo! Izitshalo zamandla we-Thermal ezikhiqiza ugesi ukushaja amabhethri yilapho kuqhuma khona amandla wangempela. Isiphi isiphetho esilandela kulokhu? Eqinisweni, kude nokwamukelekayo kakhulu. Kuyavela ukuthi yize kunokuhlaselwa okuphelele kwemishini kagesi, ukukhishwa komoya ngenxa yokusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla akwehli ngempela, kepha hlala ubhekene nezinga elifanayo.

Vele, ukusebenza kwezinto ezinjalo kuphakeme kunalokho okwenziwa yinjini yokuhlanganisa yangaphakathi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, imoto kagesi nayo ayikude kakhulu. Lokhu futhi kunezela ekusebenzeni okuphansi kwamabhethri, ukulahleka kokuguqulwa kwamandla ukuze kufakwe kabusha imishini futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwemishini. Isiphetho siwukuthi, ake sithi ukudumaza kakhulu: ukuphuma kwasemkhathini kusekhona, imithombo yawo kuphela iyaguquka - esikhundleni samapayipi aqeda kakhulu ama-ICEs afakwe ngokuzenzakalela, ukwanda kokukhucululwa kwendle emoyeni kunikezwa ngamapayipi ezitshalo zamandla.

Namuhla, imithombo ephambili kagesi emhlabeni wonke nje izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo. Ngokuqondene nokusatshalaliswa kwamafutha, u-40% wamandla aqhamuka ku-peat kanye namalahle, ama-22% avela kugesi no-5% kusukela ezingxenyeni zikawoyela, eziguqulwa zibe amandla kagesi abalulekile ezimotweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zidinga inani elikhulu lamanzi, umthamo wazo ongahlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngesikhathi esifanayo! Kodwa-ke, lokhu akupheleli. Ngokuya kwezibalo ze-ejensi yamandla aphesheya, maqondana nokwanda kwethamo lezitshalo zamandla, ngo-2035, kuzodliwa amanzi aphindwe kabili.

Futhi nakhu ukuphetha kochwepheshe kusuka eNorway University of Science and Technology, kanye ne-peremptory! Ukusetshenziswa okusakazekile kwezimoto zikagesi ngokubuka kwezemvelo akunamqondo kulezi zindawo lapho ugesi uhlinzekwa ngogesi ovuthayo, amalahle noma i-lignite kuma-TPP.

Iziphi izinketho ezikhona kulesi simo? Ngokweqiniso, konke kulula - amandla kagesi awo "refuel" izimoto zikagesi, kumele akhiqizwe yizakhiwo ezingakhiqizi izinto eziyingozi emoyeni. Lokhu kungaba izikhungo zamandla ezihlukile noma izitshalo zamandla enuzi. Ngokuqondene nohlelo lwamuva, lunokuhlulwa okuphelele kuwo wonke amafoni futhi akumele uthembele ngokuthandwa kwawo. Lapha unengcindezi evela ezinhlanganweni zezemvelo nezinhlelo zombuso ezamukelwe emazweni amaningi ngemuva kwemicimbi eseFukushima naseChernobyl. Ngamandla ahlukile, izinto nazo azihambi ngendlela enhle - empeleni azikho iziteshi eziningi ezisebenzisa imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo, futhi ngaphezulu, akwanele ukuqinisekisa ngokuphelele ukuphepha kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele.

Iziphetho ngokuqinisekile aziduduzi: neze esikhathini esizayo esiseduze singalindela ukuhlaselwa kwamandla “ahlanzekile” womhlaba wonke. Futhi, lesi simo sezwe, senza ukushintshwa kweziningi ezimotweni zikagesi kube yisivumelwano esingahlelekile, ngomqondo wokuthuthukisa isimo semvelo emhlabeni jikelele.

Izimoto "zikagesi" ezinempilo ": amaqiniso okufanele uwazi

Ubungani bemvelo bokusebenzisa izimoto ezinjalo kufanele bucatshangwe ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa i-prism of energy use. Uma emazweni ngamanye omhlaba ubungani bemvelo bezimoto zikagesi bungalingana, kukhona namanye amazwe lapho inani lawo lezemvelo lisondele ngenani eliphelele.

Isibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu yiNorway. Kuleli lizwe, ingxenye ebalulekile yawo wonke amandla ihlala izitshalo zamandla kagesi nemithombo evuselelekayo. Ukusebenza kwezimoto ezinjalo kuleli kungaqhutshwa ngokoqobo ngokuphuma kwe-zero.

Ngasikhathi sinye, abamele i-University of North Carolina (USA) beveza okuhlukile. Ukukhishwa okuphakathi nendawo bekuphakeme kulezo zifundazwe zase-US lapho kusetshenziswa kakhulu izinto zokuhamba zikagesi. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ama-motors kagesi akhipha ukungahambi kahle okulimazayo, okusho ukuthi isimo semvelo kufanele sibe ngcono?

Isiteshi sikagesi sezimoto zikagesi

Kepha kuyini umbono okumangazayo emcabangweni, ekusebenzeni, kuchazwa ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kukagesi wokwakha kabusha izimoto kagesi, futhi lokhu kudala isidingo sokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, okuwukhulisa ngokwemvelo umthwalo emabhizinisini embonini yamandla.

Ukufingqa, siphawula ukuthi inkomba yobungani bemvelo incike esifundeni esithile. Kulawo mazwe lapho isabelo esikhulu samandla sisuselwa emithonjeni yamandla ezinsalela zamandla namandla e-athomu, inani lemvelo lemoto kagesi lizokwehla. Kulawo mazwe lapho isabelo samanye amandla futhi esivuselelekayo siphakeme khona - ngakolunye uhlangothi. Kodwa-ke, uwoyela nezinto eziphuma kuwo kanye nemithombo yamatshe okusobala ngokusobala kungukunconyelwa okuncane.

Ukuze wandise izinzuzo zezimoto zikagesi, kubalulekile ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi uqobo kungayilimazi imvelo. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi iTesla Motors Corporation ayifuni kuphela ngenkuthalo ukuhlanganisa nokukhuthaza amandla elanga, kodwa futhi ikhiqiza amaphaneli elanga ngemizamo yayo.

Imiphumela yocwaningo eChina ayizithandi izimoto zikagesi

Uyazi ukuthi yiliphi izwe, ngokokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho siqu, okwakungokuqala ukuqiniseka nge-mythicity yokuhlanzeka kwemoto enama-motors kagesi? IChina yonke! Ukugcwala kwezimoto zikagesi kuleli kuphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni.Kwamanye amadolobha, isabelo sezimoto zikagesi sidlula inani lezimoto ezihlomele i-ICE. Ingqalasizinda yeziteshi zikaphethiloli nayo yathuthukiswa ngokufanele - ngonyaka we-2018, izwe limemezele ukwethulwa kweziteshi zokushaja ezingama-800,000.

Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu kugcwaliswa kombane okuzenzakalelayo komhlaba wonke: amanani entengo kawoyela amaningi, inani elikhulu lemayini ye-lithium - izinto okwenziwe kuzo amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi, kanye nokuwohloka okubalulekile kwesimo semvelo emadolobheni ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezimoto ezifakwe i-ICE. Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi ukwethulwa okukhulu kwezimoto zikagesi kusindise lesi simo? Ngeshwa cha! Kwanele ukubheka ukuthi ubungakanani obungakaze bubonwe bungakhiwa e-Beijing nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu, yize iqiniso lokuthi imigwaqo yama-megacities imane igcwala "izimoto ezihambisana nemvelo".

Abaphenyi baseShayina bahlaziya isimo sangempela sezinto futhi bafinyelela esiphethweni esidumazayo: 85% kagesi eMbusweni wezulu akhiqizwa izitshalo ezinamandla ezishisayo, ezivame ukushisa amalahle. Inani elikhulu lemishini kagesi likhulisa lesi simo, ngoba eziteshini zokwanelisa izidingo zamandla kuleli, amalahle amaningi kumele axoshwe.

Kwasungulwa ngochwepheshe ukuthi kuwo wonke ama-kWh wamandla akhiqizelwa izimoto zikagesi “ezikhulisa”, kufinyelela kuma-274 amagremu wekhabhoni dayoksaydi. Ngokwesimo se-petrol ICEs, inkomba ayidluli ku-180 gr. Okusho ukuthi, ukushisa inani lamalahle elidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ngokwanele ukugijima imoto kagesi ngaphezu kwebanga elingu-1 km kuzonikeza inani elinjalo lokuphuma kwezulu elizodlula emiphumeleni yokushisa inani elilinganayo likaphethiloli emotweni yendabuko. Kukhona okunye ukuqhathanisa: inani lokukhishwa okuhambisana nokuhlinzekwa kukagesi kwemoto kagesi liqhathaniswa nenani lokukhishwa kwebhasi likadizili. Ngakho-ke, zonke izimoto zikagesi, ngisho nezincane kunazo zonke, zingamiswa ngesimo saleli bhasi elinamandla kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kuvela ukuthi inhlanzeko yemvelo yezimoto zikagesi iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngomkhiqizi. Ngakho-ke, kwatholakala ukuthi uma kuthathwa i-150,000 km km ku-Tesla Model S, kwakudingeka amandla angaphezulu kwama-20% kune-BMW AG320i, futhi kulokhu kufinyelela isiphetho esilula: lezi zimoto zikagesi zineqhaza elihluke ngokuphelele ekuhlanzekeni imvelo noTesla kulokhu kuxabana - kulahlekelwe amaJalimane.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi: ingabe kuyingozi emvelweni?

Ukwenza isikhunta esisodwa samafutha

I-5.6t CO₂ ukuphuma, ngenkathi kwenziwa imoto eyodwa kagesi -

I-8.8t CO₂. Imali ekhishwa phakathi nokukhiqizwa kwayo inxephezelwa ukungabikho kwalabo abasebenzayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngemuva kokuthi imoto kagesi idlule kulayini womhlangano, isazoba umyalo wokuphakama ungeyona ingozi, noma ngabe ihlinzekwa ngamandla avela esiteshini samandla esisebenza ngamalahle, kunokuba imoto ihlale iqhutshwa uphethiloli noma udizili.

Ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi kuhlotshaniswa nokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi. Cishe isigamu sayo yonke imikhiqizo ephuma ekukhiqizeni ivela ngqo ekukhiqizeni amabhethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cobalt ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwayo. Ivinjelwe ikakhulu e-Afrika, okungukuthi esifundazweni saseCongo. Ngokusho kwemithombo egunyaziwe, umsebenzi wezingane usetshenziselwa nalokhu.

Namuhla, abenzi basebenza ekushintsheni ubuchwepheshe bebhethri. Kungenzeka ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo kutholakale izixazululo zobuchwepheshe zokuqeda i-cobalt, kanye nokwehlisa kakhulu isisindo sebhethri.

Kubhekwe ngokukhethekile ekulahlekelweni kwamabhethri asetshenzisiwe okonga amandla kagesi ezimotweni. Ziqukethe izinto zamakhemikhali ezingamane zithathwe ekuphakanyisweni komhlaba - kulokhu, ukulimala kwemvelo kuzobaluleka kakhulu.

Ngenhlanhla, njengamanje kulesi sigaba sokuthuthuka komkhakha we-electromobile, amabhethri awubeki usongo emvelweni, ngoba kunokuhluka okwanele kokuwusebenzisa ngendlela efanele, ukuvuselela nokuwusebenzisa kabusha. Isibonelo, eJapan asetshenziselwa ukunika amandla imibani yasemgwaqweni. EFrance, bondla ama-lifti, futhi eJalimane asetshenziselwa iziteshi zokushaja okusheshayo.

Ezinye izifundo

Futhi uwathanda kanjani amaningi amaCicicar Smart? Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi ingane iphefumula umoya ongcwele? Akunandaba noma kanjani - ngisho nalesi simanga esivela embonini yezimoto siyakwazi ukungcolisa imvelo sibi kakhulu kunesihlobo saso sikaphethiloli. Ngokwemvelo, wenza lobu buqili obungcolile hhayi ngokuqondile, kodwa ngokusebenzisa izitshalo zamandla ezingasebenzi. Ukuhlinzeka umshini kagesi ngamandla, isiteshi kuyodingeka sikhiphe i-107 g yekhabhoni dioksiyidi emoyeni, ongama-21 g ngaphezulu kwamagesi aphuma ku-Smart enjini kaphethiloli. Le miphumela itholwe ngongoti baseJalimane, kepha bebengasodwa baphoxekile ngesimo sangempela samanje - abaseMelika nabo banegalelo labo lokuhlaziya.

Ngokucwaninga kwabo, ukungcola okuphezulu kakhulu kuyabonakala kulezi zifunda lapho izimoto zikagesi zinqamula khona izimoto ezijwayelekile. Ochwepheshe bafika esiphethweni esifanayo nososayensi baseChina: inani elandayo lokuhamba kukagesi lidinga inani elifanele lamandla, okuthi, njengoba wonke umuntu esazi, kumele akhiqizwe izitshalo zamandla e-fetid. Kukhona futhi ukusebenza okungazinzile kwamanethiwekhi kagesi - ukulayisha ngokweqile akuyona into engjwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi okuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu.

Kukho konke lokhu, kufanelekile ukuthi noma kungakhathalekile mandla mani ukuthi imoto ihambe, ukungcoliswa komoya ngohambo kuthatha ama-25% kuphela ephelele. Ngakho-ke, kuvela kuphi konke okunye ukungcola? Isabelo sengonyama sokukhipha imvelo empeleni siyimbangela yemvelo, okuyi, eqinisweni, ubuntu abukwazi ukuphunyula. Umlotha kusuka ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, isivunguvungu sothuli, imililo yehlathi, nezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile zezitshalo nezilwane.

Ushintsho lokugcina oluya ezimotweni zikagesi - isinyathelo esizayo?

Amaqiniso ahlukahlukene akhulumela lokhu:

• Emadolobheni amakhulu, izimoto zikaphethiloli ziyimbangela eyinhloko yokungcola kanye nomphumela wokugcina ukushisa.
• Azinazo ezinye izindlela eziningi,
• Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bale mishini namabhethri kubo buyenziwa ngcono.

Noma kucatshangelwa ukuphuma kwezakhi zofuzi, akunangqondo ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwezimoto ezisebenzisa uphethiloli, ngoba sesifinyelele enhla yokuthuthuka kwazo. Ingabe bazoba nobungane bemvelo kunangaphambili? Akunjalo.

Ngokwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe sabahlaziyi beBloomberg, ngonyaka ka 2040 isabelo sezimoto zikagesi sizonyukela kokunye kwezintathu izimoto ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni.

Abathengi bangathembela ngokuphepha kubakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi. Kufanele kulindelwe ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze isisindo sabo sizokwehla, amabhethri azoba esindayo futhi wonke, futhi okusha, izinto eziphephile zizotholwa amathayi ezimoto, indawo yemigwaqo nezinhlelo zamabhuleki, ezizokuxazulula inkinga yokwakhiwa ngokweqile kwama-microparticles aqinile.

Ifilosofi yokuthuthuka komkhakha wezimoto zikagesi isho ukuncipha kwenani lezimoto ezizimele. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuzosetshenziswa ngomqondo "wokwabelana ngemoto". Ezimweni ezinkulu, izimoto zomuntu uqobo zizothathelwa indawo yizimoto zikagesi. Zingaqashwa, zisetshenziswe njengezithuthi zomphakathi ezihamba ngomgwaqo olungele abagibeli abakulo.

Izimoto zikagesi kanye nomthelela wazo emvelweni kusengagxekwa nanamuhla, kepha kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukwenqaba izimfanelo ezinhle kanye nokuzwakalisa ukwethembeka kwezimoto zikagesi emvelweni, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto zikagesi. Ukufingqa, singaphetha ngokulandelayo: ngokwesimo sokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi, izimoto zikagesi sezivele zinobungani bemvelo namuhla kunanoma yiziphi izinhlobo zezimoto zikadizili nophethiloli. Kungenzeka ukuthi emashumini eminyaka ezayo inani lentengo lezemoto kagesi lizokhula kuphela, okuzovumela imboni ukuthi ikhule ngendlela yokunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo.

Usongo Lokukhiqiza Amabhethri

Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi i-carbon monoxide evela kuma-TPPs iyona nto engalunganga kagesi yokuhamba? Lutho neze! Kuyavela ukuthi ingozi enkulu ivela enqubweni yokukhiqiza yokushayela ngemoto kagesi kagesi. Ochwepheshe baseNorway University of Science and Technology efanayo, bafika esiphethweni sokuthi amabhizinisi enza umsebenzi wokukhiqiza amabhethri, akhipha ubuthi obuningi kakhulu kunokwakhiwa kwezimoto ezejwayelekile. Kule nqubo, kucaciswe nokuthi ukwenziwa kwezimoto zikagesi kuhambisana nezikhathi ezikhipha igesi eshisayo engaphezulu kaningi kunokukhiqizwa kwezimoto zendabuko. Isizathu sakho konke ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhuphukayo kwamandla okukhiqiza, okubangelwa izizathu zobuchwepheshe.

Amabhethri athatha isono esikhulu kunazo zonke, kuvela kuwo ukuthi isabelo sebhubesi lobuthi buye futhi kuyini kuwo ukuthi iningi lamandla liyaphela. Amabhethri anamandla aqinile anesisindo esandayo esifinyelela ku-400 kg futhi ngasikhathi sinye, iningi lokuqalwa kwe-drive kuyizinto ezinobuthi kakhulu. Lezi zinto zinobungozi obukhulu emvelweni kunokhipha ugesi.

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amabhethri ajwayelekile ezimoto kagesi ahlala iminyaka emi-5, udaba lokulahla kwabo nalo yinkinga enkulu. Le nqubo ithatha isikhathi kakhulu, iyabiza kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi impela. Noma ngabe yonke imithetho ibhekelelwa, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo akunakwenzeka ukuthi kungagwenywa. Ukukhipha izinsimbi emabhethri, kuzothatha cishe imithombo yamandla ephindwe kayishumi kunokwenziwa kwabo. Lokhu kufaka ukwanda kokukhishwa kwezitshalo ezinamandla ezishisayo.

Cela Ukukhishwa Kwezimoto Zogesi

Futhi nansi enye i-drawback engalindelekile yamabhethri kagesi. Kuvela abanikazi bezimoto ezinama-motors kagesi, bavame ukukhala ngokubuyiselwa njalo kwamathayi ezimotweni zabo, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezejwayelekile. Ochwepheshe balusingathe lolu daba futhi bathola ukuthi ukungaqondi okunjalo kungumphumela wesibalo esandisiwe sezimoto ezi-eco-izimoto. Ngokwesilinganiso, lokhu kungaphezulu kwe-24% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini ze-ICE. Ukwenza isibonelo, iTesla Model S iqiniswe ngamathani ayi-2.1, kanti lona ofunda naye uphethiloli weBMW 7-Series, umphumela wabaqambe ngu-1.7 amathani nje kuphela.Nissan Leaf ikhombisa isibalo samathani ayi-1.5, futhi isitha sayo ne-VW Golf eyisitha semvelo , kukhombisa amathani ayi-1,2. Konke lokhu okweqile kungenxa nje yobukhulu bebhethri.

Uma ugubha ujule, khona-ke lolu daba alunqunyelwe ekuthatheni njalo kwamathayi ngenxa yokugqoka kwawo okusheshayo. Isisindo esandisiwe sezimoto ezihamba ngogesi siholela ekhuphukeni kokugqokwa komgwaqo ngamaphesenti ayi-10 kanye nokugqokwa kwamaphesenti amabili kohlelo lokuqopha. Ingabe lokhu kubalulekile? Into ekhona ukuthi ngokugqokwa nokudabuleka okunjalo, izinhlayiya eziqinile ezilimazayo zingena emkhathini, ezingena ngokushesha emzimbeni womuntu lapho ziphefumula futhi zilimaza uhlelo lwenhliziyo. Ukulimala kwempilo kusuka kulokhu, ngokusho kososayensi, kukhulu kakhulu kunokuqothula uthuthu.

Isifinyezo

Ngakho-ke lokho esinakho:

1. Ngazo zodwa, izimoto zikagesi azenzi ukuphuma kwezilimo eziyingozi; izitshalo zamandla ezihlinzeka ngogesi zinesibopho kulokhu. Ukwethulwa komhlaba wonke kwezimoto zikagesi ngeke kusithuthukise isimo sendawo ezungezile emhlabeni, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzothusa kakhulu lesi simo.

2. Ngenxa yezici zobuchwepheshe, inani elikhulu lamandla liyachithwa ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto zikagesi.

3. Ukwenziwa kwamabhethri kwenza ingozi efanayo nemvelo njengezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo, kepha futhi kunezela ubuthi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwezinto ezinobuthi kuzo. Ukulahlwa kwebhethri kudinga amandla, futhi nangaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwawo.

4. Ukushayela kunika izimoto ekuxhumeni kukagesi ngokweqile kwesisindo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini ze-ICE, okuholela ekugqumeni okusheshayo kwerabha, umgwaqo kanye nohlelo lwamabhuleki. Konke lokhu kuholela ekungeneni emkhathini wenani elikhulayo lezinhlayiya eziqinile ezithinta kabi impilo yabantu. Ngokwemvelo, sikhuluma ngezinga lomhlaba wonke, futhi hhayi mayelana nemoto eyodwa kagesi.

5. Ngemuva kwazo zonke lezi ziphetho, kuyacaca ukuthi uma maduze nje izimoto zikagesi zingenakho ukuphakama okukhulu ezimotweni ezinezinjini ezihlanganisa amandla, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukubala ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo komkhakha wezimoto kagesi uwonke. Ngokunokwenzeka, kuzodingeka silinde amashumi ambalwa eminyaka!

Ukusimama akuyona ipayipi yokuqothula

Ekuboneni kokuqala, izimoto zikagesi kanye nokunye ukuthutha kagesi kuphephe kakhulu emvelwenikunanoma iyiphi enye.

Izinhlangano zezemvelo zinikela ngokushiya zonke ezinye izimoto zimkhonze ngendlela ebabazekayo nokwenza ushintsho kusuka kokuvamile kuya kumandla avuselelekayo.

Kepha, njengasesimweni samandla "aluhlaza", okokuhamba kwezokuvakasha kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi kusuka kwizisebenzi ezingeyona imali.

Masithathe izihlobo zezitshalo zamandla namuhla - ngesibonelo sazo umuntu angabona lonke "ubuqili" bobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza.

Izimoto zikagesi ziwuthola kuphi ugesi?

Isiteshi samandla se-European esithuthukile. Intuthu engaka eRussia ayisekho

Kukholelwa ukuthi amazwe amaningi ase-Europe aseshintshe ngokuphelele ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwezinsiza kusebenza. Kodwa-ke, uma ubheka izibalo zemithombo kagesi, yithi e-UK, kuvela ukuthi i-chunk ebalulekile ingeka “petrolique ongavuselelekayo” kanye “nokunye”.

Ukucasha ngaphansi kokuqala ... Izinkuni zokubasa kanye nophethiloli. Owesibili, ngemuva kocwaningo olude, kuvela ukuthi kuthunyelwa ugesi kusuka eFrance.

Okungukuthi, ake ngizalwe endaweni indawo yamandla enuzi. Kuvela kubi, ikakhulukazi uma wazi ukuthi isabelo sebhubesi lemindeni yaseBrithani ayinayo indawo yokufakelwa ugesi okuphakathi nendawo nokushisa, ngakho-ke basebenzisa igesi yemvelo kumasilinda.

Kungani beziqhenya kangaka ngezinto abazifezile?

Akukho okulula: eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, amazwe aseYurophu athole ugesi ngokuyinhloko emafutheni ezinsalela.

Ugesi ongasebenzi kahle awunakugwenywa

Isizinda samandla esivamile samalahle saseJalimane. Lokhu kuhlinzeka cishe u-50% kagesi eJalimane.

Lokho ngamalahle. Okuyingozi kakhulu okwami ​​(ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, ukushona komdlavuza phakathi kwabavukuzi kuphula amarekhodi - kunamahlebezi mayelana nokusakazwa kwemisakazo kwamanye amadiphozi), kuyingozi kakhulu ukushiswa ngaphandle kwezihlungi futhi akuhlanzekile kakhulu ukuyigcina.

Mhlawumbe, kuphela ukulimala kwesitofu ngokwako kungabekwa endaweni yonke ngezihlungi. Futhi akukho okunye.

Kwezinye izimo, ugesi uthathwa esiteshini samandla kagesi. Kukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezinemvelo kakhulu zezitshalo ezinamandla amakhulu. Noma kunjalo, kunezinkinga eziningi ezinkulu:

Njengoba ubona, amandla atshaya kakhulu emvelweni. Kepha udinga imoto kagesi!

• bashintsha unomphela isimo semvelo nendawo
• babulala izinhlanzi ngitsho nangeziteshi ezidlula lapho
• Izingozi eziteshini zamandla kagesi zinganda kakhulu njengasezikhungweni zamandla enuzi.

Ngakho-ke, bekhuluma ngoshintsho olukhulu lwamandla, osopolitiki baseNtshonalanga basongela kahle isihloko sokukhulisa ukusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi. Kepha le yindaba ehluke ngokuphelele.

Ingabe amandla aluhlaza aphephile ngempela?

Izinsimu zezitshalo zamandla zidinga ukwenziwa. Kuyingozi kakhulu

Amandla aluhlaza nawo ayinkinga kangako. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-aluminium isetshenziselwa ukudala ama-airmill, futhi i-carbon kufakwa emgodini ongaphansi isetshenziselwa amaphaneli elanga. Kokubili lokho, kanti okunye ngemvelo kukhiqizwa okunobuthi ngokweqile.

I-Aluminium: idinga i-oda lamandla amakhulu kunemayini yensimbi, isebenzisa ama-acid anobuthi, futhi yakha izakhi ezibucayi eziyingozi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.

I-Silicon: Amagesi anobuthi abulalayo wesigaba esiyingozi kakhulu asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni, ngesikhathi sokuhlunga kwakhiwa uthuli oluhle, olungashiyi amaphaphu.

Akekho owenze izibalo zangempela zobungani bemvelo bekhilogu esikhungweni samandla esinikeziwe, ebheka zonke izinto.Kukholakala ukuthi uma isiteshi uqobo singabhemi - kusho ukuthi sihlanzekile.

Kungani imfucumenti kakhonkolo evela ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi ibhekwa njengeyingozi kakhulu kunezinhlayiya zezinsipho zemisebe ezivela ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayoAngiqondi ngempela.

Kepha ngaphezulu kwalokho ngesinye isikhathi. Namuhla sigxile ezindabeni zezokuvakasha zezemvelo.

Babala kanjani "ubungane bemvelo"?

Empeleni amaloli anamuhla asondela ekuphumeni kwezimoto zikagesi

Uma ubhekisisa kabanzi esihlokweni sezindlela zokuhambisa kagesi, kwembulwa iphutha le-systemic: ukulimala kwemvelo kuthathwa njengevolumu yokukhutshelwa kwe-CO2 (isikhutha).

Ngokwemvelo, ngemoto kagesi lesi sibalo sithambekela ku-zero. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kude kakhulu nokulimala okubangelwa izimoto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngasizathu simbe, uhlelo olunjalo lwesitifiketi lwenze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukubhubhisa izinjini zedizili ezihlanzekile kahle ngenxa kagesi. Ngasikhathi sinye, okwakungaphandle kukhipha ukungcola okungaphansi kwe-octane, i-soot, ne-CO2.

Yini okufanele uyenze ngaphandle kwamaloli, Ilon?

Lezi zamuva zinesibalo esinciphile sokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksijini, kepha abantu abanobuthi abanezithasiselo eziguqukayo (kwezinye izindawo, i-super-toxic tetraethyl lead nayo isetshenziswa, okuthi kalula nangokwemvelo kwandise inani le-octane).

Ngokwamazinga wamanje, hhayi ukuthi ubuthi obujwayelekile bokuphuma buthathwa yini, kodwa ukuphuma kwengxenye eyodwa.

Okwamanje, izingxenyana ezisindayo zikadizili futhi CO2 akukho okuqhathaniswa nezinengezo zamafutha ezimoto nophethiloli, izinga lobuthi bawo okuyi-oda lobukhulu, uma kungenjalo eliphakeme.

Kepha kuvinjelwe okuthile ngodizili! Futhi manje, abenzi bezinjini kaphethiloli bayadingeka ukuze banciphise ukuphuma kwe-CO2 ngokungenangqondo, okuthi, ngokuvamile, kungathinti lutho. Futhi nakhu.

Ngokokunye ukulinganisela, uTesla udanile kuneMercedes

Le "crapus" ye-crapus engaphansi kweTesla 3

Uhlelo lwamandla lweJalimane luqukethe u-50% wamalahle wezinto zokubasa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Tesla igqamisa 156-181 g / km. Izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zeDiesel Mercedes I-102 g / km.

Kepha uhlupho ukuthi lokhu kuyingxenye yokubalwa. Uma wemba ujule - "inhlanzeko" yezimoto zikagesi iba yimbi nangokwengeziwe.

Ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri lezimoto zikagesi akuhambisani nemvelo

Ngeshwa inqubo yokusebenza kwemoto - kuphela ithiphu leqhwa. Akungaphansi kwalokho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okubi kakhulu, kungukudalwa kwekhono lobuchwepheshe.

Izimoto ezijwayelekile azihlukile neze ezimotweni zikagesi “ezihlanzekile” ngokwemvelo ngokwakhayo. Ngaphandle kokuthi bazama ukufaka esikhundleni sensimbi nge-aluminium, esikhundleni sethangi legesi - ibhethri eliqukethe i-lithium, esikhundleni senjini enkulu - isondo lemoto noma i-motor Motors enamakhilomitha kocingo lwethusi.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza ibhethri ejwayelekile yemoto kagesi engama-35 kWh “izindleko” ezingama-5 kuya kwayi-12 amagesi abamba ukushisa emoyeni. “Izindleko” zokwenza injini yokugibela yangaphakathi isuka kumathani ayi-6 kuye kwayi-7 amagesi abamba ukushisa.

Futhi konke lokhu akujabulisi neze.

1. ILithium

I-oasis eluhlaza echibini yaphenduka isihogo esinobuthi. Ukukhiqizwa kweLithium

Isitha esibi kakhulu somuntu. Lapho uhlangana namanzi, usikhipha ngokukhishwa kwenani lokushisa okukhulu. Uma nje kunamanzi, kuzoshisa (ngenhlanhla, kukhona abambalwa kakhulu babo emabhethri).

Kepha lokhu akusethusi - kuyesabeka ukuthi uyazi ukuthi angathatha kanjani amanzi yonke indawo, ngoba iyinsimbi enamandla ye-alkali. Indoda izoshiswa ngisho nomlotha webhethri. Futhi ukuyithatha ngaphakathi, noma kuma-microdoses, kuzolulama kalula.

Lapho i-lithium ivinjelwa khona, imvelo ibhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngeshwa, lokhu kumane kuyisiqalo nje: akekho umuntu ofunde ukuthi angaphinde alisebenzise kanjani lonke inani elingapheli lamabhethri umphakathi owukhiqize umphakathi eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule.

Imfucumfucu yeNyukliya ayifanele idamu ngokuqhathaniswa nale nkinga.

2. I-Aluminium

I-aluminium yaseRussia imayini lapha

I-Aluminium iyinsimbi ebiza kakhulu. Kepha ukukhiqizwa kwayo kufaka izindleko ezinkulu zamandla - zinkulu kakhulu ukuthi zonke izitshalo ezisebenzayo zihlala eduze kwesiteshi samandla kagesi noma isizinda samandla enuzi.

Imithombo yamandla eluhlaza ayinikezi amandla adingekayo, futhi cishe ayikwazi ukukwenza lokhu maduze nje.

Futhi lokhu kubalulekile ukukuthola

Ukukhishwa kwe-bauxite, okutholakala kuyo i-aluminium, akuyona futhi inqubo ehlanzekile kunazo zonke. Kodwa-ke, eChina, okuyiwona ohola phambili ekuncibilikeni kwe-aluminium, akekho ocabanga ngokulimala.

Ngokwemibiko engaqinisekisiwe, imboni ye-aluminium inikela cishe ngama-20% wenani eliphelele lokukhishwa okuyingozi kuleli. Futhi akukho esingakuphefumula emadolobheni athintekayo.

3. Inhlanganisela

Futhi le futhi yimitha yamamitha we-lithium. I-Carbon ne-silicon emaphashini, angiboni

Noma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa kwe-carbon fiber kuthwala uthuli oluncane kakhulu, olungalawulwa kuphela ngezihlungi. Ukuthi wenzeni ngokuhlunga kamuva nakho akucaci ngokuphelele.

Ukushisa? Umlotha ofanayo, kuphela ama-resin anobuthi noma amagesi adingekayo ngesikhathi sekristali. Kungaba kubi kuphela ekwakhiweni kwama-elekthronikhi nge-silicon microparticles.

Kokubili lokho, nenye - inkinga engaxazululwa okwamanje, ihlehlisiwe. Kepha imfucuza yalezi zimboni maduze nje izoqala ukubathinta kakhulu imvelo.

Okungaphezulu kakhulu kokuphelelwa yimoto. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi imoto kaphethiloli yenza ukulimala kancane edolobheni, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwenye indawo kukude lapho umuntu omhlophe engaboni.

Lapho ibona, kuzoba isikhathi kakhulu.

Imifino yokuqhathanisa ososayensi. Ngubani olungile?

"Amavidiyo", ama-pogroms, ukungasebenzi - umphumela ongaqondile we-PR auto

Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokungathandabuzi ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zizoba i-panacea. Ezifundeni eziningi, ukusebenza kwazo kugcwele ubunzima obunjalo kangangokuthi kuba nzima ngenqubo efanelekile. Njengamandla "aluhlaza".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-lithium ne-aluminium kuholela kwezinye, kusalindwe izinkinga zemvelo. Zizohanjiswa ngaphesheya kwe-megacities, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zizoqala ukuthinta yonke imvelo.

Iqine kunokuqothuka kwemoto ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu, okuthi, ngokungafani ne-soot nothuli, ayikakwazi ukunqotshwa.

OkweMoscow - izinkambiso. NgeNorilsk noma i-Yakutsk ungakhohlwa

Ngeshwa, ukuhlolwa okuningilizayo kwethonya lazo zonke izici akukabikhona. Futhi, ngokusobala, ngeke kuphinde kube: zombili izinjini zikaphethiloli nogesi zinezabameleli bazo.

Amakhulu wezikimu ezingenzeka angachazwa njengabahlinzeki be-aluminium turbines abaxhasi beGreenpeace futhi baqhube inqwaba yabantu ibe yimibhikisho. Futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Singasho into eyodwa nje: ngenkathi izindimbane zilwa phakathi kwazo ezindabeni zemvelo, ubudlelwano bobulili, nezinye izihloko ezithandwayo zekhulu lama-21, ohulumeni bathula. Noma thambisa.

Umphumela weGreenhouse: Ushukela oluhlaza okotshani

Kepha uma kufanele bezame ukuthuthukisa ubukhona babo ngombono wezomnotho - lapho "okuluhlaza" kuvunyelwe khona ngisho nokuvukela okuvuthayo, abafuna ubulungisa bezenhlalo nabo bavinjelwe ekubonisweni okunokuthula.

Kukwenza ucabange, akunjalo?

(4.60 koku-5, kukalwe: 84)

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• Yabelana ngalokhu
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🙈 Amazwana 75

Umbhalo omncane we-hellish, njenge-resatvoal reservoir, wonke ungafakwa emshweni owodwa - Ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zezimoto zikagesi nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngoba kukhipha i-CO2 nezinsalela zamakhemikhali kunokuba ikhiqize umjikelezo wempilo yemoto ejwayelekile.
Yebo, ukwengeza, noma yisiphi isihloko semvelo singaba ukuzijabulisa kwamazwe acebile enhloko-dolobha yakudala, i-aluminium ithulisiwe eRussia, zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri zenziwa eChina, umhlaba onqabile udayiselwa zona

@ProtcessusVitelius, ngivumela okungaphezulu kakhulu kokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esenza izifundo zakhe wafunda ngokuqinile imithombo yamandla ehlukile. Lokhu ikakhulukazi amathoyizi angahlangene nolondolozo lwendalo.

@ drundel007, kumnandi kakhulu ukugibela eTesla, ukusheshisa kuyafana. Bangcono)

@ Xiaomi1993, kubonakala kuwe. Futhi kubonakala kimi ukuthi awuzange ushayele iTesla noma imoto ejwayelekile.

@ProtcessusVitelius, umhlaba onqabile (i-cobalt yamabhethri) avela e-Afrika aqhutshwa. I-CNN yaba nendaba emnandi kakhulu ngezimayini zase-Afrika ezenziwe nge-shit nezinduku, lapho abantu abasha, ngaphandle kokuvikelwa ekugudlekeni komhlaba, bakhipha i-cobalt ngepeni, ukuze kamuva uSJW waseJalimane bakwazi ukuyikhipha masisha ngemoto kagesi, besho ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuziphatha eholela.

@Dave, lezi yizinkinga zobungxowanisi bebonke kanye nohlelo lokwabiwa kwezinsiza, hhayi imvelo noma ukuvikela imvelo. Ukusondela ngokungenankinga, inani labantu e-Afrika liningi, futhi sonke sineplanethi eyodwa, sibulala iplanethi - wonke umuntu uzofa.

Hmm, isikhathi eside kwakungekho slag enjalo kuma-iPhones.

@bassist, futhi uzithethelele?

@ iVenom_1993, kahle, ukuqala, google imizuzu emithathu, ukuthi isabelo samandla avela emalahle eJalimane siphansi kakhulu kuno-50%. Futhi uma ubheka amandla ashukumisayo, kusobala ukuthi isabelo sikagesi "oluhlaza" sizobusa eminyakeni ezayo.
Ukuze uqhubeke?

@xstatic,
Yebo, nakuzo zonke izibalo, hhayi isibalo esisodwa nje.
Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, hlobo luni lokholo olungcwele kuGoogle?

@xstatic, ngeke. Amandla aluhlaza eJalimane ayinkokhiso yemfashini. Ukusebenza kwamandla kwezitshalo ezisebenzisa amandla elanga u-0.86 - awakhiqizi namandla asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwazo. Inkinga yokuqongelela nokuhlikihla ayikaze ibe futhi ngeke ixazululeke esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo. Maduze inkinga yezindawo izoba yimbi kakhulu - amasimu wamapaneli elanga nama-windmill akula ukubekwa ngokuqondile kulezo zindawo lapho kufaneleka khona ukwakhelwa izindlu, nokuthi kuhlalwa kuphi inani labantu abakhulayo? Zonke izindaba zanamuhla zamandla aluhlaza ziyisihlava esikhulu.

@ Sīdereus Amicus, ngiyazi - lokhu kunganakeki kwakhulunywa noma ngabe isabelo sikagesi esivela emithonjeni evuselelekayo singaphansi kuka-5%. Manje njengoba isabelo sesedlulile kuma-25%, sesibe miningi imali esetshenziswayo, kepha asekhona.

@xstatic, yebo, ngaleso sikhathi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho zibalo. Futhi manje sekucishe kube nezibalo zeminyaka engama-20 yokusebenza. Futhi uma-ke lezi bekuyizinkulumo zamamaki, manje le yimibiko yabachwepheshe, futhi i-veginal vector isisusele emkhakheni oluluhlaza.

@ Sīdereus Amicus, nansi ke. Kunezinganekwane "zemibiko yochwepheshe" nezindaba eziphathelene nokusebenza okuphansi kwamapaneli elanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukwanda okuqhubekayo ekukhiqizweni kukagesi oluhlaza kanye nokwenyuka kwesabelo sawo ekulinganiselweni kwamandla. Futhi ukusebenza kahle kwamapaneli elanga kuyakhula futhi kuyakhula.

Yebo, kucacile ukuthi konke lokhu okuthiwa "kuyimvelo" kuhlakaniphile akuyona into edlula ukwabiwa kabusha kwemakethe nethonya lezepolitiki. Uma sicabangela ukuthi yimali engakanani ebekelwe ukwenza lokhu, kufanele sibuze umbuzo - ubani ongazuza kukho?
Kumane nje ukuthi ngaphambili ukwabiwa kabusha kwemikhakha yethonya kwenzeke ngenxa yezimpi, manje kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kulokhu.

I-@dmitryermakov, nazo zonke izimpi, esikhathini esithile ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1950, zazibuye zibe nobungani bemvelo. Futhi ngenxa “yenhlanzeko yemvelo”, abantu abaningi bangabulawa ukungcoliswa kunasezimpini.

@dmitryermakov,
Lokhu akuyona umbuzo wokusabalalisa kabusha imikhakha yethonya. Le yindaba yezomnotho. Ngonyaka odlule bengisenkomfa embonini yezimoto. Abenzi bezinkinga bavezwa ngokuthi "amakhilogremu, kuhamba ngomkhumbi." Isisindo esikhulu ngokweqile, isixuku sezimoto ezingenakudlula. Uma kungashintshwa lutho, kunenkinga enkulu ngokuvalwa kwamafekthri, ukuxoshwa kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi (ngikhuluma ngeYurophu) futhi, ngokufaneleyo, usizi lomphakathi. Phuma ukuze uqalise kabusha - konke kudluliselwe kubantu abasebenza ngama-electro ukuze bathenge i-electro. Imfihlo yonke leyo. Izosindisa imboni yezimoto, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemisebenzi futhi igweme nezinkinga zenhlalo. Bese kuthiwani okuzokwenzeka emvelweni? Ngakho-ke kuzoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

@Slovakian, indawo ethokozisayo yokubukwa ...)

@Slovakian, lokhu akwenzeki. Zonke izindawo ezisetshenzisiwe ezifakwe emhlabeni jikelele ze-lithium ngeke zanele ukumboza okungenani amacebo kaTesla okumenyezelwa wokukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi.

Kucace bha ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi kungalimaza imvelo futhi noma ngabe kuyefana nokukhishwa, ukucolisiswa uwoyela nokukhipha, imoto kagesi isengcono. Cabanga nje ukube izimoto zikagesi kuphela ezazishayela edolobheni, lapho-ke bekuzoba lula kakhulu ukuphefumula nokuthi ukuthula kungabe kubaluleke kakhulu. Yebo, kunemithetho eyisiphukuphuku eyenza izimoto zikagesi zilingise umsindo wenjini, kepha mhlawumbe lobu buhlanya buzohamba futhi nezidingo ziyoncipha futhi kuzoba mnandi kakhulu ukuba sedolobheni.

Che Ngisanda kufunda i-O_o ngeze okungenamqondo?

@maloii, ufunda ingqondo yami, bhuti! )))

noma kunjalo, asiphefumuli okuphelele ezimotweni zikagesi
kusale kuphela ukuhlunga okuphuma ezitshalweni zamandla

@ironDrew,
Yebo, asiphefumuli, kanti nezinkinga “zabomdabu” - njengo-sheriff, azinendaba?
Yebo, vele, bangase baphazamiseke maduze, kepha kuzohamba sekwedlule isikhathi ...

I-@Nick_Well, ngokombono wabahlali basemadolobheni, kunezindlela eziningi abazisebenzayo - iphuzu lonke ekudluliseleni okukhishwayo okulimazayo kude nobuso kuya emazweni ampofu lapho izakhamuzi ziyojabula (isikhashana esithile) ukuthola imali eyengeziwe ekukhiqizeni okuyingozi. Ngokombono wokubuka kwemvelo yomhlaba, bekungokwesipho, kepha nginovalo ukuthi akakaze akhathaze muntu.

@Nick_Well, awuzange ungizwe

isasebenza njengodoti
Yilahle ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakho, uyisuse ukuze icubungulwe

ungahlala uphendukela kumandla enuzi, okungenye yezindawo ezungeza imvelo kakhulu
ngokuzayo kuzoba nezindlela zokunciphisa ukuphuma kwomoya, kepha inkinga eyodwa izovele ixazululwe - ngeke siphefumule amagesi ayingozi

futhi lapho kulimaza imvelo iyonke, futhi kuthinta ngqo impilo yabantu, njengoba injalo manje, kubi okungenani kabili

Isisusa esifanelekile sawo wonke umagazini yi-Musk, scum! Nikeza imali, isidalwa esinjalo, ucabangani wena, nit? Simba ngaphansi komhlaba, sabeka amapayipi, savumela ugogo ukuba ahambe aye phesheya kwezilwandle, futhi waphakamisa igceke kusuka ekuqaleni ngeTesla yakho, wena bastard!
Ukufa, isidalwa! Kepha okokuqala buyisela imali!

@ Elon Musk,
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibalo zango-1913.

“Isiteshi samandla esithuthukile saseYurophu. Awusekho umusi omningi kakhulu kubantu baseRussia ”🤦‍♂️
Okokuqala, bebezobonisa ukuthi i-google iyini umbhoshongo opholisa ngaphambi kokubhala imibhalo ehlakaniphile.

I-Tesla iyimoto yesikhathi esizayo futhi ayeke ukwenza izinganekwane

I-@Seroja Roja, ihlaya, imoto kagesi ivele ngaphambili kune-ICE.

@anon, ngitshele okunye

“Izimoto zikagesi zidinga nokugcotshwa kwezitho ezinyakazayo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona okumbalwa okumbalwa kakhulu kunokwezinjini zokugibela zangaphakathi, kodwa zisekhona. ”

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-80 lvl.

U-Ilon Mask, "... ukwenza okwasendaweni nokulawula ..." - UChernobyl, Fukushima, Sayano-Shushenskaya isiteshi samandla kagesi ... konke kulawulwa.

@Denis Kandyukin, ungadidanisi inhlekelele / inhlekelele nenqubo yezobuchwepheshe

I-@Denis Kandyukin, okungukuthi, iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, izingozi ezinkulu ezimbili kuphela, eyodwa ngenxa yabasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe nabashesha, okwesibili ngenxa yokusikeka ngesikhathi semibiko yokwakha nemibiko engamanga. Ngokuqondene nesikole sesibili sezitshalo ze-hydropower, ngokuvamile lokhu kuyindlela yokubala, ngoba ezingeni lokwebiwa kanye nokuphathwa okusebenzayo, kwakumangaza ukuthi lesi sikhungo se-hydropower simi lapho nhlobo.

Yebo futhi yebo, mayelana nokwenza kwasendaweni nokulawula, ngangisho izimboni eziyingozi ngokuyinhloko, hhayi imboni yamandla kagesi yendabuko, ukuyifaka esikhundleni, engaze isebenze, kepha unganciphisa isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa futhi ungene esikhundleni sengxenye yemithombo engavuselelwa.

Yebo, bengingalindele ukuthi ngifunde ubuze obunjalo kwe-iphones.ru!

"Ukushintshwa kusuka ezinjini zemoto zangaphakathi kuya kwezimoto ezihamba ngogesi."

Isifudumezi yithuluzi eliguqula amandla enjini libe umsebenzi owusizo wokuhambisa imoto. Okomoto - isondo, ithangi - isibungu, isikebhe - umgqugquzeli.

Ngabe umxhasi we-athikili iRosneft noma iGazprom?
Njengompendulo enhlokodolobha kaTesla ...

Futhi umhlaba uyisicaba.

"Isabelo sebhubesi lemindeni yaseBrithani ayinayo indawo yokufakelwa ugesi okuphakathi nendawo"
Mayelana nogesi, kunjani? Ngabe bahlala ngokhanyise amakhandlela noma bakhanyiswe ngogesi onjengeNdlovukazi uVictoria? 😄

Mayelana nomusi ophuma embhoshongweni opholile sekubhaliwe. Lokhu akubhemi!

Guys, yini okungenangqondo oyibhalile ... Kunjengokuphika inqubekelaphambili, njengoba amaLudists ephula imishini emafektri, unjalo :) Izimoto zokuqala zazingezikagesi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eNew York wonke amatekisi ayenegesi, kodwa kwabe sekufika uRockefeller futhi wadidiyela no-Ford kanye nezwe lizungeze iminyaka eyikhulu ngenaliti kawoyela. Ngisho neRockefeller Foundation ishiye ama-hydrocarbons, abheke ikusasa, nakhu ushayela i-blizzard. Yebo, thola amanye amakhaya emadolobheni, uwahlasele. Futhi kwa-Oslo sekukhona izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, uhhafu usehambile edolobheni, ukuphefumula sekube lula. Kulula kakhulu ukuhlanza umoya endaweni ekhishwa ngogesi, edlula kude nedolobha, kunokuba uhlanze ukuqeda komshini ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awekho u-oyili, ugrisi, izengezo, nezingxenye eziningi ezisele.Cabanga ngekhanda lakho ukuthi ungaziphinda kanjani kabusha izindatshana ezinobunzima zama-idiots alusizo. Yebo, ekuqaleni kwempilo yakhe, imoto kagesi isivele inendawo enkulu ekhiqizwa yikhabhoni ngenxa yebhethri. EMVA kwalokho incane futhi incane, ikakhulukazi lapho umthombo wamandla ungumoya, ilanga noma i-hydro. EYurophu, akuyona imvelo ukushayela imoto kagesi e-Estonia kuphela, lesi isemthethweni se-European Union. Kukhona amalahle.

@ murman25, Athini amaphesenti kagesi akhiqizwa umoya wakho / ilanga ne-hydro? Ngiyasaba ukukudumaza, kepha akunakuphikwa. Ngasohlangothini oluhle, amalungelo ezimoto zikagesi eYurophu ayacinywa, manje sizobona ukuthi imakethe inquma kanjani.
Emhlabeni wakho wamaponi apinki, kuthathwa ugesi esitolo, futhi amabhethri akhula ezihlahleni futhi awusoze wehluleka ngokusobala, nokuthi udinga imali engakanani ukuze ukhiqize futhi uwulahle ungacabangi ...

@idith, Manje akukuningi, kepha ukukhula kumkhiqizo wamandla ovuselelekayo kuyakhula ngesivinini esikhulu. Isizukulwane saseChina esivela emithonjeni enjalo sesidlule kakhulu isizukulwane samandla kuzo zonke izitshalo zamandla enuzi zaseRussia. Hhayi konke ngasikhathi sinye. Noma kucishwa kancane kancane izinzuzo, izimoto zikagesi zizohlala zinenzuzo enkulu ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa yentengo ebanga uphethiloli eYurophu. Izinzuzo ngeke zikhanselwe. Impilo yebhethri yiminyaka eyi-12, khona-ke bangahlala besesimweni sokushayela. Ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri akukubi ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa, ukucolisiswa, ukuthuthwa kawoyela, uphethiloli ovuthayo ezinjini zokuhlangana zangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimoto zikagesi akudingeki zishintshe uwoyela. Ngincoma kubo bonke abangabazayo ngesonto ukugibela iTesla, futhi kuzofanela ukholwe okunye.

@idith, Kuhlala kungimangaza uma abantu abanjengawe ngokwezigaba bephethe ubuze ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ukucabanga noma ukubona imininingwane.
Nasi isixhumanisi se-Eurostat: https: //ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php? Isihloko = Ifayela: Share_of_energy_from_renewable_source_2018_infograph.jpg

ESweden, mayelana nokubhala okungu-murman25, okwesibili, amaphesenti kagesi oluhlaza angaphezulu kwama-50%. Engxenyeni yamazwe e-EU adlule noma asondela ezingeni lama-20%. Futhi ingabe kulokhu ukuqonda kwakho “akunakuqondakala”? Fu kube njalo.

@xstatic, okungenani ungaphelelwa amandla, kepha amaqiniso anenkani, futhi asho okulandelayo, ngokuhlanzeka okujwayelekile kanye nokutshala imali ngamandla okuvuselelekayo, iphesenti lesizukulwane emhlabeni jikelele limayelana ne-3-5% yesizukulwane sesizukulwane, kanye nokuvamisile uma ungazinaki iziteshi zamandla kagesi wamanzi, le mithombo inika ijika lesizukulwane esivumelana kakhulu, okuholela ekutheni kufanele kulinganiswe kusetshenziswa isizukulwane sendabuko, esibizayo futhi esiyisiwula, ngoba kwamanye amazwe iphesenti libaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kancane ngenxa kubantu abancane nokuntuleka kwemboni esindayo. Zama ukuhlela ukunyibilika kwe-aluminium ngosizo lwama-windmill kanye namaphaneli akhanyayo, futhi uma uphumelela, ngiyavuma ukuthi anginaphutha ngaphandle kombuzo. Futhi maqondana nezimoto zikagesi, kuselula, zama ukusuka ku-MSC yakho uye eSevastopol emotweni yakho kagesi ngokushesha kunalokho ebengingakwenza ngemoto ejwayelekile, ngibona imithetho yemigwaqo ngizobe ngikuqabula ezimbongini bese ngengeza ekubonweni nasekuhlonipheni isikhundla sakho.

I-@idith, emhlabeni lokhu kusho ukuthi kufaka phakathi wonke amazwe angama-200 kubandakanya neSomalia, kuyacaca ukuthi uma udinga ukuthola la ma-5% kulula kakhulu ukubheka amazwe ase-Afrika, abampofu ase-Asia Ephakathi, e-Afghanistan naseLatin America. Lesi akusona izinkomba.

Ukuncibilikisa i-Aluminium, njenganoma yimuphi umkhiqizo osebenzisa amandla, kungabekwa eduze kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi noma iziteshi zamandla kagesi, kepha ukuxhomekeka kokusetshenziswa kwamadolobha kungancipha futhi kufanele kuncishiswe ngenxa yemithombo evuselelekayo.

U-Elon Musk, ngitshele, ukuphi ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni okuyizimpahla, “eYurophu ethuthukile”? Ngokubona kwami, lokhu ikakhulukazi kuyiChina kanye "nabampofu base-Asia" noma ngidida okuthile? Futhi unginikele ebumnyameni ukuthi uzolungisa kanjani ijika lesizukulwane sesabelomali sakho se- "whistle-blowers" esithandeka? Ngokuqhubeka ngokunciphisa nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi noma umlilo ovuthayo? Le yi-utopia. Futhi awutholi noma yimaphi amandla aluhlaza "aluhlaza"?

@idith, Izinga lokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuvuselelekayo eChina lingaphezu kwakho konke emhlabeni
I-PRC isisungule uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwezizinda zamandla elanga nawomoya, lapho kuhlelwa ukuthi kukhuliswe kakhulu imali kahulumeni ngamandla ahlanzekile, izinga lokuthuthuka lapho izwe selivele lingumholi womhlaba. Eminyakeni emibili elandelayo, ngokusho kweXinhua, abaphathi be-PRC bahlela ukutshala imali eyi-2,5 trillion yuan ($ 373 billion) ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo ezisebenza ngamandla elanga nomoya.

Izinyathelo zokukhuthaza amandla eziluhlaza zase-China zihlose ukukhuphula kakhulu isabelo semithombo yamandla engesiyo eyatholakala ekuhlanganeni kwamandla. Uhlelo olusebenza isikhathi eside loMkhandlu Wezwe we-PRC luphakamisa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2030, ama-20% azo zonke izidingo zamandla emnothweni wesibili wezwe azonikezwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amafutha ezindala - amalahle, uwoyela negesi.

Manje umholi wezwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla aluhlaza iBrazil, lapho imithombo evuselelekayo ibalelwa ku-45% wamandla wokugcina wokusebenzisa amandla, endaweni yesibili yi-European Union enesabelo esingu-17%. I-China isiphindwe ka-5 ngemuva kweBrazil futhi inengxenye ye-8,9% kuphela, kepha iyimakethe ekhula ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele ngokuthumela amakhono amasha aluhlaza futhi izosala injalo kuze kufike okungenani u-2023, i-International Energy Agency ibikezela.

Eminyakeni engu-5 elandelayo, ngokusho kwesimo sezulu se-IEA, isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa komoya sizocishe siphindwe kabili - sisuka kumathani angama-21,9 kuye kuma-39.8 wamathani alinganayo kawoyela ngonyaka. Amandla eziteshi zesolar azophindeka kathathu - aze afike kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-33 we-AD.

Amanye amazwe abheka ama-briquette “njengamafutha angavuselelwa”. Ungakwazi yini ukucacisa izinhlobo ezithile zokukhiqiza eBrazil?

@idith, Okusho ukuthi, esikhundleni sokuvuma ngokweqiniso ukuthi usulile ukungabinangqondo mayelana "nephesenti elingathandeki", uthathe isinqumo sokulahla iqembu elilodwa lobuhlakani obunobuwula?

Emaphuzwini:
1. "Amaphesenti wokukhiqizwa emhlabeni jikelele acishe abe yi-3-5% yesizukulwane esiphelele" - uma sithatha umhlaba wonke, kubandakanya izwe lonke. Uma sithatha izimakethe eziphambili zokuthengisa izimoto kagesi, sekuvele kungaphezulu kwe-10% nasemazweni amaningi ngaphezulu kwe-25%. Kuphambene kakhulu namagama akho mayelana "nephesenti elingathandeki"
2. "Le mithombo inika ijika lesizukulwane esingahambelani, okuholela ekutheni kumele iqondaniswe kusetshenziswa isizukulwane sendabuko, esibizayo futhi siyisiwula" - kunobuwula ukucabanga ngemithombo yesizukulwane ngaphandle kokucabanga ngokusetshenziswa. Ingxenye ebalulekile kagesi idliwe yimizi kanye namabhizinisi angakhiqizi, okuyijika lawo ukusetshenziswa kuvumelana kahle nesisekelo sokuphehlwa kwezitshalo zamandla elanga namabhethri wazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuneziteshi zamandla kagesi wamanzi futhi kunezivumisi zomoya. Amandla anamuhla aluhlaza axazulula isikhathi eside inkinga yama-surges ekusebenziseni.
3. “Zama ukuhlela ukunyibilikiswa kwe-aluminium ngosizo lwama-windmill kanye namaphaneli akhanyayo, futhi uma uphumelela, ngiyavuma ukuthi anginaphutha ngaphandle kombuzo. "- Futhi ngani? Emhlabeni wakho, ukunyibilika kwe-aluminium kuphela okungumthengi wamandla? Emhlabeni wami, iziteshi zamandla kagesi nazo zenza lokhu.
4. ” ngezimoto zikagesi kusenzima, kulula ukusuka ku-MSC yakho uye eSevastopol emotweni yakho kagesi ngokushesha kunalokho engizokwenza emotweni ejwayelekile egcina imithetho yomgwaqo ”
Ngafika ehlobo ngisuka eBerlin ngaya e-Barcelona ngingenazinkinga nangenduduzo kuTesla. Amazwe omhlaba wesithathu ngokusobala ahlala ekuthuthukisweni avela eNtshonalanga, kepha kungekudala ubuchwepheshe buzofika lapho.

@xstatic,
1. Ngolwazi lwakho, kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1, "emazweni athuthukile", ukushaja izimoto zikagesi kuzokhuphuka kakhulu futhi kuzobiza kakhulu ukuzishayela, ngakho-ke sizobheka ukuthi “abaseYurophu abasezingeni eliphakeme” basebenzisa ziphi uphethiloli ezingeyona imvelo noma izithuthi zikagesi “ezithuthukile” A okubhalile ukuthi kwamanye amazwe “asethuthukile”, okuyisilinganiso sabantu abangahlali sifinyelela inani labantu baseMoscow, isizukulwane sifinyelela kuma-25%, lokhu akusona izinkomba, imiqondo efanayo njengoba usho ukuthi kufanele sihlale eSaudi Arabia, sikhiqiza uwoyela Ngenkathi khohlwa ukuthi kukhona abantu abangu-23 million, futhi siba ezingu-150 futhi insimu asifani.
2. Ngikhanyisele ukuthi amandla amnyama aluhlaza axazulule kanjani inkinga yokuqhuma kwesizukulwane, akukho nkinga ngokushiswa kwamandla, kepha kukhona isizukulwane, futhi kuze kube nokuqhamukelwa kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla ngeke kuxazululwe.
3. Ngokudumazayo, izitshalo ze-hydropower zingabikwa njengezindlela “ezinemvelo” zokuphehla amandla ngezizathu ezimbili, inani lezindawo emhlabeni ezifanele ukwakha izitshalo ze-hydropower lilinganiselwe futhi ukwakhiwa kwazo, njengomthetho, kuletha imiphumela engenakuphikwa ku-ecology yesifunda lapho ivela khona ngoba kunokugcwala kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwamachibi nokubhujiswa kwemithombo yezinhlanzi. Noma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa okwakha amandla, i-windmill kanye nephaneli elanga azikwazi ukuba ngumthombo wamandla noma ngenxa yamandla aphansi noma ngenxa yejika lesizukulwane esingalingani.
4. Ngingagibela ngisuka eBerlin ngiye e-Barcelona ngebhayisekili, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi le yindlela esheshayo futhi elula kunazo zonke yokwenza. Iqiniso lokuthi ungahamba ujikeleze “ithoyizi lakho likagesi” phakathi kwedolobha noma esifundeni esifanayo, ukulibeka njalo ebusuku akwenzi kube yindlela esebenzayo yokuhamba. Ngingashayela emhlabeni wonke ngophethiloli wami “we-backward” u-Audi uma ngifisa futhi ngingafi ngenxa yokuguga ngilinde ukuthi izokhokhiswa, futhi wena ku-"super-tech" Tesla uzowuhlikihla ngaleli bhakede ngale ndlela okuphuma kulo okuseduze, lokho konke ukusebenza kwakho kwezobuchwepheshe ...

Z.Y. Kulula ukusola abanye ngokuthi “ubuwula bokubheda” uma wena uqobo ungakhanyi ngombono wakho.

@idith
1. "Ngolwazi lwakho, kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1," emazweni athuthukile ", ukushaja izimoto zikagesi kuzokhukhuphuka kakhulu futhi kuzobiza kakhulu ukuzishayela," - Ubuye wahlala kusofa omunye "ongathandeki". Unehlobo oluthile lwesipho lokuphatha ukungabi nalutho okungabanjiwe. Futhi yebo, uma ungafundiswanga lokhu esikoleni-inani labantu base-EU> inani labantu baseRussia. Futhi iphesenti lamandla aluhlaza liphezulu kakhulu, akumangazi ukubheka ukubuyela emuva kwezobuchwepheshe kwamuva.
2. "Ngikhanyisele ubumnyama" - ngikhanyisele ubumnyama. Amagama amabili - ukwahluka namabhethri.
3. "Ukudumazeka kwakho ngezitshalo ze-hydropower kungabhekwa njengezindlela" ezinemvelo "zokuphehla amandla ngokwezimo zonke" - Ngiyaqonda ukuthi empeleni ufuna ukumboza ihlazo lakho "ngamaphesenti angathandeki", kepha lena akuyona inkinga yami. Kunezizathu ezenza izitshalo ze-hydropower zihlukaniswe njengemithombo yamandla aluhlaza futhi akukhona ukuthi uziphikise.
4. "Ngingasuka eBerlin ngiye e-Barcelona ngebhayisekili" - inqobo nje uma ngibona ukuthi ungakhuluma kuphela ngolimi lwakho. Uma ufinyelela ibhayisekili ngejubane elifanayo nele-Tesla, khona-ke sizocabanga ngaleli banga le-demagogy engenangqondo.
5. "Ngingashayela emhlabeni wonke ngophethiloli wami" obheke emuva "- lokho kusho ukuthi, esikhundleni sokuvuma ukuthi utholile cishe ngephesenti" elingaqondakali ", usukulungele ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke ukusindisa ubuso? Wozani, alinge. Silinde umbiko wesithombe.

@xstatic,
1. Well, if you are a connoisseur of izinombolo, khona-ke asikhulume ngezinombolo, ishaja imoto kagesi ebiza ama-euro angama-8 izobiza ama-euro angama-0.79 nge kilowatt, i-Nissan Leaf inebhethri yamahora angama-62 kilowatt, ngokulandelana, icala elilodwa lizobiza ama-idiots “athuthukile” ku Ama-euro angama-50 anendawo yokugcina amandla ka-250 km, futhi ukukhulisa i-Opel Astra ngethangi lamalitha angama-56 kuzodla ama-euro angama-73 ngesibekelelo samandla esizi-700 km, uyakwazi ukubala izindleko zekhilomitha elilodwa noma uyakwazi ukuzisingatha ngokwakho? Futhi, engeza ukuthi izindleko zokukhiqiza i-1 kilowatt nganoma iyiphi indlela “evuselelekayo” iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-2-3 kunaleyendabuko, okuwukuphela komthombo lapho izindleko zifana khona yisiteshi samandla kagesi, kodwa njengoba ungaqondi ukuthi azikwazi ukwakhiwa yonke indawo nangamanani angenamkhawulo, ungangibhalela ukuthi lokhu kungukusindiswa kwe-eco-energy.
2. Ngabe uyazi ukuthi ukuhunyushwa kwamagama kusho ukuthini? Google, mhlawumbe ngabe uyeka ukubhala okungenangqondo ngokuqondanisa ijika lesizukulwane ngosizo lwayo. Ibhethri? Ngempela? Ngabe amasayizi kufanele abe malini futhi ibhethri libiza malini kumahora angama-gigawatt? Emhlabeni wakho kuphela we-pink "advanced" unicorns lapho umuntu angaziphatha kubunqunu obunjalo ...
3. Ake sibize i-spade spade, isiteshi samandla we-hydroelectric singumthombo wamandla ATHOLAKALAYO, singabizwa ngokuthi siluhlaza ngokweqile futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso, futhi izimpikiswano ezivela ochungechungeni oluthi “lokhu akuyona inkinga yami” ziyakha kakhulu, ngiyavuma.
4.Uyisimungulu noma uzenza wena. Kwakungenxa yokuthi ngemoto ejwayelekile emhlabeni wangempela, hhayi emhlabeni wakho “wamaponi asephambili aphambili”, kulula futhi kuyasebenza ukujikeleza, kepha udinga ukuguqula konke wenze sengathi uyinkosi yokuhlaziya.
5. Awukwazi ukuphikisana nesikhundla sakho nganoma iyiphi indlela ngaphandle kokuphumula uphondo lwakho “ngamaphesenti angavumelani”, futhi ungazami nokuqonda ukuthi bakubhalela ini. Masihambisane, ukuze kucace kuwe, ngizokukhokhela zonke izindleko zakho uma ungakwenza okungenani izikhathi ezi-2 kancane kunalokho ngiku-petrol, futhi ngizokunikeza eminye imiklomelo eyisigidi, akunjalo? Musa ukungena emanzini ngamabhamuza wesikwele ngenkathi uhleli ku-Tesla yakho, yenza okungenani isenzo esisodwa ngesibindi kuyo yonke impilo yakho engenamsebenzi, vuma! ,)

@idith, kunjalo, xoxa ngezinombolo. Lapho nje uvuma amanga akho mayelana "nephesenti elingathandeki". Ungasithola kanjani isibindi - woza.

@xstatic, ngivele ngabona ukuthi kuwubuwula ukuzama ukuxoxa okuthile nezingane zesikole eziphupha ngokushayela uTesla usuka eBerlin uye e-Barcelona, ​​ngoba ngenxa yokungazi nobuwula babo, abakwazi ukubona imininingwane, kepha bangaphinde baphinde njengamaphasele ”akunandaba! akunandaba! ”
Lapho 'isibindi sakho esincane kakhulu' sikhula, baphenduka.

@idith, awukwazi ukuxoxa nami nganoma yini. Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi ngilangazelela ukuxoxa nawe okuthile njengomqambimanga? Wena, njengomntwana omncane, uthole isiklabha esingenacala “ngephesenti elingathandeki”, futhi lapho ubethelwe izinombolo, ubuya epanini lokuthosa uzama ukuxoxa ngehlazo lakho.
Ngisho nezingane ziziphatha ngokwanele futhi ngesibindi ukwedlula wena.

@xstatic, esihogweni nawe, ake sithi kulo lonke elaseYurophu kuzoba nama-20%, noma ngabe “kunganakwa”, kodwa kuncane nje, kuzokukwenza uzizwe ungcono? Umahluko ophindwe kasishiyagalolunye emananini ala mandla uma uqhathaniswa naleso sendabuko, umuntu kufanele abe nesifiso esikhulu sokuziqhenya ngawo.
Izingane zinezimpondo ngokumelene "nokuthi ungumqambimanga", "uboshelwe odongeni", kumele ube, ubambe izimbotshana ngakho konke okunye, unesibindi, ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuphikisana ngesikhundla sakho futhi "impumelelo" yakho ayinamkhawulo.

@xstatic, futhi ngendlela, izixhumanisi eziya kwi-Eurostat ozithumela ngenkuthalo lapha, ziphukile, embuzweni wokuphikisana kwakho okuhle.

@xstatic, futhi uma ulalelisisa, ngingathanda ukudonsela ukunakekela kwakho kweNkosi yakho ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi ibinzana elithi "alithandeki" lalisetshenziswa njengephesenti lesizukulwane emhlabeni jikelele, futhi lawa yi-3-5% ongeke abizwe ngenye indlela, kepha lapha aqala Izaba zeGalile zisho “ngeSomalia” nangeqiniso lokuthi “asizibali amazwe omhlaba wesithathu” njalonjalo, yize iningi labantu emhlabeni wethu lihlala kulawo mazwe okungakulungeli ukuthi ungawanaki.

Ukushiswa kwe-aluminium kudinga isizinda samandla enuzi noma isiteshi samandla kagesi. Amandla kagesi wangaphansi kakhulu, ezinye iziteshi zingabhekana nosayizi wokukhiqiza kuphela. Futhi yebo, ngemvelo, ngendlela elinganayo yokuhlinzeka izitshalo zamandla enuzi, iphephe kakhulu, ngoba yiziteshi zamandla kagesi ezibhekele ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwe-sturgeon nezinye izinhlanzi ezentengisanayo, kanye nezinye iziphikiso eziningi endaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili. Izitshalo zamandla eNyukliya zisendaweni, azidingi ushintsho lomhlaba ezindaweni ezinjalo.

Yebo, ngaphandle kwe-aluminium namuhla, akukho ndawo, ngokuphelele

I-@xstatic, sengibhale ngezansi, futhi esihlokweni uqobo: amazwe amaningi abheka ama-briquette “njengemithombo engavuselelwa”. Kukhona i-ecology encane kubo - bayishisa ngendlela efanayo nakho konke okunye.