Iqiniso elimangazayo: ngokwezibalo zemibuzo yokucinga yandex, abasebenzisi abayisithupha kwabangu-7 be-Inthanethi bafaka igama elithi "Tetra ngokunembilemayelanaDon ". Mfundi othandekayo, ngidonsela ukunakekela kwakho eqinisweni lokuthi isipelingi esithi "Tetradon" (ngaphandle kwe- "o") asilungile. Igama elijwayelekile "Tetraodon "(uTetramayelanadon) kuvela amagama amabili esiGreki: i-tetra - ezine, odontos - izinyo. Labo. umbandela wokuhlukanisa inhlanzi kulolu hlobo lobukhona bamazinyo amane emihlathini.
Izilwandle zigcwele imifino emihle yezilwane zasendle ekujuleni kwazo. Ososayensi, izazi zebhayoloji, izazi zemvelo zisebenza ngempumelelo ekutholakaleni nasekufundeni kwabamele abahlukahlukene bohlobo lwezinhlanzi. Isihloko sokucwaninga kwabo ngamaTetraodons omndeni wakwa-Tooth. Lezi zinhlanzi zingatholakala emanzini angenasisekelo namanzi amasha ase-Afrika, iNingizimu Melika, iNingizimu neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, futhi sibonga imiphumela yokutholwa kwesayensi kuma-aquarium ethu. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zabobonke abantu balolu hlobo lobuciko zifaka umzimba omncane ofana neqanda ophela nekhanda elikhulu elinamehlo amakhulu amakhulu. Isikali ngasinye senhlanzi siphela nge-spiky, apex-like spike, futhi amaphiko we-ventral awekho ngokuphelele.
I-Tetraodon ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezingavamile, ngoba imvelo yavuza laba bantu abasemanzini abancane ngezindlela ezimangalisayo zokuvikela umuntu kanye nomlingiswa onolaka. Yonke imisebenzi yezimoto ezidla ezinye ezidla ubhedu endaweni yasemanzini inikezwa amapayipi aqinile e-pectoral. Ngosizo lwabo, bona, njengabazingeli bangempela, bagoqa isisulu ngejubane lombani bese bezithoba ekufeni okubuhlungu kusuka kumapuleti amathambo abukhali futhi aqinile atholakala emgodini womlomo. Le ndlela enamandla yokuqothula ibulala amagobolondo e-oysters, ama-mollusks kanye neminenke, inyama okuwukudla okuyinhloko kwezinhlobo. Laba abamele umhlaba wezilwane abagcini nje ngokwenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wendima eyidlakudla, kepha futhi bazivikela njalo: bayangena, begcwalisa isikhwama esikhethekile esishiya esiswini ngomoya noma ngamanzi, bathole ukubukeka kwebhaluni, ngaleyo ndlela besaba izinhlanzi ezinkulu nezinyoni. Izikali ezincane zesikali, ezihambisana nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, futhi ziyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvikela. Imisipha kaTetraodon, izindlala zocansi nama-ovari aqukethe ubuthi obunobuthi obungathandeki, okuthi, uma kudliwa yizinhlanzi, kube nomphumela olimaza kumasistimu wezinzwa nawenhliziyo, ngakho-ke akunconywa ukuthi uzame inhlanhla yakho futhi uyidle.
Akulula kangako ukuhlukanisa umuntu omelele ubulili obuthile, umehluko wangaphandle ungasiza, njengomthetho, insikazi inomzimba omkhulu futhi umbala okhanyayo omncane. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, abantu bazala ngezindlela eziningana. Izinsikazi zabekela amaqanda, kanti ezeduna ziqhubeka nokunakekela zona, kanti ezinye zimane zishiya amaqanda azo phansi noma ekholini lamanzi.
Akumangazi ukuthi ama-tetraodons ahlala ngokuqinile niche yawo emkhakheni wezentengiso we-aquarium, kuyamangaza ukuthi abasemanzini, sebethole lezi zinhlanzi, babhekane nezinkinga eziningi zokugcina nokuzalanisa. Naphezu kokubukeka okuhle kwama-fry, abantu abadala, ikakhulu, banolaka komunye nomunye nakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Amanye ama-tetraodons ayizidalwa zemvelo ezidla izinhlanzi ezihamba kancane ngokuluma amancibisholo nezikali.
Enye inkinga iqiniso lokuthi laziwa njengezinhlobo zamanzi acwebile, empeleni, abanye abamele uhlobo lweTetraodon abahlali bamanzi angenakubalwa futhi abakwazi ukusinda futhi bazale ngokuphepha endaweni ehlala emanzini amade isikhathi eside.
Noma kunjalo, umbono wokuthi lezi zinhlanzi zi-grumpy futhi ziphumelela ngokuphumelelayo kuphela e-aquarium yodidi olulodwa nazo zingabhekwa njengezingafanele. Uhlobo lweTetraodon luhlanganisa nezinhlobo eziyi-110 (www.fishbase.org/), ezihlukaniswa yimo lokushisa kanye nezimo zokuphila.
I-Tetraodon Steindachneri
Ukuze uthole uhlobo oluphelele kakhulu lwezinhlobo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele amanye ama-tetraodons ngokwehlukana. Abamele abavame kakhulu emakethe bayaziwa. (T. Steindachneri noma T. biocellatus) ne-tetraodon eluhlaza, noma iTetraodon fluviatilis.
Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kweDekkers kutholile ukuthi abantu i-curra tetraodon kuvame ukunikezwa ngaphansi kwamagama anjengo T. biocellatus, Crayracion palembangensis, Tetraodon palembangensis noTetrodon palembangensis, okuyizimpawu ezifanayo. Abamele le nhlobo bahlala emanzini amasha asogwini emifula emincane nemisele yemikhawulo yeSoutheast Asia, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Indonesia neSumatra. Izinkomba zamanzi emvelweni futhi lapho zigcinwa e-aquarium zinamanani alandelayo: pH 6.7-7.7 (7.0), 5-15 dH (10), 23-28 ° C.
I-Tetrodon Steindachneri (isithombe: www.thepufferforum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=460).
Abantu bebodwa babonakala ngomzimba onamasheya onobubanzi obukhulu namehlo amakhulu e-convex. I-caudal fin yabo ifane nomfanekiso fan. Isikhumba siqinile futhi simbozwe ngama-spikes amancane. Lapho i-tetraodons ivuvukala, izinhlungu zomgogodla zinamathela kuzo zonke izindlela futhi zenze inhlanzi ukuthi "ibengeke." Umbala womzimba weTetrodon Steindachneri uncike kakhulu kubudala futhi ungowomuntu ngamunye. Isisu simhlophe ngombala, kanti umthunzi womzimba ongenhla namaphiko kuyahlukahluka ukusuka ekukhanyeni kuya ku-brown. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lumbozwe ngamaphethini aluhlaza ophuzi, phakathi lapho amabala, imigqa, imichilo nemibuthano kungahlukaniswa. Umbala we-iris uhluka kusuka kokuphuzi kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imvamisa, i-T. Steindachneri ikhula ize ifinyelele ku-10 cm. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, insikazi iyabonakala ngomzimba omkhulu. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi azikho izehlo zokuzithunjwa ezabhalwa kulolu hlobo; mhlawumbe zizala ngokufaniswa kwezinhlobo T. nigroviridis.
Abamele i-T. steindachneri banolaka, ababekezeleli ngisho nabamele abomndeni wabo, bavame ukulwa futhi bathele ama-gnawins ezinhlanzi ezihamba kancane. Kunconywa ukugcina ndawonye nezinhlanzi eziqinile ezinjenge-bots, barbs, zebrafish, gourami, isiteshi se-catfish. Njengokudla, ungasebenzisa iminenke, ishubhux, crustaceans, izibungu zezinambuzane, izilwanyane zomhlaba.
I-Tetraodon fluviatilis
Luhlaza, noma umfula, i-tetraodon (I-Tetraodon fluviatilis) kusuka eSoutheast Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar nase Borneo. Fixed in the Mekong Delta). Imvamisa bahlala e-delta emfuleni nasendaweni yemifula, igcina isondele emanzini anosawoti. Abantu abadala banomzimba ophuzi obunjiwe ophuzi okuluhlaza okufika ku-17 cm. Ngasemuva nasezinhlangothini kukhona amabala amaningi omnqumo oluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu, isisu sikhanya. Zidlela ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans kanye nezinye izidalwa ezingenamsoco, kanye nezitshalo ze-detritus nezemithambo yegazi. Lapho kuvela ithuba, luma isikali namaphiko enhlanzi. Imisipha nezindonga zezitho zangaphakathi zinobuthi obukhulu. Ngokwesiko eliyindabuko kuwo wonke ama-tetraodons, banobuhlakani kakhulu futhi banolaka. Ukuzala kufinyelela kumaqanda angama-700, i-caviar ayivikelwe.
I-tetraodon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ine-subspecies emibili: iTetraodon fluviatilis fluviatilis neTetraodon fluviatilis sabahensis (eyokugcina yathola igama layo igama lesifundazwe saseSabah enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBorneo). Zombili lezi zinkampani ezingaphansi kwazo zihlukaniswa imicu yethesi ehlukile ewela emuva.
Imvamisa, i-tetraodon eluhlaza ididaniswa nokubukeka okunolaka kweTetraodon nigroviridis, ehlotshiswe kuphela ngephethini enamachaphaza.
Ividiyo ithwebula abantu bohlobo lweTetraodon fluviatilis neTetraodon nigroviridis. Umehluko ngephethini yemibala ebusweni.
Habitat
Isigcino esiqhingini saseBorneo (Kalimantan), futhi sitholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho kuphela, ehlobene neMalaysia, emigodini yemifula yeRajang neSungai. Ihlala ezifundeni ngenkambo ehamba kancane. Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo ibonakala ngobuningi bezitshalo zasemanzini nezikhukhulayo.
Imininingwane emfushane:
I-Tetraodon nigroviridis
Ukuphinda kwenziwe le nhlobo kufundwe kabi, mhlawumbe, kungenzeka kuphela emanzini angaboli. Abakhiqizi benza ukuswayiza etsheni. Ngemuva kwalokho, abesilisa kuyo yonke leyo nkathi yokuvuthwa kwamaqanda ngenani lezicucu ezingama-200 ukuya kwangama-200 bavikela inzalo kulabo abafuna ukudla inyamazane elula yiziqhwaga. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-8, kuvela izibungu. Cishe izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili emva kokukhulelwa, abesilisa bathuthela inzalo emigodini elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Ukondla uFry ekuqaleni kuveza ubunzima obuthile, ngoba ukuthosa kuyenzeka ekudleni. I-Artemia nauplii ingukudla okufanele kakhulu.
Ukondla i-Tetraodon nigroviridis encane, ngoFebhuwari 6, 2006, (isithombe: uTyler Jones).
I-Tetraodon nigroviridis ilingisa amakhono abo okufa kwabo. Lapho nje le nhlanzi izwa ingozi, ayigcini nje ukufaka njengebhaluni, kepha futhi ishela ngesisu phezulu futhi itheleke ebusweni bamanzi, sengathi sengathi ifile. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi uyakwazi ukugwema ukufa kwangempela.
I-Tetraodon lorteti trant
Omunye ummeleli wamanzi ahlanzekile ase-Asia yi-tetraodon emfushane noma enamehlo abomvu, enegama lesayensi I-Tetraodon lorteti trantkuqinisekiswe ngokubukezwa kabusha kuka-1975. Kusakazekele e-Indochina, e-Indonesia naseMalaysia, kuhlala imifula emincane nehamba kancane noma imizimba yamanzi enamanzi amile (izinkomba zamanzi: izinga lokushisa - 24-28 ° C, pH 6.0-7.5, dH 3-10). Izinhlanzi zincanyana ngosayizi, ubude bomzimba wesidoda esidala bufika kumasentimitha ayi-6. Uyakwazi ukuguqula umbala ngokuya ngemvelo. Lolu hlobo lukhombisa ngokusobala i-dimorphism yezocansi, izinsikazi nabesilisa bavame ukuchazwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile. Owesilisa unombala ogqamile, unesisu esibomvu, isigaxa esimnyama somqhele sigqitshwe umngcele omhlophe kanye nokuphakama okufana nokukhwela ngemuva kanye nesisu, ezakheka ngenxa yokucindezelwa komzimba okulandelayo. Owesifazane ubukeka ejwayelekile.
I -warra tetraodon (Tetraodon lorteti Tirant). Owesilisa ngakwesobunxele, insikazi ngakwesokunxele (Photo: www.fishlore.com/aquariummagazine/sept09/red-eye-puffer.htm).
Akavamile ukuzalaniswa ezimweni zokufakelwa. Ukusakazeka okuphumelelayo kudinga amanzi athambileko ane-acid (pH 6-6.5) ngokushisa okungama-26- 28 ° C kanye nenqwaba yamamollusna neminenke njengokudla okuphilayo. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda angamakhulu ambalwa kwikholamu yamanzi noma eduze kwezitshalo, emva kwalokho owesilisa uqala ukumxosha ekuqothulweni. E-aquarium, iJavanese moss isetshenziswa ngempumelelo njenge-substrate. Izibungu ziqhamuka ngemuva kwamahora angama-30, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7, i-fry iqale ukubhukuda. Abakhiqizi kufanele basuswe masinyane ezinsizweni, ngoba baqala ukuzondla ngo-gazinga.
Abantu abadala ngejubane lokukhanya bachitha iminenke ekhaya labo, futhi bondla nama-crustaceans namanye ama-invertebrates. Umehluko omuhle phakathi kwe-tetraodone emfishane evela kwezinye izinhlobo ukuthi ayihlaseli inhlanzi ehlala eduze, kepha idla ikakhulu ama-mollusks.
I-Tetraodon leiurus
I-Tetraodon leiurus
Okuvamile eThailand naseNdiya, izinhlanzi I-Tetraodon leiurus (I-Tetraodon fangi) (isithombe ngakwesobunxele www.zoodrug.ru/topic1536.html) lubonakala ngezici eziningana ezithokozisayo, i-cornea yayo inesimo se-semicircular futhi ivele kahle phambili phambili, amehlo amakhulu ayakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela. Eduze kwama-anal ne-dorsal fins, atholakala ndawonye endaweni yomsila, kunendawo encane emnyama enesikhungo esibomvu. Umzimba umfushane, hhayi ngaphezu kuka-6 cm ubude. Isisu sinombala osiliva ophuzi, kanti emuva lingeluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Emzimbeni kumi iphethini yezindawo ezinomnqumo onsundu. Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, umsila wesilisa uzuza umugqa obomvu. Insikazi inkulu futhi ilula kunowesilisa. Bafinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba ngeminyaka emi-2. Amapharamitha wamanzi anokuqukethwe: izinga lokushisa 24-26 ° C, dGH 8-16 °, pH 6.8-7.6, usawoti 3-5%.
Emfanekisweni ongakwesokudla, uChonerhinus modus noChonerhinus naritus.
Emifuleni ephakathi nendawo enkulu yeSoutheast Asia (eThailand, iMalaysia ne-Indonesia), ama-tetraodons ahlala ngaphandle kwamaphethini emzimbeni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi I-Golden Chonerin (Chonerhinus modus) futhi I-Bronze Chonerin (Chonerhinus naritus).
IGolden chonerin inomzimba omude, umbala oluhlaza okotshani ngemuva, ojika ube umbala okhanyayo esiswini. Abamele le nhlobo bashesha kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa ne-tetraodons, kodwa futhi banolaka, okufanele icatshangwe lapho ukhetha omakhelwane. Ikhula ibe ngu-11 cm ngokuphila okuphelele okufika eminyakeni eyi-10. Ukudla kufana ne-tetraodones. I-Bronze honerin ifana negolide, inombala wesiliva ngemuva. Zombili lezi zinhlobo azizaleli emanzini.
I-Tetraodon cutcutia
Kutkutia, noma I-Tetraodon cutcutiaKusatshalaliswa kabanzi emiseleni, emachibini, emifuleni yaseCeylon, eNdiya, eBurma, eBanglandi, eSri Lanka naseMalaysia. Izinkomba zokuqukethwe kwamanzi: lokushisa 23 - 26C, pH: 6.0 - 7.8, dH: 10. Abantu bakhona bakhula babe ngu-15 cm, kepha imvamisa ayidluli ku-10 cm.
I-Kutkutia Tetraodon (isithombe: www.tsamisaquarium.gr/Selides/Fish/tetraodon_cutcutia.htm).
Isici esivelisayo salezi zinhlobo yi-dimorphism yezocansi: izinsikazi zivame ukuphuzi kakhulu, kanti ezesilisa ziluhlaza. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwabesilisa, ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, umsila uthola umbala obomvu okhanyayo, osiza ukuqonda ubulili bale nhlanzi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwenzeka endaweni engamatshe, ngemuva kwalokho amaduna aqaphe umenzi. Fry hatch ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7-10. Ukudideka nokudla njengakwamanye amalungu e-genus.
I-Afrika ayicebile kangako emndenini we-Four-Tooth, kunezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela ezibhekwa lapho: iNayile tetraodon (Tetraodon fahaka), i-tetraodon Mbu (Tetraodon Mbu) ne-tetraodon ebomvu (Tetraodon miurus).
Tetraodon fahaka
Tetraodon fahaka, noma uFahak, unezici ezihlaba umxhwele impela: ubude bomzimba wakhe bufinyelela amasentimitha angama-40. Ihlala endaweni enkudlwana ukusuka entshonalanga ye-Afrika kuye eNayile, kufaka phakathi iNayile, isisekelo seChad, Niger, Volta, Gambia, Senegal neHebe. Amanani wamanzi: izinga lokushisa 24 - 27 ° C, pH 7.0.
I-tetraodon yaseNayile iyinhlanzi edla inyama kakhulu, bathanda ukupakisha emhlabathini ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, itholakala kuma-aquariums amakhulu. Abantu abadala badla i-shrimp, crayfish, nenhlanzi njengokudla.
I-tetraodon yeNayile. Ubude 10 cm.
Incazelo
Abantu abadala bafinyelela kubude be-4-5 cm. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa buthaka, abesilisa nabesifazane abanakho umehluko obonakalayo obonakalayo. Inhlanzi inomzimba omkhulu ovulekile namaphiko amancane. Umbala onsundu unesisu esimhlophe. Emakhanda kukhona imivimbo ephuzi yakha isimo esifana nonxantathu. Amehlo abomvu.
Njengabo bonke abantu abakhukhumala, inhlanzi inezikhala ezincane ezithinta umzimba wonke. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, inhlanzi iyajuluka, iphenduke ibhola elinezinalithi ezivelayo. Njengoba kunjalo, i-tetradon yaseBorne iba ngaphansi kokhanga kakhulu kubazingeli.
Tetraodon mbu
Elinye izinyo elikhulu lase-Afrika tetraodon mbuuhlala phakathi nendawo ephansi yoMfula iZaire. Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo ifinyelela amasentimitha angama-75. Abantu bale nhlobo abangasebenzi, bathanda ukumba izimbobo e-aquarium, lapho balele khona. Zidla nge-shrimp, crayfish, kanye nezibungu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zisebenzisa ukudla kwezitshalo (izaqathe, ulethisi). Ukuphikisana ngokuhlobene nezinye izinhlobo kungumuntu ngamunye.
I-Tetraodon MBU (isithombe: www.kugelfischwelt.de).
UTetraodon Mbu udla umdlavuza.
Umsoco
Ukwakheka kwezixhobo zomlomo ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuguqulwe kwaba yinto efana nomlomo, equkethe amapuleti amabili amathambo akhula kuyo yonke impilo. Emvelweni, izinhlanzi zidla iminenke, izimbotshana, imvuthuluka ezinjengamakhwembe kanye nama-shrimps, kanye ne-algae, ehla ebusweni bamatshe. E-aquarium yasekhaya, ukudla okufanele kufanelekile. Uma okuphakelayo kungenazakhi eziqinile, khona-ke "uqhwaku" ngeke luthungwe futhi lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni ngokudla.
Ubukhulu obulungile be-aquarium yenhlanzi eyodwa buqala kusuka kumalitha angama-60. Inani elikhulu lezimila zasemanzini nezindawo zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene ngendlela yezikhuni zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi umuthi wemvelo uzosebenza njengengxenyekazi enhle yokukhula kwemvelo kwe-algae - umthombo owengeziwe wokudla weBorney tetradon. Ukunikeza amanzi umthunzi wetiye ohlukile, ama-alimondi ama-Indian noma amaqabunga e-oki ajwayelekile aseYurophu abekwa phansi. Amacembe aqale omiswe abese afakwe emanzini aze aqale ukucwila. Njengoba kubola, kukhululwa ama-tannins namanye ama-tannins. Yibo abanikeza umthunzi wetiyi emanzini.
Ikhwalithi ephezulu yamanzi isekelwa ngohlelo olukhiqizayo lokuhlunga kanye nezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokulungiswa kwe-aquarium: ukuhlanza inhlabathi kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa, kungenisa ingxenye yamanzi ngamanzi amasha, ukuqapha ukugxila kwezinto ezinobungozi (nitrites, nitrate, njll).
I-Tetraodon miurus
Bomvu i-tetraodon, noma I-Tetraodon miurus, futhi oyisakhamuzi soMfula iZaire, ufana nokuhlaba umxhwele ngokufana nezinhlanzi zasolwandle, ngenxa yokuma komzimba wawo. Ikhanda lale-tetraodon ayihambelani ngokuphelele ngosayizi futhi ithatha ingxenye yesithathu yawo wonke umzimba. Isakhiwo esifanayo se-Tetraodon miurus yisici saso futhi sivumela ngisho nabangawona ochwepheshe ukuba bahlukanise abamele le nhlobo kwamanye ama-tetraodons. Inhlanzi, engeyona enkulu ngobukhulu (ubude obugcwele bomzimba wayo bufinyelela ku-15 cm), imvama inolaka futhi igcina isimo sayo njengomhlaseli. Lapho ugcinwa e-aquarium, kudingeka inhlabathi ephezulu (6 cm), ngoba abantu bathanda ukumba belinde inyamazane. Esitsheni esitshaliwe, le tetraodon, lapho ingcwatshwa, ngokwayo ibukeka njengesitshalo esibomvu. Ngokuya ngesimo, ingashintsha umbala usuka ebomvu okhanyayo uye kolintshi. Izinkomba zamanzi zezinhlobo: 24-28 ° C, pH 6.8-7.5, 10-15 ° H.
I-Tetraodon miurus (isithombe: www.free-pet-wallpaper.com/Aquarium-fish-pet-wallpaper/Freshwater-fish/Tetraodon-miurus-Congo-puffer.html).
I-Tetraodon schoutedeni
I-Tetraodon schoutedeni (Pellegrin, 1926), ngenye indlela ibizwa nangokuthi i-tetraodon ingwe, noma i-sharotel, ehlala emanzini asezingeni eliphansi loMfula iCongo. ILeopard - leli gama lanikezwa inhlanzi enamanzi amnandi ngesizathu, ngoba abamele le zinhlobo banemibala ethandekayo yezilwane ezinhle ezidla inyama: umzimba wonke umbozwe amabala amawolintshi namnyama. Ubukhulu bomuntu osakhula ngesikhathi sokuthomba bufika ngamasentimitha ayi-10. Ukuqhekeka kwazo kwenzeka ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ifinyelela amaqanda ezitshalweni zasemanzini, ezingena ngayo phansi. Sekukonke, lesi sidalwa sasinokuthula, futhi siya empini kuphela lapho sibona umzamo endaweni yaso.
I-Leopard tetraodon (isithombe: atlas.drpez.org/Tetraodon-schoutedeni-fotos/aaa, Jorge las Heras).
Izwe lokugcina lapho, ku-vivo, ungabona khona le nhlanzi eyingqayizivele yiNingizimu Melika. Kukhona izinhlanzi eziphilayo ezinegama elimangalisayo le-parrot pufferfish, noma I-Colomesus psittacus. Lesi sibalo sifinyelela amasentimitha angama-20-30 ubude futhi sifana kakhulu nesihlobo saso sase-Eshiya, esibizwa ngeChelonodon patoca.
Abasolwandle baseRussia banikezwa ithuba lokuzalela lezi zilwane ezincane zasemanzini ekhaya ngo-1910. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-100 ze-tetraodons ezikhona emvelweni ekuthunjweni, cishe ziyishumi (10) zizizwa zizinhle ekudingisweni.Izinhlanzi ezikwaziyo ukuhlala ezimeni ezenziwe ngabantu zenziwa okuhlanganisa i-Kutkut, luhlaza, ingwe kanye ne-Thai tetraodons. Wabasaqalayo abafuna ukuzalanisa izinhlanzi zangaphandle kudingeka balungiselele ngokucophelela indawo yokuhlala kwezilwane abazifuyile. Ukuzilungiselela kokuqala kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi kuhlala kahle kwezitraodons ngokwazo ekuthunjweni, futhi kunikezwe isimo sazo sokuphamba, kuzosiza ukugwema imiphumela engathandeki yabamele ezinye izinhlobo ezihlala e-aquarium. Kunezeluleko eziningi eziwusizo ezivela kochwepheshe abanolwazi mayelana nobuntu bokuziphatha kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezithile ezithunjiwe, ikakhulukazi, izimfihlo zokuzalela kwe-tetraodon, nezincomo zokubanakekela.
Umcimbi ophambili futhi obaluleke kakhulu wokulungiselela kokuqala ukukhetha kwe-aquarium. Ngokunikezwa uhlobo olunamandla lwe-tetraodons, uhlobo lwe-aquarium luyindawo ekahle yokuzigcina. E-aquarium enjalo, ngokungafani neyokuhlobisa, abamele bohlobo oluthile bavundiswa ngenani elilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezimo ezifanele zokugcina izinhlanzi, abasebenza emanzini asolwandle banethuba lokubona izici zokuziphatha kwabo ngesikhathi sokudla, ukukhahlela nokunakekela uFry. Abanini bemvelo bezilwane ezidla inyama bathola indlela enhle yokuqeda iminenke engadingekile ezindaweni ezixubile zasemanzini: bethula i-tetraodon kwizakhamizi zayo isikhashana. Ngemuva kwemikhosi yezinhlanzi eyinqaba esidlweni sayo esiyithandayo, bavele bayisuse e-aquarium bese beqoqa amagobolondo angenamuntu kusuka phansi. Ukushiya i-tetraodon kanye nezinye izinhlanzi kuyingozi isikhathi eside, ngoba ngemuva kokubhujiswa kweminenke, inhlanzi iqala ukubhoboza amaphini omakhelwane bayo e-aquarium.
Ukuze unikeze ama-tetraodons ngezimo ezinhle zokuphila, udinga ukubeka umhlambi omncane wabantu abangu-8-10 endaweni eyi-aquarium enkulu ngokulingana okungenani nenani lamalitha ayi-100. Ngaphansi kwesichibi sokufakelwa se-tetradons kumele kufakwe amatshe asayizi ahlukahlukene nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zazo. Abanye abamele lezinhlobo babekela amaqanda kulezi zinhlaka zamatshe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-olwandle ethu awazalanisi lolu hlobo lwe-en masse, zisekhona izimo zokuzalela. Ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi i-aquarium yezinhlobo yindawo efanelekile yokugcina lezi zidalwa ezinamazinyane amancane, kepha ngesimo sinye: kufanele kube nezindawo eziningi zokuhlala zodwa zinhlanzi ngayinye, izindlela ezinjalo zokuvimbela izosiza ukugwema i-cannibalism. Ukuhlomisa indawo yokuhlala yezilwane ezifuywayo, ungayidli ngokweqile ngezitshalo, kwanele ukwabela zona emaphethelweni angaphakathi e-aquarium.
Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo ye-tetraodons, izinga lokushisa lamanzi emizimbeni yamanzi lingama-degree angama-22-26, ngokulandelana, kuyadingeka ukulandela lo mbuso ophethekayo. Abamele lezinhlobo bazwela kakhulu ama-nitrites ne-ammonia, ngakho-ke udinga ukubhekisisa ubumsulwa bamanzi ngokucophelela. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuyishintsha masonto onke ngo-15-20%. Musa ukugcwalisa i-aquarium ngamanzi athambile noma kasawoti. Kuzoba ntofontofo inhlanzi, uma ufaka usawoti wasolwandle lapho ngesilinganiso esilandelayo: 1 ithisipuni kuwo wonke amalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukufaka usawoti emanzini kuyinjongo yokuvimbela. Emuntwini ngamunye ophila emanzini anosawoti kancane, ubungozi bezifo buncishisiwe.
Ema-aquariums, into ebaluleke kakhulu yokusekelwa kwempilo ukufayilwa. Izakhamizi zamanzi zidla ngentshiseko amaprotheni, athi ngesimo esenziwa yinhlanzi ayimbangela eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Indawo yokuqala yezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuhlanza amanzi icushiwe. Indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izimo zempilo ye-tetraodons ekuthunjweni idlalwa ngokukhanyisa kwe-aquarium. Kufanele kube seduze nokukhanya kwemvelo futhi kungacaci.
Izinhlobo zePufferfish
Phakathi kwama-puffers, kukhona amanzi amasha kanye nemanzini, amancane, njenge-Tetraodon ebomvu noma eluhlaza, noma enkulu, efana ne-pufferfish ebunjwe ngenkanyezi, ethanda ukuthula noma enolaka.
Abafisa ukuthola izinhlanzi eziphuma kwamanye amazwe, kunconywa ukuthi banake izinhlobo:
- I-Tetraodon fluviatilis (i-pufferfish eluhlaza). Inombala omuhle ophuzi ngokuthinta okuluhlaza, izinhlangothi nezingemuva zihlotshiswe ngamabala amakhulu amnyama. Njengazo zonke izinhlanzi ezi-puffer, yi-thermophilic (ihlala emanzini 24-27 ° C). Ubukhulu bomuntu omdala bufika ku-10 cm. Ubungqabavu bezinhlanzi buye bukhuphuke ukufutheka, buthaka isikhumba njengoba bukhula.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3021/riba-iglobryux-polnaya-F0A44.jpg)
- I-Tetraodon miurus (i-pufferfish ebomvu) - ibomvu, i-orange, inamabala amnyama esikhunjeni. Le nhlobo ihlala emanzini amnandi futhi ikhula ibe ngu-15 cm.
- ICanthigaster valentini (enemikhono emnyama) - ihlukaniswa ubukhona bokuthi hhayi izindawo kuphela, kepha nemivimbo emnyama eminingana ngemuva, umsila ophuzi ophuzi. Unolaka ngesizotha, angakwazi ukuhlangana nezinye izinhlanzi ezingakhubeki. Njengezinye izinhlobo, zithanda amanzi afudumele (afinyelela kuma-27˚˚).
Star Pufferfish - I-Arotron
Omunye wabameleli bezinhlobo ezikhanyayo i-pufferfish enjengezinkanyezi. Ubukhulu benhlanzi bungamasentimitha angama-60, ubukhulu bube ngamasentimitha ayi-120. I-pufferfish ebunjwe ngenkanyezi ingphuzi, nsundu, owolintshi futhi imbozwe ngezinqubo ezincane ezimise inaliti. Inhlanzi ingunkulunkulu wabashayeli. Imvamisa i-Arotron ifihliwe emehlweni enyama ekujuleni okufika ku-60 m, ngakho-ke ayesabi ukubonwa kwamakhamera wesithathu kanye namakhamera.
Ukondla
Ukuze ama-tetraodons angadli izihlobo zawo noma omakhelwane e-aquarium, ungazondli ngokudla okwomile, aqaphela ukudla kwenyama kuphela. Ngokufanelekile, inhliziyo ebilisiwe nenqunyiwe noma isibindi esikhethiwe, inyama yenkomo ngokwemvelo ingondliwa ngokudla okubukhoma: ufulawa kanye neminyundu, izibungu zomiyane, ama-shrimps amasha, izinhlanzi ezincane. Ungakhohlwa ama-mollusks, adliwa yi-tetraodons ngentokozo enkulu, ngoba awathandi inyama yeminenke kuphela, kodwa nenqubo yokugobisa amagobolondo. Ngokumba igobolondo, ama-tetraodons asula amapuleti abo aqhubeka ekhula amazinyo ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuphakelwa kokudla kwenyama kubalwa ngokuya ngosayizi wezakhamuzi ze-aquarium.
Kodwa isakhamuzi esinokuthula kakhulu kunoma iyiphi i-aquarium enamanzi amnandi yi-tetraodon yengwe. Ngisho nabesilisa, abathi ngokwemvelo banomqondo wokuhlukumeza, ukuze bavikele umndeni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu inzalo, abanawo umkhuba wokuhlasela izakhamizi zase-aquarium eziseduzane.
I-pufferfish yaseJapan - inhlanzi edumile ye-puffer
Ama-puffer puffers abhekwa njenganobuthi kunabo bonke. Elinye igama "kufa-inhlanzi", ngoba ema-60% emicimbi yokudlisa ubuthi isisulu sife.
Ngokusho kwama-gourmets, ukunambitheka kophuthu oluyingozi akunakuqhathaniswa nanoma yini. Njengoba sesizame isikhathi sokubaleka 1, kunesifiso esingenakuvinjwa ukusinambitha kaninginingi. Izindleko zesitsha zisuka ku-500-1000. e Ukusika kuthenjwa kuphela kubapheki abanamalayisense. Ukuyithola, labo abafisa ukuthatha izifundo ezikhethekile, ekugcineni okuzobakhona kuzohlolwa: ukusika abakhukhumalayo bese bapheka isashimi. Uma wenza iphutha, kufanele ulinde iminyaka emi-2 ukuze uphinde uhlolwe.
Ubuthi yinto ehlukile yezinhlanzi
Ukudla i-pufferfish kuyingozi empilweni. Izingxenye ezinobuthi kunazo zonke yisibindi, isikhumba, izinhlanzi zemvelo, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi inyama ayinayo ubuthi. Nakhona ukhona, kepha ngemithamo emincane.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukupheka i-puffer ngakwesokudla
Lapho inhlanzi ingena ngaphakathi, isenzo somenzeli oqinile wezinzwa siqala. Okokuqala, ohlukumezekile uzwa ukuzwakala kwemilenze, lapho kuphela amehlo akhe ahlala eselula futhi ephefumula eyema.
Amathiphu Wokulungisa Ekhaya
Ngamazinyo abukhali nokubukeka okwesabekayo, akunzima ukubona isisulu se-pufferfish. Ukuze abanye abahlali base-aquarium bangahlupheki, kungcono ukubeka udonga oluhlukanisayo noma ukufaka i-puffer kwelinye ithangi.
I-pufferfish izozizwa ikhululekile e-aquarium yobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele - cishe amalitha angama-200. Kulokhu, udinga ukunakekela ukufudumala, ngoba i-pufferfish isonga emanzini 23-30˚С.
Okokuzikhukhumeza, ikhwalithi yamanzi ibalulekile. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala koketshezi olunosawoti omncane. I-pH kufanele iqale phakathi kuka-7-8 nobulukhuni ukusuka ku-2.4 kuye ku-5 mEq / L. Ukuze unciphise ukuqina, ungabilisa amanzi noma ume izinsuku eziningana bese ukhisa ungqimba oluphezulu kuphela. Ukwandisa ubulukhuni, engeza i-calcium noma i-magnesium chloride, isoda (1 tsp. To 50 l) emanzini, noma ubeke phansi ngamakhorali, amagobolondo e-rapana.
Isihlabathi samalahle silungele ukubuyiselwa emuva. Kakhulu bathanda ukumba kuwo, obizwa ngokuthi "abakhi bezakhiwo" ngomlutha wabo ekwakheni imibuthano eyinqaba olwandle. Ngakho-ke, i-pufferfish enamabala amhlophe ihlomisa isidleke futhi idonse ukunaka kwabesifazane abakulungele ukuqhubeka nohlobo ngobumnene obuhle.
Ama-corals abekwe ezansi kwe-aquarium
Ungahlobisa indawo yezinhlanzi ngezitshalo ezintantayo. Uma izimpande zekhala zingcwatshwe esihlabathini, i-pufferfish izowasusa ngokushesha.
Ukudla kwe-Aquarium
Inhlanzi inemihlathi emangalisa kakhulu. Amazinyo abo ahlanganisa amapuleti ama-4 monolithic futhi ayakwazi ukuluma ngisho negiya lokudoba. I-Pufferfish ibizwa nangokuthi "ezine-toothed" (lat. Tetraodontidae). Abantu banobuntu obukhulu futhi badinga ukondliwa njalo.
Ukudla okusemqoka kufaka phakathi ukudla okubukhoma, igobolondo, umhluzi, umhluzi, izinkanyezi, ama-hedgehogs, ama-squid, izingcezu zezinhlanzi, izimbaza, inyama eyisiga Uma usebenzisa i-plankton eyomile, kufanele ifakwe kuqala emanzini. Kwesinye isikhathi ungasebenzisa ukudla kwama-herbivores.
Amazinyo e-Puffer akhula njalo, ngakho-ke ukudla okuqinile kuyingxenye edingekayo yokuzigaya.
Ukutholakala kwangempela - ukuzalanisa e-aquarium
Ukuzalanisa i-pufferfish ekudingisweni, izimo ezidingekayo kumele zakhiwe:
- thenga i-aquarium ekhethiwe enamandla okungenani amalitha ayi-100,
- ukuhlomisa izindawo eziningi ezivalekile - zokukhosela,
- tshala izitshalo ezinamahlamvu alukhuni,
- linda ukubekwa kwamaqanda.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3021/riba-iglobryux-polnaya-5CDBF.jpg)
Okokuqala, abantu bathinta izifuba ngokuthinta abanye: hambani ngemibuthano engezansi, ilume umlingani esihlathini. Ngemuva kwalokho insikazi ibekela amaqanda angama-300 ematsheni abushelelezi, lapho owesilisa evumbulula. Ngemuva kwalokho, insikazi kufanele ithathwe ezindaweni ezinotshani, inzalo kufanele ishiywe nobaba. Engcupheni yokuqala, uvikela amaqanda, ukuvuvukala ngesimo sebhola.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-6-8, kuzovela izibungu, ezizodluliselwa ngokucophelela kumgodi ozilungiselele futhi ziyogada kuze kuqale ukuzondla kwazo kuqala.
Naphezu kobunzima bokukhula, izinhlanzi zomndeni we-pufferfish zihlala ziyizintandokazi zabasolwandle ngenxa yokuziphatha okungavamile, izindlela ezihlasimulisa umzimba ezesabekayo. Kodwa-ke, akufanele uvame ukuletha i-pufferfish esimweni sebhola elin swollen, ngoba lokhu kuzofushanisa impilo yesilwane.
I-Pufferfish ehlanzekile yamanzi
Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala emanzini olwandle noma amfuhlana, kepha ezinye zingahlala emanzini amasha. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-35 zichitha yonke imijikelezo yazo yokuphila emanzini amasha. Lezi zinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile zitholakala ezindaweni ezisabalele zaseNingizimu Melika (Colomesus asellus), e-Afrika (izinhlobo eziyisithupha zeTetraodon), kanye neSoutheast Asia (Auriglobus, Carinotetraodon, Dichotomyctere, Leiodon, nePao).
Kulabo abaphila emanzini ahlanzekile, ngokuyinhloko laba abamele uhlobo lwe-Pufferfish (I-Tetraodon): fahak (T. fahaka) - uhlala eNayile, eNiger, eLake Chad, kwi-MBU (T. mbu) - indawo engaphansi naphakathi koMfula iCongo, ezinye izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ze-pufferfish ephilayo zihlala emanzini aseWest Indies nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga Melika, kubandakanya ne-Amazon. Ama-pufferfish amaningi asemanzini amnandi asephenduke into ayithandayo ngabasolwandle.
Ubuntu
Izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni we-pufferfish zinobuthi. Ubuthi butholakala esikhunjeni, i-peritoneum nezinye izitho zangaphakathi zenhlanzi - isibindi, amathumbu, ama-gonads, i-caviar. Okuyingozi kakhulu kuyo yi-tetrodotoxin, okuwubuthi bemvelo obuqine kakhulu be-nerve agent. Uma ingena emgodini wokugaya ukudla, ibangela ubuhlungu obukhulu, ukuqunjelwa futhi imvamisa kuholela ekufeni.
Izincazelo zokuqala zezimpawu zokuthi ubuthi be-tetrodotoxin zinikezwe kudayari yakhe ngumbhali wasolwandle ongumNgisi uJames Cook. Izelamani zaseNew Caledonia zidle izinhlanzi zikaCook ezidla inhlwathi kanye nabezemvelo ezimbili njengengxenye yokuhamba kwakhe:
“Kuphela kwesibindi nobisi kuphela okulethwe etafuleni, mina noForster asithintanga kalula. Cishe ngehora lesithathu noma lesine ekuseni sazizwa sibuthakathaka obungakaze bubonwe kuwo wonke amalunga, kuhambisana nomuzwa wokuthi izingalo nemilenze yethu, ikhubazekile emakhazeni, ngokushesha kwawa umlilo. "Besengizizwa ngingelutho futhi ngaze ngaphelelwa nawukulinganisa isisindo somzimba: igamu lamanzi elinomthamo owodwa nelipeni lalibonakala linzima ngokulingana esandleni sami."
Ososayensi banamuhla bathole ukuthi inhlanzi zazingezinhlobo Pleuranacanthus seleratus Umndeni wamazinyo we-puffer.
Isifo sezinhlanzi
Akunazinkinga zempilo ku-aquarium ecosystem enamapharamitha afanele amanzi. Izifo zenzeka lapho izimo ziba zimbi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okungekho izinto eziqinile kungadala ukukhula okukhulu koqhwaku, okuthi ngesimo esijwayelekile kupholise phezu kwamagobolondo ezinombolombumbulu. Ngemininingwane engaphezulu ngezimpawu nezindlela zokwelashwa, bheka isigaba se-Aquarium Fish Diseases.