Imikhomo Smooth liqukethe genera ezimbili: Eubalaena (imikhomo kwesokudla) kanye Balaena (Umkhonto wekhothamo, B. imfihlakalo ) Imikhomo ecijile kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ihlanganisa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, kanti izifundo ezenziwa ngaphambi kweminyaka yokuqala yoo-2000 zabika ukuthi imikhomo nemikhomo ihlangene (imilobo yogebhezi oluhlukile) nokwehluka ngokwe-phylogenically. Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe nguHC Rosenbaum (waseMelika Museum of Natural History) nozakwabo, eNorth Pacific ( E. Japan ) kanye neNingizimu (kwesokudla E. Australiaalis ) imikhomo ihlobene kakhulu omunye nomunye kune-North Atlantic right whale ( E. glacialis ).

Ama-Rorquals aqukethe i-genera emibili ( Balaenoptera futhi I-Megaptera ) kanye nezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye: I-Finwal ( B. physalus ), eChina Sei ( B. borealis ), Umkhomo kaBryde ( B. brydei ), Umkhomo wase-Edene ( B. edeni ), i-blue whale ( B. Musculus ), bese-ke minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ), bese-ke i-Antarctic minke whale ( B. bonaerensis ), minke imikhomo ( B. omurai ) kanye ne-humpback whale ( M. novaeangliae ) Ekubuyekezweni kuka-2012 kwezomnotho we-cetacean, u-Alexander Hassanin (ovela kwi-National Museum d'Histoire Naturelle) nozakwabo baphakamise ukuthi, ngokuya ngezimpawu ze-phylogenetic, kunezinhlobo ezine ezisindayo zohlobo lomkhomo. Bancoma lelo hlobo Balaenoptera ekhawulelwe ngu-finwala, ama-minke whale awela ngaphansi kohlobo Pterobalaena futhi ube I-Rorqualus aqukethe i-Sei whale, i-Whale yoMfazi, i-whale yase-Edene, i-blue whale, ne-omur whale.

ICetoterium inelungu elilodwa eliphilayo: umkhomo omfushane ( Caperea marginata ) Izincazelo zokuqala zivela kuma-1840s amathambo namapuleti amadevu, afana nohlobo oluncane lomkhomo, futhi aqanjwa amagama Balaena marginata . Ngo-1864 wadluliselwa emndenini ICaperea ngemuva kokutholakala kwesikhumba somunye umbono Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, umkhomo omfushane wabelwa umndeni wakwaNeobalaenidae. Ngaphandle kwegama lakhona, umkhomo omfishane ufana kakhulu nohlobo lwemikhomo engama-minke imikhomo nemikhomo empunga kunokuqunjelwa yimikhomo. Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2012, ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamathambo, umkhomo omfishane ovela emndenini weNeobalaenidae wathuthela emndenini we-cetoterium, okwenza ukuba kube yimfucuza yokuphila, uNeobalaenidae waphakanyiselwa ezingeni elingaphansi kweNeobalaeninae.

I-Eschrichtiidae iqukethe ilungu elilodwa eliphilayo: i-grey whale ( Eschrichtius omkhulu uhlobo). Lezi zizwe ezimbili, eyodwa oLwandle i-Okhotsk kanye nolwandle lwaseJapan, kanti olunye olwandle oluseMedithera kanye nasempumalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean, kukholakala ukuthi kungokungafani ngofuzo nangokomzimba. Imikhomo Grey ngokwesiko ibekwa ngokushesha izinhlobo eziphilayo zohlobo lwabo kanye nomndeni. Kodwa-ke, ukucutshungulwa kwezifundo ze-DNA, ezifana nokwenziwa nguTakeshi Sasaki (waseTokyo Institute of Technology) nozakwabo, kubonisa ezinye izinkomo ezinjenge-humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae , nokuqeda, Balaenoptera physalus zihlobene kakhulu nomkhomo ompunga kunakwamanye ama-minke whale, anjenge-minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata .

I-Etymology

Igama le-taxonomic "Mysticeti" (/ ˌ m ɪ s i s aɪ / libonakala libangelwa yiphutha lokuhumusha kumakhophi okuqala ka-Aristotle "s I-mlando animalium (NgesiGrikhi sasendulo), lapho "ὁ μῦς ὸὸῆ ῆῆῆ ςς" ( ho mnu at kētos , "Igundane, umkhomo, okuthiwa") lihunyushwe ngephutha njenge "ὁ μυσμυσι ῆιιςς" ( I-mustikētos , I- "Mysticetus"), leyo DW Rice (wase-Marine Mammology Society) emsebenzini wakhe wango-1998 bekufanele ukuthi kube yisitatimende esingaqondakali ezilwaneni ezinkulu. igama elihlukile le-parvorder ngu- "Mystacoceti" (kusuka ngesiGreek μύσταξ "amadevu" + κῆτος "kit"), okuthi, yize ngokusobala lifaneleke futhi kwesinye isikhathi lisetshenziswe esikhathini esidlule, lithathelwe indawo yi "Mysticeti" (isichazamazwi esincane).

Ama-whiskers abizwa nangokuthi ama-minke whales ngenxa yokuba khona kwamadevu. Lezi zilwane zincike ku-whalebone ukuze ihlole i-plankton nezinye izinto ezincane ezivela emanzini. Igama elithi "amadevu" (Middle English i-baleyn, i-ballayne, i-ballien, i-bellane njll.) igama elithi "umkhomo" wasendulo, livela egameni lesiLatini Balaena .

Okhakhayi abalungile bathola igama labo ngenxa yomkhomo, ababezikhetha kunezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, empeleni babe “whale” ukubamba.

Umehluko phakathi kwemindeni

AmaRorquals asebenzisa imigoqo yomphimbo ukwandisa imilomo yawo, evumela ukuthi ondle kahle. Kodwa-ke, ama-minke whales adinga ukudala umfutho wamanzi ukuze anwebe imilomo yawo, okuholela ekuziphatheni kwe-lactation kokudla. Ukuphaka nge-lunge, lapho umkhomo wezinqama ugibela khona ibhola (isinhlanzi senhlanzi encane) ngesivinini esikhulu. Ama-rorquals ajwayele ukuthi abe nokuzivocavoca okuhambisanayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhudula emanzini ngokwenza lokhu. Ama-Balaenids ancike emakhanda awo amakhulu, ngokungafani nomphimbo onamaqhubu emihlambi emikhulu ye-minke ukuze ondle kahle. Le ndlela yokuziphatha iyabavumela ukuba bakhule babe baningi kakhulu futhi banobuningi, ngaphandle kwesidingo somzimba olungiselelwe. Zinezimbila, ngokungafani neminye imikhomo, ngaphandle komkhomo we-bowhead whale. Ama-rorquals anesilinganiso esiphakeme sezicubu zomsipha futhi athambekele ekubeni yi-buoyancy emibi, kuyilapho imikhomo engakwesokudla inengxenye ephezulu yamafutha nokudla okusebenzayo. Izihlakala ezimpunga zihlukaniswa kalula kwamanye ama-cetaceans akhona yiqhwa elinombala ompunga ompunga, ama-cresal crests (amalunga omunwe emhlane wabo), kanye nezibazi zawo ezimhlophe ezingwevu ezingwevu. Njengama-minke whales, ama-larynx amafula awo andisa ikhono lomphimbo, eliwavumela ukuba ahlunge inani elikhulu lamanzi ngasikhathi. Imikhomo Grey kukhona abaphakeli abaphansi, okungukuthi, bahlungwa esihlabathini ukuthola ukudla. Ngokuvamile baphendukela ezinhlangothini, bafake indle emilonyeni yabo futhi bahlunge izidalwa ezingaphansi, njengama-amphipods ashiya amamaki aphawuleka emakhanda abo. Umkhomo omfushane udideka kalula ngemikhomo engama-minke whale ngenxa yezici ezifanayo, njengosayizi wabo omncane, iziqongo ezimpunga ezimnyama, amabhuzu amnyama ampunga nokukhanya kwamehlo.

• Ku- "†", izibonakaliso zibonisa imindeni eqothulayo nohlobo.
  • I-Parvorder mysticeti : izintshebe
    • † I-Coronodon
    • Umndeni † Aetiocetidae
      • † I-Aetiocetus
      • † I-Ashorocetus
      • † I-Chonecetus
      • † I-Fucaia
      • † I-Morawanocetus
      • † I-Willungacetus
    • † Umndeni uLlanocetidae
      • † I-Llanocetus
    • † Umndeni Mammalodontidae
      • † Janjucetus
      • † UMammalodon
    • † Umndeni Mystacodontidae
      • † I-Mystacodon
    • I-Clade chaeomysticeti
      • † Horopeta
      • † I-Sitqwayk
      • † Whakakai
      • superfamily Eomysticetoidea
        • † Umndeni weCetotheriopsidae
          • † I-Ketotheriopsis
        • † Umndeni we-Eomysticetidae
          • † I-Eomysticetus
          • † I-Micromysticetus
          • † Tohoraata
          • † ETokarahia
          • † Waharoa
          • † I-Yamatocetus
      • Clade balaenomorpha
        • superfamily Balaenoidea
          • Umndeni we-wmooth whale: imikhomo engakwesokudla nomkhomo whale
            • Balaena - umkhonto wekhothamo
            • † Balaenella
            • † Balaenotus
            • † Balaenula
            • Eubalaena - imikhomo kwesokudla
            • † Idiocetus
            • † I-Morenocetus
            • † I-Peripolocetus
        • Clade thalassotherii
          • † I-Hibacetus
          • † Issocetus
          • † Parietobalaena
          • † Isanacetus
          • † I-Mauicetus
          • † Pinocetus
          • † I-Taikicetus
          • † Tiphyocetus
          • † I-Uranocetus
          • Umndeni † Aglaocetidae
            • † I-Aglaocetus
          • † I-Diorocetidae yomndeni
            • † I-Amphicetus
            • † I-Diorocetus
            • † I-Plesiocetopsis
            • † Thinocetus
          • P I-Pelocetidae yomndeni
            • † I-Cophocetus
            • † I-Pelocetus
          • † Umndeni Tranatocetidae
            • † Mesocetus
            • † I-Mixocetus
            • † I-Tranatocetus
          • Umndeni weCetoterium
            • † I-Brandtocetus
            • † Cephalotropis
            • † cetoterium
            • † I-Eucetotherium
            • † Herentalia
            • † I-Herpetocetus
            • † I-Joumocetus
            • † I-Kurdalagonus
            • † I-Metopocetus
            • † I-Mithridatocetus
            • † INannocetus
            • † I-Otradnocetus
            • † Palaeobalaena ?
            • † I-Piscobalaena
            • † I-Titanocetus ?
            • † I-Tiucetus
            • † I-Vampalus
            • † I-Zygiocetus
          • Umndeni weNobalaenidae
            • ICaperea umfudlana omfishane
            • † I-Miocaperea
        • superfamily Balaenopteroidea
          • † Eobalaenoptera
          • Umndeni Balaenopteridae: Minke imikhomo

            Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo

            I-Mysticeti yahlukana kusuka e-Odontoceti (imikhomo eyakhiwe) kusuka eminyakeni engama-26 kuya kweziyi-17 eyedlule ngesikhathi se-Eocene. Ubuhlobo babo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo nama-cetaceans ama-archaic toothed (imikhomo yasendulo) bahlala bungaziwa kuze kube sekupheleni. Janjucetus amakhulu Yatholakala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s eVictoria, e-Australia. Njengemikhomo yesimanjemanje esetshenzisiwe Janjucetus yayifakwe emhlathini futhi inekhono elincane kakhulu le-biosonar. Kodwa-ke, umhlathi wakhe uqukethe namazinyo, okufakwa kuwo izihlwathi kanye namafangs okwenzelwe ukugwaza nezinsimbi nezakhiwo ezakhelwe ukudwengula. Lezi zinsimbi zasendulo zazincane kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nemikhomo yesimanje yama-minke, enezinhlobo ezinje UMammalodon akukho zilinganiso ezingekho amamitha ayi-3. Kukholelwa ukuthi ubukhulu bawo bukhuphuka ngokuxhomekeka kwawo kumadevu. Kodwa-ke, ukuvulwa kwesigebhezi samazinyo I-Llanocetus , i-fanticete yesibili endala, inikeze ubude obugcwele bamamitha ayi-8 (izinyawo ezingama-26), okubonisa ukuthi isihlungi sokondla sasingeyona into yokushayela ekuziphendukeleni kwemfihlakalo. Kuvulwa Janjucetus nabanye, njengoba lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuvela kwe-mustachioed kudlule ngezigaba eziguqukayo ezimbalwa. Izinhlobo ezifana IMammalodon colliveri cishe zazingenazimbovane, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zakamuva zithanda Aetiocetus weltoni zazinjenge-mustachioed namazinyo, zisikisela ukuthi zazikwazi ukondla isihlungi esilinganiselwe, ukulethwa sekwedlule isikhathi, njenge cetoterium kwakungekho amazinyo emlonyeni, okungukuthi, ayexhomekeke ngokuphelele amadevu futhi angakwazi ukuhlunga kuphela ukondla. Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala kwe-2018 kweToothless Maiabalaena kukhombisa ukugeleza okuthile ngaphambi kokugcwala kwamadevu.

            I-Mystacodon selenensis yi-mandicete yokuqala, eqala eminyakeni engama-37 kuye kwengama-33 edlule (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezedlule) kwiLate Eocene, futhi, njengamanye ama-mustachios wamazinyo wokuqala, noma i- "archaeomysticetes", M. selenensis kwakukhona i-heterodontism ye-dentition esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza Ama-Archaeomysticetes avela ku-Oligocene yi-Mammalodontidae ( UMammalodon futhi Janjucetus ) abavela e-Australia. Babemincane ngama-rosters amafushane kanye nefomula yamazinyo yokuqala (3.1.4.3 3.1.4.3). E-minke whales, kukholelwa ukuthi umlomo owandisiwe owenzelwe ukuthambisa ukudla uguqukele kokuthile okokusebenza kwesihlungi sokondleka komthamo. Toothed Oligocidae mammalodontid Janjucetus , khona-ke i-symphysis imfushane futhi inwebekile umlomo, izitebhisi zibanzi, futhi imiphetho yomhlathi ongenhla inciphile, kubonisa insiza yokunikezela ukumunca. I-Aetiocetid I-Chonecetus besenamazinyo, kepha ukuba khona kwegreyidi ngaphakathi komhlathi ngamunye kukhombisa ukuthi ukuvumelanisa kwakubunwebeka, obekuzokwenza ukujikeleza komhlathi ngamunye, ukuguqulwa kokuqala kokuphakelwa komthamo njengoba kusesimanjemanje yesimanjemanje.

            Okhokho bokuqala be-toothless beleen bavele ngaphambi kwemisebe yokuqala ngasekupheleni kwe-Oligocene. I-Eomysticetus futhi abanye abanjengaye abakhombisanga zimpawu kugebhezi lwamakhono okuchaza, bebonisa ukuthi bancike kakhulu ekubukeni kwabo kwamehlo. Ama-eomysticetes ayene-rostra ende, eyisicaba eyayingenamazinyo futhi inamagobolondo ayesendaweni eyi-dorsal the muzzle. Yize ukunambitheka kungagcinwanga kahle kulezi zampula, kukholakala ukuthi zazinamuntu futhi zahlungwa. Ama-Miocene baleen whales azingela izilwane ezizingelayo ezinkulu njengemikhomo yesidoda sokubulala futhi megalodone .

            Imigqa yemikhomo nemikhomo engama-minke whale ihlukaniswe cishe eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Akukaziwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke kuphi, kepha ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi bona, njengezizukulwane zabo, nokufuduka kwe-plankton. Lezi zimpisi zakudala zilahlekelwe yi-dentodilism heterodontism evuna amakhovu, futhi kukholakala ukuthi bezihlala ebhentshini elikhethekile, iplankton, noma ukudla okuyi-papepod, njengamakhaza anamuhla. UMustachioed wazizwa ngemisebe yakhe yokuqala maphakathi neMiocene. Kukholelwa ukuthi le radiation ibangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu somhlaba kanye nomsebenzi omkhulu we-tectonic, lapho i-Antarctica ne-Australia behlukaniswa omunye komunye, bakha i-Antarctic circumpolar yamanje. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaBalenopterids akhula, enezinhlobo ezinje Balaenoptera sibbaldina mhlawumbe ancintisana whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuya ngosayizi, yize ezinye izifundo eziningi zingavumelani ukuthi noma ibaphi ibell selikhulile, okuyinto enkulu eMiocene.

            Ukwanda kwesayizi mhlawumbe kungenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu eziye zashintsha ngokunqwabelana kwezibalo zamapulangwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, okudinga ukusebenza kahle okuningana okuhamba amabanga amade phakathi kwemithombo yokusabalalisa esatshalaliswa kakhulu, okuholele nokwehla kwezinga le-metabolic kanye nokudla kuma-baitball . 2017 Ukuhlaziywa kwesayizi womzimba ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela ezinsahleni zezinsalela kanye ne-baleen yanamuhla kukhombisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezifo ezinkulukazi ku-minke whales yinto yakamuva nje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakukhona izigidi eziyi-3.1 esikhathini esedlule. Kuze kube yizigidi ezi-4,5 ezedlule, i-baleen emningi idlule amamitha ayi-10 (33 ft) ubude, izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zeMiocene zazingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-13 ubude. Ukuvela kokuqala kwamadevu kanye nesihlungi sokondla kudala ngaphambi kokuvela kobukhulu obukhulu bomzimba, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwezindlela ezintsha zokudla akubangeli ukuvela kwe-gigantism. Ukudalwa kwe-AET kanye nomthelela wayo esimweni sezulu somhlaba wonke kukhishwe ngaphandle njengezizathu zesizathu esifanayo. I-Gigantism iphinde yandulelwa ukuphambuka kwemigqa ehlukahlukene engaqondakali, okungukuthi, ama-clones amaningi afika ngobukhulu obukhulu ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Kungenzeka ukwanda kwe-Plio-Pleistocene ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwesizini kwezindawo ezidala ukuqina kokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kuholele ebushushwini.

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            Imikhomo yokubhukuda, egwayiwe incike emaphini ayo ukunyakaza kuyi-pterygoid, efana namaphengwini kanye nezimfudu zolwandle. Ukunyakazisa okuqhubekayo kuyenzeka. Ngasikhathi sinye, imikhomo ye-baleen isebenzisa umsila wayo ukuze izihambele phambili ngokuhamba mpo, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo ukuqhuba, njenge-otter. Ezinye izinhlobo ziphuma emanzini, ezingabavumela ukuba bashayele ngokushesha. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, imikhomo ayiguquki futhi iguquguqukayo njengamahlengethwa, futhi akekho ongazihambisa entanyeni kusuka ku-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho; ithela ijubane lokuqina emanzini. Imilenze yangemuva ifakwe ngaphakathi komzimba, futhi kukholakala ukuthi yizitho zangasese. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luka-2014 lukhombisa ukuthi ithambo le-pelvic lisekela imikhomo yezitho zangasese.

            Ama-rorquals, adinga isivinini sokwakha ukuze ondle, kukhona ama-Adaptations ambalwa ukuze anciphise ukumelana, kufaka phakathi umzimba olinganiselwe, inhlawulo encane yedorsal, ehambelana nosayizi wayo, kanye nokungabikho kwezindlebe zangaphandle noma izinwele ezinde. IFinwal, i-whale eshesha kakhulu egwinyile, ingahamba ngo-23 mph (37 km / h). Lapho usuthisa, umhlathi we-minke unwebeka ngevolumu engaba mikhulu kune-whale uqobo, ukwenza lokhu, umlomo uyavuvukala. Ukuhambisa umlomo kubangela i-cavum ventrale, umphimbo ugoqa engaphansi kwesandiso kuya enkabeni ukuze kunwetshwe, kwandise inani lamanzi umlomo ongawagcina. Umhlathi ophansi uxhuma kugebhezi kusetshenziswa imicu eminyene ne-cartilage (i-fibrous cartilage), okuvumela umhlathi ukuthi ujike uvule cishe nge-90 °. I-symphysis ye-mandibular ibuye ihlobene ne-cartrage ye-fibrous, ukuvumela imihlathi ukuthi igobe, okuvumela amanzi amaningi. Ukuze uvimbele ukwelula umlomo kude kakhulu, imikhomo ye-minke inesitho esizwelayo esisenkabeni yomhlathi ukulawula le misebenzi.

            I-anatomy yangaphandle

            Imikhomo yeBaleen inemifantu emibili yepaneli langaphambili, eceleni kwekhanda. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, imikhomo ye-baleen iphefumula umoya futhi kumele yenze njalo ngezikhathi ezithile. Amakhala awo, noma amagobolondo, asendaweni engaphezulu kogwayi. Imikhomo yeBaleen inamagobolondo amabili, ngokungafani nemikhomo enezinwele, enayo eyodwa. Lawa ngamagobolondo wesitayela eside esinqunyiwe aguqula ingaphandle futhi andise indawo yangasemuva, esidale umthelela obunjwe nge-V. Azungezwe umgede onamanzi obambe amanzi ohlangothini, i-whale iphefumula. I-septum ehlukanisa igobolondo inama-plugs amabili anamathele kuwo, okwenza igobolondo lingangeni manzi ngesikhathi sokumba kwe-whale.

            Njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, isikhumba seminsundu i-minke whale sinama-epermermis, amadermis, naku-hypodermis nakwizicubu ezithintekayo. I-epidermis, ungqimba olunemibala, ingamasentimitha angama-0,5 ububanzi, kanye nezicubu ezithintekayo. I-epidermis ngokwayo ingamasentimitha angama-0,44 kuphela. Isendlalelo se-dermis ngaphansi kwe-epidermis naso sincane. I-Hypodermis equkethe i-blubber yingxenye yesikhumba futhi isebenza njengendlela yokugcina ukushisa. Imikhomo engakwesokudla ine-hypoderm eyindilinga yanoma imaphi ama-cetaceans, phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-51, yize, njengakuyo yonke imikhomo, iceketeke kuzungeze izimbobo (isibonelo, indlanzana) nezingalo. Ukukhala nakho kungasetshenziswa ukugcina amandla ngesikhathi sokuzila. Izicubu ezixhumanisayo phakathi kwe-hypodermis nemisipha zivumela ukunyakaza okulinganiselwe kuphela okwenzeka phakathi kwabo. Ngokungafani nemikhomo enamazinyo, imikhomo ye-baleen izinwele ezinweleni ezingenhla zekhanda, zisuka empumalanga zisetshenziselwa ukuphuma, futhi, emikhawulweni efanele, kuya ku-chin. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, azinazo izindlala ze-sebaceous nezithukuthuku.

            Amadevu kusuka ku-baleen whales keratin amapuleti. Zenziwe ngocingo lwe-calcined, i-alpha-keratin eqinile, isakhiwo esiqinisiwe se-fiber esenziwe kuma-filaments aphakathi nendawo (amaprotheni). Izinga lokubala liyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, ezinamanzi ane-14.5% hydroxyapatite, kanye ne-mineral, emboza amazinyo namathambo, kanti imikhomo eyi-minke whales ine-1%% hydroxyapatite. Ezilwaneni eziningi ezincelisayo, izakhiwo ze-keratin, ezinjengoboya, zomile emoyeni, kepha imikhomo yasemanzini incike kusawoti we-calcium ukwenza amapuleti ukuwaqinisa. Amapuleti amadevu ananyathiselwe emhlathini ongenhla, futhi awekho phakathi komhlathi, akha amachilo amabili ahlukile. Amathebhulethi ancishiswa ngosayizi njengoba ehlehlela emuva emhlathini, amakhulu kakhulu kuwo abizwa ngokuthi “amapuleti ayisihluthulelo” kanti amancanyana abizwa ngokuthi “amapuleti asizayo”. Amapuleti asizayo abe yizinwele ezincane.

            Ngokungafani neminye imikhomo (nezinye izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo), izinsikazi zinkulu kunezabesilisa. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivame ukubuyiselwa, kanti abesilisa bakhulu, kepha izinsikazi zazo zonke izinkomo ze-baleen, njengomthetho, zingamaphesenti amahlanu kunabesilisa. I-dimorphism yezocansi nayo iboniswa ngezingoma zomkhomo, ikakhulukazi emikhomeni ye-humpback, lapho abesilisa baloluhlobo behlabelela izingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imikhomo yesilisa engakwesokudla inamabele amakhulu kunemikhomo yowesifazane. Abesilisa bavame ukubabazeka kakhulu kunabesifazane abacatshangelwa ukuthi bangebanga lolaka ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.

            Izinhlelo Zangaphakathi

            Imikhomo eyingqayizivele ye-baleen whale yakhelwa ukuwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi, hhayi ukumelana nengcindezi, engalimaza amaphaphu, okuvumela abanye, njengokuqeda, ukungena ngaphansi kobubanzi bamamitha -1.540 (-470 m). Amaphaphu we-Whale asebenza kakhulu ukukhipha umoya-mpilo emoyeni, imvamisa engama-80%, kuyilapho abantu bekhipha kuphela u-20% komoya-mpilo emoyeni obangelwa. Umthamo we-lung uphansi kakhulu uma uqhathaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba ngenxa yokuhluleka kwemigwaqo yomoya ukugcina igesi ngenkathi ucwiliswa. Lokhu kungadala izinkinga ezinkulu, njenge-embolism. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, amaphaphu emikhomo ye-baleen awanawo umthamo futhi anobuhlakani obukhulu. Njengabantu, iphaphu langakwesobunxele lincane kunamalungelo okwenza indawo yenhliziyo indawo. Ukuze kulondolozwe umoya-mpilo, igazi liqondiswa kabusha ezithweni zangaphakathi zezingcindezi ezikwazi ukubekezelela, futhi iba ne-myoglobin ephezulu, ebavumela ukuba baphefumule isikhathi eside.

            Inhliziyo ye-baleen whale isebenza njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, umehluko omkhulu ube ngosayizi. Inhliziyo ingafinyelela amakhilogremu ayinkulungwane, kodwa isalokhu ilingana nosayizi whale. Udonga lwe-musical of the ventricle, olubhekele ukupompa igazi kusuka enhliziyweni, lungaba ngamasentimitha amathathu kuya kwayi-5 cm. I-aorta, i-artery, ingaba ngamasentimitha ayi-1,9. Izinga labo lokushaya kwenhliziyo lisuka ku-60 liye ku-140 ukushaywa ngomzuzu (ukushaywa), ngokungafani nokushaya okungu-60 kuye ku-100 ngomzuzu kubantu. Ngesikhathi sokujula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo yabo kuncishiswa kube ngama-4 kuya ku-15 ukushaywa ngomzuzu ukuze kulondolozwe umoya-mpilo. Njengemikhomo enamazinyo, inethiwekhi eminyene yemithambo yegazi (plexus Mirabile), evimbela ukulahleka kokushisa. Njengazo izilwane ezincelisayo eziningi, ukushisa kuyalahleka emilenzeni yazo, ngakho-ke emikhomeni ye-baleen, igazi elifudumele emithanjeni lizungezwe yimithambo ukuvikela ukulahleka kokushisa ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Kanye nalokhu, ukushisa okuvikelekile okwenziwa yimithambo kufudumeza igazi emthanjeni ozungezile njengoba ibuyela emuva enkanjini. Lokhu kwaziwa ngenye indlela njengokushintshaniswa kwe-countercusive. Ukumelana nokushisa ngokweqile, kanye nasemanzini afudumele, imikhomo ye-baleen iqondisa igazi esikhunjeni ukuze kusheshiswe ukulahleka kokushisa. Banama-corpuscle amakhulu egazi (amaseli abomvu namhlophe) anoma yiluphi uhlobo olunamamitha angama-intshi angu-4,5-10 -4 (ama-microns ayi-10), ngokungafani nabantu abangu-2.8 ku-x 10 -4-inch (7.1 ama-microns) ama-corpusuits egazi.

            Lapho evinjelwa emanzini, ukudla kuyagwinywa bese kudlula esophagus, lapho kungena khona esiswini esinamagumbi amathathu. Igumbi lokuqala laziwa ngokuthi isisu samakhala, kulapho ukudla kungena khona emgodini we-acid, lapho kufafazwa khona esiswini esikhulu. Njengabantu, ukudla kuhlangana ne-hydrochloric acid nama-enzyme wokugaya amaprotheni. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukudla okugaywe ngokwengxenye kudluliselwa esiswini sesithathu, lapho kuhlangana khona namafutha we-enzyme yokugaya, bese kuxutshwa ne-alkaline liquid ukuze kuhlukanise i-asidi esiswini samakhala ukuvimbela ukulimala kwephephisi lesisu. Umgudu wabo wokugaya ukudla uhleleke kakhulu ukumunca izakhi zomzimba eziningi ekudleni, izindonga ziyagoqwa futhi ziqukethe imithambo yegazi eningi, evumela indawo enkulu engaphezulu kwalokho ukudla okugayiwe namanzi ukuthi idonswe. Imikhomo yeBaleen ithola amanzi, idinga ukudla kwayo, Noma kunjalo, okuqukethwe kasawoti eningi lezinyamazane zazo (ama-invertebrates) kuyafana nokwamanzi olwandle, kuyilapho okuqukethwe usawoti osegazini whale kungaphansi kakhulu (kathathu ngaphansi) kunasemanzini olwandle . Izinso zomkhomo ziguqulwa ukuze kususwe usawoti owedlulele, noma kunjalo, ngenkathi ukwenziwa komchamo kugxile kakhulu kunamanzi olwandle, kuchitha amanzi amaningi, okudinga ukushintshwa.

            Ama-Baleen whales anomqondo omncane uma uqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba. Njengezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ubuchopho babo bunobuchopho obukhulu obugoqwe, okuyingxenye yobuchopho obhekene nemininingwane nokusebenza kwemininingwane yokuzwa. Ingqondo yabo yakha cishe ama-68% esisindo sobuchopho babo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-83% yomuntu. I-cerebellum, okuyingxenye yobuchopho ebhekele ukulinganisela nokuxhumana, ibiza i-18% yesisindo sobuchopho bayo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-10% kubantu, okungenzeka kungenxa yezinga elikhulu lokulawula elidingekayo ukubhukuda njalo. I-autopsy ebuchosheni bezinwebu ezimpunga yabonisa izinhlayiya ze-iron oxide, ezazingabavumela ukuba bathole amandla kazibuthe asenyakatho, njengekhampasi.

            Ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi, imikhomo eyaziyo iyaphefumula. Zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zilele, kepha imikhomo ayikwazi ukukhaphela isikhathi eside ngoba ingaminza. Kukholelwa ukuthi banokulala kwe-wavehemite kancane kancane abalala kuyo nengxenye yobuchopho, kanti enye ingxenye ihlala isebenza. Lokhu kuziphatha akuzange kubhalwe phansi emikhodini enamazinyo kuphela kuze kube yilapho kufakwa isithombe somkhomo wokulala we-humpback whale (mpo) ngonyaka we-2014.

            Akukaziwa kakhulu ukuthi i-baleen whales yenza kanjani umsindo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-ikhabe kanye nezintambo zezwi. Ocwaningweni luka-2007, kwatholakala ukuthi i-larynx yayinama-fold angama-U-okukholakala ukuthi afana nezintambo zezwi. Zitholakala ngokufana nokugeleza komoya, ngokungafani nezintambo zezwi zezilwane zasekhaya ezihamba phambili. Bayakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba komoya futhi babangele ukunyakaza. Izindonga ze-larynx ziyakwazi ukushwabana, ezingakhiqiza umsindo ngokuxhaswa okuvela ku-cartilage ye-arytenoid. Imisipha ezungeze i-larynx ingasusa umoya ngokushesha noma igcine ivolumu engapheli lapho idonsa.

            Imizwa

            Amehlo emikhomo ye-baleen incane ngosayizi futhi akhiwe ngasekupheleni komlomo. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi badla isisulu esisheshayo noma esimisiwe, esihlanganiswe neqiniso lokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga akukudluli amamitha angama-9,1, ngakho-ke abadingi mbono obukhali. Iso lomkhomo lishintshwa ukuze libukwe kuzo zombili izindawo ezi-euphotic ne-aphotic ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa usayizi womfundi ukuvimbela ukulimala kwamehlo. Ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba, eziye zanwebeka ngamalensi, imikhomo inelensi eyindilinga. I-retina izungezwe ungqimba olubonakalayo lwamangqamuzana (i-tapetum), ophonsa ukukhanya emuva kwi-retina, okhulisa umbono ezindaweni ezimnyama. Kodwa-ke, ukukhanya kugoba eduze kobuso bamehlo lapho besemoyeni, ngakho-ke, ngokungafani namanzi, babona okungcono kakhulu emoyeni kunasemanzini. Lezi zibhobo zamehlo zivikelwe ungqimba olungaphandle oluqinile ukuvikela ama-abrasions kanye noketshezi olunamafutha (esikhundleni sezinyembezi) ebusweni beso. Imikhomo yeBaleen ivela ngombala olinganiselwe wombala njengoba ingenayo i-S-cone.

            I-tsebicete yendlebe ihlelelwe ukuzwa ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho izwa khona imisindo ephansi njenge-7 Hz futhi iphakeme njenge-22 kHz. Akukaziwa kakhulu ukuthi umsindo owemukelwa yi-baleen whales. Ngokungafani nemikhomo enamazinyo, umsindo awudluli emhlathini ophansi. Umsele wendlebe uvinjelwe izicubu ezixhunyiwe kanye ne-plug yendlebe exhuma ku-eardrum. Amathambo endlebe engaphakathi aqukethe izigubhu zesigubhu, isigodlo sethambo. Kodwa-ke, inamathela kugebhezi, iphakamisa ukuthi ukudlidliza okudlula kuthambo kubalulekile. I-sinus ingahle ibonise ukujikisa okubheke e cochlea. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lapho uketshezi olungaphakathi ku-cochlea luphazamiseka ngenxa yokudlidliza, lubangela izinwele ezizwelayo ezithumela amandla kagesi ubuchopho, lapho okudlidliza kusetshenzelwa khona umsindo.

            Imikhomo yeBaleen inesitho esincane, kodwa esisebenzayo, sokuhlanza. Lokhu kuvumela imikhomo ye-baleen ukuthola amakhemikhali nama-pheromones akhishwe inyamazane yawo. Kukholelwa ukuthi "ukunambitha" amanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni inyamazane kanye nokulandela eminye imikhomo. Kukholakala ukuthi banomqondo omuncu wephunga ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-bulb ye-olgicory, kepha banepheshana elisebenzayo. Imikhomo yeBaleen inezinambuzane ezimbalwa, uma zikhona, zokunambitha, eziphakamisa ukuthi abaphelelwe umuzwa wokunambitha. Zigcina izinhlamvu zokunambitha zezinso, ziphakamisa ukuthi zingakwazi ukunambitha usawoti.

            Ukuhamba ngezinyawo - Ikhasi 1

            Iphasele futhi igcinela inguqulo yesiRussia yomdlalo

            Ukulawula umdlalo wenziwa ngegundwane. Ngokujwayelana okuningiliziwe ngezici zalo mdlalo, ngaluleka abaqalayo ukuthi baqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa ngokuchofoza ku- "Usizo". Khetha izinga lobunzima bakho bese uqala i-adventure entsha. Umdlalo ububanjelwe ezingeni "lomphenyi wejunior." Akunamaqanda ama-Easter nezihloko kulo mdlalo, kepha kunezimfihlo ezimbili ezihlekisayo. Umdlalo ulayini, kepha ngokuhamba kwamahhala kwezinye izindawo. Sizohamba sizungeze lesi siqhingi imephu.

            Zisindisa kulo mdlalo zitholakala C: Amafayela Ohlelo Idiski Entsha Nancy Drew. Amamephu esiqhingi Samanga Gcina

            Isexwayiso: Lapho ulanda okusindisa, khumbula ukuthi intuthuko yakho ingahluka ngokulandelana kwezenzo eziphakanyiswe umbhali. Kulokhu, izimpumelelo zakho zizolahleka.

            Ngemuva kokubuka ividiyo yesingeniso, sithola ekhabethe le-yacht, elaliphethwe nguKate Firestone. Siyaphenduka bese sichofoza ipotimende. Sivula isikhwama bese sibheka incwajana ephathelene nokwakhiwa kabusha kobumba. Sivalela ipotimende bese siphenduka futhi. Sibheka efrijini kwesokudla bese sibona ucezu lweqhwa.Yini engaphansi kwalesi siqeshana seqhwa akwaziwa. Sithatha izinyathelo ezimbili siye phambili, jikela kwesokunxele, bese sizama ukugeza izandla zethu ngaphansi kompompi. Ngemuva kwalokho sibheke phansi bese sivula umnyango ngaphansi kwesiinki.

            

            Siqoqa amapayipi ukulungisa umphakamo wamanzi ngaphansi kwesinki. Akudingekile ukushintshanisa ukusikwa kwepayipi, ukuphela kwepayipi elilodwa kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokuqondile kwenye. Lapho amapayipi eqoqwe, sithola ngezansi ikhadi lebhizinisi U-Andy Jason. Sicisha i-valve ngenhla kokucwila ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi ukuphakelwa kwamanzi kuyabuyiselwa. Sisondela esiqandisini esincane ngakwesokudla senze isamentshisi elidliwayo ngejamu nebhotela lamantongomane. Ukudla esiqandisini konakalisiwe, ngakho-ke ngeke sikusebenzise. Kepha ungenza noma yisiphi isamishi emikhiqizweni etafuleni nakushelufu, awunakudakwa ubuthi nge-sandwich enjalo. Thatha isangweji nawefuthi sisondela etafuleni ngakwesokudla, lapho i-laptop imile. Sicabangela amakhadi ebhizinisi ngakwesobunxele se-laptop, sifunde isimemezelo esodongeni futhi sifunde ikhalenda elisodongeni ngakwesokunxele sodonga. Sichofoza kwi-laptop futhi sitadisha yonke imininingwane etholakala kithi. Incwajana enamanothi lapho ungazijwayeza ngayo nemisebenzi ezayo. Imisebenzi eqediwe imakwe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Siphenduka sibheke kwelinye itafula, ngakwesobunxele se-sink. Siyafunda imephuilele etafuleni. Njengoba sesiqedile ukuhlolwa, sikhuphuka izitebhisi eziya phezulu.

            Sikhuluma noKate kuzo zonke izihloko bese uya kwesokudla. Sigibela isitebhisi bese sisondela kuleyo nsimbi. Sifunda inothi elisongelayo futhi sihlola idivaysi ephukile yokuhambisa. Sifika phansi bese sibika le nkinga kuKate. Intombazane ecindezelekile iseluleka ukuba siye ku-Hot Kettle cafe bese sicela iHolt Scotto ukuthi ithuluzi elisha lokuhamba. Siphinda sibuyele ekhishini futhi sikhuphuka izitebhisi zokhuni ngakwesobunxele. Sihlola i-microscope bese sithatha ikhathalogi yesilayidi ngakwesokunene. Yivule, uthathe noma isiphi isilayidi, bese uqhafaza kwisibonakhulu. Lapho usuqedile ubumnandi, chofoza amabhuku phansi. Vula ikhabethe elingaphansi bese uhlela izincwadi. Ngiphakamisa enye yezinketho zokuhlela izincwadi endaweni.

            

            Behlela ezitebhisini bese sidlula esitebhisini siye pier. Ngakwesobunxele odongeni sithola ibhayisekili esizohamba kulo siqhingi. Njalo uma ugibela ibhayisekili qiniseka ukugqoka isigqoko sebhayisekili. Saqala ukuya e-Hot Kettle cafe.

            I-Cafe "Kettle Hot"

            Singena kwi-cafe bese siqala ingxoxo nentombazane ekhawuntara. UHolt Scotto uthatha isinyathelo sokuxoxa, esixoxa naye ngazo zonke izihloko. Ngemuva kokuthola imibuzo yemibuzo evela kuHolt kubhasikidi wokubamba imvuthuluka, siqala ukuhlolwa kwe-cafe. Sibheke kwesobunxele, sifunde odongeni iphosta enamafulegi esignali yasolwandle. Sithatha kusuka ku-rack yokukhangisa incwajana futhi khumbula ukuthi uyini umehluko phakathi kwecuba lowesilisa nowesifazane. Kubhukwana lezincwadi esilitholayo incwadi "Izilo zasolwandle zaseNyakatho Melika" bese uyibuka. Siyaqhubeka nokuhlola nokunaka amaphaneli okushelelayo odongeni. Njengoba sesiqedile ukuhlola, sikhuluma kuzo zonke izihloko noJenna Deblin. Sizama isobho lakhe elimnandi le-clam nokutadisha imenyu ngemuva komnikazi we-cafe. Sikhumbula intengo uJenny ayikhokhisa ngokukhonza isobho se-oyster. Siphumela ngaphandle, sigqoke isigqoko bese siya ku- "Whale World".

            Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa kanye nabavakashi "Umhlaba Whale"

            Singena ngaphakathi, sijwayelane no-Andy Jason futhi sixhumana naye ngazo zonke izihloko. Naka poster odongeni. Sithatha umbuzo kusuka ku-yokusungula bese ufaka i-138.43 kusuka kwikhibhodi yethu ungene kulayini wesibili. Sibona isikebhe esihle ebhodleleni, elimi eshalofini. Sidlula ehholo, sifunde yonke imininingwane etholakalayo, ngoba kuzokusiza ukuthi siyiphendule kahle imibuzo yemibuzo. Silalela imisindo yezilwane ezincelisayo futhi sisondela endaweni yokuma lapho abahleli bomdlalo bemi khona. Ukuze uqale umdlalo, udinga ukufaka ikhadi elikhethekile kumfundi. Siphendukela ku-Andy ukuze asisize. Njengoba sesithole ikhadi kuye, sibuyela ehholo siyodlala imidlalo emi-mini. Umdlalo wokuqala we-mini ubizwa ngokuthi "Ekukhululekeni." Kule mibuzo udinga ukuphendula imibuzo ngendlela efanele. Imibuzo yenziwe ngezikhathi, nazi izimpendulo kwezinye zazo:

            • Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezinjengamahlengethwa nemikhomo yokubulala zaziqeqeshelwa izinhloso zempi ngoba uhlakaniphile kakhulu
            • Imikhomo yama Killer ibizwa ngokuthi "imikhomo yokubulala" ngoba bayabulala badle neminye imikhomo
            • Imikhomo enamazinyo ayenzi Konke okungenhla
            • Ama-Orcas ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngombala: izikhumba zamakhaza
            • Imikhomo ingakwazi ukungena emanzini amaningi amashumi amamitha
            • Killer whale: itholakala ku phezulu kwephakeji lokudla
            • Amaphiko we-dorsal of minke whale afana ngesimo isikela
            • Bangaki uBaleen Whales ophefumulayo? Ababili
            • Izwi elihle kakhulu ngaphakathi umkhomo we-humpback
            • Okuphakelayo kwemikhomo izinhlanzi ezincelisayo zasolwandle
            • Umkhomo ogwinyiwe ngu: Konke okungenhla.

            Umdlalo olandelayo we-mini obizwa ngokuthi “Thatha umzuzu” utholakala kwesobunxele salowo owedlule. Sifaka ikhadi kumfundi wekhadi bese uqala. Imithetho yomdlalo ichazwa ekuqaleni. Konke kulula kakhulu: udinga ukondla ihlengethwa ngesikhathi nenhlanzi futhi ugweme ubungozi ngendlela yemikhomo emikhulu nemigqomo emincane.

            Sidlulela komunye umkhawulo wehholo bese sidlala imisindo ye-whale mini-game. Okokuqala, sicindezela izinkinobho ezinhlanu ukuze ulalele yonke imisindo. Ngemuva kwalokho sicindezela inkinobho yokuqala, bese sichofoza isithombe negama lesilwane okuthiwa isilwane esingelaso.

            • I-Wi-i-yi - i-killer whale
            • Brr-brr0brr - umkhomo ompunga
            • I-Yui-Yui-Yui - IHumpback
            • Prr-prr-prr - iziqobelo
            • Grr-grr-grr - minke umkhomo

            Siyajika bese sisondela emshinini ngomdlalo wokugcina we-mini. Lona umdlalo olula we-arcade "Yondla imikhomo", noma yimuphi umdlali ongaphatha. Uma ulahlekelwa yimidlalo emihlanu ilandelana, lapho-ke usabheka ukunqoba kwekhadi. Abanentshisekelo bangalanda ugcine umdlalo "Imidlalo emincane idlulile". Ngemuva kokulayisha lo mdlalo wokugcina, yonke imidlalo emincane yama-mini izoqedwa.

            Ngemuva kokuqeda umdlalo, siya enkabeni yehholo esondweni lomklomelo. Sifaka ikhadi bese sichofoza esondweni. Vele, siyalunqoba lolu hambo. Sazisa u-Andy ngalokhu futhi sibukele ividiyo emfushane. Sishiya isikhungo bese sibuyela e-yacht.

            Sikhuphukela emphemeni futhi sazise uKate ngemiphumela yohambo lwethu. Ngemuva kwalokho sehlela ekhishini futhi siye etafuleni nekhompyutha. Shayela abangane bakho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thola eyakho umakhala ekhukhwini, chofoza inkinobho "Uhlu". Sisebenzisa inkinobho engezansi kwesokudla ngomcibisholo, sibheka inombolo yocingo oyifunayo, ekhonjiswayo esibukweni. Njengoba sesithole inombolo efiselekayo, sicindezela inkinobho nge handset yocingo lakwaSvyaz. Lapho sesiqedile ingxoxo, sisusa ifoni bese sichofoza kubheka i-laptop. Sichofoza emugqeni ophezulu "Sesha", kusuka kumenyu eyehlayo sikhetha izingqikithi zokubukwa. Sithola imininingwane edingekayo bese sigcwalisa ifomu lokuhlola elitholwe kuHolt.

            

            Okokuqala, faka izimpendulo ekhasini lokuqala, bese ekhasini lesibili. Sifaka idatha kusuka kukhibhodi yethu. Ukuqedela ukuhlolwa kwemibuzo, udinga ukuletha umqhele wesilisa kuHolt. Ukuze sibambe umqhele, sihamba ngebhayisekili siye endlini yokukhanyisela.

            Ukufika endaweni, siyaqhubeka nokusesha. Siya phambili, sinake inhlanzi efilebese ujika endleleni eholela endlini yokukhanyisela. Thatha amatshe amathathu kusukela inqwaba yamatshe. Sihlola isihlabathi, abanye kuso izintokazi ezixakile. Sidlula ngendlela, sibheke ngaphansi kwamatshe. Lapho sesitholile crab, siyayicubungula ukuthola ubulili balowo obanjiwe. Siyakhumbula ukuthi isisu senkalankala yeduna sincane kunaleso sowesifazane.

            

            Ekugcineni, ngaphansi kwelitshe linye sithola imvunulo yabesilisa bese siyibeka kubhasikidi. Uma ufaka ngephutha insikazi kubhasikidi, bese ususa ubhasikidi kusuka kusakhiwo bese uqhafaza crab. UNancy uqobo uzokhipha crab enkululekweni. Thatha izitebhisi ezimbalwa phambili futhi udoba emanzini ucezu lokhuni ngezinhlamvu. Siyithatha nathi. Sibheka ulwandle naphakathi kwamatshe esiwabonayo ibhodlela elintantayo.

            

            Sikhetha itshe elisicaba ku-yokusungula. Sisetha i-angle enyukele endaweni yesithathu, bese usetha amandla okujikijela phezulu. Chofoza inkinobho ethi "Phonsa". Ukubamba ibhodlela lokuqala chofoza kabili kuso bese ukhipha lapho umlayezo. Jwayela idokhumenti. Siphindela emuva futhi sikhuphuka izitebhisi eziya endlini yokukhanyisa. Sihamba ngemuva kocingo bese sichofoza kukhiye yekhodi. Ngemuva kokuthi uHolt asikhiphe lapho, sibuyela ebhayisekili. Sihlala emotweni yethu bese siqonda ku-Hot Kettle cafe.

            I-Cafe "Kettle Hot"

            Siya kwi-cafe, sikhuluma noHolt. Simnika obhasikidi onotshwala kanye nephepha elinemibuzo. Uma wenze konke kahle, uzothola i-GPS oyifunayo kumdobi omdala. Sisondela kwikhawuntari futhi sixhumana ngazo zonke izihloko ngeJenna. Siziphatha ngokupheka isobho bese sishiya ikhefi. Sibuyela e-yacht.

            Sikhwela ngezitebhisi esinqeni futhi sikhuluma noKate kuzo zonke izihloko. Sisebenzisa izeluleko zomngane wethu. Sifika ekhabin, sikhiphe umakhalekhukhwini bese sishayela uCasey Potterfield. Simbuza yonke imibuzo esisithandayo. Ungashayela abangane bakho ngokushesha ukuze wabelane nabo ngezindaba zakamuva.

            Sikhuphuka ngezitebhisi siye edeskini ngesibonakhulu. Sisondela etafuleni okuma kulo isikroskopu. UNancy uzobeka ngokuzenzekelayo ucezu olutholakele etafuleni.

            

            Sithatha ummese okhethekile ukusuka etafuleni uye kwesokudla kwesibonakhulu, kanti uNancy uzosika isihlahla ngokuzenzakalelayo. Sithatha isilayidi sengilazi ukuze uNancy abeke isampula elisikiwe kuso. Sichofoza engilazini, futhi ivele ngokuzenzakalela ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu sesibonakhulu. Sichofoza kwisibonakhulu bese sifunda izinkuni ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Kepha sizibona kanjani izinhlobo zezinkuni ezitholakele? Sisuka etafuleni sivule ishelufu elingaphansi ngezincwadi esazibeka lapho. Sithatha lapho incwadi nge-morphology futhi sifunde imininingwane ekuyo. Incwadi iqukethe izinombolo zocingo zika-Irina Senkevich, umqondisi osizayo we-National Woody Plant Laborator. U-Irina weluleka ngokuhlonza izinkuni. Sinquma ukubuyela kuye ukuze asisize. Ocingweni lukaNancy, inombolo yocingo yomeluleki wezinto eziphilayo izotholakala ngokuzenzakalelayo. Sikhipha umakhalekhukhwini kulokho okusungwayo bese sishayela uDkt Irina Senkevich. Sinika umeluleki izimpendulo ezilandelayo zemibuzo yakhe:

            • nsundu
            • nsundu
            • Okuningi kwe
            • bonke bayalingana
            • cha, zikhulu impela
            • yebo kukhona imigqa eqondile

            U-Irina usitshela ukuthi, umahlulela izimpawu ezishiwo igama, le ngxenye yokhuni esihlahleni esishisayo ebizwa ngokuthi luan. Ngemuva kwalokho siphinde sibuze uCasey Porterfield futhi simtshele igama lalesi sihlahla. UCasey udinga ihora ukuze aphendule, ngakho-ke akehle ezindabeni ezicindezelayo.

            Ukufuduka

            Izinhlobo eziningi zemikhomo ye-baleen wanda zihamba amabanga amade zisuka ezindaweni eziphakeme ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo kanye nezinyanga zasehlobo ziye emanzini afudumele kakhulu phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika. Lo mjikelezo wokufuduka uphindwa njalo ngonyaka. Umkhomo ompunga unokufuduka okude kakhulu okuqoshwe kunoma yisiphi isilwanyana esanyisayo, esinye sihamba amakhilomitha angama-23,000 sisuka eLwandle lwase-Okhotsk sisiya ePennsylvania yeBaja.

            IPlankton kukholakala ukuthi iyale lapho imikhomo ifuduka khona. Imikhomo eminingi ye-baleen wuna idla ngokuqhakaza amakhulu e-plankton blogs atholakala emanzini abandayo, aqukethe izakhi zomzimba ezifundeni ezinamakhaza entwasahlobo nasentwasahlobo ehlobo. Imikhomo yeBaleen imvamisa bese ifudukela ehhotela emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo phakathi nezinyanga zobusika lapho abantu abaningi be-plankton bephansi. Ukufuduka kuyinzuzo esezingeni eliphakeme yamathole ngezindlela eziningi. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ezinamafutha angakazalwa zisengozini enkulu yokubulawa ngenye indlela ngamakhaza okushisa ebandayo. Ukufudukela emanzini afudumele nakho kunganciphisa ubungozi bamathole abandulelwa yimikhomo yokubulala.

            Ukuhamba kokuhamba kungakhombisa futhi amaphethini wesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Izinkomo zase-California blue whales zihambahamba phakathi kwezindawo ezinamafutha aminyene, zisuka enkabeni yeCalifornia ehlobo futhi ziwe, eGulf of California ebusika, enkabeni yeBaja California ogwini lwePacific entwasahlobo.

            Ukudlubulunda

            Zonke izinhlobo zesimanjemanje zesimanje ziyisibopho sokuhlunga, sisebenzisa izinto zazo ezincane ezinama-unulates (kufaka phakathi izinhlanzi ezincane, i-krill, ama-crustaceans kanye ne-zooplankton) kusuka emanzini olwandle. Naphezu kokudla kwe-carnivore, ngonyaka ka-2015 ucwaningo luveze ukuthi indlu ye-intestinal flora iyefana nama-herbivores asemhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane ezidla ezinye zitholakala kokuqukethwe okuhlukile ngokuya ngendawo, futhi uhlobo ngalunye lomkhomo luhunyushwa ngendlela ekhethekile yokuthola ukudla.

            Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuziphatha kokudla: amabele anamafutha aphansi namabele wokufakelwa, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zalokhu futhi zincike ohlotsheni nasenanini lokudla. Ama-Lunge feeders adla kakhulu ama-crustaceans (krill), yize amanye ama-feed amancane we-lunge (isb. Minke whales) nawo adla izikole zezinhlanzi. Ama-feed-free angenamafutha, njengemikhomo ye-bowhead, adla kakhulu kuma-plankton amancane, njengama-crustaceans. Badla bodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Imikhomo yeBaleen ithola amanzi, idinga ukudla kwayo, nezinso zayo icashe usawoti ngokweqile.

            Ama-Lunge feeders ayimikhomo emi minke. Ukondla, abakwaLunge feeders bandisa umthamo womhlathi wabo ube yivolumu enkulu kunevolumu yangempela yomkhomo uqobo, ukwenza lokhu, umlomo uyanda ukukhulisa umlomo. Ukumpompa umlomo kubangela ukuba imisipha yomphimbo ikhule, ikhuphule inani lamanzi umlomo ongawagcina. Ngaphambi nje kokuba bahlakaze i-baitball, umhlathi uvuleka cishe nge-angle engu-90 ° bese ugoba, okuvumela amanzi amaningi. Ukuze uvimbele ukwelula umlomo kude kakhulu, imikhomo ye-minke inesitho esizwelayo esisenkabeni yomhlathi ukulawula le misebenzi. Lapho-ke kufanele behlise ijubane. Le nqubo ithatha umsebenzi omningi womshini, futhi isebenza kahle kuphela uma isetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-baitball enkulu. ukondla iLunge amandla amaningi kakhulu kunokudla kwe-skim ngenxa yokusheshisa kanye nokudamba okudingayo.

            Imikhomo engenamafutha-engondlekazi, imikhomo engwevu, imikhomo emincane futhi isindisa (nakho okugoqayo). Okuphakelayo, abaphakeli abangenamafutha babhukuda ngomlomo ovulekile, begcwalisa ngamanzi nezisulu. Ukuphanga kufanele kwenzeke ngobuningi obanele ukuvusa intshisakalo yomkhomo, kube phakathi kobubanzi obuthile, ukuze ipuleti lamadevu lihlungeke, futhi lihambe kancane ukuze lingagwenywa. "Skimming" kungenzeka endaweni, phansi ngaphansi kwamanzi noma olwandle, okukhonjiswa ukungcola kwesinye isikhathi kubhekwa emizimbeni ngemikhomo. Greha imikhomo idla ikakhulukazi phansi olwandle, idla izidalwa eziphansi.

            Ukusebenza kahle kokudla kokuphakelwa kwemondla nokudla kokuqhubekayo kwesihlungi kuncike kakhulu ebangeni lokukhiqiza. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-blue whale lunge kuphindeke ka-30 ukuphakama esikhungweni esiphakeme esingu-4,5 kg / m 3 kunokuzungeza okuphansi kwe-krill ka-0.15 kg / m 3. Imikhomo yeBaleen ibonwa ibheka izindawo ezikhethekile kakhulu endaweni yendawo ukuze ikondle ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zabantu abangatheni.

            Ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanza umzimba

            Ama-Baleen whales, ikakhulukazi asemancane namathole, inyamazane emihlathini ebulala. Kukholakala ukuthi ukufuduka komkhomo minyaka yonke kwenzeka ukuvikela amathole emihlathini ebulala. Kuvele nemibiko yokuthi ama-whale pods ahlasela ahlasela abulale imikhomo yabantu abadala, ephethe amaphiko awo, amboze ukuphefumula kwawo, nenqama futhi angakulumi ukufa. Imvamisa, imibhangqwana kamama nethole lapho ibhekene nosongo lomkhomo we-pod pod, noma ilwa noma igijime. Ukuphunyuka kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni kuphela ezingakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha, i-minke whales. Imikhomo emincane kufanele ilwe nengodwana yodwa noma neqembu lomndeni elincane. Kunombiko owodwa womshayi ohlaselayo kanye nokubulawa komkhomo wenkonyane. Lokhu kwenzeke ngonyaka ka-2014 ngesikhathi sokubukwa kwesardadi, lapho ishwa lomshaka omnyama lihlasela umkhomo wamathole we-humpback. Imvamisa, okuwukuphela koshaka ohlasela imikhomo ubhaka obhalwe phansi oshiya uphawu oluncane, olungaboli.

            Ama-parasites amaningi anamathela emikhomeni, ikakhulukazi imikhomo nemikhaza. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zemikhomo yezintwala zenzelwe izinhlobo ezithile zemikhomo, futhi kungahle kube nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweyodwa zomkhomo. Izintwala ze-Whale zidla isikhumba esifile, zibangele amanxeba amancane esikhunjeni.Ukulimala kwe-whale whale kubonakala kakhulu emiholweni ejwayelekile, lapho ikoloni isakazekela emathubeni ayo. Yize kungeyona into eyisikhunta, ama-balanus omnkantsha angena esikhunjeni somkhomo ngesikhathi sesigaba sawo sezibungu. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi enza kanjalo, akulimazi noma kusizakale umkhomo, ngakho-ke ubudlelwano babo buvame ukubizwa njengesibonelo se-commensalism. Amanye ama-baleen whales ahlikihla ngamabomu emthanjeni ongaphandle ukuze akhiphe igciwane. Ezinye izinhlobo zemollusk, ezifana I-Conchoderma auritum nemikhomo ngezimbumbulu, zinamathela epuletini lomkhomo, yize lokhu kuyivelakancane. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-crustacean, Balaenophilus unisetus , kuhlala amapuleti we-baleen whale emanzini ashisayo. Uhlobo lwe-Antarctic diatom, Cocconeis ceticola yakha ifilimu esikhumbeni, okuthatha inyanga ukuyithuthukisa, le filimu ibangela ukulimala okuncane kwesikhumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlushwa yizinambuzane zangaphakathi ezinjengezibungu zesisu, ama-cestode, ama-nematode, ama-trematode wesibindi nama-acanthocephals.

            Ukuzala kabusha nentuthuko

            Ngaphambi kokufika eminyakeni yobudala, imikhomo ye-baleen ikhula ngesivinini esingafani nalutho. Ku-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke, izithelo zikhula ngamakhilogremu ayi-100 ngosuku ngaphambi nje kokubeletha, nangamakhilogremu angama-80 ngosuku ngesikhathi sokuncelisa. Ngaphambi kokulumula, ithole landisa isisindo somzimba walo ngamathani ayi-17 (amathani amade angama-17, amathani amfushane ayi-19) futhi likhula lisuka kumamitha ayi-23 kuye kwayi-8 lapho lizalwa lize libe amamitha ayi-13 kuye kwayi-16 ubude . Uma ifinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba eminyakeni engama-5 ukuya kwengama-10, izoba ngamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-24 ubude futhi mhlawumbe ihlale iminyaka engama-80-90. Amathole amankonyane azalwa, adinga ukwazi ukubhukuda ebusweni ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwawo.

            Iningi le-minke whales mate emanzini afudumele ebusika ukubeletha cishe unyaka kamuva. I-7-to-11 - isikhathi sokukhulelwa esithatha inyanga yonke, njengomthetho, silandela unyaka wokuphumula ngaphambi kokuqala kokuzala futhi. Abadala bavame ukuqala ukuzalanisa lapho beneminyaka engama-5-10 ubudala futhi bafinyelele ubude babo obugcwele eminyakeni engama-20-30. Emkhombeni omncane kakhulu we-minke whale, khona-ke i-minke whale, amamitha amathathu (3) wamathole izalwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-10 zokukhulelwa bese ilunyulwa ihlala ize ifinyelele cishe kumamitha ayi-5 kuye kwangama-5,5 ku-6,7 izinyanga. Akujwayelekile ukuthi imikhomo ye-baleen, ama-minkes abesifazane (kanye nama-humps) ikhulelwe ngokushesha nje kokuzalwa, izinhlobo eziningi zinesikhathi sokuzala iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu. Emikhakheni efanele, isikhathi sokuzala kuvame ukuba yiminyaka emithathu. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu phakathi konyaka wokuqala, emva kwalokho azikhulisi ngosayizi ngaphezu kweminyaka eminingana. Afinyelela ebusheni lapho amamitha angama-13 kuye kwangama-14 ubude. Ama-baleen K-Strategist whales, okungukuthi, akhulisa ithole elilodwa ngesikhathi, abe nesikhathi eside sokuphila kanye nesibalo esiphansi sokufa kwengane ephansi. Eminye imichilo yangekhulu le-19 etholakala emikhomeni evunayo yomkhondo iveza ukuthi le nhlobo ingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100. Imikhomo yemikhomo iyamangalisa, kungabikho muntu obonisa umbhangqwana. Zine-polygynous, ngoba owesilisa angashada nabesifazane abangaphezu koyedwa. Izibazi zemikhomo yesilisa zibonisa ukuthi zilwela ilungelo lokushada nabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala, okuyinto efana ncamashi ne-leking lek.

            Imikhomo yeBaleen ine-fibrous - elastic (connective tis) penis efana ne-artiodactyls. Isihloko sowobumba, esivele sibheke ekugcineni, sibizwa Izimoto intrapraeputialis noma Isigaxa esibulalayo . Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unelungu elikhulu kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isidalwa esisemhlabeni, ngokujwayelekile silingana namamitha ayi-8-10. Ukulinganisa okunembile komkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunzima ukuthatha ngoba ubude bomkhomo oqondile bungabonakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokuncelisa. Isitho sobuduna emkhombeni whale singafinyelela ku-2.7 m (8.9 ft) - kuma-testes, ngesivinini esifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 (6.6 ft) ubude, amasentimitha angama-78 (2,56 ft), nesisindo esifinyelela kumaphawundi angama-525 (238 kg), futhi enkulu kunayo yonke kunoma yisiphi isilwane Emhlabeni.

            Ukuchazwa kafushane ngalesi sifo

            Isifo "kyphosis" siyindlela yomgogodla endizeni ye-sagittal. Ngokwezinga elithile noma kwesinye, izindlela ezinjalo zikhona kunoma yimuphi umuntu, noma kunjalo, uma kukhulunywa ngokuphambuka okubalulekile kokujwayelekile, isiguli sitholakala ne-kyphosis yomgogodla. Ukugoba kunokwakheka kohlamvu u- “C” onobumbhalo oqondile ngemuva.

            Amanqanaba alandelayo we-kyphosis ahlukaniswa:

            • I-degree (i-kyphosis emnene) - ubukhulu bohlobo lwama-curvature angaphezu kwama-30 degrees,
            • I-II degree (i-kyphosis esezingeni eliphakathi) - ukusuka ema-30 kuye kwangama-60 degrees,
            • I-III degree (kyphosis enzima) - i-curvature yama-degrees angaphezu kwama-60.

            Izimbangela zeKyphosis

            Kunezizathu eziningana zokwakheka komgogodla ogobile. Okokuqala, i-pathology ingabangelwa ukwephulwa kwentuthuko ye-intrauterine. Kulokhu, sikhuluma ngesifo esinjenge-kyphosis yokuzalwa, ukwelashwa okufanele kuqalwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane. Kwezinye izimo, imbangela ye-kyphosis ukuhlinzwa noma ukuhlukumezeka, ikakhulukazi ukuphulukana kokuqothuka kwemizimba ye-vertebral okuyisimo sabantu abadala. Lezi yizimbangela eziphambili zomgogodla womgogodla, kepha kunezici ezithile ezixakile ezingathinta ukukhula kwezinqubo ezingezinhle. Izinto ezinjalo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo, izifo ezithathelwanayo noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe, okuqondiswe enganeni lapho kukhona ama-neoplasms abuhlungu.

            I-Kyphosis - ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo

            Lezi zinsuku, amasu amaningana asakaze. Esikhathini esiningi samacala, iziguli zinikezwa ukwelashwa okulondoloziwe okubandakanya ukwelashwa komzimba, ukuvivinya umzimba, ukugcoba, ukuthatha imishanguzo kanye nokugqoka ama-corsets akhethekile. Qaphela ukuthi uma kutholakala ukuthi une-kyphosis, ukuzivocavoca usebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile kuba yisidingo esiphuthumayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-gymnastics isiza ukubhekana nobuhlungu, ivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yamaphaphu neyenhliziyo engasebenzi kahle, imvamisa lapho kungekho zinqubo ezanele zokwelashwa.

            Ukwelashwa kokuqina kwamathambo, okuvame ukwenzeka ngokugobeka komgogodla, kusiza futhi ukumisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinguquko eziwohlokayo. Ngale ndlela, i-kyphosis yesifunda i-thoracic iphathwa nge-calcium, amavithamini, ukuvivinya umzimba ngokuzivocavoca kanye ne-hormonal therapy.

            Sizohlala kulawa ma-corset ashiwo ngenhla ngemininingwane eminingi. Ukuzigqoka kungabunciphisa kakhulu ubuhlungu, kepha ngeke kuthinte ukuguquguquka kokuma uma i-kyphosis yomgogodla we-thoracic isivele iholele ezinguquko eziqinile. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwama-corsets kulimaza impilo yesiguli, ngoba kuholela ekubuthaka kwezicubu zomzimba kanye nokwanda kwezinga lokudalwa.

            Uma ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kungaholeli emiphumeleni elindelekile futhi i-kyphosis yomgogodla iyaqhubeka, khona-ke odokotela baphendukela ekungeneleleni kokuhlinzwa. Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa kwe-kyphosis kuthwala ingxenye ethile yobungozi, ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa kuyadingeka ukukala ubuhle nokulimala, okuwukuthi, umphumela omuhle onamandla kufanele udlule ubungozi obukhona. Njengamanje, izinkomba zokuhlinzwa yizimo lapho i-kyphosis yesifuba ihambisana:

            • Ubuhlungu obukhulu buyimbangela evame kakhulu yokungenelela kokuhlinzwa, ngoba ubuhlungu abuvame ukwelashwa
            • ukuthuthuka kwe-kyphotic okuqhubekayo - le nqubo ihambisana nokucindezelwa kwezinhlaka zezinzwa, ukungasebenzi kahle kwamaphaphu nokusebenza kwenhliziyo,-ke, isiguli singanconywa ukuhlinzwa
            • ukusho okumile - uma i-kyphosis yomgogodla we-thoracic inciphisa kakhulu izinga lempilo yesiguli noma kuthinta ukufaneleka kwayo kochwepheshe, khona-ke odokotela banquma ukwamukelwa kokungenelela kokuhlinzwa.

            Ngokuqondene nokusebenza uqobo, kuqukethe izigaba ezimbili - kuqeda ukuhlangana futhi kuzinze isikhundla somgogodla. Esigabeni sokugcina, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezibizwa ngokuthi nge-transperdicular ukuzinza, okubandakanya izikulufu nezinduku zokuxhuma. Zenziwe ngezinto ezingathathi hlangothi futhi azenqatshwa ngumzimba, okugwema ukusebenza okwengeziwe ukuze kususwe uhlelo.

            Ividiyo evela ku-YouTube esihlokweni sendatshana:

            Bowhead whale

            Umkhomo we-bowhead whale, owaziwa nangokuthi i-polar whale (Balaena mysticetus), uyisidalwa esinyantisayo kusuka ku-cetacean oda, i-baleen whale suborder, imele umndeni we-whale obushelelezi kanye nokuphela kwezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-bowhead whale genus.

            Bowhead whale.

            Imikhomo polar iyona kuphela yayo yonke imikhomo ye-baleen echitha impilo yayo yonke olwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean futhi eyayikade miningi kakhulu kangangokuba abaphathi bemikhumbi kwadingeka bangene emhlambini yabo ngemihlambi yezilwane ezinkulu ezihamba olwandle. Kepha ngenxa yokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezingalawulwa, namuhla umkhomo we-polar ungowezilwane ezisengozini, futhi inani labantu emhlabeni, ngokwesilinganiso esinethemba elikhulu, lingaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi.

            Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umkhonto wekhothamo?

            Njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni, umkhomo we-polar uyisilwane esikhulu, esibumbekile esinomzimba omkhulu oyindilinga nekhanda elikhulu. Izinsikazi ezindala zikhula zifinyelele ku-20-22 m ubude, ubude besilisa obuphezulu abudluli kumamitha ayi-18. Imikhomo yasePolar ihlala ezindaweni ezinokudla okunothile, ngakho-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abamele imiyalo, ikhuluphele ikakhulukazi futhi inesisindo kusuka kumathani ayi-100 kuye kwangama-150. amanoni ngemuva kwezilwane angafinyelela ku-36 cm.

            Umkhomo waseGreenland uqhathaniswa nendlovu ne-diver. Umkhomo omncane womnsalo kanye nebhere elinamakhaza.

            Kwakungenxa yamandla ayo omzimba ahlaba umxhwele ukuthi imikhomo ye-polar icishe yabhujiswa ngokuphelele nangaphambi kokusungulwa kwesibhamu se-harpoon kanye nemishini yokushaywa kwezandla. Izidumbu zezilwane ezifile azimbi, ngakho-ke amaPomors bekungafanele ukuthi anyuse izinyamazane zawo asemkhunjini, imikhomo efile imane yadonswa ogwini.

            Izici zesakhiwo

            Umkhomo we-bowhead awunayo i-dorsal fin, kepha uma ubheka lesi silwane sisuka ohlangothini, ama-humps ama-2 amancane angabonakala ngemuva. Amaphinifa ama-pectoral amafushane abanzi ezansi futhi ayindilinga emikhawulweni, futhi afane nama-oars ngesimo sawo. I-caudal fin ibanzi kakhulu, inemikhawulo ebukhali kanye nokuzithoba okukhulu phakathi.

            Ikhanda lomkhonto wekhanda likhulu kakhulu futhi liyi-1/3 yobude bomzimba. Lesi sakhiwo singenxa yobuchopho bokuphaka: emlonyeni omkhulu whale kuyinto yesihlungo esikhulu - imishini yokuhlunga ekhethekile eyenziwe ngamapuleti e-whalebone. Imikhomo yaseGreenland ayinazinyo, ibuyiselwe esibelethweni.

            Ukuphefumula komkhomo we-polar kutholakala emqheleni wekhanda futhi kwakhiwa ngamakhala amabili anjenge-slit-like. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, kuphuma umthombo wamanzi ophefumulayo, ongahlukaniswe ngesimo sencwadi uV, futhi ukuphakama kwawo kungafinyelela ku-6 m.

            Umkhomo wekhothamo wagxuma uphuma emanzini. Bowhead whale ne diver.

            Whalebone

            Ukuqunjelwa komkhomo weGreenland kuncane futhi kukhomba, futhi imihlathi yabo engenhla igobile kakhulu, ngakho-ke igebe lomlomo yi-convex arc, ebekwe ngaphezu komugqa wamehlo. Ngenxa yomugqa omude kakhulu womlomo, umgodi womlomo wesondo lomnkantsha uqukethe amapuleti asuka ku-325 kuya ku-360 ohlangothini lwamatshe whalebone ohlangothini ngalunye, futhi ngamunye wawo angafinyelela kubude obuyi-4,3 m.

            Umkhomo we-bowhead awugcini nje ngokuba nesicoco eside kakhulu, kepha futhi ungubucwecwana futhi obukhulu kunabo bonke, okuyisici sezinhlobo futhi uvumela ukuhlunga ikakhulukazi i-zooplankton encanyana. Izakhiwo ezinjengezinwele ezinjengefreyimu zitholakala emaphethelweni angaphandle amapuleti. Kubantu abadala, amadevu alengiswa ngokubonakalayo ezinhlangothini zomlomo futhi ahlukaniswa mnyama, kancanyana, amapuleti awampunga futhi awabonakala kalula. Imihlathi engezansi imbozwe amashumi amaningana ama-vibrissae acwebezelayo enza umsebenzi onobuhlakani.

            Isikhumba nombala

            Isikhumba somkhomo wekhothamo sivele sibushelelezi futhi sibushelelezi, singenayo imivimbo, imisele, izigaxa nokukhula okuthe xaxa. Imikhomo yasePolar ayikaze igcwale izintwala zomnenga, ama-crarnaceans wesikhumba, kanye nezinye izinambuzane. Isikhumba sabantu abadala sidwetshelwe ngombala ompunga omnyama kakhulu, imikhomo emincane ilula.

            Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwezimpawu zokwakheka zabantu abahlukahlukene (isakhiwo samathambo, umbala, ubude bamadevu), ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi izinhlobo ezi-2 ezihlukene, ezichazwa ngokuthi "whale we-polar," zihlala ebangeni lalezi zilwane. Kepha kuze kube manje le nguqulo ayitholanga ukuqinisekiswa kwayo.

            Bowhead whale. Bowhead whale ne diver.

            Indawo

            Esikhathini esidlule, imikhomo ye-bowhead yayigcwele kulo lonke i-Arctic Circle, futhi umhlambi wonke wawunabantu abathathu abaphambili.

            Abamele inani labantu bokuqala bathuthela ogwini olusempumalanga yeGreenland, ngaphesheya kweNorth Atlantic edlule i-Iceland noJan Mayen baye e-Arctic Ocean beya esiqhingini saseSpitsbergen. Eminye yemikhomo idlulele esifundeni saseKara Sea esedlulele naseziqhingini zaseNovaya Zemlya.

            Abantu besibili basuka eDavis Strait baya eLwandle lweBaffin. Abantu besithathu basuka emaphethelweni oLwandle lwaseChukchi kanye nolwandle iBeaufort kanye neBering Strait baya eLwandle lweBering.

            Amanzi afudumele kunawo wonke ake abonwa yi-bowhead whales ayeduzane naseNewfoundland kanye nogu lweKamchatka, ne-Osaka Bay kwaba yindawo eseningizimu ekude kakhulu lapho abizwa khona. Kuze kube manje, abantu bokuqala abangu-2 bacishe baqothulwa, futhi kuzo zonke izilwandle zase-Arctic Ocean, umkhomo we-Bowhead whale awuvamile. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi baseRussia, ngokwesibonelo, akubona ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-400 imikhomo ehlala oLwandle i-Okhotsk.

            Umkhomo we-bowhead awunayo i-dorsal fin. Umkhomo wekhothamo uphuma emanzini.

            Indlela yokuphila

            Izimo zokuphila eziwedlula zonke zomkhonto ziwuphazamisa kakhulu umsebenzi wokucwaninga, noma kunjalo, sekutholakele ukuthi ngokufika kwezilwane zasentwasahlobo ziya ezinhlamvwini ezisenyakatho, kuthi lapho kuqala ukwindla bashiye iqhwa eliqhubekela phambili libuyele eningizimu. Imvamisa, imikhomo kufanele ihambe ngendlela ngokwephula iqhwa, bese izilwane zihlangana ngohlobo lwe-jamb ukwenza lula ukudlula kukho okugqunywe yiqhwa.

            Ezikhathini ezijwayelekile, imikhomo ye-bowhead igcinwa ihlukaniswe bese ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izimbotshana azijulile, zingabi ngaphezu kwama-200 m, bese ziphuma imizuzu emi-2 kuya kwengama-3, zikhiphe imiphefumulo efinyelela kwayi-12, bese ziphinda zinyamalala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu emi-5 kuye kweli-10. Uma umkhomo ulimele, ungahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaba ihora.

            Izici zamandla

            Ama-Polar whales angamapulangwe ajwayelekile, futhi ngokungafani nemikhomo yama-minke, edonsa i-krill kanye nosilika kusuka phansi, isakhiwo esincanyana samapuleti omkhomo we-whale bowhead whale senzelwe ukondla ikakhulukazi ukudla okuncane. Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwabo kwenziwa ngama-crustaceans amancane - ama-calanus, usayizi wawo awudluli ku-3-4 mm nama-mollusks amancane angenamaphiko.

            Indlela yokondla umkhomo we-polar ifana naleya yonke imikhomo ye-baleen: isilwane sishintsha kancane kancane kwikholamu yamanzi ngomlomo waso uvulekile, kanye neplankton esezinze ebusweni be-whisker ihlanze ngolimi lwayo olunamagwinya. Umkhomo omdala wekholar ungadla amathani afinyelela ku-1,8 ngosuku.

            Bowhead whale. Umsila whale whale.

            Ividiyo

            Minke whale emanzini e-arctic

            I-Minke whale luhlobo lwe-whale olunosayizi omncane kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu omndeni.

            Le nhlobo ihlukaniswe yaphenduleka emixholweni emi-3: emincane, enyakatho naseningizimu (i-Antarctic) minke whale. Kepha kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kunemibandela, futhi ososayensi abanombono owodwa ngalolu daba. Into ekhona ukuthi akukho mininingwane eminingi mayelana nemikhomo engama-minke whales, futhi izingxenyana ezincanyana ezihlala emanzini afudumele e-equatorial azifundwanga nhlobo.

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