Umhlaba wesayensi ubuye wavela ngomunye umbono mayelana nezimbangela zokuqothuka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngokuya ngohlobo olwabekwa phambili ngabasebenzi beNational Center for Science Science (France), izinsimbi ezisindayo zacekelwa phansi yizilwane zakudala.

Imiphumela yocwaningo eshicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Nature Communication ikhombisa ukuthi esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-420 - 485 edlule, bekukhona ubuthi obunamandla bezidalwa eziphilayo ezinobungozi obunamandla. Ngokusho kososayensi, izakhamizi zasemanzini zasemhlabeni (amaphesenti abo adlula bonke abanye) azifanga nhlobo ngenxa yezinguquko ezibukhali ezimweni zezulu emhlabeni, kepha ngenxa yokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwezinsimbi ezisindayo emvelweni, i.e. - emanzini.

Izilo zasendulo zaqothuka ngenxa yezinsimbi ezinobuthi.

Ngemuva kokufunda ngokucophelela izinsalela zezilwane ezanyamalala, abaphenyi baphetha ngokuthi kwakukhona ithusi eliningi, kanye nomthofu, i-zebus ne-iron emanzini ngaleso sikhathi. Emigqonyeni emincane kakhulu, lezi zinto azilimazi ezintweni eziphilayo, kepha ukugxila okukhulu kungakubangela kalula ukufa.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthi yini ngempela ebangele “ukukhishwa” kwenani elikhulu kangaka la zinto ezilimazayo olwandle, ososayensi abakakulungeli ukuchaza.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Izizathu zokuqothulwa kwezilwane

- Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ngokuyisisekelo, sisho ukungcoliswa komoya nokungcoliswa kwamanzi, ngoba yilokhu okunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu esimweni semvelo.

- Imisebenzi yabantu. Isibonelo, ukwakhiwa, noma ukumbiwa phansi. Ungakhumbula nokwenza imililo nezindawo zokulahla udoti.

- Ukuzingela nokudoba. Ngazo zonke izikhathi, abantu bakujabulele ukubulala izilwane. Kepha uma ngaphambili inhloso bekungukukhishwa kokudla, manje abantu bakwenza ngenjongo yobumnandi.

Imiphumela esobala kakhulu

- Ukulahleka kokuzilapha okuzilolayo kwe-biosphere. Eqinisweni, lokhu kusho ukufa kwezilwane eziningi nezitshalo.

- Ukwephulwa okubucayi kwamaketanga okudla, nakho kungaholela ekufeni kwesidalwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Isiphetho

Ukubhujiswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwento ephilayo kungaholela ekulinganiseni kohlelo lonke. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngesizathu esilula sokuthi yonke into emvelweni ixhumeke, futhi ukunyamalala kokunye kokuxhumeka kuxhumano kungaholela ekubhujisweni kwensimbi yonke. Kepha, ngenhlanhla, imvelo ayisizi ngalutho. Izinto eziphilayo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi ziphenduke. Yilokho manje abasindisa ekubhujisweni.

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuyinkinga enkulu yemvelo. Ngempela, njengoba indawo yehlathi incipha, amandla abo okuhlanza nomoya nawo ayancipha.

Ama-Pandemics
Amagciwane avela njalo, futhi isikhathi ngasinye eba namandla. Ngakho-ke, ukuqubuka okusha kwezifo zobhubhane kubeka engcupheni enkulu.

Isizinda Sokuqothula

E-Afrika, i-16% yohlobo olukhona lwe-megafauna ishonile (8 kwabangu-50), e-Asia 52% (24 kwezingu-46), eYurophu 59% (23 kwezingu-39), e-Australia nase-Oceania 71% (19 ka-27) eNyakatho Melika i-74% (Ezingama-45 kwezingama-61), ezingama-82% eSouth America (58 kwezingu-71). Kuwo womabili amaMelika, cishe zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwethani, ezazihlala lapha kuze kube sekupheleni kwePleistocene, zaphela. Ososayensi baphawula ukwanda kwesibalo sezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziqothulayo ukusuka e-Afrika kuya eMelika, zixhumanisa lokhu nokuqondiswa kokufuduka komuntu.

Ngokungafani ne-Australia, iNingizimu neNyakatho Melika, e-Afrika uhlobo lwe-Homo lweqa nezilwane zasendaweni izigidi zeminyaka, kancane kancane lukhula. Futhi izilwane zase-Afrika zafunda ukwesaba abantu, zakha ukukhohlisa nokuqapha. Ama-Drontov afanayo anqatshelwa lokhu kubabazeka, ukunyamalala kwawo okuqoshwe esikhathini esidlule somlando. Ubuqili balezi zinyoni bafika lapho babulawa khona ngenduku, bafika nje bashaya amakhanda.

Ukuqothulwa kwezilwane kwaletha kanye nezinguquko ezibucayi embozweni wezitshalo. Lapho sekuphele obhejane obunoboya obukhulu no-mammoth noboya, umkhulungwane washintsha emva kwabo - izitebele ze-tundra ababedla kuzo zagcotshwa i-birch. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imihlambi yobhejane nezilwane ezincelisayo idla ukukhula okuncane kwemisipha, ukuvimbela ukukhula kakhulu.

Lo mqondo uqinisekiswa iqiniso lokuthi eziqhingini ezihlukaniswe nabantu, ukuqothulwa kwe-megafauna yezilwane kwenzeka ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka kamuva, okunciphisa isisindo somqondo wezulu wesimo sezulu.

Inkomo zikaSteller zihlala e-Commander Islands iminyaka eyizi-10,000, ngemuva kokuqothulwa ngokuphelele eduze nezwekazi, le nhlobo yacekelwa phansi ngabantu kuphela iminyaka engama-27 ngemuva kokutholakala kwayo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zoboya bezikhumba zaseWrange Island naseSt. Paul Island zasinda ezinyamazaneni ezinkulu ezweni iminyaka engaphezu kuka-6,000. Izinhlobo zama-Sloth zohlobo lweMegaloknus zazihlala kuma-Antilles futhi zabhujiswa eminyakeni engama-4,000 edlule, ngemuva nje kokuvela kwabantu eziqhingini, kuyilapho zonke izinhlobo zama-sloths amakhulu ahlala ezwekazini laseMelika achithwa eminyakeni engama-7,000 edlule.

Amaphesenti aphelele ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo afa:

• E-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara, abayi-8 kwabangu-50 (16%)
• E-Asia, ama-24 kwangu-46 (52%)
• E-Europe, ama-23 ku-39 (59%)
• E-Australiaalasia, abangu-19 kwabangu-27 (71%)
• ENyakatho Melika, angama-45 kwayi-61 (74%)
• ENingizimu Melika, abangama-58 kwabangama-71 (82%)

• Izilwane zanyamalala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuhambisana nokukhuthaza kanye nokuhoxiswa kwamakhethini amakhulu eqhwa noma amashidi eqhwa, kulandele ushintsho lwezimila.
• Izilwane zacekelwa phansi ngabantu: "hypothesis of prehistoric ngokweqile"

I-Afrika ne-Asia

I-Afrika ne-Asia bekungathinteki ukuqothulwa kwe-Quaternary, kulahlekelwe ngamaphesenti ayi-16 kuphela wezilwane zayo kanye ne-megafauna. Lezi ukuphela kwezindawo ezigcine i-megafauna, izilwane ezinesisindo esingaphezu kuka-1000 kg. Kwamanye amazwekazi, i-megafauna enjalo ilahlekile unomphela.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthembela kokuqala kokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane e-Afrika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili ezedlule kulandelwa, ngokubukeka kwezinhlobo zasekhaya lapho - IHomo habilis neHomo eekeus. E-Asia, ngemuva kokuvela lapho Homo erectus Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.8 edlule. Ukuthambekela okulandelayo kuyabonakala - kusukela ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene, ama-megafauna aqala ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezazingathathelwa indawo ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinobukhulu obufanayo. Ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu semvelo, lokhu akwenzeki, kancane kancane kukhulula ama-niches ukuze athathe ezinye izilwane ezinkulu. Kepha lapho kwenzeka ukuthi kube khona umthelela we-anthropogenic, lokhu akwenzekanga, ama-megafauna abenaso isikhathi sokujwayela umthelela womuntu futhi aqale ukuhlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezintsha.

IMegafauna eyanyamalala e-Afrika nase-Asia phakathi kwe-Pleistocene yase-Middle and Middle

Ukuqhathaniswa nosayizi we-Homotherium nowomuntu

Umuntu uqhathanisa noGigantopithecus blacki noGigantopithecus giganteus

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kweHomo habilis

Ubukhulu bokuqhathanisa be-Pelagornis sandersi nge-Andean condor ne-albatross ezulazulayo yesimanje

ISinomastodon - Izihlobo ezingapheli zezindlovu uma ziqhathaniswa nabantu

IMegafauna eyanyamalala e-Afrika nase-Asia ngesikhathi sePleistocene

I-Giant polar yebhere

Ukwakha kabusha Leptoptilos robustus eMnyuziyamu Kazwelonke Wezemvelo Nesayensi, eTokyo, Japan

Ubukhulu Leptoptilos robustus nomuntu wesimanje

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuso bomuntu

I-Neanderthal from the Mustier Cave (isiko lamaMousterian), i-anatomist Solger, 1910

Ukuqhathanisa osayizi be-stegodone nomuntu.

Ukuqhathanisa osayizi bezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-proboscis nezomuntu

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-European Mammoth ne-North American Mastodon

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenyathi ye-steppe

I-Pacific Ocean (i-Australia ne-Oceania)

Okutholwa okuningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwe-Quaternary kwaqala ngemuva nje kokufika kwabantu bokuqala e-Australia. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Australia yayiseseSahul - izwekazi elilodwa neNew Guinea. Ukuqothulwa kwaqala eminyakeni engama-63,000 edlule, futhi inani eliphakeme lokuqothulwa liye labonwa eminyakeni engama-20,000 edlule. Ngalesi sikhathi, umuntu wenza ukunwebeka, waba ngumphathi wemihlaba emisha, eyayingakaze ihlalwe ngabaninikhaya. Izinqubo ezifanayo zenzeka eziqhingini, ezaqhubeka kuze kwaba iHholocene -> ukufika kwabantu -> ukuqothulwa kwezingxenye zezilwane.

Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi kweminyaka engama-60,000 kuya kwengama-36,000 edlule, i-Australia ne-Oceania balahlekelwa yi-megafauna yonke. Kuze kube manje, kulezi zifunda azikho izilwane ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-45 (ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlobo ze-kangaroo e-Australia ezinesisindo esingama-60 kg), ebezingeke zingeniswe zivela kwamanye amazwekazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezigidini zeminyaka edlule zentuthuko kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ama-megafauna alezi zifunda abhekana nesomiso, ukuwohloka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kepha akuphelanga.

Leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi imbangela yokuqothulwa kwe-megafauna yayiyindoda ngqo, isici se-anthropogenic. Umphumela uba ukungabikhona ngokuphelele kwezilwane ezingcolile kulezi zindawo - bonke abafaka izicelo bezemibono babhujiswa yile ndoda uqobo, futhi kwakungekho noyedwa owayezolandela. Futhi e-Australia, abavubukuli bathola amadolobhana, isibalo sezindlu zamatshe lapho safinyelela ku-146, kwatholakala imicibisholo. Lokhu kubonisa izinga eliphakeme lokuqala labantu abeza. Kodwa-ke, emuva kwesikhathi, ngemuva kokubhujiswa kwe-megafauna, abantu balahlekelwa yilawo makhono - ukwakha izindlu, iminsalo.

I-Europe kanye neNyakatho ye-Asia

Le ncazelo ifaka phakathi izwekazi laseYurophu, iNyakatho ye-Asia, iCaucasus, iNyakatho neChina, iSiberia neBeringia - iBering Strait yamanje, iChukotka, iKamchatka, iBering Sea, uLwandle lweChukchi kanye nengxenye ye-Alaska. Ngesikhathi sekwephuzile kwePleistocene, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane nemindeni, amandla amakhulu okuxuba kwabo, ukunyakaza kuyaphawulwa. Isici esivelele somphumela wokukhanyiswa namathanga yisivinini esikhulu elenzeka ngaso - phakathi nalelikhulu leminyaka, amazinga okushisa angaba nokuqina okuqinile, lokhu kuholele ekufudukeni okukhulu kwezilwane lapho zifuna izimo zokuhlala ezingcono kakhulu, okwacunula ukuwela kwezakhi zofuzo kwezinhlobo zezilwane.

Isilinganiso sokugcina se-glacial senzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-25,000 ne-18,000 edlule, lapho iqhwa limboza iningi leNyakatho Yurophu. I-Alpine iqhwa ibamba ingxenye enkulu yeCentral South Europe. EYurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi eNyakatho ye-Eshiya, amazinga okushisa ayephansi kunanamuhla, futhi isimo sezulu sasomile. Izikhala ezinkulu zambozwa yiMammoth Steppe - iTundrostep. Namuhla, izimo zezulu ezifanayo ziyagcinwa eKhakassia, Altai nasezindaweni ezithile eTransbaikalia nasePrabaikalye. Lolu hlelo lubonakala ngezihlahla zemifino, imifino enempilo. Imithombo ye-tundra steppe yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukusekela impilo nokuchuma kwezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, kusukela ezincelisayo kanye nezinkomo ezinkulu zezinkabi zama-musk namahhashi kuya kwamagundane. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kwesembozo seqhwa kuvumela ama-herbivores ukuthi adle amakhambi omisiwe emvinini ngisho nasebusika obude. Le ndawo yayihlanganisa indawo esuka eSpain iye eYukon eCanada. Ngokwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo kanye nenani lazo elikhulu, i-tundra steppe icishe ibe ngaphansi kwe-savannahs yase-Afrika ngemihlambi yazo emikhulu yezinyoni namadube.

Izilwane zaseTundra-steppe zazihlanganisa izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobhiya, obhejane oboya, inyathi yokundiza, okhokho bamahhashi, njengamahhashi anamuhla ama-Przhevalsky, inkawu yemaskk, inyamazane, izinyamazane. Ama-Predators - ibhele lomhume, ibhubesi lomhume, impungushe, impisi esempunga, impungushe ye-arctic, impisi yomhume. Kwakukhona nezingwe, amakamela, imvukuzane, inyathi, ama-wolverines, ama-lynxes, izingwe, izimpisi ezibomvu nokunye. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani lezilwane laliphezulu kakhulu, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kwakuphakeme kunasesikhathini samanje. Ezingxenyeni zezintaba ze-tundra-steppe bekuhlala i-Arigali, izingwe zeqhwa, ama-mouflons, ama-chamois.

Ngesikhathi sokuxubana - ukubuyiselwa kwamaqhwa, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwezilwane zaseningizimu yathuthela eNyakatho. Ikakhulu, imvubu yayihlala eNgilandi eminyakeni engama-80,000 edlule, kanti izindlovu zazihlala eNetherlands eminyakeni engama-42,000 edlule.

Ukuqothula kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili ezinkulu. Esikhathini sokuqala, phakathi kweminyaka engama-50, 000 kuya kwengama-30,000 edlule, indlovu yasehlathini eshayekile yaqonda ngqo, imvubu yaseYurophu, inyathi yamanzi yaseYurophu, i-Homotheria, iNeanderthals yaphela. Amathambo endlovu egxiliwe aqondile, imvamisa atholakala eduze kwamathuluzi avuthayo abantu bakudala ababewazingela. Isigaba sesibili besimfishane futhi simfishane kakhulu, phakathi kweminyaka eyi-13,000 ne-9,000 edlule, izinsalela zezinhlobo ze-megafauna, kufaka phakathi u-mammoth oboya nohlanga obhejane, zaphela.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane eziqothulayo

Indlovu yehlathi eliqondile (kabusha)

Indlovu emfushane yaseCypriot - Kukholakala ukuthi indlovu emfushane yaseCypriet ivela ezindlovu eziqondile. Le ndlovu yayihlala eCyprus nezinye iziqhingi zaseMedithera ePleistocene. Ngokwokulinganisa, inqwaba yendlovu emfushane yayingamakhilogremu angama-200 kuphela, okuyi-2% kuphela yobunzima babandulelayo, ifinyelela kumathani ayishumi.

• Elephas falconerindlovu emnyama ndlovu - Uhlobo olungapheli lweSicilia-Malta lwendlovu yase-Asius eyayihlala ngasePleistocene.
• Inyamazane enezimpondo ezinkulu inyamazane eyi-artiodactyl engapheli evela kuhlobo lwe-Gius deer (I-Megaloceros) Kwangaphandle kufana nembongolo, kepha kukhulu kakhulu. Kwakukhona ePleistocene nase-Holocene yasekuqaleni. Ihlukaniswe ukukhula okukhulu nezimpondo ezinkulu (ezifika ku-3.6 m ubukhulu).
• Imbuzi yeBalearic iyisilwane esishiyayo esibucayi se-artiodactyl sembuzi engaphansi eyayihlala eziqhingini zaseMallorca naseMenorca cishe eminyakeni engama-5000 edlule.
• Inyathi ye-steppe inguhlobo lokuqothulwa kusuka kuhlobo lwe-bison yama-bovid. Kwahlalwa iziphephe zaseYurophu, Central Asia, Beringia naseNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi seQuaternary. Kukholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo zaqala eSouth Asia, ngasikhathi sinye futhi esifundeni esifanayo nokuvakasha.
• Imvubu yaseYurophu iyinhlobo engapheli yohlobo lwemvubu eyayihlala eYurophu ePleistocene. Uhla lwayo lwaluhlanganisa indawo ukusuka e-Iberian peninsula kuya eBritish Isles kanye noMfula iRhine.
• Imvubu yaseCypriot pygmy luhlobo lokuqothuka kwemvubu obekuhlala esiqhingini saseCyprus kusukela esikhathini sePleistocene kuze kufike iHholocene lakuqala.
• IPanthera pardus spelaea ingulube engapheli, eyayigcwele eYurophu. Abameli bokuqala bama-subspecies avele ekugcineni kwe-Pleistocene. Ngokubukeka nosayizi wayo kwakufana nengwe yesimanje ye-Near-Asia. Amathambo amancane kunabo bonke aneminyaka engama-24,000 ubudala. Ukuqothulwa ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene, eminyakeni engaba ngu-10,000 edlule.
• I-Cuon alpinus europaeus iyi-subspecies yaseYurophu eseqekile yempisi ebomvu. Kwatholakala iningi laseNtshonalanga neCentral Europe ngesikhathi seMiddle and Late Pleistocene. Kuyabonakala ukuthi akuqhamuki kule mpisi yesimanje ebomvu, kodwa inkulu ngokubonakalayo. Ngosayizi Cuon alpinus europaeuswayesondela impisi empunga.
• Ama-Homoterias aluhlobo olusabalele lwamakati ashubile-anezinambuzane ayehlala e-Eurasia, e-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika kusukela kwi-Middle Pliocene (eminyakeni ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-3,5,5 ezedlule) kuze kube sekupheleni kweLate Pleistocene (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 eyedlule). Ukuqothulwa kwabantu besifazane kwaqala e-Afrika, lapho amakati anyamalala khona eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-1.5 eyedlule, e-Eurasia lolu hlobo lufa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 edlule, kanti uhlobo iHomotherium serum lwagcina isikhathi eside kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika - kuze kube sekupheleni kwePleistocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule.
• Ibhere lase-Etruscan manje seliyizinhlobo ezingapheli zebhere, abameleli bazo baphila eMhlabeni cishe isigidi nesigamu - eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu edlule.
• Cave bear - uhlobo prehistoric amabhere (noma subspecies of ibhere brown) owayehlala e-Eurasia eMiddle kanye Late Pleistocene wanyamalala eminyakeni 15,000 edlule. Kuvele cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 eyedlule, okuthiwa yavela ebhele lase-Etruscan (Ursus etruscus).
• I-Cave hyena iyi-subspecies engapheli ye-hyena yanamuhla enamabalaI-Crocuta crocuta), uvele eYurophu cishe eminyakeni engama-500,000 eyedlule futhi wawusakazeke ePleistocene of Eurasia, ukusuka eNyakatho China kuya eSpain naseBritish Isles.Ama-Cave hyenas aqala ukunyamalala kancane kancane ngenxa yokushintsha kwezemvelo futhi ayegcwala abanye ababhekeli phambili, kanye nabantu, cishe eminyakeni engama-20,000 edlule, futhi anyamalala ngokuphelele eNtshonalanga Yurophu cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nane nanye edlule, nakwezinye izindawo ngisho nangaphambilini.
• Ibhubesi lase-Yurobhu libonakala lingashabalali. Kade kuthathwa njengendawo yesifunda ye-Asiatic Lion noma i-subspecies ye-Cave Lion.

ENyakatho Melika naseCaribbean

Iningi lokuqothulwa, ngemuva kokuhlolwa okuningi nokuqhathaniswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon, kuthiwa yisikhathi esifushane phakathi kuka-11 500 - 10,000 BC. Le nkathi yeminyaka eyinkulungwane nengxenye ihlangana nokufika kanye nentuthuko yabantu besiko lakwaClovis eNyakatho Melika. Ingxenye encane yokuqothula kwenzeka ngemuva kwesikhathi nangaphambilini kwalesi sikhathi sokuphumula.

Ukuqothulwa kwangaphambilini kweNyakatho Melika kwenzeka ekugcineni kwe-glaciation, kepha hhayi ngokuzonda okunjalo ezilwaneni ezinkulu. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqothuka okwedlule, obekunezimbangela zemvelo ngokusobala, kwakungeyona i-anthropogenic, bekungeyona into enkulu, kepha kunalokho kuhamba kancane. Izihlobo zezindlovu - ama-mastodons, ashonela e-Asia nase-Afrika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3 ezedlule, eMelika, asindayo ukufika kwabantu banamuhla. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-biological niches avela ezilwaneni ezingapheli, ngenxa yobushelelezi bokuqothuka, aphethwe ukuthi aqhathwe nezinye izinhlobo ezijwayela izimo ezintsha.

Njengase-Eurasia, ngaphansi komthelela we-anthropogenic eNyakatho Melika, ukuqothulwa kwenzeka emasimeni, ngezindlela eziningi ngokungenankinga, ngokushesha kakhulu ngamazinga emvelo kanye niches yemvelo yahlala ingasasebenzi, okwavusa ukungalingani okuthe xaxa ezinhlanzini nasezintabeni.

Indawo yokuqala, ehlala ngaphambi kwesikhathi yokuhlala kwabantu e-Alaska, enyakatho yeNyakatho Melika, yavela eminyakeni engama-22,000 edlule, lapho abantu bafuduka e-Asia baya eBeringia. Ngemuva kokubuyela emuva kweqhwa e-Alaska eminyakeni engu-15,000 edlule, abantu ngokushesha okukhulu, kungakapheli iminyaka eyizi-1 - 2, bakwazile ukugcwala yonke iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika.

Izithombe zokugcina zibukeka kanjena. I-extinct 41 genera yama-herbivores kanye no-20 genera wezilwane ezizingelayo. Okukhulu kunakho konke, okuqothulwe eminyakeni eyi-11,000 eyedlule, imindeni kanye nezilwane zohlobo lwe-megafauna zaseNyakatho Melika: ama-mammoths, iMedodon yaseMelika, ama-homefoterium, amakamela aseNtshonalanga, i-steppe bison, ibhubesi laseMelika, amabhere amabombo amafushane, impisi esabekayo, ihhashi lasentshonalanga.

Izilwane ezasinda ekuqothulweni kwesiqalo yinyathi, impisi, impisi, i-lynx, ibhere emnyama, ibhere elimnyama laseMelika, inyamazane yohlobo lwe-caribou, imvukuzane, izimvu zeqhwa, inkabi kamaskandi, izimbuzi zezintaba.

Umbono othokozisayo weVilorog ukuthi iyisilwane esishesha kakhulu emhlabeni, ngemuva kwengulule. Kuze kube manje, lokhu kungukuphela kokumelela kohlobo lwePronghorn. Njengoba bekulindelekile, kwakuyisivinini esiphezulu sokunyakaza okumenze waba lixhoba elinzima futhi wakwazi ukusinda kuze kube namuhla.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona isilwane, ekuqaleni, esingahlangani nomqondo wokuqothuka kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Leli yinyosi. Lolu hlobo aluzange luvele eNyakatho Melika, lwadlula eBeringia futhi eminyakeni engama-200,000 eyalandela lwahlukaniswa nabantu ngamaqhwa. Ngokusho kwezazi zokuziphatha, izilwane eminyakeni engama-200,000 bekufanele ngabe zingenamsoco njengezilwane zase-Australia, kodwa ngokusobala lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba khona kwezilwane ezinkulu ezidla izinyathi (amabhere, izingwe, izimpisi) kanti inyathi yahlala iqaphile, noma yaphenduka yashesha kakhulu futhi kuyingozi kumuntu wakudala, njengezinhlamvu ze-kaffir, futhi ngenxa yalokho azizange zichithwe. AmaNdiya, ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu, ayengenawo amahhashi adingekayo ukulandela inyathi. Kunezimo lapho imihlambi yezinyathi inyathelwa ngabantu abangenawo amahhashi nezibhamu. Izinkabi zeMusk, ezingazami ukuphunyula lapho umuntu esondela, zasinda ngenani elincane eziqhingini ezimbalwa zase-North America ezingafinyeleleki, futhi zatholakala ngabaseYurophu kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVII.

Isiko labantu elihlotshaniswa negagasi elinamandla kakhulu lokuqothulwa - uClovis, unemvelaphi yakudala yamaNative American. Bazingela ama-proboscis amakhulu (ama-mammoth, ama-mastodons, ama-Homfoterium) ngosizo lwemikhonto eyayiphonswa ngosizo lwe-atlate. Ngenxa yokuthenjwa kwama-herbivores amakhulu ayengenazitha zemvelo futhi engaboni abantu besengozini, ukuzingela lezi zilwane kwakungekho nzima kubantu. Abaphenyi abakuphikisi ukuxubana okungenzeka kwezinto ezimbili ezibe nomthelela ekuqothulweni - ukuphela kwenkathi yeqhwa eminyakeni eyizi-14 - 12 eyedlule kanye noshintsho olubi esimweni sezulu kanye nokwehla komkhiqizo wokudla, futhi kuhlanganiswa nakho, ukuzingela okukhulu kwabantu isiko lakwaClovis, abaphoqeleka ukuthi bagxile kakhulu ekuhlaselweni inyamazane Ukudla kwezilwane, ngenxa yezimo ezinzima zemvelo zeminyaka eyinkulungwane nengxenye. Njengomphumela, lokhu kungahle kube yifomula engathandeki kakhulu futhi kunciphe kakhulu ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zezwekazi kulelizwekazi.

I-South America

Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa isikhathi eside ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka, leli lizwekazi belingenabo abehlukahlukene abamele abamele izimbaza, uma liqhathaniswa ne-Eurasia noma neNyakatho Melika. Umcimbi othokozisayo wenzeka phakathi kwamazwe amabili aseMelika - iGreat Inter-American Exchange - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezintathu ezedlule, izingxenye zabasolwandle zasukuma zakha isthmus sanamuhla sePanamani. Lokhu kwaqala okokuqala, kwaqinisekiswa ngokumba, ukuqothuka okukhulu eNingizimu Melika, lapho izinhlobo ezivela eNyakatho Melika ziqala ukuthuthela ezwenikazi elisha. Ngaphambi kwalo mcimbi, iNingizimu Melika yayinezilwane ezizimele ezingafani nenye - cishe zonke izilwane zazinabantu, zihlala kuleli zwekazi kuphela.

Ngenxa yokuqothulwa kokuqala, bekungokwemvelo, izidalwa ezingenahloni zaphenduka zaba yimpumelelo ngokugqamile kunezinhlobo ezavela eNyakatho Melika, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo eziningana zama-sloths amakhulu asuka eSouth aya eNyakatho Melika.

EPleistocene, iNingizimu Melika yayingathinteki ngokubabazekayo, ngaphandle kwezintaba zase-Andean. Ekuqaleni kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, eminyakeni eyi-11,000-9,000 eyedlule, iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezi-2 kuya kwezintathu emva kokuqala kokuhlala kwabantu, cishe lonke uhlobo olukhulu lweMegafauna lwaphela. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Homfoterium (izihlobo zezindlovu), izingalo ezinkulu ezinesisindo esingamathani amabili - i-Sacicurus ne-glyptodons, ama-sloth amakhulu afinyelela kumathani angama-4 enesisindo, ama-unulates aseNingizimu Melika - ama-macrauchenia nama-toxodons angobukhulu bukabhejane. Ama-armadillos amancane asinda kuze kube namuhla. I-phenum niche yayihlaselwe ama-Optum. Iziqhwaga ezinkulu zokugcina zilala eziqhingini zaseCuba naseHaiti zahlala kuze kube yinkulungwane yesi-2 BC, zanyamalala ngemuva nje kokuvela kwabantu kulezi ziqhingi.

Kuze kube manje, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Melika ziyizinhlobo zamakamela - i-guanaco ne-vicuna, kanye ne-Central American tapir - efinyelela isisindo esingama-300 kg. Abanye abasindayo, abameleli abakhulu bezidalwa zangesikhathi esedlule bangababhaki, ama-cougars, ama-jaguars, ama-antetha amakhulu, ama-caimans, ama-capybaras, ama-anacondas.

Ama-hypotheses wokuqothula

Kuze kube manje, akukho mbono ojwayelekile ozohlukanisa phakathi kokuqothulwa kwe-Holocene, okungukuthi, ukuqothulwa ngenxa yezici zemvelo noma ukuqothulwa kwe-anthropogenic - ukuqothulwa komsebenzi womuntu okufanele kusolwe ngakho. Ngokusho kwephuzu elilodwa, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nesici somuntu kumele kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​ezinye izazi zisekela umbono wokuthi kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa lezi zinto zibe yiziqephu zomlando ezihlukile.

Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye ososayensi bahlobanisa ukuqothulwa kwezilwane ezinkulu e-Afrika nase-Europeya, kangangokuba eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-200-100 edlule abantu bohlobo lwanamuhla baqala ukukhula kakhulu ngamanani, bafunda ukuzingela ngamatshe, imikhonto, njalonjalo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwabo njengabazingeli futhi ngasikhathi sinye amandla ayo okubhubhisa ukuzalwa kwezilwane. Kwiziqhingi zaseNew Zealand naseMadagascar ezihlukaniswe namaHominids, izilwane zaseNingizimu Melika, i-Australia kanye neNyakatho Melika, noma umthelela omaphakathi wabazingeli abasha wawwanele ukuqala ukulahlekelwa yizinhlobo zezilwane ezinkulu. Umthelela womuntu emvelweni lapho uthuthuka uya ngokuya ukhula; okulandelayo, into ye-anthropogenic yabangela ukunyamalala kwezitshalo, ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye ne-oxidation ngokukhishwa komoya kanye nolwandle.

I-hypothesis yokuzingela nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu zezilwane

Lo mqondo uxhuma ukuzingela komuntu izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo nokuthi ngemuva kokuba zingqongqiwe futhi zanyamalala izilwane, izinyamazane ezikhethekile ekuzingeleni izilwane ezinkulu zafa ngemuva kwazo. Lo mbono usekelwa yizinsiza lapho kutholakala khona ukulimala okuvela kumicibisholo, imikhonto, iminonjana yokucutshungulwa nokusikwa kwezidumbu, lapho kwalimala khona amathambo, kutholakala emathanjeni ezilwane. Kutholakale izithombe eziningi emihumeni yaseYurophu, efanekisela kahle ukuzingela inyamazane enkulu.

Futhi, kunokuncika ekunakekelweni kwezilwane kanye nasekuqalekeni kokukhula komuntu. E-Afrika, izilwane, ukusondela kokhokho abangabantu, kancane kancane zazikwazi ukufunda ukwesaba abantu. Abantu abazange ngokushesha babe ngabazingeli abanamakhono futhi benza amaphutha; ekuqaleni babengenazikhali, amaqhinga namakhono abawathuthukisa kancane kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, iziloba zase-Afrika ikakhulukazi izilwane ezinkulu, yize zathola ukuhlupheka, zilahlekelwe izinhlobo nezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, kepha zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nazo, zifunde ukubaleka, noma ukucasha, noma ukuhlasela nokuxosha ukuhlaselwa kwabantu.

Ngakho-ke, izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu ekugcineni kwakuyizindlovu, amabhubesi, izimvubu nobhejane. Kuze kube manje, e-Afrika, izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu, ngokwezibalo zokubulawa kwalaba, ziyimvubu, okuthi, kukho konke ukubambezeleka kwabo okuncane, bakhuthele kakhulu ekuzivikeleni, endaweni yabo, futhi ikakhulu inzalo yabo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imvubu ngokusobala yayiyisidlo esimnandi kubantu - zinkulu ngesisindo futhi zibonakala zingenabungozi kangako. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo isikhathi eside, nabantu abasathuthuka kancane kancane, kwenza imvubu nobhejane baba ngabaphikisi abanamandla, izindawo abantu abaqala ukuzigwema. Uma ubheka ama-ungulates, ayazi nokuthi angazimela kanjani futhi akwenze ngenkuthalo - amadube angalwa ngayo yonke imilenze namazinyo awo. Ama-Antelopes abhekana ngisho nokukhothama kwezingonyama, okuye kwaqoshwa kaningi ngabacwaningi, kuze kufike lapho izitha zivela emaqenjini amadoda amadala futhi zihlasela imidwebo eholwa ngabesilisa abakhulu bamabhubesi. Lokhu kuziphatha kuphakamisa ukuthi ngisho nezidakamizwa e-herbivores e-Afrika zijwayele ukuzivikela ngenkuthalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Afrika esishisayo iyindawo yokusabalala kwezifo eziningi eziyingozi nezinambuzane ezisanda kubulala abantu nemfuyo: ama-trypanosomes ("ukulala ukugula"), i-tsetse ezindiza, umalaleveva, imijovo ehlukahlukene eshisayo, umkhuhlane wezingulube zase-Afrika, njll. Izilwane zase-Afrika zikhule zingavikeleki ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka, kepha abantu nemfuyo abanayo. Konke lokhu, kuze kube muva nje, kuvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Afrika eshisayo yamadlelo nezitshalo futhi kwasindisa izindawo zokuhlala izilwane ezinkulu kubantu.

Indlela eyinhloko futhi elula yokuzingela iqembu bekuwukuthatha inyamazane ebulewe izitha ezinkulu. Kuqinisekiswa ngemibono eminingi yabelaphi bezilwane - inqwaba yezilwane ezidla izitha iphonsa kalula ngisho inyamazane ebulawe nje uma izungezwe yizidleke noma izinyamazane ezincane. Ngakho-ke nama-falcons, izingulule. Abantu basendulo basebenzise amaqhinga afanayo - babezungeza inyamazane, bamemeza, bakhanda ngamatshe, besaba ngezinduku nangemikhonto. Umhlaseli wayesaba futhi washiya inyamazane entsha. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela kungenzeka ibe nomthelela ekuqothulweni kwenani le-feline genera, kufaka phakathi enkulu.

Kamuva, abantu babekuqonda ukuzingela njengeqembu, lapho abanye abantu bephazamisa isilo esikhulu, kanti abanye bezama ukulimaza imilenze nesisu. Ukuzingela izindlovu, kufaka nezilwane ezincelisayo, nakho kuholele ekubonakaleni kwezindlela zangempela. Isibonelo, abantu baqala ukwenza izicupho ezincane zomgodi, ukuze nje unyawo lwendlovu noma i-mammoth luwele kancane emgodini. Kufakwa ezansi zezigodi zomgodi - kulimaze unyawo lwesilwane. ngenxa yesisindo sayo esikhulu nobukhulu bayo, indlovu ayikwazi ukuma futhi ihamba ngemilenze emithathu isikhathi eside futhi emahoreni ambalwa yaphoqeleka ukuba iwe. Lapho-ke abantu babulala inyamazane. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi ungasebenzisi amandla amaningi ngokujaha inyamazane - lesi silwane asikwazi ukuphunyula, sikuvumela ukuthi ungabeki impilo yakho engcupheni, weqa isilwane esiyingozi kumqamuki. Kodwa-ke, lokhu futhi kube nomthelela ekuqothulweni ngokushesha kwe-proboscis eminingi, kufaka phakathi i-mammoth nabanye abaningana.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kwamanye amazwekazi, ikakhulukazi lawo lapho umuntu eza khona kamuva, izilwane, kubandakanya ezinkulu, zazethembile, zinonile, azibonanga ingozi ezidalweni ezincane kakhulu ngosayizi. Abantu beza e-Australia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, enyakatho ye-Eurasia naseziqhingini, sebesevele benekhono ngokwengeziwe. Bebehlome ngeminsalo, imikhonto, imikhondo, bekwazi ukusebenza eqenjini, behlasela izilwane ngasikhathi sinye. AmaMammoths, ama-mastodons ne-Homfoterium, ama-sloth amakhulu aqothulwa eMelika kuphela iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-2 ngemuva kokuvela kwabantu eminyakeni eyi-15 000 edlule, ngoba babengajwayelene nomuntu, bebengakwazi noma behluleka ukumelana naye. Zonke lezi zilwane zazihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezinkulungwane zeminyaka, kepha zafa kanyekanye nokwakhiwa kwabantu kabusha. Indoda yeza e-Australia iphethe umlilo futhi ingabeka amakani - umlilo umlilo owomile. Ukulungiselela okunjalo ekugcineni kwaba nomphumela omunyu kwezilwane - iziloba zesiqhingi kwavela ukuthi zisengozini enkulu - isibonelo esiveza kakhulu ukungabinazindiza nokuhamba kancane, i-moa noma i-epiornis, ngokuvamile eyayingakwazi ukuzivikela kumhlaseli omkhulu, kufaka phakathi abantu, ngokungafani nemifino e-Afrika efanayo .

Izizwe zase-Australia ezinale ndlela zashisa utshani nezimila cishe kulo lonke izwekazi. Ukuzingela ngokushayela izilwane ngomlilo kubangele ukulimala okukhulu komkhathi futhi kwaba ngesinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokuqothulwa kwezilwane nezimbali ezingajwayelekile zaleli zwekazi.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlangana phakathi kokufika kwabantu kanye nokuqothulwa kwe-megafauna kucishe kuqondile, ngaphandle kokulungiswa. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinamavolovolo zasinda eziqhingini zaseWrangel nasePribylov zingafinyeleleki kubantu kuze kube ngu-1700 BC (iminyaka engama-5000 ngemuva kokuqothuka ezweni elikhulu), ngenkathi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu (ukuphela kokuphela kanye nokwanda kwezinga lokushisa) akuzange kubangele ukuqothulwa kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ama-Giant sloths megalocnuse abephila cishe ngawo. ICuba kanye neHaiti eminye iminyaka engama-2 000 BC, iminyaka engama-7,000 ngemuva kokuqothuka ezwenikazi laseMelika, kepha yanyamalala ngemuva nje kokuvela kwabantu bokuqala kulezi ziqhingi.

Igagasi lokuqothulwa ngokuphelele e-Australia eminyakeni engama-50 000 edlule alixhunyaniswa nesimo sezulu - azikho izinguquko ezinkulu, kepha lihlobene ngqo nokufika kwabantu ezwenikazi.

Izifundo ezivela ku-2017-2018, kumagazini Isayensi , iqinisekisa ukuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kokufika kwabantu beHomo Sapiens behlangana nezwe elithile nokuqothulwa okubukhali okulandelayo kweMeggunauna. Kwambulwa ukuthi ngesikhathi se-Cenozoic, ukuqothulwa kwahamba kahle futhi emhlabeni jikelele, zombili izinhlobo nezincane zezilwane zafa ngokulinganayo. Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-29 eyedlule, kube nenkinga ekuqothulweni kwezidalwa ezincane, maqondana nokwehliswa kwezindawo ezisehlathini kanye nokwanda kwengxenye yama-savannas nama-steppes.

Isimo esihlukile ngokuyisisekelo esakhiwe ngesikhathi se-Quaternary futhi, ikakhulukazi, phakathi kokuqothulwa kwe-Quaternary. Esikhathini esiphakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-125-70 eyedlule, ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane kwathatha indlela eya ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu. Isimo esifanayo siphikelele osukwini lwanamuhla - ngabameli be-megafauna ababhujiswa kakhulu bese befa. Lezo zilwane ezinesisindo esincane azona ezisengozini futhi azifanekisi inyamazane enjalo elula, zizalela ngokushesha futhi zijwayele ukulandela abantu, kanye nokushintsha kwezimo zangaphandle.Isibonelo, kuzindlovu, ezibandakanya izilwane ezincelisayo, ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-10 nanhlanu, ezimweni ezingezinhle ngisho nangemva kwalokho, eneminyaka eyi-17 ukuya kwengama-20 ubudala, ngenkathi ama-moose eqala ukuzala eseneminyaka emi-2, okwenze inani labamamoth baba sengozini enkulu lapho ukuzingela kakhulu ezimweni zezulu eziphikisayo. Ezimweni ezinzima ze-Arctic, indoda yakudala yayingenakho ukukhetha kwezinto zokudla njengabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo lapho izimila zihlala unyaka wonke, ngakho-ke, ukuze isinde, indoda e-Arctic kwakumelwe izingele noma yisiphi isilwane, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu njenge mammoths . Ngasikhathi sinye, eHholocene, ukukhetha kwalungiswa ngandlela thile, futhi izilwane ezincane zaqala ukufelwa ngaphandle, kepha lokhu kwakubangelwa umthelela owandayo wethonya, lapho indawo yabantu abakhuluphele ezilwaneni zasendle, ezindaweni zamahlathi, nasezindaweni zemvelo eziqala ukuncipha kakhulu.

La maqiniso akhombisa ukuthi lesi simo ngokuqothulwa kwezilwane esikhathini se-Quaternary yehlukile kuyo yonke inkathi ye-Cenozoic futhi asinazo iziphikiso ngokuya ngokuthanda, lapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu - megafauna - zahlupheka kakhulu. Ukuqagela okungatheni okunjalo ekuqothulweni kwe-megafauna akubonwanga kwezinye izinkathi lapho kunokuqothulwa kwesisindo.

Kuyaqinisekiswa futhi ukuthi ushintsho lwesimo sezulu olubukhali alukwazi ukukhetha ukuholela ekuqothulweni kwe-megafauna.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ososayensi bathola ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi ukuguqulwa komuntu kohlobo lweHomo Sapiens lube uhlobo lomhlaseli omkhulu, owayekwazi ukuzingela ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, naye owayenomqondo osathuthukile, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezinkulu esikhathini se-Quaternary. Ngenxa yalesi simo sokuzingela kanye namakhono omuntu onengqondo, kule minyaka eyi-125,000 edlule izinyamanahliza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla okuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezinkulu zezwekazi cishe acishe abonise ngqo ukwakhiwa kabusha kwabantu bomndeni wakwaHomo kula mazwekazi.

I-Europe, eseningizimu nasenkabeni ye-Asia, ukunyamalala kwe-megafauna phakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-125-70 eyedlule - i-heyday yamasiko aseMiddle Paleolithic, kufaka phakathi amaNeanderthals, amaDenisovans, amaza okuqala e-sapiens.

I-Australia - ukuqothulwa okubukhali kwe-megafauna phakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-55- 40 eyedlule - abantu bokuqala beza kuleli zwekazi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-60 edlule.

ENyakatho ye-Esasia - eminyakeni engama-25 - eyi-15 000 edlule, lapho ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu kanye nokubuyela emuva kwamaqhwa kwavumela abantu ukuba baphume ezindaweni ezazingafinyeleleki ngaphambili.

Ngasikhathi sinye, iNingizimu neNyakatho Melika, phakathi nalokhu kuqothulwa, empeleni kwakuyizindawo zemvelo, lapho umhlaba wezilwane ungazange unciphise ngokuphelele ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zazo, kubandakanya nezilwane ezinkulu. Leli qiniso lihlobene ngqo neqiniso lokuthi abantu abakafuduki kulawa mazwekazi. Kepha phakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 - 11 edlule, kula mazwekazi, bekubuye kube nokuqothulwa okubukhali kwe-megafauna, okuhlobene ngqo nokufika kwabantu kula mazwekazi. Abantu bakwazile ukuthuthela eNyakatho Melika bedlula eBeringia futhi bahlala lapho eminyakeni eyi-15,000 edlule.

Ukukhonjiswa kwamakhompiyutha okwenziwa ngonyaka ka-2015 kumamodeli kaMosmann noMartin noWhittington kanye noDyke bakuqinisekisile lokhu okutholakele. Imininingwane yesimo sezulu yafakwa kuwo wonke amazwekazi eminyakeni engama-90,000 edlule, ukuqothuka kwezinhlobo ngonyaka, nesikhathi abantu abafika ngaso emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene. Isikhathi sokuqothulwa kwezilwane zihambisana nokufika kwabantu kuzo zombili izinhlobo. Ngasikhathi sinye, isimo sezulu asizange sibe imbangela yokuqothulwa, kodwa ngomthelela we-anthropogenic osebenzayo, wandisa ukuqothulwa kwezilwane. Kwaphawulwa futhi ukuthi ukuqothula kwakunesivinini esiphansi e-Asia, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Australia, iziqhingi kanye nezwe laseMelika. Leliqiniso lihlobene neqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni abantu beza e-Eshiya futhi lapho bebengakatholakali ngokwedlule, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi lapho bethuthela kwamanye amazwekazi, kanti nezilwane, ngokwengxenye, kepha zikwazile ukujwayela uhlobo olusha lomhlaseli.

Iziphetho kanye nokuphikisana ne-hypothesis yokuzingela okungenasimilo

• Abantu kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo eningizimu yeSiberia zahlangana ndawonye iminyaka engaphezu kuka-12,000, kusuka eminyakeni engama-32,000 kuya kwengama-20,000 edlule, ngaphambi kokuqala kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esibi, okunciphisa indawo yezimila efanele indawo yokuhlala yezilwane ezincelisayo. Abantu, kulokhu, babeyimbangela yesibili yokuqothulwa, mhlawumbe beqeda inani labantu asebevele bancipha mammoms.

• Izidakamizwa emvelweni azikwazi ukuzingela kakhulu lolu hlobo noma uhlobo lwenyamazane, ngoba izindleko zamandla zokuxosha inyamazane ebeseyivelakancane kungekudala ziyeke ukukhokha inani layo lokudla. Umhlaseli uzoqala ukubulawa yindlala, ngeke esakwazi ukuxosha isisulu futhi aphindisele abancintisana naye. Okokuqala, indoda, njenganoma yisiphi isisulu, ihlala izingelwa inyamazane ebiza kakhulu, enenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokudla - ngama-herbivores amakhulu, ahamba kancane okulula ukuwaxosha: ama-mammoths, ama-mastodons, ama-sloths amakhulu, ama-armadillos amakhulu, ama-marsupials amakhulu. Phambilini, izilwane ezinjalo cishe zazingenazitha ngokwemvelo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo namandla, okuyingozi ekulweni. Umuntu angahlasela izilwane ezinjalo nge-10-15 m, aziphonse ngemikhonto ezivela kude nemikhawulo namazinyo azo. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinjalo zaqothuka kwasekuqaleni. Kepha abantu babehlala bekhethelwa imikhiqizo eminingi ehlukile, kufaka phakathi ukudla okususelwa ezitshalweni ngokuphelele ezindaweni ezishisayo, uma umdlalo owodwa noma omunye uba onqabile. Ngenxa yezifo eziwumqedazwe wezifo ezishisayo, izinambuzane eziphuza igazi (abathwali bokutheleleka kanye nama-parasites), izinyamazane ezinkulu futhi ezisheshayo (amahlosi, amabhubesi), kanye nokuntuleka kwezibhamu, kuze kube ngekhulu le-19 izindawo eziningi zamahlathi kanye nemifula yase-Asia nase-Afrika zazingafinyeleleki futhi ziyingozi kubantu nakwimfuyo. . Ngakho-ke, kuze kube muva nje, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasendle zikwazile ukugcina zinokuphila lapho, noma zivezwa ngabantu.
• Ezinye izilwane eNyakatho Melika azifanga, kufaka phakathi inyathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlobo yayihlukaniswe ngokuphelele nabantu iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-240 futhi ilahlekelwe ukuqaphela kwayo okuhlobene nabantu, kodwa ayizange ibe njengabahlakani njengabakhileyo bezilwane zase-Australia, ngoba izinyamazane ezinkulu nezisheshayo zahlala eNyakatho Melika - izimpisi, izingwegwe, amabhere amabi. Abamhlophe abafudukela eMelika bathola imihlambi emikhulu yenyathi. Kuze kufike amahhashi nezibhamu ezilethwe ngabaseYurophu abaseNdiya e-prairie, babengeke bakwazi ukulandela umkhondo, owawushesha ngokwanele futhi uyingozi emhlambini wezinyamazane ezizingela izinyawo. AmaNdiya, ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu, babengenazo izilwane ezifuywayo (ngaphandle kwamaLama ase-Andes), bekhipha imihlambi yezilwane zasendle ezingathandeki.
• Izinga lokuzalwa lokuzingela kwabantu laliphezulu kakhulu, ngoba kwakungekho okuvimbela inzalo emthethweni. Kepha ukushona kwemvelo esikhathini esidlule bekuphakeme nje (kusuka ezifweni, kwindlala, izimpi zezizwe, ukulimala kanye nokulimala) - abantu baphila ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engekho ngaphezulu kwama-30. Ezintweni zakudala (abanini bomhlaba, amaNdiya), ukubulala amagciwane nokubulala izinsana kwenziwa ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile zendlala. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukuzingela inyamazane efanayo kwanikeza isamba esikhulu senyama namafutha futhi bekuzoba nomzimba omningi kakhulu ukuthi kungadingekile ukuqhubeka nokuzingela, kuze kube yilapho ukuqothuka kwezilwane ezincelisayo ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenze abantu babulawa yindlala futhi bafuna imithombo eqinile yokudla, banakekela ukuphepha kwemithombo yabo yokuzingela.

Kuyafaneleka ukubheka umehluko omkhulu ekucabangeni kwabazingeli bemiphakathi yangaphambilini neyanamuhla yezobuchwepheshe. Abazingeli, amaNdiya afanayo esizwe sakwaLakota, amaChukchi, amaNenets, ama-Yakuts, awakaze abulale inyamazana engaphezu kwalokho ayekudinga ngokudla nangezinto ezidingekayo zenyama, avikela izindawo zawo zokuzingela ekuvinjezelweni kwezinye izizwe. AmaNdiya aseLakota abulala inani elichazwe ngokuqinile le-buffalo, ngenkathi isidumbu sonke sisetshenzisiwe ngaphandle kwezinsalela, okuyinto yesiko lobuchwepheshe besimanje elingenakuziqhayisa ngayo, eshiya imfucuza eningi. ILakota yayikwazi ukufinyelela kwizigidi zemihlambi yezinyathi, kodwa ayikaze ithathe okungaphezulu kwesidingo. I-Chukchi esifundeni seChukotka nayo yanamathela ngokuqinile kumgomo - kuphela inani elifunekayo lenyama. ncamashi imikhomo eminingi ihlala ibulawa ukondla wonke umuntu futhi yenze amasheya kumaqhwa, kodwa akusekho okunye. .

Ezimpini zezizwe, ezifweni nasekulambeni, inani elandayo labazingeli bakudala labhubha uma imvelo yemvelo ingenakukwazi ukondla wonke umuntu. Okweminyaka eyizinkulungwane, izizukulwane zabazingeli sezivele sezazi umthamo wokuzingela umhlaba wazo - kuze kufike ukufika kwabahlali abamhlophe abanezibhamu, imihlambi yezinkomo ayibhubhisanga imali esele.

Abokufika baseYurophu abeza e-United States, bephethe izibhamu, baxosha izinkulungwane zezinyathi ngoba nje bezijabulisa, noma bejongela phansi isisekelo sokudla samaNdiya, babhubhisa ngokuphelele izigidi zemihlambi yezinyathi, izinkulungwane zezigidi zemijiva ezulazulayo nezinye izinhlobo zezinkulungwane.

Isimo sezulu Sokuguqula Isimo sezulu

Kakade ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqalekeni kweminyaka yama-20, ososayensi baqaphela isimo sokuzungeza komhlaba, kanye nokuthi izinyoni zashintsha kanjani, izinhlobo zezilwane zafa futhi izilwane ezintsha zahlala emakhaleni azo. Lokhu kuholele emcabangweni wobudlelwano besimo sezulu nokwakheka kwezilwane nezimbali.

Kodwa-ke, abagxeki bathi bekubaningi ukucwazimula nokufudumala, kepha ngasikhathi sinye akukaze kwehliswe kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye wakwazi ukufaka izilwane eziphelile ngezinhlobo ezintsha. Kwakungesikhathi esiphakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 kuye kwayi-9 kwenzeka ukwehluleka okukhulu nge-megafaunal, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezinkulu zafa, futhi lokhu kuhambisana nokwanda kwenani lemiphakathi yabantu, okubandakanya ukuvela kohlobo lomuntu wanamuhla - uCro-Magnon, owayenobuhlakani nje nabantu besimanje, futhi wakwazi ukuhlela ukuzingela noma yiziphi izilwane afuna ukuzithola.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinduna zemamododons esifundeni saseGreat Lakes kusikisela ukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana ngaphambi kokunyamalala, ama-mastodons afa amadala futhi ashiye inzalo encane. Lokhu akuhambisani kahle nezinguquko zesimo sezulu, obekufanele zishaye phansi isikhathi sokuphila, kepha kunengqondo uma sicabanga ukuthi abantu abazingelayo banciphise isibalo sezilwane ezincelisayo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule futhi ukuthi izinhlobo ezisele zanciphisa umncintiswano wazo we-intraspecific, azizange zibeke engcupheni yokuqina nezimbangi zabesifazane namadlelo. . Abazingeli bakwaClovis okokuqala bashaya abesilisa abangabodwa besizungu se-mamodon kanye nesilwane esanyisayo, baxoshwe emhlambini womndeni lapho sebefinyelele ekuthweni, njengoba kuyisiko lezindlovu (kulula futhi kuphephile ukuzingela izilwane ezizodwa kunalo mhlambi wonke), ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe echibini lohlobo kanye nokuthola ukuzalanisa lezi izilwane.

Ukushisa okushisa

Umphumela osobala kakhulu wokuphela kwe-glaciation elandelayo ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Phakathi kweminyaka eyi-15,000 ne-11,000 eyedlule, kuye kwabonwa ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwamaplanethi ngonyaka ngama-degrees ayi-12,5. Ngokwalo mbono, ukufudumala okunjalo kudala isimo esingesihle salezo zilwane ezijwayela ukuhlala endaweni ebandayo, ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimila, ezazidliwa yi-herbivores e-megafauna. Ngenxa yokuncibilika kweshidi leqhwa, izinga lolwandle lomhlaba lenyuka ngamashumi ngamamitha, kwagcwala izindawo eziphansi ezisogwini. Ukujula komswakama neqhwa ebusika kwakhuphuka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, okwaholela ekunyamalaleni kwama-tundra steppes futhi kwenza kwaba nzima ukuthi ama-herbivores amakhulu athole ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa, izifunda eziseningizimu yama-tundra steppes zagcwala i-coniga enkulukazi, kanye nama-steppes aseningizimu (i-prairies) aba ome kakhulu ehlobo, ngenxa ukuqinisa isimo sezulu ezwenikazi.

Ngokusho kweDNA nokucwaninga kwemivubukulo, ngokusobala izinga lokushisa lalinomthelela ekuqotweni, ekuqothulweni kwezilwane ezithile nezitshalo nasekubuyiselweni kwazo kwezinye. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu angasebenza njengento ephazamisa ukungena kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zemvelo, axoshe lezo zinkudlwana zezilwane ezinkulu ezingase zithathe indawo yokuqothuka noma yokuqothuka, ngaleyo ndlela zibhebhethekisa ukuqothulwa.

Ukushintshwa Kwezitshalo: Kwendawo

Kufakazelwe ukuthi imifino isishintshile isuka ehlathini-steppe, yaya ekuhlukanisweni okucacile - indumezulu nehlathi [ umthombo? ]. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuhlukaniswa okubukhali kwathinta izinhlobo zezilwane futhi izilwane eziningi azikwazanga ukuzivumelanisa. Isikhathi esifushane sokukhula kotshani singaba nemiphumela ehlukile ezilwaneni ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, inyathi nezinye izinkanyamba zazizizwa zingcono kunamahhashi nezindlovu. Ngo-bison nokunye okunjalo, amandla okugaya ifayibha eqinile, okunzima ukuyigaya nekhono lokubekezelela ubuthi emithini amakhambi ithuthukiswa kangcono. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezo zilwane ebezikhethekile ngohlobo olulodwa lokudla ziba sengozini enkulu lapho ziguqula isembozo semifino. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezifanayo ezidumile - i-panda enkulu - zidla izinhlobo ezithile zoqalo, njengesisekelo sokudla kwesitshalo kanye nenani elincane lokudla kwezilwane. Kodwa yi-bamboo kanye namahlumela ayo asebenza njengokudla okuyinhloko kwama-pandas, futhi uma kwenzeka kufa amahlumela we-bamboo, ama-pandas afa ngendlala. Kulokhu, inkomo iyisibonelo sokuqina okuphezulu kwanoma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo, kufaka phakathi ijusi, amakhambi athambile kanye namahlumela wezihlahla nezihlahla ezincane notshani obunzima, obume ngesakhiwo.

Izinguquko

Isimo sezulu esandayo samazwekazi siholele ekutheni kube nemvula engalinganiseli. Lokhu kwaqala ukuthinta ngqo izimbali - utshani nezihlahla, ngakhoke ukulethwa kokudla. Ukushintshashintsha kwezimvula emvula kunezi zikhathi ezinomkhawulo ezikufanelekelayo ukuzala nokudla. Kwezilwane ezinkulu, ukuguqulwa okunjalo kwemijikelezo kungabulala, ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinye izinto ezingezinhle. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi iminyaka yokuthomba kanye nobudala bokumelana kwezilwane ezinjalo ziphakeme kakhulu, izilwane ezincane ziphinde zisesimweni esikahle - zinezikhathi ezivumelana nezimo zokushada, isikhathi sokufikisa nokukhulelwa, ngakho-ke kulula ngazo ukuzala kabusha, ngokushesha nangempumelelo ukubuyiselwa kwabantu bazo. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esibi, ngengcindezi eyandayo yabazingeli, izinhlobo zezilwane ezinkulu zithinteka kakhulu.

Ucwaningo lwezemvelo lwango-2017 eYurophu, eSiberia naseMelika phakathi kweminyaka engama-25,000 ne-10,000 edlule lubonise ukuthi ukufudumala okuhlala isikhathi eside, okwaholela ekunciphiseni kwamaqhwa futhi kwandise imvula, kwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokuguqulwa kwamadlelo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, amadlelo aqiniswa ngokuya kwezulu ngamathafa, obekuqinisekisa ukuthi umhlaba wokudla indawo okuhlala kuwo uhlala kanjani. Ngenxa yokunyuka komswakama kanye namazinga we-CO₂ emkhathini, ukuphakama kwesembozo seqhwa kwakhuphuka ebusika ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, okuholele ekushabalaleni kwama-tundra steppes, okwenza kwaba nzima kuma-herbivores amakhulu (ama-mammoths, ama-rhinos woboya) ukuthola ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa ngamanani anele.

Lapho ibhalansi yezulu lishintsha, umhlaba wokudla osakudala wanyamalala futhi iMegafauna yahlaselwa. Kodwa-ke, isikhundla se-Afrika esine-transquitorial senza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukulondolozwa kwamadlelo phakathi kwamagwadule namahlathi aphakathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho e-Afrika megafauna yathinteka kancane ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Izimpikiswano ngokumelene ne-Climate Warming Hypothesis

• Abaphikisi bemibono yokushisa okuphakeme, njengembangela yokuqothulwa, baveze ukuthi ukufiphaza nokushisa okulandelayo yinqubo yomjikelezi, inqubo yomhlaba wonke ebilokhu yenzeka emhlabeni amakhulu ezinkulungwane nezigidi zeminyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane eziningi ezinkulu zijwayela ngokuphelele imijikelezo yokupholisa ukufudumala. Ngakho-ke, ukukhulisa nje izinga lokushisa akwanele ekuqothulweni okukhulu okunjalo.
• Ngakho-ke, ama-mamms asinda isikhathi eside e-Wrangel Island naseSt. Paul Island (Alaska), iminyaka engama-5000 ngemuva kokushisa, ngenxa yokungabikho kwabantu kulezi ziqhingi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ziyidlanzana labantu abavame ukuqothuka ngenxa yokushintshwa. Kepha lokhu akwenzanga ngamamammoms ngokumelene nesizinda sokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa.
• Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokubuyela emuva kwamaqhwa abambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kabusha kwabantu abazingeli ezindaweni ezazingafinyeleleki ngaphambili kwe-Arctic 20,000 kuya ku-15,000 edlule.
• Izilwane ezingaziwa kufanele, esikhundleni salokho, ziqale ukuchuma.Ikakhulu, ama-herbivores anotshani obuningi. Okwezinyamazane namahhashi, izindawo zokudumisa kuzo zonke iziphetho bekungafanele ukuba lula njengokwezindawo ezedlule.
• Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezincelisayo, iMedododon yaseMelika, i-homefoterium, i-toododons, ama-sloths amakhulu, izingalo ezinkulu zempi - ama-glyptodons ayehlala ezindaweni ezihlukile zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika (e-tundra, e-steppe, emahlathini anomswakama, ehlathini elishisayo) abantu ezwenikazi laseMelika iminyaka engu-15-12 eyizinkulungwane. emuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, endaweni enkulu enjengezwekazi laseMelika, ihlathi, amahlathi, izitebhisi, i-tundra azizange zinyamalale ngalesi sikhathi, naphezu kwazo zonke izinguquko zesimo sezulu, futhi zisindile kuze kube namuhla, futhi i-megafauna isenyamalele.
• Ihhashi laseNtshonalanga laqothuka eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 eyedlule, kepha lapho amahhashi ebuyiselwa endle ngekhulu le-16 njengama-European (asangs) asendle, awazange aqale ukufa futhi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, bafunda ukuthola ukudla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, amahhashi avumelanise nalawo makhambi aqukethe ubuthi; isikhathi sokumiswa komzimba awavimbeli amahhashi ekukhiqizeni, naphezu kwezikhathi zesomiso nobuningi botshani obuningi nekhwalithi.
• Imvamisa, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zihamba ngokuphumelelayo zifuna amadlelo, akhonjiswa ngokucacile e-Afrika yanamuhla ngokufuduka okukhulu kwezintokazi nezindlovu. Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu akuzange kwenzeke ngaso leso sikhathi, kodwa ngaphezulu kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, okuvumela izilwane ezinkulu ukuba zithuthele ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifanele. Isikhundla se-trans-equatorial yezwekazi laseMelika sivumele lokhu ukuthi kwenziwe, kepha ngenxa yokwakhiwa kabusha kwabantu phakathi neMelika iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 kuya kweziyi-12 ezedlule, iMegafauna yaseMelika yayingasenaso isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nomzingeli omusha womhlaba wonke, futhi icishe yafa.
• Izilwane ezinkulu zinokonga kwamafutha amakhulu, lokhu bekufanele kuzisize zikwazi ukomela isomiso, isithwathwa kanye nezikhathi ezinzima.
• I-Alaska inenhlabathi ephansi kakhulu yezakhi ngalesi sikhathi. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwe-megafauna okwenziwe ngumuntu kuholele ekonakalisweni kwezindawo ezisenyakatho kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile kwesigaba sezinyamazane yi-taiga, hhayi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. . Njengoba umlando wokubuka izindlovu eziqiwini zikazwelonke e-Afrika zibonisa, izindlovu nezilwane zasendle ezingafuneki zivimbela izihlahla ukuba zingakhukhumali ngokudla izihlahlana.
• E-Australia, ukuqothulwa kwe-megafauna yaqala eminyakeni engama-50 - 45 edlule, kudala ngaphambi kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngasePleistocene, kodwa ngemuva kokuvela kwabantu lapho.

Umbono ngezifo, ubhubhane

Ngokusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi izilwane ezilandela izilwane ezifuywayo - izinja ezifuywayo - zazingabathwali bezifo ezithinta kakhulu, ezinamandla. Kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezazingavikeleki kukho, isifo esinjalo sabulala. Inqubo efanayo yenzeka enkathini yomlando - eHawaii, izinyoni zasendle zahlaselwa izifo ezethulwa ngabantu.

Kepha ngezinga elifanayo lapho ukuqothulwa kwehlela khona isibalo esikhulu sezilwane, kufaka phakathi ezinkulu, ezindaweni ezinkulu, cishe ngosayizi we-Eurasia, lesi sifo kufanele sigcwalise izici eziningi. Okokuqala, kufanele kube nokubhekisisa okungokwemvelo nomaphi lapho isifo siphikelela khona, noma ngabe kungekho zilwane ezintsha ezithelelekile kwezinye izindawo. Okwesibili, izinga lokutheleleka kufanele liphelele - yonke iminyaka nosayizi, abesilisa nabesifazane. Okwesithathu, ukufa kwabantu kufanele kudlule ngamaphesenti angama-50 - 75. Okwesine, lesi sifo kufanele sikwazi ukuthelela izinhlobo zezilwane ezithile, kanti singabulawa ngabantu.

Kodwa-ke, uma ucabanga ukuthi lezi zifo zadluliselwa nezinja ezifuywayo, ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane e-Australia nase-Oceania akuhambi ngaphansi kwale ncazelo. Izinja zavela kulezi zindawo kuphela iminyaka engama-30,000 ngemuva kokuncishiswa ngokuphelele kwama-megafauna ase-Australia nase-Oceania.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane - izimpisi, amakamela, izilwane ezincelisayo, amahhashi, zazithutha njalo, futhi zithutha phakathi kwamazwekazi. Ngakho-ke, i-equine, njengomndeni, idabuka eNyakatho Melika (bheka - i-Horse Evolution) yabe isuka eBeringia yaya e-Eurasia nase-Afrika kuphela. [ hhayi emthonjeni ]

Izimpikiswano zokulwa nobhubhane njengezimbangela zokuqothulwa

Okokuqala, ngisho nesifo esinamandla kakhulu njenge-West Nile fever asibangeli ukuqothuka okunjalo futhi singabulala abantu bendawo kuphela. Abantu abangaxhumani nabathelelekile, abahlukaniswe yizingqinamba zemvelo, ngeke batheleleke. Okwesibili, lesi sifo kumele sikhethe ngokwedlulele, sinqobele izinhlobo ezichazwe ngokuqinile ze-megafauna, ngaphandle kokuthinta izinhlobo ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifo esinjalo kufanele sibe nobubanzi obukhulu kakhulu (izigidi zamakhilomitha-skwele) ngezinhlobo zezulu ezahlukahlukene, izinsiza zamanzi nokudla, kanye nezixhumanisi emaketangeni okudla okubandakanya izilwane ezahlukahlukene ngezinhlobo nezimpawu zokudla. Ngasikhathi sinye, lesi sifo kufanele sibulale izinyoni ezingenabhanoyi, futhi cishe singathinti ezindizayo. Izifo ezinesethi enjalo yezici azaziwa yisayensi.

Isimo

Umqondo uveza imicimbi elandelayo. Ngemuva kokuthi abantu sebeqale ukuthutha badlula eBeringia baya eNyakatho Melika, babuyela eMelika eseMelika, baqale bazama ukubhubhisa izimbangi zabo eziyingozi kakhulu - izitha ezinkulu zasendaweni. Lokhu kwenzeke emzabalazweni wokuphepha nezindawo ezintsha zokuzingela, abantu bangena ngale ndlela emzabalazweni wezindawo lapho bekungenzeka khona ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezinama-herbivorous. Ngokubheka ukuthi ama-carnivores futhi awazange ahlangane nezinkawu ezinkulu kanye nama-hominin ngaphambili, ikakhulukazi, abengazange baqonde ingozi ababhekana nayo kusukela elincane, ngokuqhathaniswa ne-bison, izilwane.

Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane ezincelisayo zancishiswa kakhulu ngesibalo esikhathini esifushane, kanti amabhubesi aseMelika kanye nama-smilodons ngokuvamile aqothulwa. Lokhu kubangele ukusabela kwe-chain - izilwane ezincelisayo ezi-herbivorous, lapho kutholakala khona ukudla okukhulu futhi lapho kungekho khona izinyamazane ngenani elifanele, zaqala ukwanda ngokungadingekile.

• Ngemuva kokufika kweHomo Sapiens eNyakatho Melika, abahlaseli abakhona kumele "babelane" ngezizathu zokuzingela nomuntu oncintisana naye omusha. Kubangela ukungaboni ngaso linye
• Umhlaseli we-oda wesibili, uHomo Sapiens, uqala ukubulala abazingelayo bokuqala.
• Ngenxa yalokhu, izitha ezi-oda lokuqala zicishe zichithwe ngokuphelele, ibhalansi ye-biosystem eye yathuthuka ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokufika kwama-Hominids ezweni elisha.
• Uma kungekho ukulawulwa ngabazingeli, inani lama-herbivores landa kakhulu, ngemuva kwalokho inkinga yokuphakelwa kokudla iqala. Ngemuva kwalokhu, indlala iqala ukweluka amakhambi ngenxa yokudangala kwamadlelo. Ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa yizinhlobo zezilwane ezincike esilinganisweni esikhulu sotshani obumnandi, njenge-proboscis. Ukulandela izilwane ziyafa, ngamakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo angaguqulwa ukuze aphile ngenani elincane lokuphakelayo.
• Ngenxa yengcindezi yezilwane emadlelweni, amadlelo ayanyathelwa, kuguqulwa uhlobo lwezimila. Ngemuva kwaso, isimo sezulu siyashintsha, siba ngokwengeziwe izwekazi, umswakama uyehla.