IVicuna noma eLatin Lama vicugna yisilwane esincane kunazo zonke zohlobo lwe-llama, izakhamuzi zomdabu ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika. Lawa makhamera ayindala kunawo wonke eNingizimu Melika.
Umlando wemvelaphi yawo ubuyela emuva esikhathini seminyaka yeqhwa.
Ososayensi baphinde bathi ngalesi sikhathi esiningi, aziguquki, futhi yi-vicuna abaqalisi be-llama ne-alpaca.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba we-vicuna bubalelwa ku-150 cm, futhi ukuphakama kwabuna cishe imitha. Isisindo sesilwane siyehluka kusuka ku-40 kuye ku-50 kg. I-vicuna inekhanda elifushane nezindlebe ezinde. Intamo ende yemisipha ikuvumela ukuba ubone izitha ezisekude kakhulu. Umhlane we-vicuna unombala onsundu futhi ijazi esiswini sakhe licishe laba mhlophe.
Isici esibonakalayo se-vicuna esihlukanisa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezingamazinyo aso. Babukhali kakhulu futhi banesimo se-incisors. UVicunas usike utshani ngamazinyo abo, futhi akazange abukhiphe, njengoba kwenza abanye abangcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlisi ezingezansi zihlala zikhula, njengama-rodents, okubuye kungabi yisihlobo sezihlobo ezisondele kakhulu ze-vicuna.
UVicuna nendoda
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, ama-Inca, amadlozi amaQuechuans nama-Aymaras asendulo, ama-llamas nama-alpacas ezigcotshwayo. Llamas baba izilwane pack, futhi kusukela alpaca bathola uboya nenyama. Ezinye izizwe zenza okufanayo ngama-guanacos, ekugcineni nawo aba ngababusi. Kepha ama-vicuna ayengasendle futhi emvelo.
Kepha i-vicuña iveze izakhiwo ezikhethekile zejazi, ithambile futhi ifudumele kangangokuba ayinakuqhathaniswa noboya besinye isilwane emhlabeni. Ngokuya kokusebenza okushisayo, kuqhathaniswa kuphela nokwenyuka phansi.
Ama-Incas asendulo ayazi ngalokhu futhi ayekwazisa i-vicuna. Kepha selokhu kwatholakala uboya obuncane kakhulu, ababusi nabama-Incas bethula ilungelo lokusebenzisa uboya obunjalo njengengxenye yenkolo ka-Inti - ukukhulekelwa kukankulunkulu welanga. Uboya beVicuna babubizwa ngokuthi “i-rune yawonkulunkulu” noma “i-rune yegolide” futhi banquma ukuthi yayenzelwe onkulunkulu nababusi kanye namalungu emindeni yabo. Bona, ngaphansi kobuhlungu besigwebo sentambo, benqabela ukuzingela nokubulawa kwalezi zilwane futhi bathi zingcwele. Futhi kube kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili kumenyezelwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-chaku yasebukhosini. Kulokhu, isixuku esikhulu sabantu sabuthana, ama-vicunas ayathunqulwa futhi abekwa ezimotweni, lapho kwakususwa kubo uboya. Base bekhululwa.
Uboya bokwehliselwa emathempelini aseLangeni noma ezindaweni zokugcina ezikhethekile. Bahlangana lapho bahlanza loya. Uboya bemfoloko babuhanjiswa kubantu abajwayelekile, futhi imicu yayilukiwe nezindwangu ezilukiwe kusuka kobo obuhle obuhle. Abaphristi ababehlala “eThempelini leLanga”, abavela emantombazaneni anegazi lamaInca, ababebizwa ngokuthi “abafazi beLanga”, bathungatha izingubo zomndeni wombusi kule ndwangu. Abajwayelekile futhi bengazi negazi lasebukhosini babengeke bagqoke izingubo ezivela ngendwangu ye-vicuna kubuhlungu bokufa.
Ngemuva kwekufika kwabaseSpain eSouth America, konkhe kwaphuka. Abanqobi baseSpain basungula i-oda labo. Bafunda ngenani le-vicuna fur, baqala ukuyiqothula i-masse futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX i-vicuna yayisisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi yenkululeko yenkululeko yamakoloni aseSpain eMelika (1810 - 1826), abaholi bamazwe aseNingizimu Melika ababa namandla aqala ukubuyisela umnotho emazweni abo. Ngakho-ke uMongameli wokuqala wasePeru, uSimon Bolivar, ngemvume yengqungquthela yokusungula, wasayina umthetho wokuthi ukuzingela i-vicuna kuthathwe njengecala futhi kushushiswa umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nasejokeni lengalo lasePeru lalifanekiselwa i-vicuna. Futhi namuhla, ejokeni lesimanje lezingalo zasePeru, engxenyeni engenhla yesobunxele, isithombe se-vicuna naso siyabonakala, okufanekisela ingcebo yezwe lezilwane yaleli lizwe.
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60s yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izindawo eziningi zemvelo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo namapaki kazwelonke abhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kulezi zindawo zalezi zifundazwe, ezaziwa kakhulu njengeLauca, iSahama neLas Vicuñas. Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-vicuna yabekwa endaweni egcinwe eLas Vicunas enendawo engamahektare angama-4 856; ngesikhathi sokuphinda kwakhiwa, kwabalwa izinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuphela ze-vicuna. Kodwa-ke, ukucekelwa phansi kwe-vicuna kuyaqhubeka, lokhu akuzange kumise abazingeli abasebenzela "imakethe emnyama". Izitokwe zalezi zilwane ezingandile zehla, zabhalwa ku-Red Book. Ngo-1970, kwamiswa umthetho e-United States owenqabela ukuthengiswa kwanoma yiziphi izimpahla zakwaVicuna.
Futhi ngonyaka we-1975, ngaphansi kwesifiso se-International Union for Conservation of Natural, iSivumelwano sikaHulumeni Wezwe Lonke esithi "Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" sisayinwe futhi ngemuva kwalapho isibalo se-vicuna saqala ukwanda ngokubonakalayo. Kusuka ngonyaka we-1994, i-CITES ibeke eceleni okubumbene kukhathalogu yezilwane obukhona bazo busengozini. Kodwa-ke, iVicuna isabhalwe ku-International Red Book. Njengamanje, ePeru, eBolivia, e-Ecuador, e-Argentina naseChile, inani lama-vicunas aligcini kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Indlela yokuphila
Ngenxa yezivumelwano nemithetho ekhethekile yamazwe omhlaba, ama-vicunas agcinwa njengohlobo. Manje izakhamizi zase-Andes ziyaqhubeka nokuzalela izinkungu emazweni abo. Ukuzalela i-vicuna kulezo zindawo akuwona umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Zigcinwa emihlambini yezinkomo, ukuhleleka kwazo izilwane ezizisungulela zona. Imvamisa umhlambi uqukethe izinsikazi eziyi-10-15, amakhanda amaningana ezilwane ezineminyaka engaphansi konyaka, futhi umholi ungumholi wesilisa. Ukuhamba emadlelweni asezintabeni, ama-vicuñas uqobo azitholela ukudla namanzi. Kungumsebenzi wabelusi ukubanakekela kuphela ukuze bangazulazuli kude kakhulu, futhi uma kunesidingo, bazivikele kwizinyamazane ezinjengama cougars noma izimpisi, yize lokhu sekungokwedlule.
Imihlambi eholwa abaholi ihlala iqhubekela phambili. Umholi uqobo uzama ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlala ngaphezulu kwabasele, ahlole indawo ezungezile, ukuze kuthi lapho kwenzeka ingozi, inikeze isibonakaliso ngokukhonkotha okugwazayo. Yize ukuziphatha okunjalo kucishe kungadingeki, kufakwa ngofuzo ezilwaneni. Imvamisa umhlambi uzulazula kancane ezintabeni ufuna ukudla, uzama ukuhambisana. Lapho ama-vicuna egcwele, ancamela ukucwila elangeni. Ama-Vicunas asebenza kuphela phakathi nosuku; ebumnyameni ayaphumula. Ngokuvamile, zizolile ngokwemvelo, zivame ukusondela ezindaweni zokuhlala zomuntu, kepha ziba zincane kakhulu ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ezintabeni kunamaqembu amancane ezinsizwa, okuthi njengoba bekhula, abaholi baxoshwe emhlambini njengabafakizicelo zobuholi. Abesilisa abasebasha bahlangana ngamaqembu bazulazula ezintabeni, ngokuzimela bebheka indawo yabo yokuphila. Bathola amandla nesipiliyoni futhi ngesikhathi esifanele bahlala bekulungele ukudikibalisa izintokazi kwabanye umholi osekhulile bese behola umhlambi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, umholi omusha ngazo zonke izindlela uvikela umhlambi wakhe nensimu yakhe. Abaholi ababekade bedingisiwe balindele impilo yempikiswano eyedwa.
Ukudla kweVicuna kunqabile. Emapondeni, emabhodini ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, kukhona izimila ezincane, ngakho-ke ama-vicuna adla konke angakuthola. Anamazinyo aphansi we-incisor kuphela, wona, njengamagundane, akhula kuyo yonke impilo. Ngakho-ke, ukusika amaqabunga, amahlumela, amagatsha, nokuwafuna ngokunakekela, kuyawagaya. Izimpande zezitshalo zeVicuna azivamisile ukudliwa, kepha okusanhlamvu kuyisipho sangempela sazo, lapho zidla khona inala. Akuvamile ukuba bahlasele amasimu akhiwe ngumuntu, ngoba awathandi ukwehla esuka ezintabeni.
Isizini yokuhlobisa e-vicunas entwasahlobo. Owesifazane uphethe ingane izinyanga eziyi-11. Izinyoni zizalwa zilukhuni futhi ngemuva kwehora ezinye sezivele zizama ukugijima. Bondla ubisi lukamama cishe izinyanga ezintathu, bese beklaba eceleni kwakhe kuze kube unyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho bahlala emhlanjini unyaka owodwa nohhafu kuya kwemibili, emva kwalokho umholi uthumela izinsizwa emhlambini wezinkomo.
Isikhathi sokuphila se-vicuna esimweni semvelo siyiminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20. Muva nje, amaViking ahlala agunda futhi ngasikhathi sinye aqhube izivivinyo zokwelashwa. Izilwane ezibuthakathaka nezigulayo kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlatshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama ye-vicuna ithathwa njengewusizo kakhulu futhi abantu bendawo ngentokozo bayayithanda inyama yenkomo noma iwundlu. Muva nje, bebelokhu bezama ngenkani ukuzama ukwenza izindlu, kepha akukho okuza kulokhu ngoba ekuthunjweni abalimi. Lezi zilwane azixhumani nabantu, ekudingisweni ziyenqaba ukuphuza nokudla, ngakho-ke yonke imizamo yokuzihlakulela iseyize.
Uboya beVicuna
Uboya beVicunna manje buvunwa izakhamizi zendabuko zezizwe zamaQuechuana nezama-Aymara ezihlala e-Andes, njengokhokho bawo bakudala base-Inca, besebenzisa indlela ye-chaku. Lapho kufika isikhathi sezinwele, bonke abakhileyo kule ndawo bangena emadlelweni asezintabeni futhi bashayela imihlambi eyodwa yamadlelo emihlanjini enkulu bayiyise ngemigibe ebekiwe ngokukhethekile.
Ezicupheni, izilwane zihlukaniswa ngeminyaka futhi zihlukaniswe ngamapeni ahlukahlukene. Emapeni kukhiqizwe ukugunda izinwele. Uchewa kuphela onolwazi ukuze ungaphangi uboya obuyigugu. Ngemuva kokugunda, izilwane zidedelwa endle. Zonke izimbambo zokugunda zingena ebhizinisini, elinikeza imali encane noma encane ehlonishwayo kubalimi, lapho izinsalela ziklaba emazweni awo.
Uboya beVicuni uluboya obunqabile futhi obubiza kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu okokuqala, okokuqala, ukuthi ngemuva kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka okuqothula kusasele imbalwa kakhulu. Gquma kube kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, uthola ukuthola izinwele eyodwa kumuntu ngamunye osemdala ongekho ngaphezulu kwama-400-500 amagremu woboya. Intengo yekhilogremu eyodwa yoboya obudonswe ngesandla icishe ibe yi- $ 1000.
Izindleko zemitha eyodwa yendwangu kusuka kulo buya zifika ku- $ 3000. lezo. cishe ama-ruble angama-200,000. Ngakho ijazi labesilisa eliphakathi nendawo lizobiza u- $ 20 000. Khumbula ukuthi uboya be-vicuna abunakudayiswa futhi ngakho-ke imikhiqizo yakwa-vicuna inombala wesinamoni ngemibala ehlukene, ukusuka ekukhanyeni kuye ebumnyameni.
EPeru naseArgentina, imikhiqizo ye-vicuna ibhekwa njengesipho sabesifazane abade kakhulu. Lokhu kuvame ukuba yi-cape kazwelonke. Ngakho-ke ngoNovemba 2009, ngesikhathi izethameli ezizimele, uMongameli wasePeru, u-Alan Garcia, wethula le ngubo kuPapa Benedict XVI njengesipho.
NgoNovemba 2016, enhlokodolobha yasePeru, eLima, engqungqutheleni yamazwe oMkhandlu Wokubambisana Kwezomnotho e-Asia-Pacific, ngosuku lokuphothula, ukusonga okunjalo okuvela koboya be-vicuna kwethulwe njengezikhumbuzo kuzo zonke izinhloko zombuso, ababambiqhaza kulengqungquthela, kubandakanya noMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingubo ezenziwe ngoboya be-vicuna zinentengo ephezulu kakhulu, akuvamile ukuba zitholakale ngokuthengisa. Ukuthengwa okushibhile kakhulu kuzoba phakathi nohambo oluya ePeru. Abantu abesabi ukutshala imali yabo ezintweni ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi njengoba ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ingalokothi iphume ngemfashini.
Lapho kufika abaseYurophu, ama-vicuna ayesesondele ekuqothulweni. Abantu bababulala ngesihawu ngenxa yoboya, bafakela ubuthi imithombo yamanzi e-vicunas ukuze kukhululeke amadlelo emfuyo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuma-60s wekhulu lamashumi amabili, kubantu abayizigidi eziningana, kwasala izinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngenxa yokwamukelwa kwezindlela zokuvikela lezi zilwane, inani labantu laqala ukululama, futhi njengamanje linabalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-200.
Lapha, namaNdiya ngokwawo ukuthola isizinda soboya obuyigugu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo basebenzisa ukuzingela okungenagazi. Bayababamba, bayabasike futhi babakhulule. Le ndlela ivumele amaNdiya ukuba abaleke ebuphofwini, ngaphandle kokuqothula izilwane.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ama-Vicunas angokulandelana kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezi-placental (artiodactyls). Leli qembu linezinhlobo ezingama-220 zesimanje, eziningi zazo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho ebuntwini. Umndeni okulezi zilwane ubizwa ngokuthi ngamakamela (lokhu kufaka namakamela uqobo, kanye nama-llamas). Isizinda salezi zilwane sinezinyawo zommbila. Bonke abameleli baleli qembu ngama-artiodactyls e-herbivorous. Ama-Vicunas uqobo angamalungu wohlobo lwe-monotypic lwegama elifanayo.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-vicuna?
Abamele amakamela athambile, acwebile, acishe abe maningi kakhulu athandana nawo wonke umuntu owake wawabona.
Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yendlela abukeka ngayo eyingqayizivele:
- akubalulekile (kuqhathaniswa namanye amalungu omndeni) ubukhulu. Ama-vicunas amadala afinyelela ubude obungadluli kwamamitha elilodwa nesigamu, futhi ububanzi bube ngamasentimitha ayi-110 (emahlombe). Isisindo esivamile salezi zilwane singamakhilogremu angama-50. Kufanele uvume ukuthi kwabamele amakamela lokhu kuncane kakhulu (isisindo sekamela elinomuntu munye ngamakhilogremu angama-500, kanti ama-llamas angama-kilogramu angama-150),
- ubuso obuncane obuhle. Amehlo alaba bantu amnyama kakhulu, asikhumbuza izinkinobho ezimbili ezinkulu. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ubahlole ngokuningiliziwe. Zifihlwe ngemuva kwe "bang" obukhulu. Izindlebe zezilwane zibukhali, ziqondile, zinde,
- imilenze emide emincane. Ngenxa yalezi zimpawu, kutholakala umusa okhethekile wamakamela (ikakhulukazi umuntu obunjiwe). Umsila wezilwane awudluli ngamamilimitha angama-250 ubude,
- obukhulu, ijazi le-shaggy. Uthambile futhi uthambile impela uma uthintekile. Umbala wemvelo ubomvu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-brown brown brown emzimbeni wonke kungenzeka (imilenze nemisipha yezilwane kumnyama). Kulokhu, isisu sezilwane cishe simhlophe njalo. Uboya busindisa izilwane kuzo zonke izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu,
- umsipha omude onemisipha. Ivumela i-vicuna ukunweba amakhanda abo phezulu ukuthola izitha. Ijazi elide ikakhulukazi, elibizwa njengamacici, elenza intamo yezilwane. Ubude bawo bufinyelela ngamasentimitha angama-30,
- amazinyo abukhali. Lesi ngesinye sezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa. Ngenxa yezinsimbi ezibukhali, izilwane azinalutho lokudla izitshalo ezinezimpande. Balukha kalula utshani bese belugaya emlonyeni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngenxa yendawo yayo yokuhlala (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu), ama-vicunas athuthukise kahle ukuzwa kanye nombono. Ngenxa yomoya wezintaba osegazini labo kunokuqukethwe okukhulayo kwe-hemoglobin, kanye nomoya-mpilo.
Ngenxa yedatha enjalo, ama-vicunas (ikakhulukazi esemncane) afana kakhulu nekhophi elikhulu lekhoyizi le-plush. Lokhu kufana kusekelwa ngamehlo enkinobho nezinwele ezithambile, eziwugqinsi.
Ihlala kuphi i-vicuna?
Photo: Vicuna ngemvelo
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube namuhla, ama-vicunas abelokhu ehlala endaweni efanayo - ama-Andes. Izindawo eziphakemeyo zilungele ngokuphelele impilo ephelele yalezi zilwane ezinhle.
Ungahlangana nezilwane ezi-plush ezifundeni eziningana zaseNingizimu Melika ngasikhathi sinye:
- I-Chile yisimo esitholakala eningizimu nentshonalanga yeSouth America. Isebenzisa umucu omncane phakathi kwe-Andes nolwandle iPacific. Lapha, ukuhlonipha izilwane zamakamela ezazigxishwe, baqamba iSifunda Sonke Sokuqondisa, okuyingxenye yesifundazwe sase-Elki,
- I-Argentina ingelinye lamazwe amakhulu kunawo wonke aseNingizimu Melika. I-Argentina ihlanganisa imingcele ye-Andes nengxenye yasentshonalanga. Emngceleni kukhona ukwahlukahlukana kwezakhiwo ze-geological,
- IBolivia yisizwe samazwe ahlukahlukene esenkabeni neNingizimu Melika. Imingcele eChile nasePeru (entshonalanga), i-Argentina (eningizimu), iParaguay (empumalanga) neBrazil (enyakatho). Ama-Andes ayizindawo eziphakeme zasentshonalanga ze-republic,
- IPeru iyiriphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Melika engasemngceleni we-Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, neChile. Imithambeka ye-Andes, etholakala kule ndawo, kwezinye izifunda iqala cishe ngasogwini lolwandle. Indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke yezintaba zombuso yiNtaba iHuascaran (ukuphakama - amamitha ayinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa),
- I-Ecuador yisimo esenyakatho ntshonalanga Melika Melika. Ukuhlanzwa ulwandle iPacific. Imingcele nePeru neColombia. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe egudla ugu lolule izinyawo ze-Andes. Ephakathi nendawo, kutholakala izintaba ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: I-Eastern Cordillera neWestern Cordillera,
Awungeke uhlangane nama-vicunas emafulethini. Izilwane zithanda ukuhlala ezintabeni. Ukuphakama "kokuhlala" kwabo kuqala kumamitha angama-3500. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kwama-vicunas ngamamitha angama-5500.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ihlala kuphi i-vicuna. Masibone ukuthi udlani.
Ngabe kudlani i-vicuna?
Photo: Vicuna isilwane
Abamele ama-furry ezinkamela (njengabo bonke abazala babo emndenini) bangama-herbivores. Badla kuphela ukudla okusekwe ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, kuma-Andes, ama-vicunas aba nesikhathi esinzima. Uhlaza oluncane lwezintaba alukwazi ukunikeza izilwane ukudla okwanele. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ziyaneliswa ngokuphelele nganoma iyiphi imifino ebamba iso lazo.
Ama-Vicuna adla amaqabunga, utshani, amagatsha amancane. Okumnandi kakhulu kulezi zilwane amahlumela ezitshalo zikakolweni. Izitshalo ezinjalo zivame kakhulu ngendlela yezilwane. Kepha ama-vicuna awadla ngenjabulo, anelisa indlala yawo.
Ngenxa yamazinyo abukhali, ama-vicunas “asika” kalula amaqabunga namagatsha futhi agaya izitshalo emilonyeni yawo. Badla ngendlela efanayo nabo bonke abanye abameleli bezinto zokugcoba. Ukuhamba kwemihlathi kuhamba kancane kepha kuqondile. Ama-Vicunas awasebenzisi izimpande zezitshalo njengokudla, kepha anelisekile ngezithelo zawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengabamele amakamela, lawa ngamakamela asebenzisa amatshe anenwele (acebile ngosawoti). Izilwane zibuye zisebenzise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kasawoti.
Ngendlela efanayo (imifino eluhlaza), izilwane ezifuywayo nazo ziyondliwa. Zondla izilwane ngokudla okwenziwe ngamabomu okunikwa wonke amavithamini kanye namaminerali adingekayo kuma-vicunas.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
AmaVicunas athande ukuhlala emindenini. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlangana namakamela eyodwa. Imvamisa, izilwane zihlanganiswa ngamaqembu abantu abayizi-6-15 bese ukhetha umholi - owesilisa. Kusemahlombe akhe ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yokunakekela umndeni iphumule.
Umholi uqapha ngokucophelela yilungu ngalinye leqembu. Imisebenzi yakhe ifaka ukuxwayisa umndeni ngosongo oluzayo. Wenza lokhu ngosizo lwesimpawu esithile sesiginali kuphela ngalesi simo. Uma ubona umuntu angamazi kuleyo ndawo, ngokushesha uzogijimela kuye aqale ukukhafulela isilwane ngotshani obumbile. Imihlangano enjalo cishe ihlala ixabana. Izilwane ziyagoqana futhi zilwe ngezinyawo zazo.
Onke amalungu omndeni azwakalisa ukuzithoba kwawo kumholi ngokubeka amakhanda awo emhlane. Ukusuka kwabesifazane abahlanu kuya kwabali-15 kowesilisa ngamunye eqenjini le-vicuna. Ubungako bendawo ehlala ama-vicunas kuya ngosayizi womndeni kanye nohlaza. Ngokwesilinganiso, amaqembu akhiwe ezindaweni ezinamakhilomitha-skwele angama-15-20. Ngaso leso sikhathi, leso sikhala sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu: “igumbi lokulala” nedlelo (lapha indawo yendawo ephakeme yamamitha ayi-2 ihloselwe ukukhombisa indawo yomndeni).
IVicuna iyizilwane ezolile nezokuthula. Baphila impilo esebenzayo ikakhulukazi phakathi nosuku. Ebusuku, izilwane ziphumula kusukela ekudleni kwemini nasekuhambeni ezintabeni ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Lababantu babonwa ngokwanda kokungakhathaleli nokunakwa. Ukusuka ekwesabeni, ngokushesha besiya endaweni yokukhosela - egqumeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, lapho ukhuphuka izintaba, ama-vicunas afinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-47 ngehora.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Vicuna Cub
AmaVicunas azalaniswa entwasahlobo (ikakhulukazi ngoMashi). Owesifazane ovundisiwe uthwala inzalo esizayo izinyanga eziyi-11. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, kuzalwa inkonyane eyodwa. Isisindo sengane sisukela kumakhilogremu amane kuya kwayisithupha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ingane yeVicuni ingakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15 izelwe! Iziduna zihlukaniswa ngokudlala, ilukuluku, ubumnene.
Ngemuva kokuhlengwa okungu-3-4 ngemuva kokubeletha, izinsikazi ziqala imidlalo emisha yokuphelisa. Ama-vicuna alethwa inzalo minyaka yonke. Mayelana nomama, amawundlu afinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-10 ubudala. Sonke lesi sikhathi, isisekelo sokudla ubisi lwebele. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izimpondo zidla eceleni kukanina, ngaleyo ndlela olungiselela izingane ukuba zikhule. Lapho ifika ezinyangeni eziyi-10, injabulo yensikazi iyaxoshwa emhlambini.
Abantu besifazane bakhonjwa emaqenjini amasha. Lokhu akwenzeki ngokushesha, kepha kuphela emva kokuthomba (eminyakeni emi-2). Abesilisa baxoshwa ngenyanga edlule. Ngokushesha baya empilweni yamahhala. Isikhathi sokuphila se-vicunias sincike ezintweni zangaphandle (izimila, isenzo somuntu). Emvelweni wemvelo, izilwane ziphila iminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20.
Izitha zemvelo ze-vicunias
Photo: Vicuna eChile
Emvelweni wemvelo, ama-vicunas anezitha ezimbili kuphela:
- impisi enamanzi (isuka esiGrekini. "inja yegolide enomsila omfishane"). Lesi simangalo singummeleli omkhulu wama-canid ahlala eSouth America. Ngaphandle, isilwane sibukeka njengempungushe enkulu. Inemilenze ephakeme nomzimba omfushane. Idla kakhulu ezilwaneni ezincane. E-Andes, izisulu zalomhlaseli zivame ukuba ngabantwana bezilwane, kanye nabamele asebekhulile (abagulayo) bohlobo,
- i-cougar (feline). Lezi zidlakela zihluka ngobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele futhi zingabameli abakhulu bepumas. Ibanga labo lehluke kakhulu. Bakhuphuka ngesibindi izintaba zifinyelela kumamitha angama-4700 ukuphakama. Kulapha lapho abazingela khona ama-vicunas. Ngenxa yejubane labo elikhulu nobulukhuni, ama-cougars asheshe abambe inyamazane futhi ayishaye.
Kodwa futhi i-cougar noma impisi enamahloni ayisongeli into efana nale ndoda uqobo. Namuhla, kunokuqothulwa okusebenzayo, kanye nokufakwa ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lwekhamela. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa - isifiso sokuthola uboya obubizayo bezilwane zase-Andean. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhulumeni wezwe lapho kuhlala khona amaVicunas wethule imithetho ekhethekile yokuvikela lolu hlobo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane zokuzilungisa azivunyelwe.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: UVicuna angaxosha lo mholi "eposini" lakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, akuvunyelwe ukuhlala owesilisa oxoshwe emndenini. Isilwane sigwetshwe ukuhlala ngaphandle. Uchitha impilo yakhe esele yedwa.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Isithombe: Hhayi ukubukeka kwama-vicunas
I-vicuna yabantu ihluke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo. Uma ngesikhathi sama-Incas lolu hlobo lwalubalelwa ezigidini eziyinkulungwane, lapho-ke ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokugcina lesi sibalo safinyelela uphawu olubucayi lwezinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu ngosayizi kahulumeni wase-Ecuador, eChile, e-Argentina nakwamanye amazwe, kukhishwe umngcele oqinile wokubanjwa kwalezi zilwane, ukubulawa kwazo kanye nokuthengiswa koboya be-vicuna obuthambile. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zibonakalise ukusebenza ngempumelelo. Isibalo sezilwane sesikhuphukele cishe ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-2000.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90s (ikhulu lokugcina), ukuvinjelwa ekunqungeni izinwele kwe-vicunas kwasuswa. Namuhla, abantu baseNyakatho Melika, bathola imali enkulu ngoboya obuthambile balezi zilwanyana ezimangalisayo, basebenza ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Yonke imihlambi yama-vicunas ifakwa ekhaya (indlela eyingozi yezilwane, izilwane zithanda inkululeko futhi azisetshenziselwa ukuhlala ekudingisweni),
- bashayela umhlambi wasendle endaweni ebiyelwe, banqamule izilwane bazikhulule (indlela emnene yokuthola uboya, eqashelwa "njengesemthethweni").
Noma ngabe kubuyiswa isibalo salezi zilwane, u-vicunya fur ubiza kakhulu. Bayiqhathanisa nosilika futhi bakulungele ukunikeza imali yobuhlakani bezinto ezihlukile. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ukwazi ukuhweba ngoboya, kumele uthole imvume ekhethekile.
Inani loboya be-vicunia buchazwa ngemicu yalo, okuyiyona mncane kunayo yonke eyaziwayo emhlabeni. Ububanzi babo bungama-microns ayi-12 (ngokuqhathanisa, izinwele zabantu ziphindwe cishe amahlandla ama-8). Izinto ezithungwa kusuka koboya be-vicuna (imvamisa lezi yizijingijolo, ama-pullovers, capes, amasokisi) zihlukaniswa yizinga elandayo lokugcina ukushisa nokukhululeka okukhethekile.
Ukuqapha ama-vicunas
Isithombe: Vicuna ovela kwiBhuku eliBomvu
Ngaphandle kokuthuthuka kwesibalo sabantu base-vicuna, ukwethulwa kwezimvume zokwenziwa kwabo, ukuzala kwabo okusebenzayo kanye nokufuya, izilwane zibhalwe kwiBhuku elibomvu le-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Izindlela zokuvikela lezi zinhlobo zisebenza namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlobana ikakhulu nokuqothulwa (ukubulawa) kwezilwane ngokuphelele. Ukuzingela impilo yalezi zilwane ezinamaphaphu kwaqhutshwa izakhamizi zase-Andes ngenhloso yokuletha inyamazane njengomhlatshelo konkulunkulu. Inyama yezilwane ayaziswa. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala akwenziwa namhlanje (kunenzuzo kakhulu ukuvikela izidalwa ezinikeza uboya obubizayo obuhlukile).
Namuhla ungahlangana nama-vicunias kuma-zoo ahlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kunezilwane emadolobheni aphansi. Lapha amakamela akhule kahle futhi ngonyaka unikeza inzalo. Isibalo sangempela sezingane ezizalwe kuma-zoo sifinyelela cishe abantu abangama-20. Abaningi babo basuka emadolobheni amancane bayaqhubeka nokuhlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba.
Akuwona wonke ama-menageries anganikeza izimo ezidingekayo kulezi zilwane. IVicuna idinga insimu enkulu lapho ungahola khona impilo esebenzayo. Ama-zoo angawodwa anganikeza indawo enjalo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzalela (lapho ibanga lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu yezilwane), ama-vicunias athunyelwa ezilokishini ezikhethekile ze-zoo ezinethambeka eziphakeme.
Ama-vicunas amancane afana ngasikhathi sinye ngamathoyizi amnandi we-plush ofuna ukuwacofa ezingalweni zakho, nezingane ezincane ezidinga usizo ngokuvikelekile nokunakekelwa kubantu abadala. Ngenxa yokuthi iziphathimandla zaseNingizimu Melika zathola ukuthi la makhamera azophela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mndeni awuzange ufe ngokuphelele. Ukuvimbela lokhu kungenzeki nhlobo, abantu kufanele bacabange manje ukuthi bazibulale yini lezi zilwane. Vicuna Akubeki songo ebantwini, kunika uboya obuhle kakhulu futhi kuhlala kunomusa kakhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukubaqothula futhi asikho isizathu!