Ama-saigas (ama-Latin Saiga tatarica) angawezilwane ezincelisayo ezihamba nge-steppe artiodactyl ezivela emndenini wama-bovids, zasendulo kangangokuba izinkomo zawo zazidla ngezilwane ezincelisayo. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi kwe-Saiga tatarica tatarica (saiga eluhlaza) neSaiga tatarica mongolica (i-saiga ebomvu).

Ibizwa nangokuthi i-margach ne-antelope yasenyakatho. Njengamanje, le nhlobo ingaphansi kokuvikelwa okuqinile, njengoba isisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni.

Abanye abantu bomndeni wokutholwa babheka lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo njengezingcwele. Ingqikithi yobudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwalezi zilwane nabantu iveziwe endabeni ye-saiga emhlophe, umlobi u-Ahmedkhan Abu Bakar.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala

Lesi silwane nakanjani asinakubizwa ngokuthi sihle. Into yokuqala ebamba iso lakho masisha, uma ubheka isithombe saiga -Imizzle yabo eyindilinga kanye ne-proboscis ephathekayo enamakhalenda oyindilinga. Lesi sakhiwo sekhala sikuvumela hhayi kuphela ukufudumeza umoya obandayo ebusika, kodwa futhi sigcina nothuli ehlobo.

Ngaphezu kwekhanda eli-humpbacked, i-saiga inomzimba onqenqemeni, umzimba ogcwele ufinyelela kumitha owodwa nengxenye ubude nemilenze emincane, emide, efana nawo wonke ama-artiodactyls, ophela ngeminwe emibili kanye nenselo.

Ukuphakama kwesilwane kufinyelela kuma-80 cm lapho kubuna, futhi isisindo asidluli kuma-40 kg. Umbala wezilwane uyahlukahluka kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, ijazi libanzi futhi lifudumele, likhanya, linepende elibomvu, futhi ehlobo linobomvu obomvu, mnyama mnyama emuva.

Ikhanda labesilisa lithweswe umqhele wophondo lwendondo eyenziwe ngombala obomvana ngombala obomvana ophuzi okufika ku-30 ​​cm. izimpondo ze-saiga qala cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa kwenkonyane. Kwakuyizimpondo lezi ezadala ukuqothuka kwalolu hlobo.

Ngempela, eminyakeni yama-90s yezimpondo ze-saiga zekhulu lokugcina zithengiwe kahle emakethe emnyama, intengo yazo yayiphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abazingeli bababhubhisa ngamashumi ezinkulungwane. Namuhla ama-saigas ahlala e-Uzbekistan naseTurkmenistan, amagquma aseKazakhstan naseMongolia. Ensimini bangatholakala eKalmykia nasesifundeni sase-Astrakhan.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Lapho i-saiga ihlala khona, kufanele yomile futhi ibanzi. Ilungele i-steppe noma i-semi-desert. Izimila ezindaweni abahlala kuzo azivamile, ngakho-ke kufanele zihambehamba sonke isikhathi lapho zifuna ukudla.

Kepha imihlambi ithanda ukuhlala kude namasimu ahlwanyelwe, ngoba ayikwazi ukugijima ngokushesha ngenxa yendawo engalingani. Bangakwazi ukungenela izitshalo zezolimo kuphela ngonyaka owomile, futhi, ngokungafani nezimvu, abazinyatheli izilimo. Abazithandi izifunda ezinamagquma.

Saiga - isilwanelokho kubanjelwe emhlanjini. Umbono omuhle ngokumangalisayo ukufuduka komhlambi, kufinyelela izinkulungwane zemigomo. Njengomfudlana bayakhubeka emhlabathini. Futhi lokhu kungenxa yohlobo lwe-antelope egijima - i-amble.

IMargach iyakwazi ukugijima isikhathi eside ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-70 km / h. Yebo, futhi lena iyantanta i-saiga antelope kuhle, kunezimo zokuwela izilwane ngaphesheya kwemifula ebanzi, ngokwesibonelo, iVolga. Ngezikhathi ezithile, lesi silwane senza gxuma mpo ngenkathi ligijima.

Kuya ngesizini, bathuthela eningizimu lapho ubusika busondela futhi iqhwa lokuqala liwa. Ukufuduka akuvamile ukwenza ngaphandle kwemihlatshelo. Emzamweni wokuphuma esivunguvungwini seqhwa, umhlambi ngosuku unganqoba ufike ku-200 km ngaphandle kokuma.

Ababuthakathaka nabagulayo bamane baphelelwe amandla bese bebaleka, bayafa. Uma bema, bazolahlekelwa ngumhlambi wabo. Ehlobo, umhlambi ufudukela enyakatho, lapho utshani bunoshukela omningi futhi kunamanzi okuphuza anele.

Izinsana zalezi zintelezi zizalwa ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, futhi zifika ezindaweni ezithile ngaphambi kwe-saiga genera. Uma isimo sezulu singathandeki ezilwaneni, ziqala ukufuduka kwazo kwentwasahlobo, bese kuthi emhlanjini ubone izingane.

Omama bashiya izingane zabo zodwa e-steppe, beze kabili kuphela ngosuku ukuzondla

Eminyakeni engu-3-4 yobudala ubudala futhi enesisindo esingama-4 kg, bahlekisa umama wabo, bezama ukuqhubeka. Lezi izilwane ezincelisayo zihola indlela yokuphila yasemini esebenzayo, futhi zilale ebusuku. Kusitha sabo esikhulu - i-steppe wolf, izilwane zingasindiswa kuphela ngosizo lokugijima okusheshayo.

Ukudla kweSaiga

Ezinkathini ezahlukahlukene, imihlambi yama-saigas ingondla ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, ezinye zazo ezinobuthi nakwezinye izihlahla zezitshalo. Izithombo zokusanhlamvu ezihlanzekile, ukolweni, umhlonyane, i-quinoa ne-hodgepodge, zingaba yikhulu kuphela izinhlobo zezitshalo ezifakiwe ekudleni kwama-margach ehlobo.

Ukudla izitshalo ezinama-juicy, izinyoni zixazulula inkinga yazo ngamanzi futhi zingakwenza ngaphandle kwesikhathi eside. Futhi ebusika, esikhundleni samanzi, izilwane zidla iqhwa.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwama-saigas siba ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba nasekuqalekeni kukaDisemba. Ngesikhathi sokushayela, owesilisa ngamunye ufuna ukudala "i-harem" yabesifazane abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuthomba kwabesifazane kushesha kakhulu ukwedlula kwabesilisa. Kakade ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila sebelungele ukuletha inzalo.

Ngesikhathi sokuqunjelwa, kukhipha uketshezi olunsundu onephunga elibukhali nelingathandeki emithanjeni eseziseduze kwamehlo. Ngenxa yaleli “phunga” labesilisa bazizwa bodwa ngisho nasebusuku.

Imvamisa phakathi kwabantu besilisa ababili kubalwa izimpi ezinamandla, zigijimisana, zishaye emabunzini nasezimpondweni kuze kube yilapho omunye wezimbangi zakhe elele phansi.

Ezimpini ezinjalo, izilwane zivame ukulimaza amanxeba amabi, lapho zingafa khona kamuva. Owinayo uthatha izintokazi ezihehayo ziye kwabasakazi. Isikhathi sokuzala sithatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-10.

Ku-roguel eqinile futhi enempilo, kufinyelela izinsikazi ezingaba ngu-50 emhlanjini, futhi ekugcineni kwentwasahlobo ngayinye kuzoba nesisukela kwesinye (kwabesifazane abasebasha) kufinyelele kuma-saiga amathathu. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, izinsikazi ziya ezintabeni ezikude, kude nomgodi wokunisela. Le ndlela ukuphela kwendlela yokuzivikela wena nezingane zakho kubanukubezi.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, ithole lase-saiga cishe alihambi futhi lilele phansi emhlabathini. Uboya bayo bacishe buhlangana nenhlabathi. Kuphela izikhathi ezimbalwa ngosuku ngosuku umama eza ngalo enganeni yakhe ezoyondla ngobisi, futhi sonke isikhathi esithile ibala nje eduzane.

Ngenkathi ithole lingakavuthwa, lisengozini enkulu futhi liba yisisulu sezimpungushe nezimpungushe, kanye nezinja eziqanjiwe. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7, i-saiga iqala ukulandela izithende zayo, futhi emasontweni angaphezu kwamabili ingagijima ngokushesha njengabantu abadala.

Ngokwesilinganiso, kuma-vivo saigas aphila iminyaka eyisikhombisa, futhi ekudingisweni isikhathi sokuphila kwawo sifinyelela iminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Akunandaba ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-artiodactyl lwaludala kangakanani, lwalungafanele luphele. Kuze kube manje, zonke izindlela sezithathiwe emkhakheni weRussian Federation neKazakhstan ukusindisa ama-saigas. Ama-Zapovedniks kanye nemvelo yokugcina akhiwe, inhloso enkulu yayo ukuthi kulondolozwe lokhu kubukeka kwangempela kwezizukulwane ezizayo.

Futhi ngumsebenzi wabazingeli kuphela abaphendula ekunikezelweni ukuthenga izimpondo ze-saiga, njalo ngonyaka yehlisa inani labantu. IChina iyaqhubeka nokuthenga izimpondo intengo ye-saiga idlula phezu kwalo, futhi akunandaba, yizimpondo ezindala, noma ezintsha, kusukela esilwaneni esisanda kubulawa.

Lokhu kungenxa yomuthi wendabuko. Kukholakala ukuthi u-powder owenziwe kubo uphulukisa izifo eziningi zesibindi nesisu, unhlangothi, futhi uyakwazi nokukhipha umuntu ebulilini.

Uma nje kunesidingo, kuzoba nalabo abafuna ukwenza inzuzo kulezi zilwane ezincane ezihlekisayo. Futhi lokhu kuzoholela ekunyamalaleni ngokuphelele kwezintuthwane, ngoba udinga ukuthatha kuze kube ngama-3 amagremu kafulawa kusuka ezimpondweni.

Ukubukeka

ISaiga isilwane esincane. Ngokwe-antelope subfamily, ama-saigas anomzimba omncane, ophakeme, awekho ngaphezu kwamamitha nengxenye ubude, imilenze ephansi nomsila omncane. Ukuphakama kokubuna akudluli amasentimitha angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, kepha kaningi kuncane.

Isisindo se-saiga imvamisa sisuka kumakhilogremu angama-25 kuye kwangama-60, isisindo sesilwane sincike ekutholakaleni kokudla esifundeni kanye nobulili besilwane. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu ngesisindo nosayizi kunabesilisa.

Abesilisa banezimpondo ezihlelwe ngokuqondile kumakhanda abo futhi banesimo esijikeleze ngendlela exakile. Ngobude, zikhula zibe amasentimitha angamashumi amathathu.

Uboya beSaiga ehlobo, ngaphandle kwesisu, isihlabathi noma umbala obomvu. Esiswini, izinwele ze-saiga zilula kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zize zimhlophe. Ngenkathi ebandayo, izinwele ze-saiga ziba ngombala wekhofi, kwezinye izindawo kukhona ama-grey or brown. Ebusika, izinwele ze-saiga ziba ziningi futhi ziba isikhathi eside, ezizisiza zibhekane nesithwathwa.

Isici esijabulisayo se-saiga ukwakheka okungajwayelekile kwempumulo yayo, efana kakhulu nesiqu esifushane. Ekhaleni le-humpbacked saiga lisebenza kakhulu futhi kancane liwela ubude bezindebe. Lesi sakhiwo esingajwayelekile sekhala sisiza ama-saigas ukuba aphile ngokuphepha ezindaweni ahlala kuzo: ebusika, umoya obandayo unesikhathi sokufudumala ngemuva kokuphefumula, ehlobo kungumhluzi owengeziwe odonsa uthuli futhi awuvimbele ukungena emzimbeni.

Ufuna ukwazi konke

I-Saiga, noma i-saiga (Latin Saiga) luhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezingokulandelana kwama-artiodactyls, umndeni wama-bovid, isitho esingezansi sezingwe zangempela. Owesifazane we-saiga yi-saiga, owesilisa we-saiga ubizwa ngokuthi yi-saiga noma i-margach.

Igama lesiRussia lalesi hlobo laphakama ngenxa yezilimi eziseqenjini lesiTurkic, lapho umqondo wokuthi "ihlat" noma "saiɣak" uhambelana nalesi silwane. Ukuchazwa kwesiLatin, okwathi kamuva kwaba okwamazwe omhlaba, kwavela, ngokusobala, ngenxa yomsebenzi wesazi-mlando sase-Austrian kanye nesazi sezwe uSigismund von Herberstein. Okokuqala ngqa, igama elithi saiga labhalwa kuMbhalo wakhe ku-Muscovy, oqala ngo-1549. KANYE. UDahl ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwe- “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Ulimi” waphawula ukuthi umqondo wokuthi "saiga" noma "margach" ugcinelwe abesilisa, kanti abesifazane baziwa ngokuthi "saiga".

ISaiga ibhekisele ezilwaneni ezihlukile ezigcine ukubukeka kwazo kungashintshi kusukela ngalezo zikhathi lapho imihlambi yezilwane ezincelisayo yayizulazula ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ukubukeka kwale artiodactyl kuhlukaniswa ubuntu obuhlukile, ngenxa yokuthi abungeke budidaniswe nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.

I-saiga, noma i-steppe antelope, iyisilwane esinobude bomzimba obungu-110 kuye ku-146 cm (kufaka phakathi umsila) nokuphakama lapho ibuna ngamasentimitha angama-60 kuye kwangama-79. Ubude besisila bufika ku-11 cm. Isisindo se-saiga siyehluka ngokuya ngobulili futhi singaphakathi kuka-23-. Ama-40 kg, yize abesilisa bebodwa bengafinyelela isisindo somzimba esingu-50-60 kg. Imilenze yezinsika zezinyathelo zesikhashana izifushane futhi izacile, isiqu asisikhulu kakhulu, siphakeme.

Isici esibonakalayo sabo bonke abamele lolu hlobo lwethambo leselula elithambile le-saiga, esikhumbuza isiqu esifushane. Lesi sitho sincika siphansi impela, sinqamula izindebe ezingaphezulu nezingaphansi, futhi futhi sinemakhaleni amakhulu ayindilinga, ahlukaniswe yi-septum emincane kakhulu. Ngenxa yokugcotshwa kwempumulo, ukufafazwa komoya okuphelele kusuka othulini kutholakala ehlobo nasekwindla, kanti ebusika, umoya obandayo odonsa umoya uyashiswa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo lwe-nose-trunk ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa be-saigas benza imisindo ekhethekile eyenzelwe ukusabisa umphikisi nokuheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Kwezinye izimo, ukuphakama kwezwi kwanele, futhi abesilisa akudingeki ukuba basebenzise izikhali zabo - izimpondo, okuyisici esivelayo se-dimorphism yezocansi.

Ngokwesimo, izimpondo ze-saiga zifana ne-lyre egobile futhi ikhula ekhanda cishe ngokuqondile. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bezimpondo ze-saiga bufika ku-25-30 cm, kuthi amashumi amabili nantathu, kusukela ekhanda, ambozwe ngamagquma anonyaka ovundlile. Umbala wezimpondo upende obomvu. Lapho sesikhulile, izimpondo zesilwane ziba ziguqukela ngetint emhlophe ephuzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemuva kokuba owesilisa efinyelela unyaka nonyaka, ukukhula kwezimpondo kuyema. Izintokazi zaseSaiga azinampondo.

Izindlebe zesilwane zimfishane futhi zibanzi. Amehlo amancane e-saiga ahlukaniswe kude, izinkophe zicishe zinqunu, umfundzi ubhidlikile, kanti iris iba nsundu.

Uboya be-saiga obufushane futhi obunqabile obuye baba nombala obomvu ophuzi, bumnyama emaceleni nasemuva. Ubude boboya bufinyelela ku-2 cm. Esikhunjeni, umbala wejazi awunamandla kangako. Umzimba ophansi, intamo, kanye nengaphakathi lemilenze kumhlophe. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-saigas ambozwe ngogqinsi obukhulu, obukhulu obunombala onsundu, okufika ku-7 cm noma ngaphezulu ngobude. Ngenxa yalezi zici, umhlambi wama-saigas agibele uqweqwe lweqhwa ubukeka ungabonakali ezitheni zemvelo. Ukushintsha kwesembozo soboya, i-saiga molt, kwenzeka entwasahlobo nasekwindla.

Ama-Saigas ayizilwane ezinamabala agudlukile ezinomqondo owakheke kahle wephunga, ngenxa yazo ezwa iphunga elincane lokuluhlaza okutsha nemvula edlule. Ukulalelwa okuhle kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukubamba noma yimiphi imisindo esolisayo ebangeni elithile, kepha izilwane ze-artiodactyl azifani ngombono omuhle.

Ngabe i-saiga ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-saiga ku-vivo sincike ebulilini. Abesilisa baseSaiga baphila iminyaka emi-4 kuye kwengama-5, iminyaka yokuphila yabesifazane isukela eminyakeni eyi-8 kuye kweli-12 kuya kwele-12.

Izinhlobo zama-saigas.

Uhlobo lwe-1 kuphela olufakiwe kuhlobo - i-saiga (Latin Saiga tatarica), okuyi-2 subspecies ehlukanisiwe:

ISaiga tatarica tatarica iyi-subspecies eyezilwane zayo ngo-2008 zalingafiki kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-50. AmaSaigas ahlala emaqeleni nasezintabeni zaseRussia (North-Western Caspian), Kazakhstan (Ustyurt, Betpak-Dala, izihlabathi zeVolga-Ural).

ISaiga tatarica mongolica iyi-subspecies ehlala enyakatho nentshonalanga yeMongolia. Inani layo ngonyaka we-2004 alizange lidlule kubantu abangama-750. I-subspecies yaseMongolia ihlukile kwe-Saiga tatarica tatarica ngosayizi omncane womzimba, ubude bezimpondo nendawo yokuhlala.

Ihlala kuphi i-saiga?

Esikhathini ngemuva kokuqedwa kweLate Valdai, ama-saigas ayehlala indawo enkulu, esukela entshonalanga Yurophu naseGreat Britain kuya e-Alaska nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeCanada. Eminyakeni eyi-17-18, izilwane zathatha indawo encane, ukusuka ezansi kweCarpathians kuya eMongolia nasentshonalanga yeChina. Enyakatho, umngcele wendawo waqhamuka ngaseBaraba Lowland engxenyeni eseningizimu yeSiberia eseNtshonalanga. Njengomphumela wokuhlaliswa kwabantu kabusha, inani lama-saigas linciphile kakhulu. Njengamanje, ama-saigas ahlala kuphela emaqeleni nasezindaweni eziwugwadule zaseKazakhstan (esihlabathini saseVolga-Ural, e-Ustyurt naseBetpak-Dala), eRussia (North-Western Caspian), kanye nasentshonalanga yeMongolia (uShargin Gobi kanye noSomon Mankhan). E-Russia, i-saiga ihlala ezinyaweni zesifunda sase-Astrakhan, eKalmykia nase-Altai Republic.

Esikhathini sentwasahlobo-ehlobo, imihlambi ye-saiga, isibalo sabantu abavela kwizilwane ezingama-40 kuye kwezingu-1000, bahlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishibhile noma esinezindawo eziwugwadule ezinezindawo ezinethafa nokungabikho kwezindawo eziphakeme noma ezigodini. Ebusika, phakathi nezivunguvungu zeqhwa, izilwane zithanda ukufihla ukubhoboza imimoya ezindaweni ezinamagquma. Ukunamathiselwa kwama-saigas ezindaweni ezibucayi ezinamatshe noma ngodaka lobumba kuhlotshaniswa nokugijimiswa kwawo. Lapho ihamba ngale ndlela, isilwane asikwazi ukweqa ngisho nomsele omncane ngobubanzi.

AmaSaigas ahola indlela yokuphila ngokungajwayelekile, ekhombisa umsebenzi ngesikhathi sasemini. Ngezikhathi zobungozi, ijubane le-saiga lingafinyelela ku-80 km / h, futhi lapho liwela amabanga amade amade umhlambi ufana nomjaho wesitimela eduze kwesitebhisi ngejubane elingaba ngu-60 km / h. Ukuqondisa ukunyakaza okhethwe umholi kungashintsha kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthinta ijubane lokunyakaza.

Ebusika, ama-saigas achitha ezindaweni lapho ukuphakama kwesembozo seqhwa kungeqi ku-15-20 cm. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, izilwane zithuthela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezengeziwe.

Ngabe kudlani i-saiga?

Uhlu lokuphakelwa kufakwe ekudleni kwe-saiga kuqukethe amakhulu otshani be-steppe abahlukahlukene, kubandakanya lezo zinhlobo ezinobuthi emfuyweni.Entwasahlobo, izimbali namakhambi aqukethe umswakama omkhulu, ngakho-ke izilwane ziyanelisa isidingo sazo samanzi ngokudla izimbali zasendle (ama-irises nama-tulips), ama-licorice neKermek, i-steppe lichen, i-fescue ne-seedgrass, i-ephedra kanye nomhlonyane. Isidingo nsuku zonke sosizi oluhlaza sisuka ku-3 kuye ku-6 kg umuntu ngamunye. Lapho kuqala isikhathi esishisayo, izitshalo ezinjengenduku ne-hodgepodge zengezelelwa ekudleni kwe-saiga, futhi ama-steppe antelopes aqala ukufuduka efuna ukudla namanzi. AmaSaigas ahlala ekuhambeni futhi adla nokuhamba, aluma izitshalo adlula kuzo. Izilwane zingena ngokungathandeki emasimini ezolimo, njengoba inhlabathi evulekile futhi inde, izitshalo eziminyene ziphazamisa ukuhamba kwamahhala kwama-saigas.
Ukuzala kabusha kwe-saigas.

Isikhathi sokuzalela kuma-saigas siqala ekwindla sekwephuzile. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa abaqine kakhulu ngemuva kwemincintiswano yokuqhathanisa, kwesinye isikhathi ebabayo kakhulu futhi inegazi, baba ngabanikazi bezindlu zesibalo, inani lazo lingasukela kwabangu-4 kuye kwabangu-20 noma ngaphezulu kwabesifazane. Isici esibonakalayo lapho abesilisa bengathola abaphikisi ngisho ebumnyameni ukukhipha onsundu ngephunga elithile le-pungent. Zivela ezinjeni ezikhethekile ezitholakala eduze kwamehlo wesilwane.

AmaSaigas awafiki ngesikhathi sokuthomba ngasikhathi sinye: izinsikazi zikulungele ukushada ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila (izinyanga eziyi-8-9), kanye ne-margachi, amaduna, zithola amandla okuzala inzalo kuphela kusukela ngonyaka nesigamu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kamuva. Ngesikhathi sokuqalwa, umsebenzi oyisisekelo weMargachev ukwakha i-harem, uyivikele ekuvinjelweni kwamanye amaduna futhi, ngokufana, nawo wonke amaduna eqembu. Imvamisa, abesilisa abanaso nje isikhathi esanele sokufuna ukudla noma ukuphumula, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ingxenye ethile yabo ibulawa ukukhathala. Abesilisa abasindayo emcimbini bavame ukushiya umhlambi bese benza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “amaqembu e-bachelor”.

Ukukhulelwa kweSaiga kuthatha izinyanga ezi-5. NgoMeyi, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuzala, izinsikazi ezikhulelwe zibuthana ngamaqembu amancane futhi zishiya umhlambi omkhulu, zishiya zijule esigcawini, kude nemithombo yamanzi (imifula, amachibi, amachibi). Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uvikele inzalo ekuhlaselweni yizitha zemvelo zama-saigas - izimpisi, izimpungushe noma izinja ezilahlekile zibuthana echibini ukuze zinisele.

Ngokukhetha indawo eyisicaba, ecishe ibe nhlobo yemifino, insikazi ye-saiga ilungiselela ukuzalwa kwengane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane, i-saiga ayihleleli izidleke ezikhethekile, kodwa ikhiqiza amawundlu ngqo emhlabathini. Imvamisa, izinsana ezi-1-2 zizalwa ngowesifazane oyedwa, noma kunjalo, kunezimo zokuzalwa kwamawundlu amathathu ngasikhathi sinye. Isisindo se-saiga esanda kuzalwa sifinyelela isilinganiso esingu-3.5 kg.

Ngenxa yokuthi iqembu lonke labesifazane liyalelwa ukuba ngamawundlu, kufinyelela ezinganeni eziyisithupha ezisanda kuzalwa endaweni eyodwa enehektha elilodwa. Izinsuku zokuqala ezimbalwa zokuphila, amathole e-saiga alele cishe anganyakazi, ngakho-ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba uwaqaphele ezindaweni ezingenazimila, ngisho kusuka kumamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu.

Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuzala, izinsikazi ziyaqhamuka ezizalweni ziyothola ukudla nokunisela. Emini, babuyela kaningana ezinganeni ukuze bazondle. Izithombo zanda ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyishumi, ama-saigas angalandela umama wawo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emadodeni, ukukhula kwezimpondo kuqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa, kanti izinsikazi ngokuphela kwekwindla zifana nezilwane ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala ngokubukeka.

Izitha zikaSaiga

Izithambo zasendle zithanda ukuqhuba indlela yokuphila yasemini, ngakho-ke ebusuku iba sengozini enkulu. Isitha esikhulu se-saigas yi-wolf ye-steppe, ebhekwa njengenganamandla kuphela, kepha futhi ihlakaniphe kakhulu. ISaiga ingaphunyuka kuyo kuphela ngendiza. Izimpisi ziqhuba ukukhetha kwemvelo emhlanjini we-saigas, zibhubhisa labo abahamba kancane. Kwesinye isikhathi zingabhubhisa ingxenye yesine yomhlambi. Kuyingozi kuma-saigas nezinja ezidukelayo, izimpungushe, izimpungushe. Kaningi kunalokho, lezi zidlova ezisencane zihlushwa imbandezelo yasendle. Kepha amawundlu asanda kuzalwa alesi silwane angasongelwa yi-ferrets, izimpungushe nezinkozi.

Izizathu zokwehla kwamanani we-saiga.

Ama-Saigas (ikakhulukazi abesilisa abadala) ayinto ebalulekile yokuzingela. Zikhishwa ngenxa yoboya benyama nenyama, okuthi, njengewundlu, zingaphekwa, zithosiwe, zitholwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu izimpondo zesilwane. I-powder ecolekile, etholakala kubo, ithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emithini yendabuko yaseChina. Iyakwazi ukwehlisa umkhuhlane futhi ihlanze umzimba. Ingasetshenziswa ukuqeda i-flatulence, welapha umkhuhlane. Odokotela baseChinese basebenzisa izimpondo ezihlotshisiwe kwezinye izifo zesibindi. Ngosizo lwalesi sidakamizwa, ungasusa ikhanda noma isiyezi, uma ingxenye encane yaso ihlanganiswa nezinye izidakamizwa.

Ukwanda okusheshayo kwabantu emhlabeni, ukushesha kwamadolobha namabhizinisi ezimboni ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ze-saiga kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo okunamandla kancane kancane kwaholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwendawo yemvelo yama-saigas. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kwenhlekelele kwabantu babo kuthonywa kakhulu ukudubula okungalawulwa kwalezi zinhlaka ezingama-artiodactyl ngabazingeli futhi ikakhulukazi abazingeli.

Ngesikhathi seSoviet Union, lokhu kucishe akuzange kuthinte isibalo sama-saigas, ngoba bekukhona uhlelo olwahlinzekela ukuvikelwa nokuvikelwa kwama-steppe antelopes, avumela ngisho nokwandisa inani labantu abe yisigidi esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, umsebenzi wokubuyisa inani labantu wanqanyulwa, ngenxa yalokho, lapho sekupheleni kweminyaka engama-20 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, inani lama-saigas labehlile kakhulu kangangokuba kancane kancane kwaba ngaphezu 3% kwenani lokuqala lezilwane zalolu hlobo.

Ngo-2002, ngesinqumo se-International Union for Conservation of Nature, ama-saigas ahlukaniswa ngokuthi asengozini. Izazi zezemvelo zaqala ukwenza futhi zaqala izinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukuzalaniswa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ekudingisweni, futhi zaqala ukuzalanisa kwazo ngokuzithandela, ukuze ngokuzayo bakwazi ukuphinda bathathe abantu balesi silwane ezindaweni ezintsha noma basindise indawo yabo yokuzalanisa izinhlobo zezilwane, baphinde baqale kabusha kwizu ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni.

Ukhula ama-saigas kuma-zoos kunzima impela. Lokhu kungenxa yokwehluleka kwabo ngokweqile nekhono, ngokwesaba, ukuhlukana ngesivinini esikhulu, okuholela ekulimaleni. Ezindlini zohlobo lwe-zoos, ama-saigas ajwayele ukufa ngenxa yezifo zesisu nokutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi abantu abasha abaphila unyaka.

Kukhona nesipiliyoni esihle kuma-saigas athunjiwe. Inani elincane lezilwane namuhla lihlala eCologne Zoo naseMoses Zoo. Imithetho elandelayo iyagcinwa lapha:

izintokazi nabesilisa basendaweni ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukugwema ukulimala abantu besilisa abanolaka abangazenzela bona noma amanye amalungu omhlambi, futhi balungise nesikhathi sokuzalela. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi bavunyelwe ngabodwa kuya kwabesifazane,

isikhathi sokukhwelana e-zoo siguqulwa yinyanga yonke (kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari) ukuze amathole asanda kuzalwa angafi ngoMeyi ebusuku, kodwa azalwe ngenkathi efudumele (ngoJuni),

ukubekwa phansi kufakwe kulezi zilwane kufanele kwenziwe kungakhushulwa. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlanza futhi kuvumela ukubulala amagciwane njalo kwamakamelo. Emapeni anjalo, izingane aziguli kangako, futhi izinga lazo lokusinda liphezulu.

Ukondla e-zoo kuya ngesizini. Ehlobo, ama-saigas adla utshani obuningi, futhi ebusika hay. Ukudla kufakelwa izaqathe ezicubuziwe, ibhali, i-quinoa, i-clover, njll. Usawoti uyenezelelwa ku-feeders, lapho ngezikhathi ezithile i-saigas ikhotha ubumnandi.

Imiphumela emihle kakhulu yokubuyisa inani labantu be-saiga yatholakala kwizindawo ezikhona futhi eziklanywe ngokukhethekile, izimo zemvelo zazo ezilungele ukugcinwa kwamahhala kwale-artiodactyls.

NgoJuni 2000, ngokwesekwa yiMunich Society of Zoologists, ekhuluma ngokufuya kwe-saiga eKalmykia, kwavulwa indawo enkulisa edolobhaneni laseHar Buluk esikhungweni esikhethekile inhloso yalo ukutadisha nokugcina izilwane zasendle ezweni. Ngesikhathi sokuzala kwezinsikazi eziningi ze-saiga, izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ezazingamesabi abantu zikhethwe kule ndawo ukuze zondliwe okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuzala kwabantu besifazane besigaxa. Lo mkhuba wanikeza ithuba lokwakha amaqembu angagcinwa futhi asatshalaliswe ekudingisweni ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezithile. Imihlambi emincane yama-saigas, enabantu abangu-8-10, igcinwe ezindlini eziseduzane nepulazi lezilwane. Kwezilwane ezifuywayo, bakha ukudla okuyisipesheli okucabanga ngazo zonke izici ezihlobene nobudala bokuthuthukiswa kwala ma-artiodactyls. Izilwane ezisencane zidla ubisi olusha oluhlanjululwe, lapho zifaka khona isikhupha senkukhu yenkukhu, okuyinkimbinkimbi yamaminerali ne-Vitamin. Ukushintshwa kokudla okutshala kwenzeka kancane kancane ngaphezulu kwezinyanga ezingama-2,5 ukuya ku-2.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kokugcinwa kwama-saigas angenacala kwamahhala kwenza ukuba sikwazi ukuthuthukisa amapulazi akhethekile ongeke asuse kuphela inkinga yokubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ku-ajenda, kodwa futhi alungiselele nezilwane ezivinjelwe ubufundisi bendabuko eKalmykia.

Kwenziwa umsebenzi ofanayo eStotnoy statevelo reservation, etholakala endaweni yase-Astrakhan, kanye ne-Black Lands biosphere reservation, lapho cishe bonke abantu be-saiga abahlala esifundeni saseCaspian eNyakatho Ntshonalanga bebuthanela khona isikhathi sonyaka wokuzala nokuzala kwabesifazane.

Ngezikhathi zeSoviet, isakhiwo sokuvikela i-saiga eKazakhstan sanikezwa amapulazi okuzingela, ayengaphansi kweKomidi Lombuso leKazakh SSR ngokulawulwa kwemvelo nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Amandla abo abandakanya ukulawulwa kokudutshulwa kwezimboni nokuvikelwa komhlaba wezilwane kubazingeli. Uhlelo lokulawula nokuphepha lwakhiwa ngendlela engafanele.

Umbuso uyalele osomabhizinisi abazingelayo bona ukuthi bagcine irekhodi lemfuyo, wehlise nohlelo lokudubula ezinombolweni. Imvamisa bekungadluli emaphesenti langu-20. Ukuze uthole inani eliphakeme lokuvunwa okuhleliwe, amapulazi okuzingela athola inani labantu ngenani. Ngokwamaphepha, kuvela ukuthi badubula amaphesenti angama-20 omhlambi wezinganekwane ezingekho emthethweni, empeleni badubula amaphesenti angama-40 noma ngaphezulu, uma ubala usuka kubantu bangempela.

Kusukela ngo-1985, ngenxa yenani eliphakeme lama-saigas ku-republic, i-Kazakh Zoological Combine inikezwe izibopho zokukhiqizwa kwe-saigas nokuthengiswa kwezimpondo zayo emakethe yakwamanye amazwe. Leli bhizinisi liphethwe nguMnyango Wokuvikelwa Kwezilwane zasendle eKazakh ngaphansi kweKhabhinethi Yongqongqoshe be-KazR SSR. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-perestroika (1985) kuya ku-1998, kwathunyelwa amathani ezimpondo ali-131. Ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, inani lama-saiga eKazakhstan lalingaba yizigidi eziyi-1, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, inani lezilwane lehle laya cishe ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20. Ngo-1993, ukuthengiswa okusemthethweni kwezimpondo kwafika kubha enkulu yamathani ayi-60

Ngo-2005, kwethulwa umthetho wokudutshulwa kwe-saigas, ezoqhubeka isebenza kuze kube ngu-2021. Ngo-2014, inani lama-saigas lafinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-256.7. Ngokuvamile, ukwehla kwamanani we-saiga eKazakhstan okwamanje kuhlotshaniswa nokuzingela okuqhubekayo kanye nezifo ezithathelanayo. Futhi, ukufa kwe-saigas kubonwa ngenxa ye-icing yama-steppes, evimbela ukukhishwa kokudla. Ngezikhathi zaseSoviet, phakathi nobusika obubandayo, basindiswa abondli abahlomile ngokukhethekile. UMnyango Wezemfundo Nesayensi ngonyaka ka-2012- 144 wabeka ama-tenge ayizigidi ezingama-332 ukuze kufundwe ngezifo ezithathelwanayo kubantu be-saiga.

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezikhathi ze-saigas eKazakhstan

1981, Ephreli - amakhanda ayi-saiga ayizinkulungwane eziyi-180 afela endaweni yesifunda sangaphambili seTurayi.
Ngo-1984, ngoFebhuwari - Ephreli - kwafa izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-250 esifundeni sase West Kazakhstan.
Ngo-1988, ngoMeyi - kwafa cishe ama-saigas ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500.
Ngo-1993 - ngenxa yobusika obuneqhwa, inani labantu baseBetpakdala selingaphezu kwengxenye ukusuka kwezingama-700 kuye kwezingama-270 zezilwane.
2010 - saigas eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.
Ngo-2015, ngoMeyi - esifundeni saseKostanay, Akmola, esifundeni sase-Aktobe, ama-saigas angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-120 asweleke ngamanani amakhulu. Ukuhlolwa okwandulelayo komsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe be-CMS ngembangela eqondile yokufa kwe-saiga kuqinisekisiwe, imbangela eqondile kwakuwukutheleleka ngegciwane okubangelwa yi-pathogen Pasteurella multocida, i.e. pasteurellosis.

Encwadini yenoveli kaChungiz Aitmatov "Scaffold", ukuzingela kwe-saiga kuchazwe kanjena:
Futhi abazingeli bezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, behamba bevela emaphethelweni amabili emihlambi, bekhulunyelwa umsakazo, baqondiswa, baqiniseka ukuthi ayisabalali ndawo yonke, ukuthi akudingeki baphishekele imihlambi futhi kulolo suku, futhi banda ukwesaba okwengeziwe, bephoqa ama-saigas ukuba abaleke ngokuqina nangaphezulu. babaleka ... Bona, abashayeli bezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, bebengabona ngokucacile ngenhla ukuthi umfula omnyama oqhubekayo wesabekayo lasendle usigingqika kanjani phansi isitebhisi, phezu kwempuphu yeqhwa elimhlophe ...

Futhi lapho abalingisi abashushiswayo bethulula ethafeni elikhulu, bahlangana nalabo ababezama izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ekuseni. Babelindwe ngabazingeli, noma kunalokho, abacibishelayo. Ezimoto ezivulekile ezihambahamba phezulu ze-UAZ, abacibishelayo badlulise ama-saigas phambili, bezidubula lapho behamba ngezibhamu zomshini, bakhomba kungenalutho, bengaboni, beluka sengathi kungathi hay engadini. Futhi ngemuva kwabo trailer yezimpahla yathutha - baphonsa trophies ngamunye ngamunye emizimbeni, futhi abantu baqoqa isivuno mahhala. Inqwaba yabafana ngaphandle kokungabaza, yasheshe yaqala ibhizinisi elisha, yabopha izikebhe ezingenamuntu, yaxosha abalimele futhi yaqeda, kodwa umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukushunqisa izidumbu ezinegazi phezu kwemilenze yabo bese bezilahla olwandle kwesinye sawaop! I-savannah ikhokhe lo mnikelo wamagazi konkulunkulu ngokuzibiza ngesibindi sokugcina izidumbu - izintaba zezidumbu ze-saiga ezifakwe emzimbeni.

Indaba yombhali waseRussia nentatheli u-Yuri Geyko, umbhali ayithatha njengomsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu wobuciko, isuselwa encazelweni yokuzingela okungekho emthethweni kwe-saiga okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzingela isigameko esibuhlungu, necala elalandela.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-saiga:

Idlozi lama-saigas anamuhla yizinhlobo zasendulo uSaiga borealis (Pleistocene saiga), owayephila esikhathini sokugcotshwa okukhulu. Lezi zilwanyana ezanyamalala ezinde ezazihlala ama-savannas abandayo kanye nama-tundra-steppes eduze namaqhwa asenyakatho ne-Eurasia, e-Eastern nase-Western Siberia, atholakala e-Alaska nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeCanada ngesikhathi sezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ibanga umhlambi we-saigas ongahamba ngalo ngosuku livama ngaphezu kwama-200 km.

Ngokwezinkolelo zikaKalmyk nezaseMongol, kuBuddhist kunonkulunkulu onguMvikeli nomvikeli walezi zilwane ezigasele - uMdala Omhlophe, ongumgcini wokuphila nophawu lokuzala. Abazingeli akufanele badutshulwe lapho ama-saigas engqongqiswa ndawonye, ​​ngoba ngaleso sikhathi uMdala ususa ubisi lwabo.
Umuthi waseMpumalanga uphakamisa ukuthi i-powder elungiselelwe kusuka ezimpondweni ze-saiga inezinto zokwelapha.

Habitat

Esikhathini esedlule, indawo okwenzeka kuyo isaseiga yayinkulu kakhulu, ihlanganisa cishe yonke indawo yase-Eurasia, kepha ngemuva kokuqothuka komhlaba wonke umhlaba isiga sahlala emaphethelweni naseziphepheni.

E-Russia, ama-saigas atholakala esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, eRiphabhulikhi yaseKalmykia, nase-Altai. Ensimini yamazwe angomakhelwane, ama-saigas ahlala eKazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan naseTurkmenistan.

Izindawo zemvelo zasolwandle ziyizitebhisi namagquma, futhi zithanda ukuba ngaphezulu ethafeni kunasemagqumeni, ezindaweni zezintaba noma ezigodini.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunzima kakhulu kubo ukuwela ezindaweni lapho badinga ukugxuma khona kunoma yiziphi izithiyo. ISaigas ithanda ukuhambisa i-amble, futhi ayithandi ukugxuma.

Ama-Saigas neqhwa elijulile awathandi, ngenxa yalokho bakhetha ukuchitha ubusika lapho kungekho sembozo seqhwa esinamandla.

Indlela yokuphila nemikhuba

AbakwaSaigas baphila impilo yokufuduka, ngenkathi bebuthana emhlanjini omkhulu, ekhanda lomhlambi ngamunye ungumholi.Ogwadule, ahamba lapho iqhwa liqala ukuwa, futhi ku-steppe babuya nezinsuku zokuqala ezifudumele.

Isilwane sikwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokuphelele nobabili nesomiso kanye nokubanda kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuvamile, bazivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo ezintsha ngokwabo, bangaba kokudla okungenampilo kanye nenani elincane lamanzi isikhathi eside.

Imihlambi yama-saigas ihamba ngejubane eliphakeme impela, abantu ababuthakathaka nabagulayo abakwazi ukugcina ijubane eliphakeme lokunyakaza, ngenxa yalokho bavame ukushiya ngemuva futhi bafe ngamazinyo ezidla.

Ngobungozi, ama-saigas athola kalula isivinini esiphezulu, esingafinyelela ku-80 km / h.

AmaSaigas angabhukuda, ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu angakwazi ukuwela ngisho nomzimba ojulile wamanzi noma umfula.

USaigas uphila iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Abesilisa baphila okuncane, kuvame ukungabi ngaphezu kwezine.

Ngabe kudlani i-saiga

Ama-Saigas ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous, ukudla kwazo kufaka phakathi izitshalo ezihlukene ezingaphezu kwe-100. Ngokuya ngendawo nesikhathi nesikhathi sonyaka, ukondliwa kwazo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Entwasahlobo, ama-saigas akhetha ukudla: i-licorice, i-kermek, i-fescue, utshani bukakolweni, i-ephedra nomhlonyane. banelisa isidingo sabo soketshezi ngokudla izimbali zasendle: ama-irises nama-tulips, aqukethe inani elikhulu lamanzi.

Ehlobo, i-hodgepodge, i-quinoa namanye amakhambi afakiwe ekudleni kwawo. Ehlobo, utshani ku-steppe abunawo amanzi anele ama-saigas, ngakho bayaphoqelelwa ukuba bahambe amabanga amade kakhulu ukuze bathole inani elidingekayo lokudla okunempilo futhi bathole amachibi anamanzi alungele ukuphuzwa. Izitshalo eziningi ezingaba yingozi kubantu, lezi zilwane zidla ngokuthula, ngaphandle kokuhlushwa ubuthi.

Ebusika, ama-saigas ngokuvamile adla ama-lichen, okusanhlamvu. Uma kufika umoya onamandla, khona-ke la ma-artiodactyls angabulawa yindlala isikhathi eside, acashe kwesimo sezulu noma ashintshele ekudleni kwama-coarser, isibonelo, umhlanga.

Ama-Saigas adinga kusuka kumakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwayisithupha wokudla ngosuku, ngakho-ke ama-saigas ayaphoqelelwa ukuba aqhubeke nokuhamba, kuyilapho edla nokudla.

Izitha emvelweni

Ama-Saigas ayizilwane ezikhetha ukuzitholela ukudla ntambama, ngakho-ke asengozini enkulu ngalesi sikhathi sosuku. Isitha esikhulu singabizwa ngokuthi impisi, lapho izilwane zingasindiswa khona kuphela ngokundiza. Ngemuva kokuthola umhlambi omkhulu ongakulungele ukuhlaselwa, izimpisi zingabhubhisa amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuwo.

Kodwa-ke, ukukhetha okunjalo kwemvelo kwesinye isikhathi kuyazuzisa. Izimbangi zingabamba kuphela umuntu obuthakathaka noma ogulayo, lokhu kuvumela umhlambi ukugcina kuphela abamele abaqinile ngokwasemzimbeni nabaphilile emihlanganweni yabo. Ingozi nayo imelelwa yizinja, izimpungushe nezinye izilwane ezingabamba umhlambi.

Ama-Cuba anzima kakhulu, awanawo amandla nesivinini somuntu omdala, futhi ama-saigas awakwazi ukuvikela njalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho afa kaningi. Hhayi izimpisi kuphela eziyingozi kubona, kodwa futhi i-ferrets kanye nezinkozi.

Isitha sama-saigas ngumuntu. Banwebisa imingcele yabo, abantu bathatha izindawo zokudla ezilwaneni, ngaleyo ndlela bancishe into ebaluleke kakhulu - ukudla. Ukuzingela nokuzingela nakho kunciphisa kakhulu inani labantu.

Impilo ekudingisweni

Izazi zesayensi yezemvelo kanye nochwepheshe emkhakheni wokwandiswa kwesibalo sabantu bahlalise ngokukhethekile ama-saigas kuma-zoos ahlukahlukene emhlabeni ukuze bakwazi ukugcina ichibi lokufuya ukuze kuqhubeke ukuzalaniswa kwalezi zilwane.

Kodwa-ke, ukuzigcina ezindaweni ezivalekile nezivalekile kwakunzima. Ngenxa yokwesaba nokwesaba, izilwane zazidatshulwa ngesivinini esikhulu, zizama ukubaleka engozini futhi zazivame ukulimala. Ngakho-ke imvelo yabafundisa indlela yokubhekana nezitha zabo nokwesaba hhayi ngempi, kodwa ngokubaleka. Izilwane eziningi aziphili kuze kube unyaka, kepha ososayensi abayekanga futhi nokho, belandela imithetho ethile, bekwazi ukuvakashela ama-saigas ekudingisweni.

Lokhu kungadinga:

• ukuhlehlisa kwakuhlehliswa ngaphambi kokuphangisa, ukuze amathole e-saiga azalwe esikhathini esishisayo - ekuqaleni kwehlobo, lapho kushubisa kakhulu,
• abesifazane nabesilisa babehlala bodwa,
• umsoco usuphenduke okwehlukahlukana ukuze wandise ukumelana nomzimba, zombili izingane kanye nabantu abadala, ezifweni ezahlukahlukene.

Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela azivumeli ukwandisa inani lalezi zinhlobo, kodwa zinikeza kuphela ithemba lomoya lokuthi ama-saigas ngeke anyamalale ngokuphelele. Impilo ekudingisweni inikezwa kubo ubunzima, kepha inqobo nje uma ingozi isasele yokulahlekelwa yilezi zilwane ezinhle unomphela, bayophoqeleka ukuthi bahlale ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane.

Ukuzingela kweSaiga kanye nokwanda kwabantu

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lokugcina, inani le-saiga laqala ukwehla kakhulu. Isizathu salokhu kwakungukuzingela, abantu babezingela izimpondo zesilwane, ezazibiza kakhulu futhi zazisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha yonke indawo. I-powder, eyayenziwe ngezimpondo, yayingalapha ubuhlungu bekhanda, umkhuhlane, izinkinga zezinso nezinso. Imvamisa yangezwa nakwezinye izidakamizwa ukuthuthukisa izindawo zazo. Inyama yezilwane nayo ibalulekile. Ukuzingela kwala ma-artiodactyls sekusabalele.

Ngaleso sikhathi, baqala ukwakha izindawo ezikhethekile, lapho bezama ngandlela thile ukwenza ngcono isimo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwanele, ngoba ngisho nanamuhla lolu hlobo lwezilwane selusondele ekuqothulweni. Futhi lokhu kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezikhethekile hhayi kuphela, kepha futhi nokuthuthukiswa kwecebo elithile kanye nohlelo olukhulu lokugcina lezi zilwane ezihlukile.

Izazi zesayensi yezempilo zinxusa ukuvula izindawo zokugcina izingane eziningi futhi zigcinele amawundlu e-saiga ezindaweni ezifakiwe ezingasabi abantu. Khetha ukudla okukhethekile, okucebile kubo, okuzoba lula ngabo ukuthi baphile ngaphandle kobisi lukamama. Zinazo, cishe abantu abayishumi ezindizeni zezindiza. Lezi zinyathelo ngeke zivumele kuphela izilwane ezincane ukuzivumelanisa nempilo yezinkomo, kepha futhi zibuyisele ingxenye ethile yezilwane zalezi zilwane ezihlukile.

Isiphetho

Ama-Saigas ayizilwane ezihehayo kakhulu, azinakho ukubukeka okukhumbulekayo kuphela, kodwa futhi ezinekhono lokuningi. Bangakwazi ukuhlala kusithwathwa esikhulu, bangahambi nokudla namanzi isikhathi eside, bazulazule ekushiseni okukhulu, futhi bahambe amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili ngosuku. Lesi mhlawumbe iyiso kuphela isilwane eMhlabeni, okuthi, ngokwezinkolelo zamaBuddha, sibe ngisho nonkulunkulu waso, ozivikele.

Kodwa ngisho nesilo esiyingqayizivele kangako, umuntu wayengeke akwazi ukukuqothula ukuqothulwa komuntu. Lolu hlobo lunganyamalala futhi luzoba yiphutha lethu ngokuphelele. Ngaphambi kokuthi sekwephuze kakhulu, kufanelekile ukuthi ucabangele ukuthi hlobo luni lwamafa ezilwane esizosishiyela inzalo yethu nokuthi ngabe kuzoba khona i-saiga phakathi kwawo. Kusenethuba lokulungisa lesi simo futhi uqiniseke ukuthi lezi zidalwa, njengakuqala, zidla imfudumalo emathafeni nasemathafeni oMhlaba.

Izici ezijwayelekile zama-saigas

AmaSaigas izilwane ezincelisayo zasendle zomndeni we-artiodactyl. Bathanda uhlale emaqeleni aseRussia. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwalezi zilwane kusuka emuva ezikhathini zasendulo. Kukholakala ukuthi okhokho bezinyamazane zasendle kwakuyizinhlwathi ezisabisayo nezinezilwane ezincelisayo, osekuphele isikhathi eside zaphela. Ngaleso sikhathi babehlala yonke i-Eurasia kuze kufike e-Alaska. Kepha uma la madlozi asendulo wezinyamazane zasendle efa, khona-ke ama-saigas ngokwawo akwazi ukujwayela futhi aphile.

Izici zezilwane

ISaiga akusona isilwane esikhulu kakhulu, esinayo Izici ezilandelayo ezihlukanisayo:

1. Ubude bomzimba wethala lasendle buyi-1 kuye ku-1.4 mm.
2. Ukuphakama kwe-saiga yezilwane kanye nokubuna cishe cishe ngu-6-0.8 mm.
3. Ama-Saigas anekhala ekhethekile - i-proboscis.
4. Umbala wesilwane awukhanyi. Imvamisa iba bomvu noma ibe mpunga ekhanyayo. Ngendlela, umbala woboya be-saiga kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka.
5. Isisindo somzimba wezinyamazane zasendle ezinjengamakhilogremu angama-20 kuye kwangama-40. Kepha akuvamile ukutholwa abantu balezi zilwane, ezinobunzima obungamakhilogremu angama-60.
6. Okunye okufakiwe ukuphrinta inselo. Ukulandelela okunjalo kubukeka njengenhliziyo enesiphetho esinefoloko. Ngandlela thile, lokhu kubekwa ngonyawo kufana nokufakwa kwenselo kwemvu yasekhaya.
7. Akukaze kukuzwe ukukhala kwengwekazi yasendle. Kepha uma isimo siphuthumayo, khona-ke baqala ngokukhethekile ukufifaza.
8. USaiga uhamba ngokuzithoba nangokulinganayo, aqonde phansi. Kepha masinya nje lapho kuvela ingozi, iqala ukubaleka, ithuthukise isivinini. Kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela ku-70 km / h. Angagijima ngejubane elinjalo angeqi kumakhilomitha ayi-12, ngoba noma egijima uyagxuma.

Abesilisa nabesilisa balesi silwane bahluke kakhulu. Okokuqala, izimpondo. Emadodeni, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa, aqala ukukhula. Ngezinyanga eziyi-6 bona ube nombala omnyama, futhi sekuvele kukhanye unyaka. Ukwakheka kwezimpondo ezinjalo kusobala, kufana ncamashi ne-wax. Izimpondo emadodeni amadala zigobile futhi zivame ukufinyelela amasentimitha angama-40. Kepha ngeshwa, intengo yezimpondo ezinjengalezi ezimakethe ezimnyama iphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba lokhu kuholele enanini elikhulu labazingeli abathi ngesibindi basibhubhise lesi silwane esihle futhi esimangalisayo.

Habitat

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba izinyamazane zasendle zakhiwe cishe kuyo yonke i-Eurasia, kodwa-ke, ngemuva kweminyaka yobusika, isibalo sazo sehla kakhulu futhi ama-saigas aqala ukuhlala ezigabeni ze-steppe kuphela.

Kepha i-saiga ihlala kuphi manje? I-steppe antelope ithanda izikhala ezivulekile, lapho umhlabathi uvame ukuba flat, uqinile, unamadwala noma ubumba. Bazama ukukhetha indawo lapho kungekho khona amabhande amahlathi amancane, bezama ngazo zonke izindlela izindlela zokuzivikela ezitheni nasekuhlaselweni.

Okwamanje u-saiga ukhethe amazwe alandelayoizindawo zabo ezilungele indawo yokuhlala:

E-Russia, iKalmykia ithathwa njengendawo ekahle yokuba khona kwe-saiga. I-antelope yasendle idla ezindaweni ezingenalutho nezomile ngamakhambi ahlukahlukene futhi, ngokufanelekile, okusanhlamvu. Udinga amanzi kuphela ehlobo. Kepha lesi silwane sinamahloni kakhulu, ngakho-ke sizama ukugcina ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka ekuhlalisweni kwabantu.

Indlela yokuphila kaSaiga

Izinsimbi zasendle bakhetha ukuhlala emihlambini. Kumhlambi owodwa onjalo, kungahle kube nezinhloso eziyishumi kuya kweziyi-50. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba khona imihlambi yezinkomo lapho kunemigomo eyikhulu noma ngaphezulu. Lezi zilwane zihlala zizulazula ezindaweni ngezindawo. Ngakho-ke, ebusika bazama ukuya ogwadule, lapho kuvame ukuba neqhwa elincane khona, bese ehlobo babuyela esigxotsheni.

ISaiga isilwane esiqine kakhulu esingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene. Ingabekezeleli kuphela ukushisa okukhulu, kepha futhi kuyabanda, kanye nokudla imifino ye-sparse futhi ungabi namanzi isikhathi eside.

Ukushintshwa kusuka endaweni ngezindawo zezimpondo eziningi kuphela ngokufa. Imvamisa, abaholi balwela ukuhamba ngamakhilomitha amaningi ngosuku, kuthi abantu ababuthakathaka kakhulu, abangakwazi ukumelana nawo, bawele bafe.

Lapho ubusika bufika, ama-saigas aqala ukushesha. Izimpi zihlala zenzeka phakathi kwabaholi, okugcina kungekuphela ngenxeba elinzima, kepha kaningi ngokufa.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwabesifazane nabesilisa balesi silwane sasendle sehlukile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwabesilisa sinjani Iminyaka emi-3-4, futhi kwabesifazane lokhu iminyaka ingafinyelela eminyakeni engu-9. Lokhu mhlawumbe yingakho izinyamazane zasendle zizalela ngokushesha okungaka. Abesifazane baqala ukujaha lapho nje beqala izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ubudala. Ngakho-ke, lapho benonyaka owodwa nje kuphela baletha inzalo yabo yokuqala. Kwabesilisa, ukuthomba kwenzeka kuphela ngeminyaka emi-2 nezinyanga ezi-5.

Izizukulwane zabesifazane zivame ukulethwa ngoMeyi, ngemuva kokushiya umhlambi ojwayelekile futhi zizama ukuthola amasayithi alahliwe kakhulu e-steppe, nomaphi lapho umzingeli eke wabheka khona. Bazala ngqo emhlabathini. Uma i-saiga yesifazane ibeleka okokuqala, khona-ke lelo wundlu lizoba lodwa. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzoba nababili, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezingane ezintathu.

Izinsuku zokuqala zthole lase-saiga azisizi ngalutho, futhi zimane zilele emhlabathini. Kepha noma ekhula, amawundlu awazibangeli inkathazo kunina, wona inzalo elalela kakhulu endle. Ngemuva kwesonto kuzelwe ingane, i-saiga isingavele ilandele umama wayo, futhi emavikini amabili isivele ihamba nomhlambi. Kepha uzokwazi ukuconsa utshani yedwa ngemuva kwenyanga.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Ama-Saigas ayizilwane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo. Izilwane zingabameleli beqembu elinezimbambo ezinamabala, umndeni wama-bovid, ahlukaniswa ngohlobo nezinhlobo ze-saiga.

ISaiga isilwane sakudala kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sePleistocene bahlala kulo lonke i-Eurasia yesimanje ukusuka eBritish Isles ohlangothini olusentshonalanga kuya e-Alaska ohlangothini olusempumalanga. Ngemuva kokuqothuka komhlaba, indawo ababehlala kuyo yagcinwa kuphela emaqeleni aseYurophu. Ezinye izazi zezilwane zithi laba bantu ababemele ama-bovid babedla imifino yezilwane ezincelisayo. Kusukela lapho, izilwane azikashintshi nhlobo, zilondoloze ukubukeka kwazo kwasekuqaleni.

Ividiyo: Saiga

NgesiRussia, leli gama livele enkulumweni yesiTurkic. Enkulumweni yamazwe omhlaba, kwavela ukubonga ngemisebenzi yesayensi yocwaningi nososayensi wase-Austria uSigismund von Herberstein. Embhalweni wakhe, uchaze indlela yokuphila nalesi silwane. Ukukhonjwa okokuqala kwesilwane esibizwa nge- “saiga” kwabhalwa encwadini yakhe yesayensi ethi “amanothi kuMuscovy,” owabhalwa ngumcwaningi ngo-1549.

Lapho akha isichazamazwi sakhe esichazayo, uDahl waveza ukuthi kuzoba okulungile ukubiza i-saiga yowesifazane, kuthi owesilisa abizwe ngokuthi yi-saiga.

Izitha zikaSaiga

Izithambo zasendle zithanda ukuqhuba indlela yokuphila yasemini, ngakho-ke ebusuku iba sengozini enkulu. Isitha esikhulu se-saigas yi-wolf ye-steppe, ebhekwa njengenganamandla kuphela, kepha futhi ihlakaniphe kakhulu. ISaiga ingaphunyuka kuyo kuphela ngendiza. Izimpisi ziqhuba ukukhetha kwemvelo emhlanjini we-saigas, zibhubhisa labo abahamba kancane. Kwesinye isikhathi bona ingabhubhisa ingxenye yesine yomhlambi.

Kuyingozi kuma-saigas nezinja ezidukelayo, izimpungushe, izimpungushe. Kaningi kunalokho, lezi zidlova ezisencane zihlushwa imbandezelo yasendle. Kepha amawundlu asanda kuzalwa alesi silwane angasongelwa yi-ferrets, izimpungushe nezinkozi.

Noma kunjalo, abazingeli abazingelayo basabisa kakhulu ama-saigas. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, babhujiswa kakhulu, ngakho-ke ezindaweni eziningi lapho bake bahlala khona, ama-saigas cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana. Kungakho uLenin kwadingeka akhiphe isimemezelo esenqabela ukubhujiswa kwama-antelope. Kepha ngawo-1950s, lokhu kuzingela kwe-saiga kwavunyelwa futhi. Futhi kuma-saigas angama-70s kuphela awakhunjulwa futhi avinjelwa ekuzingeleni. Kepha ngalesi sikhathi emhlabeni bekukhona kuphela Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-35, futhi ikakhulukazi kwakuyizinsikazi.

Njengamanje, wonke umsebenzi odingekayo uyaqhubeka nokubuyisa lolu hlobo lwe-antelope. Ngakho-ke, izindawo zokugcina nezokuvikela zama-saigas ziyakhiwa. Isibonelo, iRostovsky Reserve iyaziwa, etholakala echibini elidumile leLichch Lake - Gudilo. Isikhwama Sezilwane Zasendle sithathe izintambo nokulawulwa kwalezi zasendle, amanani azo ancipha kakhulu. Manje ama-saigas abhalwe ku-Red Book, lapho kunethuba lokubona izithombe ze-saiga. Futhi ukuze inani le-antelope yasendle likhule, kubekwa izibonelelo ezahlukahlukene ezikuvumela ukuthi uvikele futhi uvikele lesi silwane esimangalisayo.

Incazelo

Isilwane esincane se-artiodactyl, ubude bomzimba esingu-110-146 cm, umsila ongu-8-12 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna amasentimitha angama-60-79. Isisindo 23-25 ​​kg. I-torso ekhuphukile emilenzeni emincane, emfishane. Ekhaleni elisesimweni esifudumele, esidumbile, esiseduze esinamathambo, esisemakhaleni, sakha umphumela wokuba yi-muzzle e-humpbacked. Izindlebe ezinethafa eliyindilinga. Amahlosi aphakathi makhulu kunalawo aseceleni. Abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo. Zilingana ngobude ubude bekhanda futhi, ngokwesilinganiso, zifinyelela ku-30 ​​cm, zigqagqene, zimhlophe qhwa, zenziwe ngendlela engafani nalutho, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zephansi zinama-ridge ring angaphezulu, asekhanda cishe ngokuqondile.

Uhlobo lwasehlobo lubomvu ophuzi, lumnyama maphakathi maphakathi futhi kancane kancane lukhanya lubheke esiswini, ngaphandle kwesibuko “somsila”, esiphansi futhi esingajwayelekile. Ubusika boboya buphakeme kakhulu futhi bukhulu, bukhanya kakhulu, bumbala obumba. Ukuhlanza kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo nasekwindla.

Kukhona i-infraorbital encane, i-inguinal, i-carpal, ne-interdigital ethize yesikhumba. Izingono - ngababili.

Ihlala kuphi i-saiga?

Isithombe: Saigaki eKazakhstan

Njengendawo yokuhlala, lezi zilwane ezingamhloniphi zikhetha indawo ethambile kuphela enezimila eziphansi. AmaSaigas ahlala ikakhulu emaqeleni noma ogwadule. Bazama ukugwema izigodi, amagquma, noma amahlathi aminyene.

Ezikhathini zangaphambili, ama-saigas ayevame kakhulu kuyo yonke i-Eurasia yanamuhla. Namuhla sekusondele ukuqothulwa, futhi indawo yabo incishisiwe.

Izindawo zezindawo zokuhlala izilwane:

• Isifunda sase-Astrakhan seRussian Federation,
• IRiphabhulikhi yaseKalmykia,
• Altai
• Kazakhstan,
• I-Uzbekistan
• I-Kyrgyzstan,
• IMongolia,
• ETurkmenistan

AmaSaigas akhetha amathafa ngenxa yokuthi ukweqa anikezwe kuwo kunzima impela. Ngokuqala kobusika kanye nesimo sezulu esibandayo bakhetha ukuthuthela ezindaweni ezincane ezimbozwe yiqhwa, ngoba ukuphakama okukhulu kweqhwa kudala ubunzima bokuhamba. ISaigas izama futhi ukugwema ukuba sezinqwabeni zesihlabathi, ngoba kule ndawo kunzima nokuthi ihambe, futhi nangaphezulu ukuze igweme ukulandela inyamazane. Izilwane zihlala eduze kwamagquma ngesikhathi sasebusika, lapho kuphawulwa izivunguvungu zeqhwa nomoya onamandla.

Labamele laba abangabumbuli bakhe uhlobo oluthile lokunyakaza okungafani nalutho - i-amble. Ngale ndlela, bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esiphakeme impela - kuze kufike ku-70 km / h. ISaigas ingaphila emathafeni nasezintabeni. EKazakhstan, izilwane zihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-150 kuye kwangama-650 ngaphezu kolwandle. EMongolia, indawo abahlala kuyo imelelwa imigodi eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi.

Ngenkathi yesomiso esibi, lapho izilwane zibhekana nobunzima futhi zikuthola kunzima ukuthola umthombo wokudla, zingangena emkhakheni wezolimo zidle ummbila, i-rye nezinye izilimo ezikhula emasimini. Ngokuqala kobusika, izilwane zikhetha indawo lapho kulula khona ukuthi zithole umthombo wokudla futhi zizame ukuhlala eduze namachibi.

Ukubhebhetheka

USaiga ungummeleli wakudala walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-mammoth fauna (kanye nobhejane obunoboya kanye nehlosi le-saber-toothed).

Ngemuva kokuqedwa kweLate Valdai, ama-saigas ahlala kusuka entshonalanga kude kweYurophu, kufaka phakathi iBritish Isles, kuya enkabeni ye-Alaska nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeCanada. Emakhulwini eminyaka we-XVII-XVIII, ama-saiga ayehlala kuzo zonke izitebhisi kanye nogwadule olusuka emaphethelweni ezansi kwamaCarpathians entshonalanga aye eMongolia nasentshonalanga yeChina empumalanga. Ngalezo zinsuku, yafika enyakatho yaya eKiev naseBaraba sasesigodini saseSiberia. Kodwa-ke, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX, abantu basheshe bathola izikhala ze-steppe, futhi i-saiga yacishe yanyamalala eYurophu. Ububanzi nobuningi bama-saigas e-Asia nabo kunciphile kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, laligcinwa eYurophu kuphela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zomgwaqo ongaphansi woMfula iVolga, nase-Asia - ngase-Ustyurt, eBetpak-Dal, endaweni ephakathi ne-Ili - Karatal (izihlabathi zeSaryesik-Atyrau), emigodini yamachibi asentshonalanga yeMongolia. nezinye izindawo.

Lokhu kwalandelwa ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo futhi cishe nokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwe-saigas ngeminyaka yo-1920s, kepha ngenxa yezinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuvikela kanye nokuqina okuphezulu kwama-saigas, abantu baphinda bathola futhi ngonyaka we-1950 inani labo lalingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zabantu abahlala emaqeleni naseziphepheni ze-USSR (kucatshangwa ukuthi ePleistocene, babeningi kakhulu futhi behlala ezindaweni ezibandayo kanye nabanye abamele izinyoni ezincelisayo). Ngesinye isikhathi, amaqembu ezenhlalakahle yezilwane, anjengeWorld Wildlife Fund, akhuthaza ukuzingela kwe-saiga, ebiza izimpondo zawo ukuthi zenziwe ezinye izimpondo zobhejane. Isibalo sehle futhi, futhi manje i-saiga isisohlwini lwezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa zihlanganiswa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, ngonyaka ka-2008, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-50 000 zama-saiga ezezisele ezisatholakala. I-Saiga tatarica tatarica futhi ngihlala eRussia (North-Western Caspian) kanye nezifunda ezintathu zeKazakhstan (izihlabathi zeVolga-Ural, i-Ustyurt neBetpak-Dala). Ngo-2010, ama-saigas ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12 abulawa yi-epizootic of pasteurellosis emngceleni wesifunda saseVolgograd neKazakhstan. Ukuze kulondolozwe inani labantu abangama-saiga abahlala esifundeni esiseNyakatho Ntshonalanga yeCaspian, ngonyaka ka-1990 eRepublic of Kalmykia (Russia) kwasungulwa iBlack Lands Reserve. Ngo-2012, i-saiga nursery eKalmykia yathola uthango kagesi olugcwele ngokuphelele.

Inani labantu abahlala ezifundeni ezimbili ezingayodwa zaseMongolia (iShargin Gobi kanye nesifunda saseManhan Somon) kungenye yezindawo ezingaphansi kwalesi - Saiga tatarica mongolica futhi njengamanje zibala cishe abantu abangama-750 (kusukela ngoJanuwari 2004).

Kwi-Zoo yaseMoscow, ama-zoo eSan Diego naseCologne ayenawo phambilini emaqoqweni awo. Kunezinhlelo zokwenza kabusha i-saiga enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia njengengxenye yephrojekthi yePleistocene Park.

Ngo-2010 eRiphabhulikhi yaseKalmykia kumenyezelwe ukuthi unyaka weSaiga.

Ensimini ye-Ukraine, umhlambi omncane wama-saigas (cishe izilwane ezingama-600) uhlala endaweni yokugcina i-Askania-Nova.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Saiga isilwane

AmaSaigas ayizilwane zasemhlambini, aziveli zodwa emvelweni. Baqoqana ngemihlambi eminingi, inhloko yayo ingumholi oqinile, onolwazi. Isibalo sabantu bomhlambi owodwa onjalo singasukela koyedwa kuya kwabayisihlanu kuya kwabayisithupha. Imihlambi yokwemvelo ukuze iqhubeke impilo yokuphila ngokungemthetho. Bathuthela ezifundeni ezihlukene beyofuna ukudla, noma babalekela isimo sezulu. Imvamisa kakhulu baya ogwadule lapho kuqala ubusika kanye nesimo sezulu esibandayo, babuye baye emaqeleni ngezinsuku zokuqala ezifudumele.

Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, abaholi bamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezilwane bavame ukubambana, okuvame ukubulala. Indlela yokuphila yama-nomadic nayo ithinta ukunyakaza kwabantu. Ijubane lokunyakaza kanye nobubanzi bawo kubeka umholi oqinile. Akubona bonke abantu bomhlambi abalingana nakho. Ngakho-ke, izilwane eziningi azifinyeleli lapho ziya khona, zifa lapho.

Izilwane zivumelaniswa kakhulu nezimo zemvelo. Bayakwazi ukusinda ezifundeni ngenani elincane lokudla namanzi, futhi ezimeni ezinjalo bangaphila isikhathi esithile esithile. Ngenqubo yokuhamba, izilwane ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngejubane elikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela ku-80 km / h. Lapho kusondela ingozi babaleka nomhlambi wonke. Izilwane ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka zilala ngemuva komhlambi futhi esikhathini esiningi zibulawa ukuhlaselwa izitha.

Izilwane ngokwemvelo zibhukuda kakhulu, ngenxa yazo ekwazi ukunqoba imizimba yamanzi amancane naphakathi nendawo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngokwemvelo, izilwane zinikezwe izindlebe ezinhle kakhulu, ezibavumela ukuba bahlukanise phakathi kwezindunduma eziyingozi, eziqhele ngamakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwezindlebe ezinhle kakhulu, izilwane zinomqondo oshisayo wokuhogela, okukuvumela ukuthi uzizwe ushintsho ezimweni zezulu, indlela yemvula noma iqhwa.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwezilwane sisezingeni eliphansi impela, futhi ngqo kuya ngobulili. Abesilisa abasesimweni semvelo baphila iminyaka engaphansi kwemine kuya kwemihlanu, isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu besifazane sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10-11.

IKazakhstan

Ngezikhathi zeSoviet, isakhiwo sokuvikela i-saiga eKazakhstan sanikezwa amapulazi okuzingela, ayengaphansi kweKomidi Lombuso leKazakh SSR ngokulawulwa kwemvelo nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Amandla abo abandakanya ukulawulwa kokudutshulwa kwezimboni nokuvikelwa komhlaba wezilwane kubazingeli. Uhlelo lokulawula nokuphepha lwakhiwa ngendlela engafanele. Umbuso uyalele osomabhizinisi abazingelayo bona ukuthi bagcine irekhodi lemfuyo, wehlise nohlelo lokudubula ezinombolweni. Imvamisa bekungadluli emaphesenti langu-20. Ukuze uthole inani eliphakeme lokuvunwa okuhleliwe, amapulazi okuzingela athola inani labantu ngenani. Ngokwamaphepha, kuvela ukuthi badubula amaphesenti angama-20 omhlambi wezinganekwane ezingekho emthethweni, empeleni badubula amaphesenti angama-40 noma ngaphezulu, uma ubala usuka kubantu bangempela. Kusukela ngo-1985, ngenxa yenani eliphakeme lama-saigas ku-republic, i-Kazakh Zoological Combine inikezwe izibopho zokukhiqizwa kwe-saigas nokuthengiswa kwezimpondo zayo emakethe yakwamanye amazwe. Leli bhizinisi liphethwe nguMnyango Wokuvikelwa Kwezilwane zasendle eKazakh ngaphansi kweKhabhinethi Yongqongqoshe be-KazR SSR. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-perestroika (1985) kuya ku-1998, kwathunyelwa amathani ezimpondo ali-131. Ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, inani le-saiga eKazakhstan lalingaba amakhanda ayisigidi, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, inani lezilwane lehle laya cishe ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20. Ngo-1993, ukuthengiswa okusemthethweni kwezimpondo kwafika kubha enkulu yamathani ayi-60. Ngo-2005, kwethulwa umthetho wokudutshulwa kwe-saigas, ezoqhubeka isebenza kuze kube ngu-2021. Ngo-2014, inani lama-saigas lafinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-256.7. Ngokuvamile, ukwehla kwamanani we-saiga eKazakhstan okwamanje kuhlotshaniswa nokuzingela okuqhubekayo kanye nezifo ezithathelanayo. Futhi, ukufa kwe-saigas kubonwa ngenxa ye-icing yama-steppes, evimbela ukukhishwa kokudla. Ngezikhathi zaseSoviet, phakathi nobusika obubandayo, basindiswa abondli abahlomile ngokukhethekile. UMnyango Wezemfundo Nesayensi ngonyaka ka-2012- 144 wabeka ama-tenge ayizigidi ezingama-332 ukuze kufundwe ngezifo ezithathelwanayo kubantu be-saiga.

KuMihubho Eyisikhombisa, isigaxa sitholakala esifundeni esisenyakatho se-steppe, kusuka lapho sizulazula khona ebusika siye ogwadule oluneqhwa kakhulu kanye nogwadule olungamaphethelo weTien Shan. Kwesinye isikhathi imihlambi yezilwane ihlasela isigodi sakwaChuy, lapho, maye, ingafi kakhulu ngezimpisi ngenxa yokuzingela.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Saiga Cub

Ngokwemvelo, ama-saigas ayizilwane ezinesithembu. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sibonakaliswa ngokwesizini futhi siqala ngoNovemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari. Lesi sikhathi sincike esifundeni sokuhlala. EKazakhstan, isikhathi sokuzalela siqala ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwezilwane sithatha izinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingama-25. Umuntu ngamunye ovuthiwe ocansini uzakhela iduna, eshaya izinsikazi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi, ezivikelwa ngabesilisa ekufakweni kwabesilisa bangaphandle.

I-harem eyakhiwe ikhona endaweni ethile, enendawo yamamitha-skwele angama-30-80. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa baba nolaka, bavame ukulwela ilungelo lokungena emshadweni nowesifazane oyedwa noma omunye. Ukulwa okunjalo kuvame ukuphela emanxebeni anamandla nokufa.

Ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini kwabesilisa, imfihlo ethile ifihlakala emgodini wesikhumba we-infraorbital kanye nesisu. Ukuhlangana kuvame kakhulu kwenzeka ebusuku, ngesikhathi sasemini abesilisa bavame ukuphumula futhi bathole amandla. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho abesilisa bedla kancane, amandla abo kanye nesisindo somzimba belahlekelwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, bekuqoshwe amacala okuhlasela kwabantu nge-saiga kubantu.

Abesifazane bafinyelela ebusheni ngenyanga yesishiyagalombili yokuphila, abesilisa kuphela emva konyaka. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isilinganiso sezinyanga ezinhlanu. Izinsikazi okufanele zizale amawundlu zanqwabelana endaweni eyodwa, ikakhulukazi endaweni ephansi enezimbali ezinemibala ephansi. Isisindo somzimba wosanda kuzalwa singamakhilogremu ayi-3-3,5.

Ngosuku lokuqala, izingane zicishe zingashukumi. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane, umama uyahamba eyofuna ukudla namanzi, kodwa uza kaningana ngosuku ezovakashela amawundlu akhe. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zikhula ngokushesha futhi ziqine, sekuvele usuku lwesithupha - usuku lwesikhombisa ziyakwazi ukulandela umama wazo.

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezikhathi ze-saigas eKazakhstan

• 1981, Ephreli - amakhanda ayi-saiga ayizinkulungwane eziyi-180 afela endaweni yesifunda sangaphambili seTurayi.
• Ngo-1984, ngoFebhuwari - Ephreli - kwafa izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-250 esifundeni sase West Kazakhstan.
• Ngo-1988, ngoMeyi - kwafa cishe ama-saigas ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500.
• Ngo-1993 - ngenxa yobusika obuneqhwa, inani labantu baseBetpakdala lalingaphezulu kwe-700 laya ku-270 yezilwane eziyizinkulungwane.
• 2010 - saigas eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.
• Ngo-2015, ngoMeyi - esifundeni saseKostanay, Akmola kanye nase-Aktobe, kwafa ama-saigas angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-120. Imbangela yokufa kwakuwukutheleleka ngegciwane okubangelwa yi-pathogen Pasteurella multocida, okungukuthi, pasteurellosis.

Izitha zemvelo zama-saigas

Photo: Saigaki esigxotsheni

Njenganoma yibaphi abamele abakholelwa ku -ululates, ama-saigas ngokuvamile aba yizisulu zezinyamazane ezihlala ezifundeni lapho kutholakala khona ama-saigas.

Izitha zemvelo zabantu abangatheni:

Imvamisa izilwane ezidla ezinye zilala lapho zilalela khona imihlambi yazo lapho zibuthana khona emihlambini ukuthola indawo yokunisela. Izazi zesayensi yezemvelo zithi lapho ihlaselwa ngesikhathi esingalindelekanga ngaso, ipaki yezimpisi ingabhubhisa umhlambi wabantu abangazithobi. Ingozi enkulu kakhulu yenani lezilwane ngumuntu nemisebenzi yakhe. Amanani amakhulu, ama-saigas aqothulwa abazingeli abazingela uboya obalulekile, inyama enambithekayo futhi enempilo, kanye nezimpondo zesilwane esingathembeki.

Izimpondo zalezi zilwane zibaluleke kakhulu futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni omunye umuthi eChina. I-Powder yenziwa kubo, okuyingxenye yama-antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, kanye namalungiselelo wokuhlanza umzimba. Futhi, odokotela baseChinese basebenzisa le phawundi njengomuthi wezifo zesibindi, i-migraine, i-pathologies yepheshana lesisu.

Imali enkulu ikhokhelwa izimpondo ezinjalo emakethe yaseChina, isidingo sezimpondo ze-saiga sikhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho abazingeli bafuna ukuphindisela ephaketheni labo ngokubulala lezi zilwanyana ezimangalisayo.

Inkomba Yomlando

UHerberstein wavakashela kabili i-Principal yaseMoscow (ngonyaka we-1517 nowe-1526) ku- "Notes on Muscovy" awabhala ngalesi silwane:

"Emathafeni asondelene neBorisfen, iTanais neRa, kukhona imvu yasehlathini, ebizwa ngePole Solhac, neMuscovites - isiga (seigack), usayizi wegwababa, kodwa ngemilenze emifushane, izimpondo zayo ziphakeme futhi zibonakala zimakwe izindandatho, Ama-Muscovites enza ukubonakala kwommese okusobala kuwo. Ashesha kakhulu futhi agxuma kakhulu. ”

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-saigas ayengudaba lokudoba olubalulekile emaphethelweni aseKazakhstan, ikakhulukazi eduze nolwandle i-Aral. I-Brockhaus ne-Efron Encyclopedia idlulisela imininingwane elandelayo yokuzingela kwe-saiga:

C. bakhiwa ngesamba esikhulu ehlobo, emlilweni, lapho sebephelelwa ngamandla ekulweni nezinambuzane ezibahlukumeza - amabanga, amagajethi, futhi ikakhulukazi izibungu zamagajethi akhula ngaphansi kwesikhumba sawo, angakutholi ukuphumula, uC angena esimweni sokuqina futhi angafani nokuhlanya begijimela esitebhisini, noma njengabahlanyayo emi endaweni eyodwa bemba imigodi (i-cobla) ngezinselo zabo, bese belala kuyo, becashe ikhala labo ngaphansi kwemilenze yabo yangaphambili, bese begxumela phezulu bese begubha endaweni yabo, ngalezo zikhathi lapho uS. " ", Balahlekelwa ukuqaphela kwabo okujwayelekile, futhi abazingeli bazithele phezu kwabo adubule. Abazingeli beKyrgyz badla phansi abalingani babo, abalala ngezibhamu, ikakhulukazi eduze kwezimbobo zokunisela, noma ngezixha zomhlanga okhonjiwe, bahanjiswa emizileni lapho uS. Wehlela endaweni yokunisela, bese ebabuka emizileni, lapho bewela imifula, bangena ku imigodi naphezu kweqhwa elithambekele, okuyi-S. engeke yaphunyuka kulo. Kwesinye isikhathi bazingela izinja zaseBaikal ngama-karategin greyhounds (amadansi), ahlukaniswa ngokugqama okuvelele, abazingeli baqhubeka nokuzingela okunjalo ngababili, ngamunye enophawu lwama-greyhound ephakethe, aqaphele uS, omunye wabazingeli ushayela ngaphambili komhlambi, kanti okunye kuhamba cishe ngamamayela ayi-5-8, umzingeli wokuqala uqala izinja futhi adonsele izilwane zibheke kumzingeli wesibili, okuthi, lapho elinde ku-S., aqale phezulu, izinja zakhe, futhi asebafica kalula izilwane ezikhathele ngokujaha kokuqala. Ngesinye isikhathi bazingela u-S. ngokhozi lwegolide. Abesifazane abangamaKyrgyz kwesinye isikhathi balandelela izinsikazi ezikhulelwe bese kuthi ngemuva kokubeletha babambe amathole amancanyana, la masinyane adliwa kalula ngembuzi yasekhaya futhi abole. S. inyama yakha isidlo esimnandi sama-nomad, izimpondo zingumkhiqizo obalulekile wokushintshaniswa kwemali, futhi isikhumba siyinto enhle kakhulu yokwenza ama-doxes (ama-ergaks).

Izimpondo zezinsizwa ze-S. ziphuzi ngokuphelele, zinemikhawulo emnyama, zibushelelezi, ziyacwazimula, izimpondo zakudala za-S. ziphuzi-ziphuzi, zibuthuntu, zinamacembe amade. I-Wool S. imfushane futhi inenkani, iya emikhiqizweni ehlukene yasendlini. Ukudotshwa kwe-saiga ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi inani lezimpondo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lafika kumashumi ezinkulungwane esikhathini se-1894-1896.Ubunzima obukhulu balefishari kwakungukuthi yakhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokushisa okukhulu, ngenxa yalokho abavukuzi okwakufanele baphathe usawoti kanye namashubhu kanye nabo nosawoti izilwane ezikhishwe endaweni yokuzingela.

Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo

Photo: Saigas emvelweni

Kuze kube manje, lesi silwane sisohlwini lwamazwe omhlaba, kwiRussian Red Book enesimo sohlobo olusondele ekuqothulweni. Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthambekela kokwehla okukhulu kwesibalo salezi zilwane ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.

Ngaleso sikhashana, omunye umuthi ohlukile waqala ukuthuthuka eChina futhi baqala ukunikela ngemali enkulu emakethe ngezimpondo zezilwane, okuvela kuzo lapho kwenziwa i-powder yokuphilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhumba sezilwane nenyama yaso, enezimpawu zokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, bekuyinto enhle kakhulu. Inani labazingeli labathakathi laqala ukukhula ngokushesha, futhi izilwane zabulawa kakhulu ngokungenasizungu.

Ngesikhathi lapho isibalo sezilwane sehlile ngokuphepha, iziphathimandla zaqala ukucabanga ngokwakha amapaki akhethekile kazwelonke lapho inani lelezi zilwane lingabuyiselwa khona. Kodwa-ke, imizamo yokuqala enjalo ayiphumelelanga. Ama-zoologists athi lokhu ukuthi izimo ezifanele zokubakhona kanye nokuzala azange zenziwe, futhi ochwepheshe abakhiqalanga ngokwedlule izinhlelo zokubuyisela inani lama-saigas.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Isibalo sabantu abahlala entshonalanga neMongolia sabelwa ezinkulumweni ezihlukile - i-saiga yaseMongolia (Saiga tatarica mongolica), inani labo ngabantu abangama-750. Bonke abanye abantu bangabokubhalisa okuqokiwe. I-Saiga tatarica tatarica. Abanye abacwaningi babheka i-saiga yaseMongolia njengengxenye yePleistocene kanye nokushayela Saiga borealis mongolica .

Ukuvikelwa kukaSaiga

Photo: Saiga Red Book

Ukuze uvikele izilwane ekubhujisweni, ekugcinweni nasekukhulisweni kwamanani azo, zabhalwa ku-International Red Book njengohlobo olusondele ekuqothulweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zifakiwe kuhlu lwezilwane ezihlukaniswe njengabamele izimbali nezilwane, ukuzingela kwazo okufanele kuvinjelwe noma kwenqatshelwe.

Umnyango wezomnotho wokuzingela weRussian Federation uhlakulela isethi yezenzo zomthetho okuhloswe ngazo ukwethula isibopho sobugebengu kanye nokuphatha ukubhujiswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezikhethekile okuhloswe ngazo ukugcina nokubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane.

Izazi zokucwaninga ngezilwane kanye nabacwaningi banxusa ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezigcinelwe amapaki kanye nezwe lapho kudingeka khona ukudala izimo ezisondele kakhulu endaweni yemvelo yasolwandle. Kuphela endaweni enjalo, ngokudla okwanele, kungatholakala imiphumela yokuqala. USaiga ungummeleli wakudala wezimbali nezilwane, obuye wagcina ukubonakala kwawo kwasekuqaleni kusukela ngesikhathi aqala ukuba semhlabeni. Namuhla sekusondele ukuqothulwa ngokuphelele, futhi umsebenzi womuntu ukulungisa amaphutha akhe nokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kwakhe ngokuphelele.

Ezincwadini

Encwadini yenoveli kaChungiz Aitmatov "Scaffold", ukuzingela kwe-saiga kuchazwe kanjena:

Futhi abazingeli bezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, behamba bevela emaphethelweni amabili emihlambi, bekhulunyelwa umsakazo, baqondiswa, baqiniseka ukuthi ayisabalali ndawo yonke, ukuthi akudingeki baphishekele imihlambi futhi kulolo suku, futhi banda ukwesaba okwengeziwe, bephoqa ama-saigas ukuba abaleke ngokuqina nangaphezulu. babaleka ... Bona, abashayeli bezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, bebengabona ngokucacile ngenhla ukuthi umfula omnyama oqhubekayo wesabekayo lasendle usigingqika kanjani phansi isitebhisi, phezu kwempuphu yeqhwa elimhlophe ...

Futhi lapho abalingisi abashushiswayo bethulula ethafeni elikhulu, bahlangana nalabo ababezama izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ekuseni. Babelindwe ngabazingeli, noma kunalokho, abacibishelayo. Ezimoto ezivulekile ezihambahamba phezulu ze-UAZ, abacibishelayo badlulise ama-saigas phambili, bezidubula lapho behamba ngezibhamu zomshini, bakhomba kungenalutho, bengaboni, beluka sengathi kungathi hay engadini. Futhi ngemuva kwabo trailer yezimpahla yathutha - baphonsa trophies ngamunye ngamunye emizimbeni, futhi abantu baqoqa isivuno mahhala. Inqwaba yabafana ngaphandle kokungabaza, yasheshe yaqala ibhizinisi elisha, yabopha izikebhe ezingenamuntu, yaxosha abalimele futhi yaqeda, kodwa umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukushunqisa izidumbu ezinegazi phezu kwemilenze yabo bese bezilahla olwandle kwesinye sawaop! I-savannah ikhokhe lo mnikelo wamagazi konkulunkulu ngokuzibiza ngesibindi sokugcina izidumbu - izintaba zezidumbu ze-saiga ezifakwe emzimbeni.

Indaba yombhali waseRussia nentatheli u-Yuri Geyko, umbhali ayithatha njengomsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu wobuciko, isuselwa encazelweni yokuzingela okungekho emthethweni kwe-saiga okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzingela isigameko esibuhlungu, necala elalandela.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

• Ama-saigas alawula uKalmyks ayebhekwa njengoMdala Omhlophe - unkulunkulu wamaBuddha wenzalo nokuphila isikhathi eside. Kwakunqatshelwe ngesikhathi sokuzingela ukudubula kuma-saigas, ahlangana ndawonye: bekukholelwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi iNkulisa Elimhlophe uqobo lwayo lazisenga.
• Iqiniso elikhangayo kepha elingathembekile nge-saiga kukhulunywa ngalo kwifilimu ethi "Literature Isifundo": lapho liphakathi kwamalambu wemoto ehamba ngayo, isebenza isikhathi eside ngaphambili.
• Ngokuwa kwe-USSR, ukukhiqizwa okungalawulwa kwama-saigas kwaqala ngenhloso yokuthumela izimpondo eChina. Ngokukamagazini we-Geo, ngesikhathi kusuka ngonyaka we-1990 kuya ku-2003-2006, inani lama-saigas emhlabeni lehle ngo-94-97% - lisuka esigidini esisodwa laya kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-31-62,5.

Nakhu okubhalwa yiKazakhstan i-Ural Week:

"Emithini yesiShayina yendabuko, izimpondo ze-saiga zisendleleni enezimpondo zobhejane futhi zichazwa njengezinempahla yokuhlanza umzimba nokuhlanza umzimba, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha umkhuhlane, ukubhebhetheka kwangaphakathi nezifo eziningi zesibindi. Ezimweni zokuphefumula nokugwazwa okukhulu ngenxa yomkhuhlane, izimpondo ze-saiga kanye nobhejane asetshenziswa ndawonye. Ngokuhlanganiswa neminye imithi, izimpondo ze-saiga zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha ikhanda, isiyezi nezinye izifo. Umthamo ngamunye ngama-gramu ama-1-3 wempuphu ocolekileyo, ophume noma amanzana wamanzi "

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