Inyoni yomsedari - olwayo ongakhathali wokusatshalaliswa komsedari waseSiberia. Ngabe ibukeka kanjani inyoni yomsedari?? Lezi zidalwa ezinamaphiko zincane kune jackdaw ngosayizi, ziyizihlobo zondlunkulu futhi zingamalungu omndeni woondlunkulu.

Okufakiwe ngeke kuqhoshe ngosayizi nosayizi. Ubude balezi zinyoni bungamasentimitha angama-30, isisindo singama-gramu ayi-190 kuphela, kanti kwezinye izimo sincane kakhulu. Izihlahla zemisedari zinombala onsundu omnyama, futhi amaplamu awo ambozwe ngokuphelele amabala amhlophe.

Okufakwe ngabanikazi bomsila omkhulu ngokwanele, amasentimitha ayi-11 ngosayizi, ohlukaniswe umucu omhlophe. Imilomo emide, emincane nemilenze yalezi zidalwa ezinamaphiko zipendwe ngombala omnyama.

Incazelo yenyoni yomsedari ungaqedi ngaphandle kokungezwa okuthile. Ngokubukeka, izinyoni ezingamaduna zihlukile kwezinye izintokazi, ezincanyana ngosayizi futhi zilula, futhi amabala amhlophe e-plumage yazo awacaci njengezimbangi zawo.

Bangabahlali basehlathini lama-taiga, futhi bangatholakala endaweni enkulu ukusuka eScandinavia kuya eKamchatka, besakazeka naseziqhingini zaseKuril nasogwini lwaseJapan.

Lalela izwi lenyoni yomsedari

Izihlobo eziseduzane kakhulu zomsedari yizakhamuzi ezinemibala yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Lezi zidalwa ezincane zincane kakhulu ngosayizi, zifinyelela ubude obungama-25 cm kuphela.

Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila yemisedari

Izihlahla zomsedari ezingabekezeleleki azesabi amaqabunga angamashumi amane, futhi ziyakwazi ukubekezelela ukubanda okungaphezulu. Ngenxa yalesi sici semvelo, izinyoni azindizi ziye ebusika zifuna ukufudumala, njengoba kwenza izihlobo zazo eziningi ezinamalungu, kodwa zihlala ezweni lazo, lapho kubandayo zinakho konke ezikudingayo.

Izinyoni zikaphayini wasebusika ezikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa

Kodwa-ke, bathatha uhambo oluncane bafuna ukudla, bafuna imithombo yokudla entsha nezindawo zokuhlala ezikahle. Ezikhathini ezinzima, ngokuntuleka okukhulu kokudla kanye nesitshalo esingesihle, izihlahla zemisedari zenza ukuthutha okukhulu.

Inyoni yomsedari unomlingiswa ojabule, onamandla futhi osebenzayo. Futhi yize izinyoni zivame ukuhlala zodwa, ziyathandeka futhi zithande ukuduka zibe mncane, kodwa zinomsindo, imihlambi.

Konke ukuba khona kwabo kuhamba bafuna ukudla, futhi bakuthole, kwaneliswa nje, izidalwa ezinamaphiko ezinenkathazo zishesha ukwenza izinto zangakusasa. Kukulesi sici sezidalwa ezinemibala yezomnotho lapho amaqiniso amaningi athakazelayo ahlotshaniswa.

IKedari inenhlanhla enkulu, ngakho-ke ayizuzisi wena kuphela, kepha imvelo ezungezile. Kanjani? Lokhu kuzochazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umsoco weCedari

Zidlani lezi zinyoni? Kusuka kwigama labanakho cishe okufanayo akunzima neze ukuqagela. Izihlahla zemisedari zimane zithanda ukudla amantongomane zikaphayini, zizembulela ngekhono ngemivimbo yoqhwaku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajikijolo, imbewu ye-beech, izithelo ze-hazel kanye nama-acorn adliwa njengokudla.

Izidalwa ezinamaphiko ezinjalo ziyaziwa ngomkhuba wazo wokuqongelela ubusika. I-Kedrovka ithanda kakhulu amantongomane, futhi ukuwaqoqa, kuthwala ngokweqile emhlabathini, endaweni yokugcina. Futhi le mpahla yezinyoni inomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekusakazweni komsedari waseSiberia.

Izinyoni ezinganambitheki maduze zizokhohlwa ngaphandle kokulandela ukuthi zishiyaphi nokuthi zithini, zishiya imbewu yephayini waseSiberia enhlabathini evundile. Futhi endaweni yesigcini sesitoko, ngemuva kwesikhashana, kukhula izihlahla ezinamandla.

Umsebenzi onjalo wemvelo awuzange uhlale unganakwa yimpucuko yabantu. Futhi ngikhumbuza ubuqhawe bezinyoni kwelinye lamapaki wedolobha laseSiberia laseTomsk, umsedari wamiswa ngesikhumbuzo esikhulu, saqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi waso wokungakhathali ukuze kusizakale imvelo. Sizungeze lesi sikhumbuzo esiyingqayizivele, imisedari yaseSiberia ebabazekayo iyazifanekisa, futhi ifanekisela ngokwayo.

Esithombeni isikhumbuzo esiya kumededari eTomsk

Le nyoni ayigcini nje ngokufihla izinqolobane zayo emhlabathini, kodwa futhi ishiya emigodini yezihlahla, futhi icashe ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu zabantu. Imvelo, ngenhloso yokuthi izinyoni zisebenze kanzima kangaka, ihlinzeke izinyoni ngokweqile kwakho konke okudingekayo kulokhu. Isigaxa esilinganiselwe yisitho umsedari onaso, esivumela ukuba sigcine amakhulukhulu amantongomane zikaphayini ngaphakathi kwawo.

Kodwa-ke, izinyoni azikakabi lula njengoba zingabonakala. Ukuqonda kwabo okuphilayo kuvumela ngokuphelele ukuthi balahle okungafanele, konakele nokubolile, futhi babeke eceleni okuhle kuphela lapho beqoqa amantongomane.

Amantongomane wepine anekhono lokukhetha kuphela amantongomane ahamba phambili.

Abantu abavuthiwe futhi bafundisa lobu buciko kwizinyoni ezincane. Imisedari nezilwane azidelelwa ukudla, ngaphandle kokuqothula ama-invertebrates amancane. Futhi ezinqolobaneni zokudla zemisedari, ezishiywe emizini yabantu, izingcezu zenyama zivame ukutholakala.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Amahlathi ephayini uhlobo lwezinyoni ezakha izithandani impilo yonke. Benzela izidleke zamathole abo phakathi kwamagatsha ama-conifers, babeka izakhiwo zabo, ezihlanganiswe ngodaka, futhi baboshwe ngemicu ye-moss nezimpaphe, hhayi kude nomhlaba. Ukwakhiwa okunjalo kuvame ukuqala ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli.

I-Cedar-mama ayigcini nje ngokubeka kuphela, kodwa futhi iqanda amaqanda amasonto amabili nesigamu. Futhi lapho kuvela inzalo, abazali bondla ngokucophelela izilwane zabo ezifuywayo, abathandwa yibo bonke amantongomane zikaphayini, amantongomane, nezinambuzane ezincane.

Esithombeni, isidleke somsedari

Ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu, amaphuphu amancane asevele elwela izindiza, ngokushesha ngesibindi andiza esibhakabhakeni. Kepha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zizwa ukunakekelwa kwabazali abanakekela amazinyane abo futhi bawondle.

Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obuncane, izinyoni ziphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele, kwezinye izimo zifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi noma ngaphezulu.

Ukubukeka

Izihlahla zikaphayini zemisedari zinomehluko wobulili obuhlukile, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala. Zingahlukaniswa ngisho nomuntu ongeyena uchwepheshe. Abesifazane bahlukile kubesilisa ngobukhulu, bancane. Ubuningi bazo buthuntubovu kunobesilisa. Umbala wezinqwaba zokhuni lomsedari uvumela ukuba bacishe bahlangane ngokuphelele nendawo ezungezile - amathangi e-taiga. Lezi akuzona izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu, yize zenziwa imfihlo, zivame ukuba sengozini yezinyamazane. Ukundiza komsedari kusinda, amaphiko alukhuni. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuphumula, ngisho nangemva kwendiza emfushane.

Kuyathakazelisa! Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukuphumula emagatsheni omile, anikeza umbono omuhle.

Ngakho-ke, bahlola insimu yabo ukuthi ibe khona kwabazingeli noma abantu ongabazi, okuvame ukuvela kubo iziqubu ezinzima kuleyo ndawo.

UKedrovka ungowomndeni wama-corvid. Lezi zinyoni zincane kancane kune-jackdaws noma jay. Ubude bemisedari bungaba ngu-30 cm kanye nomsila, ubude bawo bungadluli ku-11 cm. I-mapppan yisilinganiso esingu-55 cm.

Ngokungafani namanye ama-corvid amaningi, i-pine nati ipendiwe nsundu, imvamisa icishe ibe mnyama, inezindawo eziningi ezimhlophe, futhi kukhona umngcele omhlophe emsileni. I-pine nati yabesifazane inesisindo esingu-150-170 gr, eyeduna engu-170-190 gr. Uqhwaku nemilenze yenyoni imnyama noma imnyama.

Imvelo nokuziphatha

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezifihlayo futhi ezinokuthula okunokuthula. Akuvamile ukuba zinikeze izwi elibukeka njengekhonkwane elidonsayo. Okuwukuphela kokukodwa yisikhathi sokukhwelana nesikhathi sokuqoqa isivuno esisha. Uma isivuno sibuthakathaka, khona-ke ukukhala kwezihlahla zikaphayini kuthula kakhulu.

I-Kedrovka yenza amasheya amakhulu amantongomane ngezikhathi ezilambile, futhi ngokusho kososayensi, ngenkathi efudumele ibathola ngephunga, futhi ebusika, lapho ikhava leqhwa liba likhulu kakhulu, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola okufihliwe yinyoni.

Kuyathakazelisa! Kukholakala ukuthi umsedari uyakwazi ukwenza cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-50 okuthiwa amabhukumaka empilweni. Bese kuthi ezindaweni ezikhohliwe lapho ukudla bekufihlwe khona, izihlahla zikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kunecala elaziwayo lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukubamba inadi likaphayini elinamantongomane angama-165 esikhwameni somphimbo. Lo ngumthwalo ohlaba umxhwele kangako, unikezwe ukuthi umsedari uyinyoni enobungako obujwayelekile.

Lezi zinyoni zisebenza kakhulu, zivame ukuhlala ngababili noma zodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zibuthana emhlanjini omncane kodwa onomsindo. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka lapho izinyoni zenza izindiza zifuna ukudla. Uthando lwamantongomane luqinile kangangokuba kuye kwaba nezimo lapho izihlahla zikaphayini zixosha squirrel kusuka kumsedari, lapho kunezigaxa eziningi ezigcwele amantongomane. Amabili amabili efomu lomsedari lokuphila, okungukuthi, manqikanqika.

Indlela yokuphila nendlela yokuphila

Izihlahla zomsedari akuzona izinyoni ezifudukayo. Baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, benza izindiza ezincane kuphela lapho bebheka ukudla nezindawo ezintsha. Lezi yizakhamuzi zeqiniso zesimo sezulu esibi se-taiga, ziyakwazi ukubekezelela iqhwa elinamandla kakhulu. Amahlathi emisedari ayizinyoni zesifunda; athola kuphela ukudla ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yawo, ayigada ngentshiseko kubantu abangabazi.

Kuyathakazelisa! Lezi zinyoni ziphila isikhathi eside, abanye abantu baneminyaka engu-10-12 noma ngaphezulu. Ekudingisweni, imvamisa ayigcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo.

Kumaviyo, lapho kudalwa khona izimo ezinhle futhi kungekho zitha zemvelo, angaphila iminyaka eyi-15.

Indawo yokuhlala, i-walnut

I-Kedrovka iyisakhamuzi esinegama lesifeiga. Ingahlala itholakala emahlathini e-taiga ase-Europe nase-Asia kusuka eScandinavia nase-Alps kuya eJapan nase China. Le nyoni encane ithanda amahlathi aminyene angama-coniffort. Lapha amantongomane ephayineli athola ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko - imbewu ekhishwa ku-pine, ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi nasemantweni omisedari

Ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu esikhona njengamanje, umsedari wephayini ungatholakala ngisho nasehlathini eliseduze kwaseMoscow, obekungekho eminyakeni eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20 edlule. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyingozi enkulu kunenkambiso. Mhlawumbe izinyoni zethulwa ngokwethulwa, futhi kamuva zaqala ukuqina futhi zahlala ezindaweni ezintsha.

Ukudla, kudlani umsedari

Ukudla okuningi kwe-walnut kwakhiwa ngembewu enamafutha. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela nangesikhathi sokondla inzalo, izinambuzane zengezelelwa amantongomane, ngaleyo ndlela zihlinzeka ngokwazo nenzalo ngokudla kwamaprotheni. Emahlathini akhiwe ezindaweni zezintaba, izimo zezinyoni ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka.

Kusukela ekugcineni kwentwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, kuhlale kunokudla okuningi kwemisedari kaphayini, amantongomane amaningi kanye namajikijolo avuthwa, futhi izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, lezi zinyoni zithanda amantongomane zikaphayini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esikhwameni somphimbo esiseduze kwe-pine nati kungaba khona amantongomane amaningi kunokudla.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwale nyoni, le nyoni iziphatha ikakhulukazi ngasese futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyibona. Kuqabukela kakhulu ukubona umsedari wephayini esidlekeni ngesikhathi sokudonswa kwamachwane.

Kubalulekile! Lezi zinyoni zisondela ekwakhiweni kwesidleke ngokucophelela, zisebenzisa i-moss, amaqabunga, ubumba kanye namagatsha njengezinto zokwakha.

Izidleke zemisedari ziqinile kakhulu, futhi njengomthetho zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-4-6. Kepha lokhu akuhlali kusindisa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezingakhuphuka izihlahla, kodwa kuyazivikela ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Isikhathi sokuzalela nokudla izidleke zezihlahla zikaphayini siqala ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi. Insikazi ibeka u-4-5, ezimweni ezingavamile, amaqanda ayi-7 wombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamabala ansundu. Isikhathi sokubopha siyizinsuku ezingama-18 kuya kwezingu-22. Bobabili abazali babopha imashi ngokulandelana, banikezelana ikhefu futhi bandizela ukudla.

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezinyantisayo ezakha ngababili ukuphila. Owesilisa nowesifazane babamba iqhaza ekondleni inzalo. Ngemuva kwamaviki acishe abe ngu-3-4, amaphuphu alungele indiza yokuqala evela esidlekeni. Abazali bade kakhulu ngezindinganiso zezinyoni - bondla amantshontsho cishe izinyanga ezintathu, emva kwalokho bashiya isidleke.

Izitha zemvelo

Ingozi enkulu yezihlahla zikaphayini ngesikhathi sokudlekwa yizitha zazo zemvelo - izinyamazane ezincane. Okwamanje, izinyoni ezindala ziba izisulu ezilula, ziphawula kaningi amachwane azo noma ukubekwa kweqanda. Izilwane ezihlaselayo eziyingozi kakhulu ziyimisuka, ama-martens, izimpungushe namakati asendle.

Kubalulekile! Uma unikezwe ukuthi umsedari usindayo ekukhuphukeni futhi uthatha kancane, awunalo ithuba lokuphunyuka emazinyweni omfene noma impungushe.

Imvamisa, umsedari uba inyamazane elula lapho igaya amantongomane agcinwe ukuthi asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo.. Lapho-ke inyoni iyehluleka ukuqaphela, ibone futhi izwe kabi, futhi icishe ingavikeleki ngisho naphambi komhlaseli omncane.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Amahlathi amaConiferous ayizindawo ezithandwa kakhulu zamahlathi zikaphayini, ahlala ehlaselwa yimililo yemvelo neyenziwe ngabantu, enza ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawuleki, okunciphisa kakhulu indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinyoni. Ngokungangabazeki, lezi zinto zithinta kabi inani lezihlahla zikaphayini. Kodwa-ke, inani le-pine nati okwamanje alikho engcupheni futhi isibalo salezi zinyoni sihlala sizinzile.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Amahlathi ephayini, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-120 eziqhamuka emndenini wama-corvidae, zinamadlozi ajwayelekile, izinsalela zokuqala zazo ezatholakala eJalimane naseFrance. Baphila eminye iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-17 B.C.E. Ngokubukeka kwayo, izinhlaka zomsedari zifana neqhude, kodwa lincane kakhulu kunale nyoni.

Kukhona ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlukene ngokubukeka, uhlobo lokudla nendawo yokuhlala, kodwa ama-ornithologists amaningi athambekele ukuwahlukanisa abe ngamaqembu amabili: uhlobo lwasenyakatho nolwaseningizimu. Zitholakala ezifundeni ezihlukile ze-Eurasia.

Ividiyo: Umsedari

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesinye futhi isilwane esihlala emahlathini amaConificial eNyakatho Melika - iNucifraga columbiana noma Clark's Nutcracker. Lezi zinyoni zincanyana kunabalingani bazo base-Yurobhu futhi zinombala onsundu, iplamu le-aspen, futhi amaphiko alo nomsila zimnyama. Zidlekelwa emahlathini ezintaba ze-pine futhi zinokufana okuningi nabanye abamele ama-corvid - ama-Podoces noma ama-jay ogwadule.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla, izinyoni zihlukaniswe ngamantongomane - lezo ezinama-hazelnuts namantongomane zikaphayini ekudleni. Amantongomane aneqhwaku elinamandla kakhulu kodwa elifushane. ESiberia, abantu abathile batholakala benomlomo omncane futhi uqhwaku olude, oluvumelaniswa nokudla amantongomane zikaphayini.

Indawo yokuhlala enkulu eYurophu iqukethe amahlathi:

• udle okwejwayelekile
• Iphinifa laseSwitzerland
• amahlathi fir ahlanganisiwe,
• uphayini ojwayelekile
• uphayini omnyama
• Iphayini yaseMakedoniya
• Hazel (Corylus).

Izakhamizi zaseSiberia nezaseFar East zithanda lokhu:

• umsedari,
• Iphayini yaseSiberia
• Umsedari waseJapan
• Sakhalin fir.

Izakhamizi zeTien Shan zikhangwa amahlathi esihlahla se-Tien Shan spruce. Ezintabeni zaseHimalaya, indawo yokuhlala yindawo yamahlathi ama-coniferous, idesari lomsedari, uphayipu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isipinashi fir, i-Himalayan fir, i-Morinda spruce enama-rhododendron thickets.

I-Macaw parrot

Ukuchazwa kwenyoni

IKedari iyinyoni encane enomlomo omncane futhi omude. Ubude bomzimba wenyoni bufika ku-30 ​​cm, ubude bomsila bubalelwa ku-11 cm. Isisindo sabantu abadala sisukela ku-125 kuye ku-190 g.Isixa se-pine nati simnyama ngombala onsundu ngombala onamabala amhlophe angekho ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda. Ukuphela komsila kufakwa umngcele okhanyayo. Owesifazane empeleni akahlukile kowesilisa, ulula kancane ngombala weplamu, futhi amabala amhlophe awachazwanga kangako.

Faka umsedari womsoco

Isisekelo sokudla kwamantongomane wepine avuthiwe amantongomane zikaphayini, kanye nama-acorns, ama-beech nati, ama-spruce kanye nembewu kaphayini, amajikijolo, ama-vertebrates amancane nezinambuzane.

Amantongomane zikaphayini asala njengokudla okuthandayo kakhulu kuwo wonke amantongomane ephayini. Lapho nje ziqala ukuvuthwa, izinyoni ziyahlangana emihlanjini bese zihamba ziyolanda ukudla ehlathini. Izihlahla zemisedari zisebenza kusukela ekuseni kuze kube kusihlwa ukwenza izinqolobane ezanele zamakhaza kuyo yonke iqhwa, ubusika obunamaqhwa, ngokwazo nezenzalo yazo.

Ehlobo elifushane laseSiberia, inhalidi elilodwa likaphayini libe nesikhathi sokuqoqa amantongomane zikaphayini angaba ngu-70,000. Ngesinye isikhathi, inyoni ithwala amantongomane angaphezu kwekhulu, ngale njongo inesikhwama esikhethekile se-hyoid. Kepha, ngaphandle kweqoqo ngokwalo, amantongomane kufanele ahanjiswe futhi afihlwe ezindaweni eziphephile.Kuyingozi kakhulu ukufihla konke ukudla okuqoqiwe emgodini owodwa noma emgodini womsedari, ngoba ebusika amakha amnandi naphilile okunempilo angathokozwa ngama hares, amagundane wensimu nangamabhere. Ngakho-ke, i-pine nati yenza izindawo eziningi zokucasha, ikhumbula indawo yazo kahle.

Ukusakazeka kwezinyoni

Indawo yokuhlala kwezihlahla zemisedari ifaka amahlathi e-taiga eYurophu nase-Asia, ukusuka eScandinavia nase-Alps kuye e-Kamchatka, e-Kuril Islands, ePrimorye, eJapan naseChina. ESiberia, umsedari ukuphela komuntu osabalalisa umsedari (uphayini waseSiberia). Le nyoni ihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini ama-spruce, kanye nomsedari kanye nomsedari. Kungamahlathi e-coniferous ukuthi ukudla okuyinhloko komsedari kwanele - imbewu kaphayini, i-spruce kanye nezigaxa zomsedari.

I-Kedrovka ithanda ukuhlala emhlabeni futhi kuyaqabukela inqume imizimba yamanzi ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-3 ububanzi. Inyoni ingafika eziqhingini ngesivunguvungu noma ngesivunguvungu, futhi ihlale lapho.

Imisedari yamaphayini ihlala kancane, ngoba imali ebekelwa ukudla ebusika iyabavumela ukuba bakwazi ukusinda emakhazeni ngaphandle kokufuduka beyofuna ukudla.

Uma ukwehluleka kwezilimo zamantongomane zikaphayini kanye nembewu ye-coniferous kwenzeka e-taiga yaseSiberia, khona-ke imisedari yamaphayini ikhuphuka kakhulu entshonalanga ukuthola imithombo yokudla entsha. Kuleminyaka emincane kangaka, imihlambi emikhulu yamantongomane zikaphayini itholakala eMpumalanga naseCentral Europe.

I-North American Walnut (Nucifraga columbiana)

Ubude benyoni buqhamuka kumasentimitha angama-27 kuya kwangama-30. I-plumage ipendiwe ngombala we-ash-grey, ngaphandle kwamaphiko amnyama namhlophe kanye nezimpaphe zomsila ophakathi nendawo. Uqhwaku kanye nama-paws amnyama.

Izinhlobo lezi zivamile emahlathini aphayiniwe eziNtabeni zaseRocky. Idla ikakhulu ngembewu yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zikaphayini, eziyifihla phakathi nonyaka, zenze izinqolobane zasebusika. Inyosi yaseNyakatho Melika yakha izidleke eziqongweni zikaphayini.

Ukusakazwa komsedari

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezinyantisayo ezakha umbhangqwana owodwa wokuphila. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izinyoni zizama ukungabambi iso lomuntu, futhi ziphila ngendlela yemfihlo ngaphakathi kwendawo yazo yokuzalanisa echazwe ngokuqinile.

Isidleke seCedari siyinqwaba edidayo yamahlumela, utshani, imousse, amalangabi inyoni ebambelana ngayo nobumba. Izidleke ezinjalo zitholakala kumaConifers endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amane kuya kwayisithupha ngenhla komhlaba. Njengoba umsedari unemithombo yokudla eyanele ebusika, le nyoni iqala ukudla ekuseni. Ngakho-ke, baqala ukwakha izidleke zemisedari lapho kuseneqhwa futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphansi zero.

Ngo-Mashi noma ngo-Ephreli, i-nati ye-pine yesifazane ibekela amaqanda aluhlaza angama-3-4 o-green. Womabili la maqabane abandakanyeka ekufushaneni nawo, ngoba owesilisa akazi ukuthi yindawo ngqo lapho owesimame ayigcine khona.

Izihlahla zikaphayini zemisedari zondla amantshontsho asanda kuzalwa ngembewu ebilotshisiwe ngaphambilini kwi-goiter. Lapho amasheya enzelwe ubusika aphela, izihlahla zikaphayini ziletha izinambuzane kumachwane azo.

Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, izinyoni ezincane ziqala impilo ezimele, kepha abazali bazo bazondla izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Izwi leKedari

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezinomsindo omkhulu. Ucingo oluphambili, ukukhala uma kukhathazeka nakwezinye izimo, kuzwakala njengomsindo omkhulu wokuqhekeka "Kerr-Kerr." Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni ikhipha izibonakaliso ezahlukahlukene ezivumelanayo: “Tew”, “Kev”, “Kip”, ama-trill amafushane afana nezwi lembuzi elidubulayo. Ekupheleni kobusika, ungayizwa imiculo yomsedari ehlabelela - amabhasi amahle, aqukethe isigqi sokuqhafaza, ukuqhuma nemisindo eshaya ngamandla, kanye nemikhonto emnene.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngenyoni

• Kufika kumantongomane afinyelela kwali-12 esiswini se-pine nati. Kepha ku-crease ngaphansi komlomo - izikhathi eziyi-10-15 ngaphezulu, okuyithuluzi elihle kakhulu lokuthwala amantongomane amabanga amade. Amantongomane omsedari amba amantongomane enhlabathini ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha ama-2 kuye kwayi-4 ukusuka kumsedari, ngenxa yokuthi lesi sihlahla esiyingqayizivele sisakazekela ngokwemvelo. Ngasikhathi sinye, akwaziwa kahle ukuthi izihlahla zikaphayini zisebenza kanjani ukuthola izindawo zazo zokucasha. Mhlawumbe izinyoni ziqondiswa iphunga, kepha le ndlela ngeke isebenze ngamaqhwa eqhwa asindayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi izinyoni zikwazi ukukhumbula izindawo lapho zenza "i-pantries" yazo.
• Ngo-2013, kwembulwa itshe lesikhumbuzo esihlahleni somsedari edolobheni laseTomsk laseSiberia.

Uhlala kuphi umsedari?

Photo: Kedrovka eRussia

Ayikho indawo yokuhlala eqhubekayo yephinathi e-Eurasia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yaseYurophu. Kuya ngobukhona bamahlathi angahlinzeka ngokudla okuyinhloko kulezi zinyoni - amantongomane. IKedrovka itholakala ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho yezwekazi, lapho indawo ehlala kuyo yehlela eningizimu enkabeni yeYurophu, esifundeni iTien Shan nasempumalanga yeziqhingi zaseJapan. Zitholakala emazweni aseScandinavia nasezintabeni ze-Alpine enyakatho ye-Italy, mhlawumbe nasePyrenees.

Umngcele oseningizimu udabula amaCarpathians, ukhuphukela eningizimu yeBelarus, udlula esigodini soMfula i-Kama. E-Asia, umngcele oseningizimu wehlela ezintabeni ze-Altai, eMongolia udlula eHangai naseKentei, eGreater Khingan, eChina - uhla lwezintaba iZhangguangtsailin, ukhuphukela eningizimu Primorye. Enyakatho, umngcele yonke indawo uhlangana nomngcele wehlathi kanye nezindawo zehlathi-tundra. Izindawo ezihlala zodwa zihlanganisa izintaba iTien Shan, i-Dzhungar Alatau, iKetmen, i-Kyrgyz Range, indawo esentshonalanga yeTalas Massif, emithambekeni esempumalanga yeNtaba ye-Altai.

EKashmir, okuyi-subspecies ka pine yaseSiberia, kushintsha kube ngu-N. Multipunctata. Le nyoni inkulu futhi imnyama, kepha amabala akhanyayo anezinhlaka ezinkulu. Eningizimu-mpumalanga yeHimalaya, kutholakala enye indawo engaphansi kwe-N. hemispila, eqhathaniswa ngosayizi kubantu baseKashmir, kepha umbala wabo oyinhloko ulula futhi amabala abo amhlophe ayancanyana. Uhla lwale nyoni luthatha iningi lezintaba zaseHimalaya, empumalanga yeTibet kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu yeChina, ukusuka empumalanga ye-Afghanistan ukuya ePhalamende LaseKorea.

I-Kedrovka ihamba kancane esikhaleni, ithanda ukuhlala khona. Unamahloni ikakhulukazi ngamanzi. Eminyakeni esethembekile, lezi zinyoni ziphoqelelwa ukuba zenze izindiza ezinde zifuna ukudla. Izazi zesifo sezinhlungu zikholelwa ukuthi yile ndlela izihlahla zikaphayini ezafika ngayo eziqhingini zaseKuril naseJapan, iSakhalin.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ukufuduka okuningi kwamantongomane zikaphayini kwabonwa ngo-1885 kusuka enyakatho-empumalanga yeRussia (izifundazwe zase-Arkhangelsk kanye nePre) eningizimu nasentshonalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yezintaba zase-Ural. Endleleni ebheke eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lezi zinyoni zidlulela ePoland naseHungary, zathuthela eJalimane naseBelgium, Holland, France naseSouth England. Ingxenye encane yezinyoni yabuya. Inqwaba yafa, abanye basala ezifundeni ezintsha.

Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni yomsedari ihlala kuphi. Masibone ukuthi udlani.

Ngabe kudlani umsedari?

Photo: Kedari ebusika

Lezi zinyoni ekudleni kwazo zithanda kakhulu amantongomane zikaphayini, kepha ezindaweni eziningi lapho ihlathi elinamahlumela amaningi lidla khona, zidla ama-hazelnuts, imbewu ye-beech nezinye izitshalo. Amanye amaConifers nawo angaba yingxenye yezintandokazi zokudla zalowo ohlala ehlathini. Izinyoni ekwindla zenza amalungiselelo amaningi, ziqoqa amantongomane ezindaweni zokucasha.

Uqhwaku olunamandla lusiza ekutholeni ama-nut kernels kuma-gourmet amahlathi. UKedrovka uyivula kancane bese ushaya igobolondo. Umthelela uwela amaphuzu amabili ngasikhathi sinye bese wephula igobolondo. Ngisho nama-walnuts atholakala emithini yemisedari; uqhwaku olunamandla luyakwazi ukwahlukanisa amagobolondo alo aminyene.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kaphayini weCedari kusetshenziselwa ukuthutha amasheya usebenzisa isikhwama esingaphansi komhlaba, lapho kungahlala khona amantongomane zikaphayini angaba yikhulu.

Izitoko zezinyoni zifihlwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, zithanda kakhulu ukwenza lokhu emifantwini, emadwaleni amatshe. Ngisho entwasahlobo, izinyoni ezicebile ziyaqhubeka zifuna ama-pantries awo futhi zondla amasheya awo. Bazikhumbula kahle izindawo zezinqolobane ezinjalo futhi bathola kalula ama-pantries abo ngaphansi kweqhwa. Inyoni encane, engafinyelela ku-200 amagremu, iyakwazi ukuthola amasheya ebusika afike kuma-60 kg, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike ku-90 kg wamantongomane zikaphayini. Futhi esiswini sayo kubekwa i-10-13 nucleoli.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Amakhethini anezitokisi ezingasetshenziswa yizihlahla zomsedari enza ukuba sikwazi ukuhluma imisedari enamandla esizayo. Le nyoni ingumsabalalisi oyinhloko wazo zombili zikaphayini waseSiberia nokhuni lomsedari ophakeme ezintabeni futhi kude nenyakatho. Imbewu yalezi zihlahla itholakala endaweni ebunjiweyo yamakhonkwane ibanga elingamakhilomitha amane.

Ngisho nasezindaweni eziseduze ne-tundra ne-char, umuntu angabona izithombo zomsedari zilethwe ngokhuni lomsedari olungakhathali. Amahlumela awahlali kulezi zimo ezinzima futhi afe ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa. Kepha iningi lalezi zitoko zezinyoni zenziwa emaphethelweni ehlathi, ngasemaphethelweni wamacibi e-taiga, esiza ukuvela kwamahlumela amasha omsedari onamandla.

Imenyu yomsedari ifaka futhi:

• amajikijolo
• izinambuzane nezibungu zazo,
• ama crustaceans omhlaba,
• amaqanda ezinye izinyoni.

Umsedari ungazihlasela ngokuphepha izinyoni ezincane, futhi uma unqobile, okokuqala, kuzoluma ubuchopho besisulu saso. Le feathery ne-carrion ayideleli, ingadla isilwane esibanjwe ugibe noma iluphu. Uma umuthi uthinteka izibungu zezinambuzane, izinyoni ziqoqelana kulo ukuze zizuze. Bangaze basebenzise imilomo yabo ukususa izinambuzane ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze zibambe.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Inyoni Yomsedari

Uhlobo lwendlela yokuphila kwale nyoni ehlathini luyehluka ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, ithola amakhona afihlekile ehlathini futhi ayihlali imingcele yale nsimu encane. Uma ngalesi sikhathi kufika umuntu ngengozi kule ndawo, bese inyoni icasha ngokushesha, ingcwatshwe eziqongweni zezihlahla.

Ngezinye izikhathi zonyaka, lezi zinyoni zinokuxhumana okuhle, azesabi nhlobo abantu futhi zingahlala eduze kwezindlu, zazi ukuthi kukhona okuhlale kunenzuzo kuzo. Imvamisa, izihlahla zikaphayini zingabonakala emaphethelweni nasezihlanjeni, ngasemaphethelweni wehlathi, emifuleni yamahlathi nemifudlana.

Iqiniso elihehayo: UKedrovka, njengamanye amanga, unokusungula kakhulu. Izazi zesayensi yemvelo zibone indlela ezigaye ngayo izingulube zikaphayini wethanga ngoNovemba ngokuqondile ngaphansi kweqhwa, zenza izindinyana ezibekiwe ezemboze iqhwa.

Imvamisa izinyoni zihlala emagatsheni aphansi ezihlahla, zikhipha imbewu ezihlahleni. Uma bebona ingozi, bangandizela phezulu bacashe cishe buthule phezulu kwesihlahla esisodwa esiseduze. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ingavumela umuntu ukuthi asondele kakhulu.

Izihlahla zemisedari zenza imisindo ekhangayo. Zingaqhathaniswa nokukhala kwegwababa, kepha hhayi ngokujabulisayo, kufana nokukhala kwengxoxo. Izingcingo zabo zingazwakala ngathi “cray-cray”, uma bekhathazeke kakhulu, besaba, bese kuthiwe “cr cr cr cr”. Kwesinye isikhathi isethi yemisindo ingabizwa nangokuthi ukufana kokucula.

Izihloko zemiyalezo ezaziwayo

• Usuku Lobumbano Likazwelonke
  Usuku Lobumbano lweRussia yiholide lomphakathi. Imvamisa kugujwa ngoNovemba 4. Akekho osebenzayo ngalolu suku. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwaziwa ngaye ngo-2004. Yiholide leli elisiza zonke izizwe ukuba zihlangane kweyodwa
• Isiko lomculo weBaroque
  Cishe akekho noyedwa kubantu abake emculweni owaziyo okwenziwe nguBach omkhulu no-Handel kule nkathi abayibiza ngokuthi "yinqaba." Ngalesi sikhathi, igama elithi "baroque" lakhuphuka, nenkathi, ngaphandle kokuthi "eyinqaba", yayibizwa nangokuthi "iparele"
• Cishe noma yisiphi isitshalo esisencwadini ebomvu
  Kuyiqiniso, i-lily yamanzi amhlophe qhwa angabonakala emndenini wakwa-Kuvshinkov. Indawo evamile yokukhula nentuthuko enhle imifula namachibi, kanye nemigwaqo eminingi yamanzi. Njengoba kunesimo esihle, singakhula kikho konke

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Kedari ehlathini

Amahlathi omsedari angabizwa ngokuthi izinyoni zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sesidleke. Uma uqaphela inyoni eyodwa, khona-ke kuhlala kunethuba lokuhlangana nezinye ezimbalwa eziseduze. Amafomu e-vapors ekupheleni kobusika, futhi izidleke zihlelwe ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqhwa lokugcina lincibilike. Isidleke salesi sihlala ihlathi singatholakali kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emahlathini asezithulu kakhulu, uma ngaleso sikhathi umuntu ehlangana nophayini womsedari, afune ukusithela kude buthule kuwo. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, lezi zinyoni, abesifazane nabesilisa, benza umsebenzi wokwakha izidleke zabo kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi.

Lesi yisakhiwo esikhulu kodwa esingamasentimitha angama-30 ububanzi nangu-15 cm ukuphakama. Kulesi simo, ugqoko lincane impela: malunga ne-10-15 cm ububanzi. Isidleke sitholakala phezulu ezihlahleni zemisipres noma kwezinye i-conifers, endaweni lapho igatsha lishiya khona isiqu. Amagatsha ama-coniferous omile ambozwe nge-lichen abekwe phansi kwawo, amagatsha e-birch alandela ungqimba olandelayo, isidleke siboshwe ngotshani, imicu yamagxolo, konke lokhu kuza ngobuciko bokubumba, kanti ngaphezulu imbozwe ngotshani obomile, i-moss, naphansi.

Izinyoni zilala ama-3 kuye ku-7, kepha amaqanda ama-5 amhlophe qwa amhlophe qwa noma aqhamuke. Ama-olive ama-olive noma amancanyana ama-violet-grey ahamba ngemuva ngemuva kwengqimba yegobolondo. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezifiso ezimbalwa futhi ziqoqwa ekugcineni okufiphele. Amaqanda wesimo se-oblong angamasentimitha amathathu ubude, namasentimitha amabili nesigamu kuwo.

Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka ekuqopheni. Amakati avela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-19. Okokuqala zingukudla kwezinambuzane kanye namajikijolo, amakha wamantongomane. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, amaphuphu asivele endiza esidlekeni futhi ayakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla ngokuzimela. Kepha nezinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke azifihli, zimemeza abazali beletha ukudla, nezinyoni ezindala ezinesikhalo esidabukisayo zigijimela kunoma ngubani ongena kuzingane. Ngemuva kwamachwane, ukuqhuma kwezinyoni ezindala. Lapho izingane ziba namandla, imihlambi yezihlahla zikaphayini isuka ezindaweni eziyizithulu iye kwenye evulekile kakhulu. Ukuvuthwa kulezi zinyoni kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili.

Inyoni yomsedari. Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala komsedari kaphayini

IKedari iyinyoni encane, okuthi ngokwenza umsebenzi wayo inikele elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ihlathi. Izihlahla zemisedari zenza amasheya enhlabathi ebusika, kepha ezimeni eziningi akhohlwa ngazo. Ngenxa yalokho, izihlahla ezincane ziyaqhuma kulezi zindawo zokucasha.

Lezi zinyoni "zifanelwe" kangangokuba zaze zawina nesikhumbuzo. Ime epaki yaseIgumen yedolobha laseTomsk, elizungezwe amahlathi emisedari.

AbakwaCedars bathola lo mklomelo ngokuba ukuphela kwabasabalalisi bemisedari yaseSiberia (uphayini waseSiberia).

Izinyoni zenza lokhu, yiqiniso, hhayi ukuphuma kokukholelwa emvelweni, ngale ndlela zenza amasheya amantongomane ebusika, azingcwabe emhlabathini, bese akhohlwa ukuthi zikukuphi amasheya awo.

Ngabe ibukeka kanjani imisedari?

Lapho unikeza umbiko noma ukhuluma ekilasini ngesihloko esithile, kufanele ukhulume ngokuthi ungayibona kanjani inyoni phakathi kwabanye.

Le nyoni encane, incane kancane kune-jackdaw, yangaphandle efana namanye ama-corvid. Isisindo se-Kedrovka yisilinganiso esingu-150-170 g; abesilisa basinda kancane kunabesifazane. Ubude bomzimba ngaphandle komsila buyi-20-30 cm.

Le nyoni inamapulangwe ansundu anemibala emhlophe. Lokhu kufakwa kwemibala kwenzeka emzimbeni. Ingaphezulu lekhanda alinabala. Umsila namaphiko amnyama nge-tint eluhlaza. Uqhwaku kanye nama-paws aluhlaza grey, amehlo ansundu.

Uqhwaku luqinile, luqinile, lwanele, lumncanyana futhi luyabukeka kunamanye amakhorido. Uqhwaku olunjalo lukuvumela ukuba ufike kumantongomane zikaphayini kwizigaxa.

Amaphayi aqinile, makhulu, enezinqe ezinamandla, lapho inyoni ibamba kalula izigaxa ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokudla.

Izindawo ezinamachashaza namabala kule nqwaba kuyasiza ekufihleni okuyimpumelelo kwenyoni engasebenzi kakhulu ngokumelene nesizinda samagatsha. I-Kedrovka ayenzi izindiza ezinde; izithiyo zamanzi ezingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ayi-3 ububanzi azinakuphikwa.

Izinyoni zingafika eziqhingini ngezivunguvungu, noma ngesikhathi sokufuduka okuningi okubangelwa ukwehluleka kwezitshalo.

Ngabe kudlani?

Imisedari yamaphayini idla izinambuzane, ama-vertebrates amancane, izithelo, amajikijolo, imbewu. Imbewu yama-conifers namantongomane adlayo angaphezulu kakhulu kakhalori kunezinambuzane. Izinambuzane, njengokudla kwezilwane, zinamaprotheni amaningi, kepha ukuze ziphile ebusika obandayo, izinyoni zidinga amandla eziyithola kuma-carbohydrate. Amahlathi kaphayini ahlala eningizimu yeNhlonhlo yeScandinavia athela ikakhulu kuma-hazelnuts.

Kwezinye izindawo, izinyoni zidla imbewu ye-coniferous - amahlathi e-alpine pine, ngokwesibonelo, njengamantongomane zikaphayini. Ukuthola imbewu enambitha kusuka ku-cones kanye nama-nut kernels akunzima emsedari. Ukhipha imbewu ezikalini zesigaxa ngomlomo omncane omude, bese eshaya amantongomane esihlahleni noma etsheni.Kwezinye izinyoni, ngenxa yokudla isikhathi eside, imbewu yezitshalo ezithile yathuthukisa indlela ekhethekile yoqhwaku. Amachwane omsedari adinga amaprotheni ezilwane, ngakho-ke abazali bawondla ngezinambuzane.

Incazelo yowesilisa nowesifazane, umehluko wabo

Izinsikazi, njengoba kunjalo ngezinyoni, zincane futhi zilula kunezabesilisa.

Kunzima impela ukwahlukanisa insikazi kowesilisa, kepha lokhu kungenziwa ngokunaka inani lezindawo ezimhlophe ku-plumage. Abesifazane bavame ukuba nezicucu ezimbalwa kunabesilisa.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomsedari

Kukhona izindaba ukuthi umsedari endle ungahlasela ama-squirrels kanye namanye amagundane ukuze ususe isigaxa sikaphayini.

Ukufuduka okukhulu kunakho konke, okuvame ukuhola indlela yokuphila yamanoni kaphayini, kwenzeka ngo-1885. Ngokwemibiko yososayensi bemvelo ababekhona ngaleso sikhathi, imihlambi yezinyoni yathutha isuka enyakatho-empumalanga yengxenye yeRussia isiya eningizimu-nentshonalanga ePoland, eBelgium, eFrance naseJalimane. Ingxenye encane yezihlahla zikaphayini ibuyile, inqwaba yafa, futhi abasindile bakha abantu ezindaweni ezintsha.

Umsedari weTaiga awufakwanga ku-Red Book yanoma yisiphi isifunda. Ngokusho kwe-ornithologists, inani labantu lizinzile futhi alisondeli emkhondweni wokuba sengozini.

Izintambo zomsedari ezihlelwe yimisedari ziyindlela yehlathi lomsedari elilondoloze umhlaba osizungezile. Lezo ezingeke zidliwe yizinyoni namagundane kuzobangela ubuhle be-taiga entsha - imisedari.

Umsoco. Indlela yokuphila

Amahlathi ephayini aphila impilo yokuhlala phansi. Bahlala bodwa noma emihlambini emincane. Banomsindo futhi bayasebenza. Zonke izinyoni zasehlobo zigcinela ubusika, zifihla ukudla ezindaweni ezingenabantu. Kwesinye isikhathi bazulazula amabanga amafushane beyofuna ukudla.

Isisekelo sokudla komsedari yimbewu 'yomsedari waseSiberia' (okuwukuthi, uphayini) nezinye izinto ze-conifers, kanye nama-acorns, imbewu ye-beech, amajikijolo, futhi ibamba ama-invertebrates amancane.

Kunezimo lapho ama-walnut kernels atholakala khona esiswini sikaphayini we-pine. Njengoba sekushiwo, izinyoni zizenzela izinto eziningi “ngosuku olunemvula”, hhayi ukuthi zingcwaba nje emhlabathini, kodwa futhi nokuzifihla emigodini, ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu.

Indawo enhle yokugcina ukudla isikhwama se-hyoid, lapho amantongomane zikaphayini angathwala amantongomane zikaphayini ngasikhathi sinye. Ubuciko bokuqoqa imbewu nokuqongelela abasha bafunda kubazali babo.

Njengamanye ama-corvid, amahlathi kaphayini anobuhlakani obuphakeme. Ukuqoqa amantongomane, alahla ukungcola nokubolile futhi azishiya enempilo kuphela. Lezi zinyoni nezithelo ze-hazel zidla.

Umsedari uqhekeza umhluzi, uqhwakele eshaya egobolondweni lakhe. Kulokhu, uqhwaku luvulekile kancane, ukuze ukushaya kwenzeke ngokushesha ngamaphoyinti amabili asondelene kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokhu, igobolondo lihlukaniswa kalula. Ama-hazelnuts ama-ceda nati aqala ukuqoqwa ngisho nangesikhathi lapho angavuthiwe ngokuphelele futhi ahlala ngokuqinile ku-bun.

Yisiphi isisekelo sesekethe yamandla

Enhlizweni yanoma yiliphi iketango lokudla kukhona izibopho zokudla okunempilo kanye namandla, okudluliswa ngokudla umuntu oyedwa omelela izilo (noma izimbali) komunye. Ngenxa yamandla atholakele, abathengi bangaqhubeka nokuphila, kepha futhi bathembele ekudleni kwabo (isisekelo sokuphakelayo). Isibonelo, lapho ama-lemmings adumile efuduka, esebenza njengokudla kwezilwane ezahlukahlukene ze-Arctic: izimpungushe, izimpungushe ezingama-arctic, izikhova, inani labantu hhayi kuphela ama-lemmings ngokwabo (ababulawa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokufuduka okufanayo) kodwa futhi nezilwane ezidla izimbaza zenzeka, kanti ezinye zazo ziyafuduka. nabo.

Ukuzingela nokudoba esifundeni saseTver

Ukubukeka. Le nyoni incane kancane kunejuba, insundu (imvamisa kakhulu icishe ibe mnyama) emifudlaneni emhlophe evamile, ingaphezulu lekhanda, izimpiko nomsila zimnyama, ukuphela komsila nengubo kumhlophe, umlomo winde, umnyama, ume kancane ulukiwe phansi. Indiza isindayo, amaphiko amafushane futhi abanzi kakhulu. Imvamisa ihlala emagatsheni avela noma eziqongweni zezihlahla ezomile. I-Hoarse ende "rezh" noma "onqenqemeni". Izindawo Zokuhlala. Ihlala ikakhulu emahlathini acwengile. Umsoco. Idla ikakhulu ngembewu yemisedari, i-hazel, i-oki. IKedari ibonakala ngomkhuba wokucasha imbewu endaweni eseceleni ebhukwini. Le nyoni ke ayikhumbuli iningi lala “pantries”, bese imbewu kamuva ihluma. Mhlawumbe, ngaphandle kwalezi zinyoni bekungeke kube khona iningi lamahlathi aseSiberia - ngoba amantongomane zikaphayini, ngokungafani nembewu yamanye ama-conifers ethu, awukwazi ukuthwalwa ngumoya. I-Nesting. Izinso ezihlahleni noma emadwaleni. E-clutch amaqanda ama-4-5 aluhlaza ngombala amabala amnyama. Ukubhebhetheka. Kusatshalaliswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo yehlathi. Eminyakeni ethile, ngokwehluleka kwamantongomane zikaphayini, imihlambi emikhulu yamantongomane zikaphayini ifuduka ngaphandle kwebanga le-nesting. ECentral Europe, lapho avela khona njalo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, lezi zinyoni zazibhekwa njengeziziqhwaga zempi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe nendlala. Ubusika. Ubusika cishe kuyo yonke indawo yamahlathi, ezindaweni ezisehlathini-tundra nasezintabeni. Inani lezomnotho. IKedrovka ukuphela komsabalalisi omkhulu womsedari (wepayini waseSiberia) eSiberia.

Incazelo yeButurlin. Amakamela emisedari kaphayini ayayiphilisa kakhulu insimbi ethule yaseSiberia noma eNyakatho Yurophu. Iningi labo ezintabeni ze-taiga. Imisedari emikhulu yenyukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni, ifinyelela phansi gorges, ishiya inqwaba eluhlaza eqhubekayo. Lezi ziphulu zihle kakhulu eduze komngcele wehlathi ongaphezulu. Kukhona inkululeko eyengeziwe ezihlahleni ngazinye, zikhula ngokumangazayo, ngokuhamba kweminyaka zinikeza inani elikhulu le-Izigaxa ezinamantongomane anamafutha, anamnandi kaphayini. Kulapha lapho impilo enzima yekwindla yezihlahla zikaphayini igeleza khona. UFare wezwa ukumemeza kwakhe okubukhali. Ithi igxuma iye phezulu esiqongweni sesiqhwaga sehlathi futhi isuka lapho ibheka phansi ngokumangazayo, yamukela ukubukeka kwakho ezintabeni ezingashiwongo, bese indizela ngaphansi kwehlathini eliphansi lehlathi, igxuma buthule isuka kwelinye ifindo iye kwelinye. IKedari iyinyoni encane, emfishane kancane kune-jackdaw. Ubude bek umsedari ngamasentimitha angama-30, umsila ngamasentimitha ayi-11. It edwetshwe ngombala onsundu omnyama onamachashaza amakhulu ahlakazekile cishe kuwo wonke umzimba, ngaphandle kwekhanda nasemuva kwentamo. Izambatho zangaphansi mhlophe, izimpaphe zomsila, ngaphandle kwalezi ezimbili eziphakathi, zinezeluleko ezimhlophe. Uqhwaku lwayo lukhulu, luqinile, kepha kepha aluncane, luphela impela. Ngobuhlakani umsedari ukhipha amantongomane ku-cone kaphayini futhi asuse amagxolo ezihlahleni zezihlahla. Imilenze isheshe iveze ukuthi i-pine nati ingeyama-corvid: ayishumi, aneminwe enamandla nozipho obude. Amapheya ale nyoni ahlala eqinile futhi athambile, njengoba kunjalo kaningi ngezinhlobo zasehlathini. Owesifazane uhluke kancane kowesilisa. Kukhanya kancane, futhi amabala amhlophe awanqunyelwa kangako. Abancane, ngemuva kokugqoka ingubo yokuqala, bakhanya kunabantu abadala, futhi amachashaza emapulini abo athuthukiswe kahle. Umsedari - umhlali amahlathi we-coniferous. Enyakatho, ifinyelela kwi-tundra, okungukuthi, iye emngceleni wehlathi elihlanganayo. Umngcele oseningizimu wokudlekwa kwemisedari udlula ezifundeni zaseKalinin naseMoscow naseTatarstan. Kuyo yonke i-taiga, ukusuka e-Urals kuya empumalanga kuya ogwini lwePacific, kusatshalaliswa indawo ethile ekhethekile - okuthiwa ikhebula eliphakeme elincanyana elibizwa ngokuthi i-pine. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, kanye nase Ntshonalanga Yurophu, sihlangana nomsedari ojwayelekile obizwa ngokuthi yi-pine. Ngesikhathi isidleke inyoni iziphatha ngokucashile buthule. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba sekuhlukaniswe ngababili, izihlahla zomsedari ziqala ukwakha isidleke. Imvamisa ibekwa phezulu kusuka emhlabathini (amamitha angama-4-8), eduze kwesiqu somuthi omkhulu. Isidleke esikhulu kunalokho sakhiwa ngamagatsha lapho kubekwa khona i-moss. Ugqoko ojulile ufakwe ngotshani obomile nama-lichens. Ukubekwa okugcwele kuqukethe amaqanda ama-3-4, ezimweni ezingavamile - ngaphezulu, kuze kufike ku-7. Adwetshwe ngombala obomvana onsomi noma ophuzi, anemisila emsundu. Kubanjwa owesimame oyedwa, owesilisa amlethele ukudla. Hatching ihlala izinsuku eziyi-18. Ezinsukwini ezingama-25 ngemuva kokushiya amaqanda, amachwane achitha esidlekeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, abazali bayabondla, balethe ukudla kwezilwane namantongomane kaphayini. Baqoqa izibungu kanye ne-pupae yezinambuzane, izibungu, iminenke, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezinyoni ezincane. Ekuqaleni, lapho sisuka esidlekeni, izihlahla zomsedari zihlala eduze kwayo, emagatsheni aminyene ezihlahla, lapho seziba namandla, ziba nesibindi futhi zidlulele phambili. Banamathela ndawonye izingane ukuzulazula. Kusukela esikhathini lapho amachwane akhula khona kancane, ngenkathi ehleli esidlekeni, aziphatha ngokunomsindo omkhulu: bayakhwaza futhi bahlangane nabazali babo abaletha ukudla. Izinyoni ezindala nazo ziyeka ukucasha, futhi ngokukhala zihlasela izinyoni ezindizayo ezidla inyama, zizama ukuzixosha kude nesidleke. Izinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo imisindoinyoni iyashicilela. Umemeza kakhulu nangokuzwakalayo, uvame ukuphindaphinda okuthile okunjengokukhonkotha okuntengantengayo. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi, izinyoni eziningana zibizana ngemisindo emnene ne-melodic. Lapho abantu bevela kwi-taiga, sebebone into entsha, isihlahla somsedari senza imisindo enjalo umuntu ongenalwazi angeke ayamukele izwi lakhe: kungaba yikati lokucheba, noma uhlobo oluthile lwenyoni edla inyama noma i-Woodpecker ekhalayo. Lapho nje amantongomane eqala ukuvuthwa, umuthi womsedari ubeka izigaxa bese ukhipha lawo amnandi lapho - amantongomane. Ungqongqoza izigaxa eziningi ezingaguguli phansi. Kusukela ngo-Agasti, lapho kuvuthwa amantongomane e-Altai nasehlathini leNarymsk Territory, izigaxa zikaphayini zizishaye zaphela izigaxa. Lapho-ke ngaphansi kwezihlahla ungathola iminonjana eminingi yokuhlaselwa kwale nyoni - izigaxa zomsedari ezishiywe phansi, zihlakazeka yonke indawo. Lawo amantongomane inyoni engakwazanga ukuphuma kuwo adliwa ngamagundane amancane ngamagundane amahlathi, ama-voles abomvu nama-chipmunks. Umsedari udla izilwane eziningi nezinyoni ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks, namagundane aya kuye. Emahlathini emisedari ungathola ibhere elidla amantongomane kanye negobolondo. I-titmouse encane, ngemuva kokuba ikhiphe inadi kwisigaxa somsedari esiqhekekile, iyondiza kuye kancane futhi iyishaye isikhathi eside ize ifinyelele ku-nucleolus. I-Capercaillie indiza lapha ukuzitholela okusanhlamvu okunamafutha. Konke kudla emsedari, kuqoqa amafutha ebusika elibandayo. Ngomunye unyaka, noma kuphi lapho ubheka khona ehlathini lomsedari, iziigaxa ezibubende zigcwala izinqwaba yonke indawo emagatsheni, zazigxeka kakhulu izingatsha. Ngokujabulisayo emphefumulweni womlimi ohlangene-wezimboni: kuzoba neqoqo elihle lamantongomane. Amaphadada kaphayini eziqongweni, afaka imilomo yamantongomane, awadonsele ngenkani isitoko ubusika, busakazeka emifantwini yesihlahla nangaphansi kwemithi ewile, ngcwaba umango. Impela, inyoni izokhohlwa ukuthi ifihle kuphi amantongomane, kepha lokhu akumethusi: izothola umphimbo ofanayo womunye umkhiqizo futhi uzogcwala, futhi uzosebenzisa izinqolobane zayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoqa kwabo, umsedari ukondla wonke ubucwebe babo. Ngemuva kwesivuno esihle, lezi zibekelelo azenele ubusika nje kuphela, kepha futhi nehlobo elilandelayo. Kepha ukuvuna kwamantongomane ephayini akuhlali njalo, futhi kweminye iminyaka isithombe siyashintsha. Amashumi amaningi amakhilomitha namakhulu amakhilomitha azodlula kwi-taiga futhi awuzukubona izigaxa emisedari noma kuphi. Zima ziyinyumba, zigqoke kuphela eluhlaza okotshani wezinaliti ezinde. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngokulandelana iminyaka eminingana. Ngemuva kwalokho inhlekelele iqala ezilwaneni eziningi nezinyoni. I-squirrel iyaphoqeleka ukuba ishiye izindawo ezinjalo ifune ukudla kwenye indawo, bese kuthi umsedari undize. Ukunyakaza inyoni yethu kule minyaka ithatha isilinganiso esikhulu. Iphayini yamatshe yaseSiberia ekhokhiswa ebusika ibonakala ngamanani amakhulu engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, indiza iqonde e-Ukraine iqhubeke iye eNtshonalanga Yurophu, inyuke futhi ifake ne-England. Kwelinye izwe, wondla ama-acorn kanye nezinambuzane, aziqoqe emhlabathini. Manje, inyoni yama-nomad iziphatha ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Uthule, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, njengoba elahlekelwe konke ukuqaphela, undizela eduze komuntu. Ezikhathini zakudala eYurophu, ukubukeka kwesixaka sale nyoni emnyama engajwayelekile, ngokwesaba noma yini, kwakuthathwa njengesidina esibi. Ngokungaqondi izizathu zokuhlaselwa okunje, yafakwa maqondana nezifo zobhubhane (inhlupho), impi noma indlala. Ukuthuthuka kwesayensi yemvelo kusichazile izizathu zokuhambahamba kwezinyoni okunje. Manje asibazi nje kuphela, kepha singazihlanganisa ezinye izehlakalo bese sifinyelela iziphetho ezithile ezisebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhamba kwamantongomane zikaphayini kusivumela ukuba silinde ukuhamba kwama-squirrels futhi sinciphise inani labo. Liyini ikusasa lezinyoni ezishiye ibanga elide kangaka ukusuka ezindaweni ezidlekayo futhi zizithola zisesimweni esisha ngokuphelele? Ukuqashelwa kwezazi zemvelo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu kukhombisa ukuthi cishe yonke izihlahla zikaphayini eziqale lolu hambo, kufa futhi ungabuyi. Izindawo zomdabu ezingahlakazekile zigcwele kancane kancane ngokuvunwa okusha komsedari. Kusukela ngo-1812 kuya ku-1931 engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia kwakukhona abangaba amashumi amathathu ukuhlaselwa Iphayini yamatshe yaseSiberia. Ukuhlasela kwaseYurophu kwaphawulwa nangaphambilini, kusukela ngo-1753, ikakhulukazi kwakukhona izihlahla zikaphayini eziningi ngo-1844. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uphayini womsedari ushiya ngezindlela ezihlukile: entshonalanga, eningizimu - eCentral Asia - ngisho nasenyakatho. Ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwamantongomane ephayini kuletha umsedari ungathandabuzeki futhi uyabonakala ukulimaza. Kuhlasela nezinyoni ezincane. Ungakhuphukela esidlekeni sendwangu enhle noma ye-titmouse, amaqanda we-peck noma abhubhise amachwane. Ebulala isisulu sakhe, okokuqala uphenya ubuchopho. Kwesinye isikhathi konakalisa inyamazane yabazingeli ababanjwe yizicupho. IKedari ihlasela ngesibindi squirrel futhi ithathe izigaxa zomsedari kuyo. Kepha kanye nokulimala okulethwa yile nyoni, kuyadingeka ukukhombisa izici eziwusizo zomsebenzi wayo. Ebutha inani elikhulu lamantongomane zikaphayini, ubadonsela ehlathini alifihle emhlabathini, amantongomane akhohliwe, futhi ngaleyondlela inyoni isiza ekusakazeni isihlahla esibalulekile ngaphezu kwamabanga amade. Ihlathi liyasha futhi ihlathi laphinde lagcwala umsedari kuphela ngale nyoni ehamba ngomsindo. Izithombo zomsedari kwesinye isikhathi zazitholakala ezindaweni ezishisiwe, amakhilomitha angama-5-8 ukusuka ezihlahleni eziseduze zalokhu kuzalaniswa. Uma kulinyazwa isihlahla sehlathi ngohlobo oluthile lwamabhabhathane, izihlahla zemisedari zivame ukuvela kule ndawo ngobuningi bazo futhi ziqoqe izinambuzane hhayi ezihlahleni kuphela, kodwa zize zikhale nemilomo yazo zisuka emhlabathini, lapho amacimbi aya khona lapho esiya khona. UM. D. Ruzsky uthi izihlahla zikaphayini zazinameka amacimbi zikaphayini ngoNovemba ngisho nangaphansi kwesithwathwa, lapho benza khona izindengezeli zobukhulu bokumboza kweqhwa.

Izinhlobo ezejwayelekile zomsedari

URod Kedrovka uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela:

I-Kedrovka (Nut) - Ukubukeka kwe-Eurasian.

INorth American Nut - Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika. Abamele lolu hlobo luncane, amaplamu e-aspen, umsila namaphiko amnyama. Ukuphila emahlathini asezintabeni.