"I-Basilisk ... yinkosi yezinyoka. Abantu, bembona, babaleka, basindisa izimpilo zabo, ngoba uyakwazi ukubulala ngephunga lakhe kuphela. Ngisho ngibheka umuntu, uyambulala ... " Lokhu yilokho okwabhalwa ku-medieval bestiary (incwadi yezikhathi zasendulo efaka imininingwane mayelana nendawo yezidalwa ezingokoqobo nezinamanga) mayelana ne-basilisk engaqondakali.
I-basilisk yayithathwa njengesidalwa esinganekwane, inganekwane, kodwa, njengoba wazi, kuyo yonke inganekwane kukhona iqiniso elithile. Ngiphakamisa ukuwela ezweni elikhangayo lezinganekwane nezinsumansumane futhi ngithole ukuthi ungubani isasilisk nokuthi yimaphi amakhono amangalisayo abantu abanikeze wona.
Umlando usithumela ezikhathini zakudala emazweni akude ase-Afrika, futhi ikakhulukazi ogwadule lwaseLibya. Kuhlala inyoka encane kodwa enobuthi kakhulu enophawu olumhlophe ekhanda. Abantu bendawo nabahambi babenovalo olukhulu lokuhlangana naye lapho beya, njengoba ukulunywa yinyoka kwakubulala, futhi nekhono lakhe eliyisimanga lokuhamba nekhanda lakhe liphakanyisiwe, encike emsileni wakhe kumethusa. Igama ngqo lalenyoka alaziwa, kodwa amaGrikhi alibiza kanjalo i-basilisk, okusho ukuthi "inkosi."
Amahemuhemu mayelana nenyoka eyinqaba afika eYurophu, futhi, agcwala imininingwane emibi lapho.
Isikhumbuzo sePliny eComo. XV century
Isithombe: JoJan, en.wikipedia.org
Nakhu okwabhalwa nguPliny oMdala (umlobi waseRoma, ikhulu le-1 A.D.) ngalesi simangaliso sasehlane:
“I-basilisk inekhono elimangazayo: noma ngubani oyibonayo ufa ngokushesha. Kukhona ibala elimhlophe ekhanda lakhe elifana nophawu. Ubude bawo abudluli kumasentimitha angama-30. Uthatha ezinye izinyoka ukundiza nge-hissing futhi uhamba, hhayi ukugoba umzimba wakhe wonke, kepha ephakamisa ingxenye yakhe ephakathi. Hhayi ngokusuka ekuthinteni kuphela, kepha futhi nasemphefumulweni wesililisk, kusehla izihlahla notshani, futhi amatshe ayabukisa ... "
Imininingwane yakamuva yembule umlando wogwadule, i-basilisk inecala lokufa kwayo yonke impilo ezungeze kanye nokubonakala kwesihlabathi.
I-Weasel ehlasela i-basilisk. Kutfolakala kumbhalo wesandla wenkathi ephakathi
Isithombe: Umthombo
Ngakho-ke kancane kancane isilwane esijwayelekile saphenduka isilo esimnandi, sibonga umcabango womuntu ongenakuphikiswa nokwesaba komuntu, bese kuthi okunye.
AmaGrikhi, abiza inkosi yenyoka, abona njengendima yakhe yokubusa phezu kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo: izinyoka, izibankwa, izingwenya. AmaRoma ahumushela igama le-basilisk olimini lwesiLatin, futhi kwaba umthetho (Regulus), okusho nokuthi "inkosi."
I-basilisk yayinekhono lokubulala zonke izinto eziphilayo hhayi ngokuphefumula kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokubukeka, njengeMedusa yaseGorgon. Ngale ndlela, umbhali waseRoma uMark Anney Lucan wayekholelwa ukuthi i-basilisk yavela egazini likaMedusa owayebulewe, okunengqondo impela, ngoba ekhanda leGorgon kwakukhona izinyoka esikhundleni sezinwele. Awukwazi ukubheka ngamehlo e-basilisk noma, ngaphandle kwalokho uzonikezwa usizi, futhi ungakunqoba ngosizo lwesibuko ukuze ukubuka okunobuthi kweleasilisk kuphendukele ngokwakho.
Kukhona isilo emhlabeni esikwazi ukunqoba isisekelo - singaselas, isilo esidla lubi esiqhamuka emndenini oyi-marten. I-Weasel ngokuphelele ayinandaba nawo wonke amaqhinga abulalayo we-basilisk. Uyasaba i-basilisk kanye nokuklabalaza kwe-cockerel, uthatha indiza abaleke kuye, futhi mhlawumbe angafa.
Ukushayisana phakathi kwe-basilisk neqhude kuyathakazelisa, ngoba kuhambisana neqhude ukuthi i-legend yokuzalwa kwesilwane esimnandi ihlotshaniswa. I-besgeary kaPierre de Beauvais (1218) ithi iqanda le-basilisk liqala ukwakheka emzimbeni weqhude elidala. Iqhude liyibeka endaweni eseceleni emqubeni womquba, lapho lifukelwa khona isiziba. Isidalwa sibambe iqanda esinekhanda leqhude, umzimba wenqwaba nomsila wenyoka omude. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, hhayi i-basilisk, kodwa kuroolisk, noma cocertice, isihlobo sakhe. Kepha i-kuroolisk ayinamandla kune-basilisk; izinyoka nokunye okuhuqayo akukuthobeli.
Amalahle wezingalo zesifundazwe saseKazan nencazelo esemthethweni, evunyelwe ngu-Alexander II, ngo-1856
Photo: Depositphotos
Kwakukhona isidalwa esinjalo eRussia, kwesinye isikhathi sasibizwa nangokuthi igceke. Igceke, noma igceke - isihlobo esiseduze se-brownie, sasihlala egcekeni lendlu. Emini, wayebukeka njengenyoka enekhanda leqhude neqhude, kanti ebusuku ithole ukubukeka okufanayo nomnikazi wendlu. Igceke bekungomoya wendlu negceke. Kodwa wenza ubungani nezinyoka noma cha, lokhu akwaziwa.
Ngesikhathi se-Renaissance, izinto eziningi ezenziwe nge-basilisk zazenziwe ezingxenyeni zezilwane zasolwandle. I-basilisk iboniswa ekuzithokoziseni okwenziwe esontweni, ezindodeni nasejokeni yezingalo. Ezincwadini zama-heraldic, i-basilisk inekhanda nemilenze yeqhude, umzimba wenyoni embozwe esikalini nomsila wenyoka.
Futhi manje ungathola izithombe ze-basilisk. Ukwenza isibonelo, edolobheni laseBasel (eSwitzerland) kunesikhumbuzo sesikhumbuzo, futhi izakhamizi zedolobha ziyithatha njengengcwele yazo. (Qaphela: ngesiGrikhi, incwadi ethi "b" (beta) yaphenduka le ncwadi yabhalwa "c", ukuze igama elithi "basilisk" ekuqaleni lizwakale ekuqaleni njenge "basilevsk" - basiliskos.) Isikhumbuzo se-Basilisk e-Basel
Isithombe: jjjulia4444, Umthombo
I-basilisk ivame ukuba yiqhawe lamanoveli. KuJoan Rowling, encwadini iHarry Potter kanye neChamber of Secrets, i-basilisk imelwe yinkosi yenyoka yasendulo, kuphela ngosayizi omkhulu (cishe amamitha angama-20), ohlukile kwi-basilisk yasendulo, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho inazo zonke izimfanelo ezichazwe ngenhla.
Nakhu uSergei Drugal, umlobi wamanga wasayensi waseRussia, echaza inkosi yasenyoka kule noveli Basilisk (1986):
“Uhambisa izimpondo zakhe, amehlo akhe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala onsomi. Futhi uqobo lwaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngomsila obomvu. Ikhanda elingunxantathu elinomlomo omnyama no-pink elivulwe kabanzi ... Amathe alo anobuthi obukhulu futhi uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ngezinto eziphilayo, khona-ke ikhabhoni izongena esikhundleni se-silicon nge-silicon. Kalula nje, zonke izinto eziphilayo ziphenduka amatshe zaze zafa, yize kukhona impikiswano yokuthi ukufakwa kwamakhompiyutha nakho kuqhamuka ebusweni beBasilisk, kodwa laba ababefuna ukubheka lokhu kababuyanga ... "
Embusweni wezilwane, futhi manje ungahlangana nesilwane esibukeka njenge-basilisk - lokhu chameleon lizardokubizwa ngokuthi yi-Christ lizard. Lesi silo esihlala ehlathini laseCosta Rica naseVenezuela. Isibungu asinakho ukufa kwabantu, kepha sinekhono elilodwa elimangazayo: singahamba emanzini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kushesha kakhulu futhi kugijimela emanzini, kukhonkotha njengetshe. Ngaleli khono, isilwane esimangalisayo sabizwa ngokuthi iChrist Lizard.
Kulolu hambo ngemuva kwe-basilisk kwaphela. Isiphetho esisodwa kuphela esidonswa kukho konke lokhu okungenhla: indalo emangalisayo yemvelo nokucabanga komuntu kumane kuyindawo yokugcina isithunzi yokuzalwa kwezinganekwane nezinsumansumane, esingasamangali nazo kuze kube namuhla.
Kukhulunywa okokuqala kwe-basilisk
Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi i-basilisk (kusuka esiGrekini - "inkosi") empeleni isilwane sangempela, inyoka, ukucacisa kakhudlwana.
Ogwadule lwaseLibya kunenyoka enendawo emhlophe ekhanda, ubuthi bayo obungabulala umuntu ngemuva kokukuluma okukodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-basilisk yayikwazi ukuhamba nekhanda layo libambe phezulu, incike emsileni wayo, eyayinikeza usayizi omncane kakhulu kunokuba injalo empeleni. I-crest ekhanda yadlala indima yomqhele, kanye "nokuphakama" kwayo ngaphezulu komhlaba, okugcine kuyisizathu saleli gama, ngokweqiniso - "inkosi yezinyoka."
Yile ndlela i-basilisk engena ngayo esikhathini seminyaka ephakathi. Wayechazwa njengesidalwa esibi, esingaziwa ezweni lethu futhi esinamandla okubulala ngokubuka nje okukodwa.
I-Analogs Ekhona Ngempela
Ngokwebhayibheli, okufanele ibuyiselwe emuva kwesikhathi, ibhasikidi lalibizwa ngokuthi inyoka enobuthi, kepha akukho okucacisiwe ngokubukeka. Kungaba isengezo noma i-cobra.
Esikhathini esithile, inyoka eyayinezimpondo yathathwa njengebhasilisk, futhi kamuva umfo wayo onekhanda elimhlophe. Futhi, i-basilisk igama le-subspecies yezinkonkoni ezinezimpondo, ezazithola isidlaliso esinjalo ngenxa yokufana kwazo nomqondo wenkathi ephakathi wesilongo, njenge-chimera, ehlanganisa izici zenkukhu nenyoka.
Ukubhalwa phansi akunangozi kubantu. I-basilisk enjalo idla ikakhulukazi izinambuzane futhi ukuluma kwayo kungadala ukuvuvukala ngenxa yamagciwane asemazinyweni esihlambi.
Kukhulunywa ngebhayibheli
I-Aspid yaseGibhithe noma "Inyoka kaCleopatra"
Akukho ukuvumelana ngalokho okushiwo yi-basilisk eBhayibhelini, okungukuthi, ukuhunyushwa kweTestamente Elidala kusiGrikhi.
Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, isithombe se-basilisk sathathwa enyokeni yasempumalanga, futhi lona uqobo igama, ngokwesiHeberu elizwakala njenge- "cef", lisho inyoka enobuthi nje.
Kodwa-ke, akukho ncazelo eqondile yaleli gama. Ngokuvamile, izazi zebhayibheli ziyavuma ukuthi noma iyiphi inyoka enobuthi, ikakhulukazi umndeni wakwa-Aspid, okungukuthi, izinyoka nezingcosana, kufanele ibhekwe njenge-basilisk.
Kulokhu, i-basilisk inencazelo efanayo negama elithi "echidna" futhi isho ukuthi "ubuthi, inyoka enobuthi." Akukho okushiwo ngokuqondile ngesikhundla sasebukhosini se-basilisk eBhayibhelini.
Ukuzazi nodeveli
UJohn theologian uphethe isitsha se-basilisk ezandleni zakhe. Kukhombisa kanjalo-ke ukuzama ubuthi uJohn
Ebhayibhelini, inyoka enkulu ifanekisela ngqo ingelosi ewile, elinga abantu.
Kanye nodrako, i-basilisk yamukele izici "kokhokho" bayo futhi ijwayele ukusetshenziswa njengesithombe semimoya emibi.
Kaningi, i-basilisk iboniswa yi-hypertrophied, enamaphiko futhi inkulumbuso enkulu kakhulu ekupenda isithonjana sobuKristu nokubopha.
Ezinganekwaneni zabantu baseYurophu, i-basilisk nayo iwumuntu obonisa ububi, kepha ayihlobene ngqo nemimoya emibi.
Kodwa-ke, kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi inyoka iyonke inesithombe esingesihle, isithombe se-basilisk sisonke singemubi ngokuphelele futhi asinazo izici ezinhle njengokuzalwa kabusha noma ukwelashwa.
Inchazelo ye Heraldic
I-basilisk isesigabeni sezimpawu ze-heraldic, evame kakhulu phakathi kwezidumo zaseNtshona.
Ngokweqiniso, kusho ukuzimela, amandla nokuqina.
Wayesetshenziselwa ukwesabisa, ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela emandleni enduna eyayimkhetha njengophawu lwayo.
Kodwa-ke, ngasikhathi sinye, i-basilisk nayo isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa inkohliso, ukuphindaphindwa, ulaka olungenasisekelo nentukuthelo. Njengezinye izinyoka, wayevame ukuvela ezingalweni zemindeni ebalulekile, edonsa ezithombeni ezinhle kakhulu.
Ukuvela kwesithombe nokuguqulwa kwesilo
Ngendlela eyethusayo, i-basilisk ngokuyinhloko ibophekile kumlobi uPliny, othi ngekhulu le-1 AD wakhipha incazelo eyingqayizivele yenyoka yasogwadule.
Ngokusho kwakhe, kunephutha eliqondile le-basilisk ngokubonakala kwesihlabathi, ngoba "utshani bomile phambi kwakhe, futhi amatshe ayashayeka", ngaphezu kwalokho, inyoka yayinolaka olukhulu ngoba "abafowabo babebaleka," "umsizi wasekhishini wabulala umuntu ngokubukwa nje okukodwa."
Lapho umlando ufinyelela eYurophu ephakathi, wawunqoba ngokushesha imininingwane nemisho eyethusayo.
Esikhundleni se- "diadem", kuqhamuke ikhekhe, izimpiko nama-paws ekhanda le-basilisk.
Ngobude obuncane bamasentimitha angama-30, i-basilisk, okwamanje, yayinobudlova futhi inonya kakhulu, okubuye kudlale ngaye kuyinganekwane.
Ubisi olwenziwe ngobuchopho, amaqanda antshontshiwe ngisho nezifo kuthiwa yenziwa i-basilisk, ngoba ingcolile futhi inonya.
Omunye wababhali baseRoma, uMark Anney Lucan, ukholelwa ukuthi i-basilisk ivela emaconsi egazi le-jellyfish, njengezinye izidalwa ezinwabuzelayo, ezamnika ithuba lokubulala zonke izinto eziphilayo ngokubukeka.
Kodwa-ke, ifomu lawo le-hybrid enekhanda ngesimo senkukhu yahlala iyindlela enkulu. Kwinganekwane, i-basilisk ivikele ukubukeka okunjalo: ikhanda lenkukhu elinenhlanganisela yeqhude, umzimba wenyoka enamaphiko ambozwe izimpaphe, imilenze eshisiwe.
Bestiary Pierre de Beauvais
UPierre de Beauvais wadlala indima enkulu ekwenziweni kobudimoni kwesasilisk, ngokusho ukuthi i-basilisk yehla iqhude lakudala, emzimbeni "elivuthwe" ngalo.
Iqhude libeka iqanda phezu kwenqwaba yomquba, emva kwalokho lifakwe esibayeni. Isidalwa esichazwe ngenhla siqhekeza igobolondo, emva kwalokho silimaze nezinye izinkukhu sicashe isikhathi eside.
Inamandla kakhulu futhi iyashesha, futhi ngenxa yalokho kunzima ukuqaphela i-basilisk.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-kurolisk kanye ne-cocatris nayo ivela ku-basilisk.
Ngokungafani nokhokho babo, balahlekelwa amandla okunqoba izinyoka, kodwa futhi banolaka, futhi ukuphefumula kwabo kungalimaza bobabili abantu nemvelo.
Kwakukhona futhi nombono kuma-Middle Ages ukuthi i-basilisk yabulawa ngu-Alexander the Great. Inyoka yahlala odongeni lwenqaba, ngokusho kwenye inguqulo - entabeni, futhi yabulala wonke amasosha ngamehlo ayo. U-Alexander wabe eseyalela ukuthi asikhiphe esibukweni anikeze inyoka ukuthi izibheke yena uqobo, yona ebulale isasilisk.
Kungenzeka ukuthi le nganekwane inezimpande zamaGreek, ngoba enganekwaneni yamaGrikhi iqhawe lamaGrikhi uPerseus lacola isihlangu sakhe ukuze liwele phansi eGorgon.
Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Albert the Great ngekhulu le-13 wenqaba ukukholelwa ukuthi kukhona i-basilisk enekhanda lenkukhu, eyabeka isisekelo sokuphawula okungaqondakali lapho kuqondiswa khona legend enkulu.
I-Cryptozoological Theories
Ku-Renaissance, akukho okuncane futhi okuncane okukhulunywa ngakho nge-basilisk, ngoba kwakungekho bufakazi obukhona bokuthi bukhona.
I-liziz basilisk noma “iqhude likaJesu Kristu”
Ekuqaleni wayeqashelwa njengesidalwa esiphilayo, kepha ngaphandle kwezimpawu zamandla angcolile, futhi anciphise ngisho nokuhlanganiswa kwezimpawu zeqhude. Ngemuva kwalokho bawushiya ngokuphelele lo mqondo, kwavela inkolelo-mbono yokuthi le nganekwane enezimpande zase-Afrika izama ukuchaza umsuka we-ibis, odlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zeGibhithe lasendulo.
Bazama ukuchaza umsuka wakamuva we-basilisk ngolwazi oluncane ku-zoology kanye nochungechunge oluhlangene. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, izibankwa, ukuqapha izibankwa ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoka zamthathelwa.
Okwamanje, i-basilisk ihlala ingesinye sezithombe eziphambili ezifundweni nasezinsumansumane, kufaka phakathi amaSlavic. Lapho abizwa ngokuthi "yi-patio patio" futhi abe nedumela elibi.
Ensimini yaseCosta Rica kunesibungu esibizwa nge- "Christ", ukubonakala kwaso kucishe kusiphinda ngokuphelele isithombe se-basilisk, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwamaphiko. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu okuhuqayo futhi, empeleni, okubhalwe phansi okuyi- “basilisk” kuhlala kungukuphela kohlelo olukhona lwe-cryptid okukhulunywa ngalo kuze kube manje.
Basilisk ebhayibhelini
Ebhayibhelini, igama elithi "basilisk" livela okokuqala ekuhunyushweni kweTestamente Elidala lisuka esiNgisini lisuselwa olimini lwakudala lwesiGreek (Septuagint, III - I century BC) kanye nesiLatini (Vulgata, IV - V century). Ibuye isetshenziswe ku-Russian Synodal Translation (XIX century).
Embhalweni wesiHeberu, iTanakh, akukho analogue eqondile yegama elithi "basilisk". Ikakhulu, kwihubo lama-91 likaTanakh (luhambisana nehubo lama-90 lombhalo wamaGreek nesiRussia weHubo) indawo yaleli gama ehlalwa ngayo nguDr. - Heb. I-“percy” ”(“ ibhubesi, ibhubesi lebhubesi ”), eNcwadini yoMphrofethi u-Isaya Tanah - amanye ama-Hebr. "אפעה".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi “basilisk” elivela enguqulweni ye-Synodal kaDuteronomi lihambelana negama lesiHeberu saraf (“Burning”), okungasho izinyoka ezinobuthi, futhi eNcwadini yoMphrofethi uJeremiya igama lesiHeberu liyahambelana nalo cefa, noma tsifonisibonisa inyoka enobuthi - inyoka eseMpumalanga (Vipera xanthina) .
I-Septuagint
Igama elithi "basilisk" (ngesiGrikhi: "βᾰσῐλίσκος") embhalweni wesiGrikhi weTestamente eliDala, iSeptuagint, kukhulunywa ngalo kabili - kwihubo lama-90 (IHu. 90:13) naseNcwadini ka-Isaya (Isa. 59: 5, ku Umbhalo wesiGreek ivesi).
UCyril wase-Alexandria, echaza le ndima eseNcwadini ka-Isaya, uveze ukuthi i-basilisk iyinhlangano ye-asp: "Kepha bebenephutha ekubalweni, futhi kufanele babhekane nento efanayo ukuthi labo abephula amaqanda ama-aspid bangaphansi kobuwula obukhulu ngoba, uma bawaphule , abatholanga lutho olunye ngaphandle kwabo nge-basilisk. Futhi lo mbungu wenyoka uyingozi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, leliqanda alifaneleki. "
Ukuhumusha okunjalo kuyaphikisana neqiniso lokuthi ku-Is. I-14: 29 kuthiwa izithelo zezithelo ze-"yi-" Dragons ezindizayo. " Kodwa-ke, imithombo ihlukanisa phakathi kwezinyoka ezindizayo ezinganekwane, ezazikholwa ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nama-basilisks.
Esichazamazwini sesiGreek-Russian saseButler ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος (isifiso) bonisa inyoka yezinhlobo zeColuber aspis, i-Coluber haye noma i-Naia haye.
Izinguqulo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu
Umbhalo wesiLatini webhayibheli, i-Vulgate, uqukethe igama elithi "basiliscum" (likhona kumahubo angama-90), okuyindlela yokummangalela nge-lat."Basiliscus". (Lesi sakamuva sivela kwelesiGreek elithi "βασιλίσκος.")
Igama lesiNgisi "basilisk" lihambelana nesiNgisi iqhude futhi i-basilisk , futhi eBhayibhelini lesiNgisi leKing James kuqala kukhulunywa ngayo amahlandla amane: Kathathu eNcwadini ka-Isaya (Isa. 11: 8, Isa. 14:29, Isa. 59: 5 - enguqulweni ye-Synodal igama elithi "basilisk" alikho) kanye kanye eNcwadini YoMprofethi uJeremiya (endaweni efanayo nephikisana naye waseRussia ku-Synodal Translation) .
Ukuhunyushwa kwe-Synodal
Ukusuka encazelweni ekuDuteronomi, singaphetha ngokuthi ama-basilis aphakathi kwezakhamizi eziyingozi zasehlane, uNkulunkulu akhulula kuzo amaJuda ngenkathi ezulazula (Dut. 8: 15), uJeremiya ubhala ngamasiliski, ebala izinhlawulo zikaNkulunkulu zesikhathi esizayo (Jer. 8:17) ) Ekugcineni, lesi sidalwa kukhulunywa ngaso kwihubo lama-90: “uzowela ku-asp ne-basilisk, uzonyathela ibhubesi nodrako"(IHu. 90: 13), - lapha i-basilisk ivela phakathi kwezingozi ezinkulu iNkosi ethembisa ukugcina abalungile.
Ukuhunyushwa kwebhayibheli
Ebhayibhelini, igama elithi "basilisk", negama elifanayo elithi "echidna", lisho izinyoka ezinobuthi. Yize kunzima ukukhonjwa kahle, izinyoka zomndeni we-aspid, kufaka phakathi ama-cobras, kanye nomndeni wezinyoka.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amavesi amabili eBhayibheli (IHu. 90: 13, Isa. 59: 5) ahlukanise ama-aspid namabhasikidi. U-Ammianus Marcellinus, owayephila ngekhulu le-4, naye wabelana ngama-aspid, ama-echidnas, ama-basilisks, nezinye izinyoka.
Ku- "Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron" ezinye izindlela zokuhlonza i-basilisk ezinezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoka zikhonjisiwe, kepha ikhambi ngqo lenkinga libonakala linzima.
Ku-Explanatory Bible, ehlelwe ngu-A.P. Lopukhin, isisekelo sebhayibheli sikhonjwa inyoka ebukwayo yaseNdiya.
Ekuchazeni kwengcwele yokuqala yamaKristu nesazi semfundiso yenkolo uJohn Cassian, i-basilisk isebenza njengesithombe samademoni nodeveli, kanti ubuthi be-basilisk busebenza njengesithombe somona.
Izethulo zakudala
Ngokusobala, le nsumansumane yasuka ekuchazeni kwenyoka encane enobuthi, ebhekwa njengengcwele eGibhithe, kusukela ekulalelweni kwezilwane lapho zonke izilwane nezinyoka zibhuqa, okwashiwo u-Aristotle ngekhulu lesi-4 B.C.E. e. noPseudo-Aristotle.
Ukuchazwa kwe-basilisk njengesidalwa esinganekwane kutholakala kuPliny the "Umlando Wemvelo" Omdala (I century AD), ebhaliwe, phakathi kokunye, ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yezazi-mlando zamaGrikhi nababhali bezindaba. Ngokusho kwakhe, i-basilisk ihlala eduzane naseCyrenaica, ubude bayo bufika ku-30 cm, inebala elimhlophe ekhanda elifana nophawu. Emanye ama-encyclopedia yangekhulu le-19 leminyaka athi uPliny amagama awaswele, ukuthi inyoka yayiphuzi futhi inamakhanda ekhanda. Zonke izinyoka zibalekela imisindo ye-basilisk. Ihambisa ukuhambisa hhayi njengezinye izinyoka, kodwa iphakamisa ingxenye yayo ephakathi. Inamandla okubulala hhayi ubuthi kuphela, kepha futhi nokubukeka, iphunga, ukushisa utshani nokuqhekeza amatshe. ULucan, owabhala eminyakeni efanayo nekaPliny, wayekholelwa ukuthi i-basilisk yavela egazini likaGorgon Medusa owayebulewe, naye owayenombono wezinto zakudala.
I-Plain ifakwe nguGaius Julius Solin ngekhulu le-III, kepha ngomehluko omncane: ubude benyoka bungaba ngu-15 cm, ibala lisesimweni sebhande elimhlophe, alisho ukubukeka okubulalayo, kepha kuphela ubuthi obudlulele bobuthi nephunga. UHeliodor owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe wabhala nge-basilisk, okuphefumula ngayo futhi ibuke futhi yonakalise konke ehlangabezana nakho.
UPliny wabhala ngensumansumane yokuthi kwathi lapho umgibeli wehhashi eshaya i-basilisk ngomkhonto, kepha ubuthi behlela esigxotsheni babulala umgibeli wehhashi ngisho nehhashi. Kutholakala inselelo efanayo enkondlweni kaLucan mayelana nokuthi isasilisk ibulala kanjani amasosha, kepha elinye lamasosha lisindiswa ngokunqamula isandla sakhe singenwe ubuthi be-basilisk, obehlela phansi umkhonto.
UPliny wabhala ukuthi ama-caress angabulala i-basilisk ngephunga lawo, akhasa emgodini wawo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye bayazifela. Ubutha babasiliski nemisipha kwakhulunywa futhi nangomsebenzi owenziwa nguDemocritus, owayephila ngekhulu le-III BC. e. Kusukela ngekhulu lesibili AD e. bekukholelwa ukuthi i-basilisk yabulawa ngokukhala kweqhude, ngakho-ke kwalulekwa ukuthi kuphathwe lezi zilwane ekhejini.
Kwakusolwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwenza izithambisi nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezivela emehlweni nasegazini le-basilisk.
"Hieroglyphics" IV ngekhulu leminyaka BC e. lilandisa ukuthi abaseGibhithe babene-hieroglyph nenyoka, ababeyibiza ngokuthi "Uraeus", okusho ukuthi ngesiGreki "basilisk", futhi isho "iphakade". AbaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi inyoka yalolu hlobo ayinakufa, ngokuphefumula ikwazi ukubulala noma yisiphi isidalwa, ibifanekiselwa ngaphezulu kwamakhanda onkulunkulu. Le hieroglyph ibonakalisa iLanga nonkulunkulukazi we-cobra u-Wajit - ongumvikeli weLower Egypt. Isithonjana segolide se-Urea sasibekwe emabunzini oPharao njengengxenye yesikhanda sasebukhosini.
Isazi sebhayoloji I.I. Akimushkin nabanye ababhali baphakamise ukuthi i-basilisk inyoka enezimpondo. Isithombe sakhe esinezimpondo sasiyi-hieroglyph yaseGibhithe esisho umsindo “f”, futhi singathathwa nguPliny oMdala njengenyoka enomqhele, okwakhipha igama lesiGrikhi lenyoka ngokuthi “basilisk” - “king”.
Ukuzalwa kweqanda lenyoni
Ngokwenkolelo yakudala, ama-basilisks azalwa emaqandeni enyoni i-ibis, ethi, ngokudla amaqanda enyoka, kwesinye isikhathi ibeka amaqanda ayo ngomlomo wayo (mhlawumbe lokhu kungukuchaza kwesithombe se-ibis esineqanda lenyoka emqhonyeni wayo). Imibhalo ephathelene nale nkolelo yagcinwa ngababhali bekhulu le-4: isazi semfundiso yenkolo uCassian, ongungoti wezokuxhumana waseGibhithe, owathi "akunakungatshazwa ukuthi ama-basilisks azalwa emaqandeni enyoni, eGibhithe ebizwa ngokuthi yi-ibis", no-Ammianus Marcellinus, lapho lendaba ephathelene nomgadli olandelayo ilandela khona lapho kukhulunywa ngeGibhithe izinkolelo. UGaius Julius Solin ngekhulu le-3 wabhala futhi ngenkolelo yokuthi ibulala izinyoka ezinobuthi ngokweqile futhi ibeke amaqanda ngomlomo.
Lokhu kwabhalwa ngudokotela uT. Brown wekhulu le-17 emsebenzini obucayi Amaphutha noKweqiwa, kanye nesazi sokuhamba kwezilwane u-A.E. Brem wekhulu le-19, ocaphuna ukushicilelwa kukaV. B. Pierio (English) waseRussia. , enomfanekiso wohlu lwebhilidi eliboshwe eqandeni le-ibis. Bachaze inkolelo yokuthi ukudla amaqanda enyoka anobuthi futhi athelelekayo kungenisela amaqanda ezinyoni ngokwawo ezinyoka. Ngakho-ke, amaGibhithe aphula amaqanda ama-ibis atholakalayo ukuze ama-basilis angabhekeki, yize ngasikhathi sinye azazisa lezi zinyoni ngokudla izinyoka.
Inyoka Yesikhathi Esidlule
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, isithombe se-basilisk sangezelelwa ngemininingwane emisha, ngokusho kwalesi sigaxa sivela eqandeni elibekwe iqhude elidala, elalifakwa emgodini futhi laxhonywa ngenqindi. Imibono yokubukeka ibuye yashintsha: i-basilisk yaqala ukuboniswa njengeqhude elinomsila wenyoka, ngesinye isikhathi ngomzimba we-toad, yize zazikhona ezinye izinketho. Ukuphawulwa kokuqala okunjalo kutholakala ePerre de Beauvais (Fr.) Russian. ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII. Uphinda incazelo kaPliny, echaza i-basilisk njengenyoka elahlekile, kodwa futhi usho ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi uvezwa njengeqhude elinomsila wenyoka, anikeze isithombe esifanayo, nokuthi kwesinye isikhathi uzalwa eqhude. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukholo ku-basilisk lwalufana nezimfundiso zesonto ezazingenakuphikwa, u-Albert the Great ngekhulu le-13 wacubungula izindaba eziqanjiwe mayelana ne-basilisk enamaphiko ezalwe iqanda le-cockerel.
Kwakukholelwa futhi ukuthi uma ukhombisa ukubuka kwesasilisk ngesibuko, khona-ke izokufa izibona yona, njenge-Gorgon Medusa. Lesi sahlulelo savusa ukuphawula okuhlekisayo komcwaningi wekhulu le-11. U-Al-Biruni: "Kungani lezi zinyoka zingakashabalali?" . Ngekhulu le-XIII, kwaqokelelwa amaqoqo wezindaba ezimfushane "Izenzo ZaseRoma", nohlelo lwawo olwesekelwa "Umlando Wezimpi Zika-Alexander the Great", lapho umsizi ohleli odongeni lwenqaba (kolunye uhlobo, entabeni), ubulala amasosha amaningi ngamehlo akhe, bese kuthi u-Alexander the Great oda ibheka esibukweni inyoka ebulala kuyo.
Ngokwemibono yamaLuzhichans, i-basilisk yiqhude elinamaphiko kadrako, amahloka amahlosi, umsila we-lizard, umlomo wokhozi namehlo aluhlaza, ekhanda lakhe kukhona umqhele obomvu, nesigaxa esimnyama (izikali) emzimbeni wonke, yize kungabonakala njengesibankwa esikhulu .
Inkolelo efanayo ikhona ezinganekwaneni zaseLithuania mayelana nenyoka endizayo i-Aitvaras. Ubamba eqandeni leqhude elimnyama, okumele ligcinwe endlini iminyaka engu-7. Ebusuku, uletha abanikazi imali nokudla, okufana no-ukhilimu omuncu, ogeleza ezitsheni.
Izigxobo zikholelwa ukuthi i-basilisk yadalwa nguSathane.
"I-duret's duel ene-basilisk." Ukuqanjwa nguHollar, XVII century.
Imifanekiso yesisekelo esivela encwadini ka-Aldrovandi ethi "Umlando Wezinyoka Neziduli" (Bologna, 1640)
I-Scepticism ne-Cryptozoology
Ngomqondo we-heyday wesayensi yemvelo ku-Renaissance, i-basilisk kukhulunywa ngayo incane.
Okokugcina okukhulunywa ngaye ngokuthi “umhlangano” naye eWarsaw kwenzeka ngo-1587. Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngaphambili, isazi semvelo uConrad Gesner wayengakholelwa ebukhoneni besilisk. U-Edward Topsell Ngo-1608 wathi kungenzeka ukuthi iqhude elinomsila wenyoka likhona, kepha alihlangene ne-basilisk. T. Brown ngo-1646 udlulela phambili: "Lesi sidalwa asigcini nje ngokuba yi-basilisk, kodwa futhi asikho nakwindalo."
Isazi se-Africanist nesazi semvelo uN.N. Nepomnyashchy siphakamise ukuthi ivesi le-Bhayibheli ngokuzalwa kwama-basilis kusuka emaqanda ama-aspid (enguqulweni yamaGreek yasekuqaleni ka-Isaya 59: 5) nesithombe se-basilisk, iqhude lenyoka, kuyiphutha lokukholelwa kwabaseGibhithe ngenyoni ye-ibis. Okungukuthi, ngokwenganekwane, bedla izasiliski, amaqanda abazalwa ngawo.
Kwesinye isikhathi nge-basilisk kwakuvele kuthathwe izinto eziyinqaba. Isibonelo, ngo-1202, eVienna, kwathathwa isihlabathi samatshe, esifana neqhude, okwathiwa kanye nesiqholo se-hydrogen sulfide, saba nezinkolelo-ze ezesabekayo, futhi lo mcimbi wabhalwa ezincwadini zedolobha. Ngo-1677, umbhalo owabhalwa ngalo “mhlangano ne-basilisk” wagxivizwa esibondweni setshe wafakwa kulomthombo. Futhi kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uprofesa ocwaningayo wehlela emthonjeni futhi wathola itshe elifana ne-basilisk.
Ezinye izinguqulo
UD. B. De Toni, ephawula ngomsebenzi kaLeonardo da Vinci, ocaphuna uPliny, waphakamisa ukuthi i-basilisk iyafana nesibaya.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-hoaxes yayivamile eYurophu: izilwane ezenza ubuntu, zazidlulisa njengezidalwa ezinhle. Isibonelo, irampu yanikezwa i-basilisk. Iningi lezithombe zakhe ezenzeka ngekhulu le-16 - le-17 lizinze ngqo kumamodeli anjalo.
Isithombe se-basilisk kusiko
I-basilisk (kanye ne-asp, ibhubesi nodrako - kususelwa kwihubo lama-90) kuphakathi kwezithombe zoomorphic zamademoni noma udeveli, ezamukelwa kubuciko bobuKristu.
Esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kwesithonjana sobuKristu besikhathi IV - ukuqala kwamakhulu we-IX, amakhosi aseByzantine aphendukela olimini olunemibandela yezimpawu. U-Kristu ngaphezulu kwe-Aspid neBasilisk wayebonakaliswa ezivikelweni zamalambu aseByzantine.
“UKristu onqobayo, onyathela phansi i-Aspid neBasilisk” kungenye yezithombe ezingejwayelekile zikaJesu Kristu. Phakathi kwamasampula owaziwayo angabizwa ngokuthi ukukhululeka kwekhulu le-IX ngendlovu evela eMtatsheni wezincwadi wase-Oxford. Kuboniswa ukwakheka okufanayo esibonelweni sokuhlaselwa eseningizimu kweCathedral yeSan Giusto eTesteste. Esandleni sakhe sobunxele, uKristu uphethe incwadi evulekile, futhi ubusisa ngakwesokunene sakhe. Osanta bendawo u-Just no-Serul bahlala ezinhlangothini zayo.
"Isimo sikaKristu, sinyathela i-asp ne-basilisk, eningizimu apse, ngokusobala sibuyele emuva esigcawini se-Archbishop's chapel eRavenna. Kutholakala nakwelinye lamaphaneli angqongqoza e-Orthodox Baptistery eRavenna futhi kwamelelwa isithombe sobusilarica esingatholakali saseSanta Croce (isigamu sokuqala sekhulu lesi-5), esaziwa ngokuchazwa kombhali u-Andrea Agello ”.
Enye yezimpawu zikaMama kaNkulunkulu, kusukela ngekhulu le-18, ibizwa ngokuthi "Isinyathelo ku-Aspida neBasilisk." Ufanekisela uMama kaNkulunkulu onyathela phezu kwamandla obubi.
Ku-Renaissance, i-basilisk yayivame ukushiwo emibhalweni eminingi yemfundiso yenkolo kanye nezindawo zokudla njengesithombe sobubi. Ngesikhathi sikaShakespeare, babebabiza ngezifebe, yize lo mdlali owayedlala ngesiNgisi ngokwakhe wayebhekisa kuye njengenyoka yakudala nje ebukeka ebulalayo.
Ezinkondlweni zekhulu le-19, isithombe sobuKristu besilisk-devil siqala ukufiphala. Ezinkomeni zothando ezithi Keats, Coleridge noShelley, i-basilisk ifana nophawu oluhle lwaseGibhithe kune-monster. E-Ode to Naples, uShelley ubiza lo muzi: "Yiba njenge-basilisk yombusi, nqoba izitha ngezikhali ezingabonakali."
E-heraldry, i-basilisk iwuphawu lwamandla, ukuqina nokuqina.
Ngokwesiko lanamuhla
Kunombono wokuthi ngokwesiko lanamuhla i-basilisk ayinakho ukuthandwa okuningi nokubaluleka okukhethekile okungokomfanekiso, ngokuhlukile, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ku-unicorn ne-mermaid. I-niche engaba khona ye-basilisk yayihlala ngokuqinile nodrako, onomlando wasendulo futhi obanzi.
Noma kunjalo, i-basilisk imelwe ezincwadini zesimanjemanje, kumabhinema nakwimidlalo yekhompyutha.
Ikakhulu, ngomfanekiso wenyoka enkulu, ukhona emakhasini enoveli kaJoan Rowling uHarry Potter kanye neChamber of Secrets, kanye nasekuguqukeleni kwakhe ifilimu.
Amanothi
- ↑ 123I-BEAN, 1891-1892.
- ↑ 12345Lopukhin A.P.AmaHubo 90 // Bible okuchaza. - 1904-1913.
- ↑ 123456ISyoka // Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia / UFritz Rineker, uGerhard Mayer, u-Alexander Schick, u-Ulrich Wendel. - M: Christliche Verlagsbuchhandlung Paderborn, 1999 .-- 1226 k.
- ↑ 123456U-EEBE, 1910: “Kunzima ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwenyoka ababhali bakudala ababecabanga ngalo. Ngokusho kwabanye, Heb. I-צפע iyafana ne-שפיפו (Gen. 49:17), okungukuthi, i-echidna enophondo, noma i-cerast [inyoka enezimpondo. I-Tristram ikhomba i-צפע nenyoka engu-Daboja (Daboja xanthina),. ongowomndeni we-echidna desert oyingozi, zombili lezi zinhlobo zezinyoka zihlobene ne-Echidna arietans neNdiya enobuthi. U-Echidna elegans [umndeni wezinyoka]. ”
- ↑ 123I-EEBE, 1910.
- ↑ 123ESBE, 1892.
- ↑ UPliny Omdala, umhlaziyi ngu-I. USbaga.
- ↑ UJosim, 1990, k. 117.
- ↑ Belova, 1995.
- ↑ 12Korolev, 2005.
- ↑ 123I-Belova, 1995, k. 292.
- Text Umbhalo weBhayibheli. I-Lexicon. Sesha.
- ↑ UCyril wase-Alexandria. Indalo. v. 8. Ukuhunyushwa koMprofethi u-Isaya. kk 364
- ↑ 12Cicero.Incwadi I, 101 // Ngakwisimo sawonkulunkulu = De Natura Deorum. - I century BC u ..
- ↑UGuy Julius Solin.I-Ibis, [http://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/solin/crm_tx.htm#3-9 Basilisk,] // Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane engasoze yakhunjulwa.
- I-Greek Greek-Russian Dictionary yakudala yekhophi lika-Butler's Archived lika-Mashi 28, 2016 kumshini we-Wayback: amanye amaGrikhi ἀσπίς, ίδiiς (ῐδ) ἡ ... 7) ukusondeza. i-aspid (Coluber aspis, Coluber haye noma Naia haye) Her., Arst., Men., Plut.
- AmaHubo / amaHubo // UJerome. Vulgate.
- ↑ I-Basilisk // Multitran.
- ↑ Imiphumela emi-4 yeBhayibheli ye- “Cockatrice.” Kuboniswa imiphumela 1-4 // BibleGateway.com.
- ↑ basilisk //V.P. Vikhlyoslov. Isichazamazwi Sebhayibheli seVikhlyantsev.
- ↑ Imiphumela emi-3 yebhayibheli ye- “basilisk.” Kuboniswa imiphumela 1-3 // BibleGateway.com.
- I-Echidna // Isichazamazwi Esichazayo sakwa-Efrayimi, 2000.
- ↑ I-Echidna // Isichazamazwi Esichazayo SoLimi Oluhle lwaseRussia: ngamanani ama-4. V.I. Dahl. - 2nd ed. - I-SPb. : Indlu yokuphrinta ye-M.O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
- ↑ 12
25. Phakathi kwezinyoni zaseGibithe, ezinhlobo zazo ezahlukahlukene ezingenakubalwa, inyoni enhle ye-ibis ibhekwa njengengcwele. Kuyasiza ngoba ithwala amaqanda enyoka esidlekeni sayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela isiza ukunciphisa isibalo salezo ezihuquzelayo ezibulalayo. 26. Leyo nyoni efanayo iphikisana nemihlambi yezinyoka ezinamaphiko ezondliwa ngushevu ezixhaphozini zase-Arabia. Ngaphambi kokuba baphume emikhawulweni yabo, ama-ibites abanikeza impi emoyeni futhi ibashwabadele. Ngama-ibis athi afaka amaqanda ngomlomo wakhe.
27. EGibhithe uqobo kunenqwaba yezinyoka futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, zinobuthi obukhulu: i-basilisk, i-amphisbane, i-wandender, i-akontius, i-dipside, i-echidna nabanye abaningi. Zonke zinkulu kunobukhulu kanye nobuhle be-asp, engalokothi ishiye amanzi eNayile uqobo [** Ngokusho kwencazelo yeValezius, ubufakazi obungaqondakali bukaLucan 9, 704-7.].