Indawo abahlala kuyo yi-Afrika. Bahlala enyakatho yezwekazi, bahlala ogwadule nolwandle, izindawo ezinentaba futhi ezinamadwala. Ubude bomzimba 130 - 160 cm, ukuphakama kubuna cishe imitha eyi-1, ubude bomsila obucayiwe ngo-20 cm, nesisindo sezilwane 40 - 140 kg. Abesilisa banesisindo esindayo futhi sikhulu kunabesifazane. Umzimba uqinile, imilenze yinde ngobude obuphakathi, ikhanda liyaphakama. Izimpondo zifinyelela kubude obungama-70cm futhi, futhi, kubantu besifazane amafushane. Ngendlela, izimpondo zama-bovid zikhula yonke impilo yazo. Izimbobo zophondo zigqokwa ezindongeni zamathambo ezisekuphumeni kwamathambo angaphambili. Izindlebe zinciphile, zincanyana, amehlo mancane. Ngokuvamile, inqama enamadoda, ngokwesigaba, itholakala phakathi kwezinqama nezimbuzi. Umbala wejazi ungwevu onsundu, noma onsundu okhanyayo. Isilevu simhlophe, futhi simhlophe ngaphakathi emilenzeni kanye nomucu esiswini. Ijazi likhulu nge undercoat emfishane ethambile. Isilwane asinaso isilevu, kepha abesilisa bakhulisa umuna entanyeni yabo. Indoda endala uma idala, umhlobiso omude wentamo yayo, ifinyelela ngisho nasemhlabathini. Futhi okwamanje abalisabalalisi iphunga le-"mbuzi" elimnandi. Izilwane ezibucayi nezilalelayo, ezinokuzwa okuhle nomuzwa wokuhogela. Ugxuma olukhulu emadwaleni amatshe, kepha obala, asengozini. Ngeke usindiswe ngendiza, zivame ukubanda lapho, kube sengathi zidaliwe.
Abesilisa baphila impilo bebodwa. Abesifazane benza amaqembu amancane: omama namawundlu abo. Zidla ngotshani namaqabunga. Isikhathi eside bangenza ngaphandle kwamanzi, bathola umswakama ovela eziluhlaza okotshani. Uhlala uzulazula amabanga amafushane ufuna ukudla. Uma eza namanzi, uphuza amanzi amaningi. Ziphila impilo esebenzayo kusihlwa nasebusuku, phakathi nosuku lokuphumula nokulala kwabo. Zinezitha eziningi - ingwe, ilynx, i-caracal, futhi nendoda yokuzingela inyama noboya.
Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa baqala impi yokulwela ukuba ne-harem encane. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi maphakathi nekwindla. Abantu abaqine kakhulu bajoyina amaqembu abesifazane. Kepha okokuqala, impi ayinakugwenywa. Welule ezinyaweni futhi wehlise ikhanda, abesilisa bathatha umehluko wokulwa. Uma omunye wabo engakwamukelanga ukulungela, khona-ke izinqama zihlakazeka. Futhi uma omunye nomunye ebekelwa inselelo, khona-ke bashayisana nezimpondo futhi bazame ukusunduza umphikisi phansi. Owesilisa onqobayo uhola iqembu labesifazane. Ukukhulelwa kuzohlala izinsuku ezingama-160. Iwundlu elilodwa noma amabili azalwa. Njengoba sesomile futhi siphumule, izingane zime ngezinyawo ziphuze ubisi lukanina. Maduze nje balandela umama wabo futhi bagxumela emadwaleni ngenkani. Ukudla ubisi kuzohlala izinyanga ezi-4, khona-ke amathole asekhulile azondla ngokudla kwezitshalo zawo.
Ukubukeka
Inqama en Maned (Ammotragus lervia) Uthatha isikhundla esiphakathi kwezimvu nezimbuzi. Ubude bomzimba wakhe busuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-1.7 m, ubude bomsila buyi-15-25 cm, ukuphakama kusuka ku-75 kuya ku-110 cm, isisindo sabesilisa sisuka ku-100 kuye ku-145 kg, kuthi abesifazane babe ngama-40-55 kg kuphela. Uboya balezi zinqama bune-beige noma obomvu ngombala obomvu, isilevu, umucu osesiswini kanye nengaphakathi lemilenze ngopende omhlophe. Phansi komsila wayo yizindlala ezinikeza isilwane imbuzi ukunuka. Emadodeni, kumiswa ukumiswa okukhulu ("intshebe" noma "mane") entanyeni nase esifubeni kusuka ezinweleni ezinde ezithambile, kwesinye isikhathi ukumiswa okunjalo kungamboza nemilenze yangaphambili yenqama, yingakho beqanjwe igama. Ikhanda lenqama enamadoda liphakeme ngamehlo amakhulu nezindlebe ezincane, ijazi linobukhulu, alinamifushane, ngobude obuphakathi. Bobabili ubulili banezimpondo, kepha emadodeni bakhulu, chaza isigaxa esingaphezulu ngemuva futhi singafinyelela ubude obufika kuma-85 cm.
Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Okuvamile izinqama ezinamadoda enyakatho ne-Afrika, uhla lwazo lusuka eMorocco naseSahara esentshonalanga eGibhithe naseSudan. Bahlala ogwadule kanye namahlane ogwadule, bakhetha izindawo ezinamadwala nezomile. Izinqama ezinamadoda zigugile kakhulu, zigibela imithambeka egcwala kangcono kunezinye izinqama, zigxuma kahle ziye kufinyelela kumamitha ama-2 ukuphakama futhi zingagxuma kalula zisuka endaweni eshisayo. Lapho esatshiswa, izinqama azibaleki, kepha zibambe endaweni yayo. Ziyasebenza, njengabaningi bezindawo ezisehlane, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa nasebusuku.
Umsoco
Yidla izinqama ezinamadoda izimila ezahlukahlukene: amakhambi, ama-lichens kanye namahlumela zezihlahla (zizonke, zisebenzisa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-79 ukudla). Ukudla kwezimvu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesizini: ebusika, iningi lamakhambi (86%), entwasahlobo nasehlobo - izihlahlana (60%). Uma ingekho imithombo yamanzi evulekile eduzane, izinqama ezinamadoda zingenza ngaphandle kwamaviki amaningana, zikhotha amazolo asekuseni aqhamuka emaqabungeni nasetshanini. Bathola amanzi, baphuza kakhulu, futhi uma kungenzeka, balale emanzini.
Ukuziphatha Komphakathi Nokuzala
Lezi zilwane zihlala ngamaqembu amancane enabantu besifazane, inzalo yabo nowesilisa oyedwa, othola ilungelo lokuhola umhlambi lapho belwa nabanye abesilisa, lapho izimbangi zabo zishayisana nezimpondo futhi ngezinye izikhathi bezama ukusunduza isitha emhlabathini ngezimpondo.
Gon y izinqama ezinamadoda Kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kepha kuvame ukuwa ekwindla. Abesifazane bangakhulelwa beneminyaka engu-8 ubudala, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuvuthwa kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-15 izinyanga. Abesilisa, ngenxa yokuncintisana nabesilisa asebekhulile, imvamisa abanazo inzalo efinyelela eminyakeni emithathu. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-150-165, ngaphambi kokubeletha, insikazi ishiya ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka kakhulu ezidla izinyamazane: amadwala angaphandle namawa. Imvamisa ama-1-2 (akuvamile ama-3) amazinyane azalwa enesisindo esingu-4,5 kg, ngenkathi yeminyaka yokudla, ngokudla okuningana kwezinsikazi kuvame ukuzala amawele. Ekupheleni kosuku, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingagxuma emadwaleni ngokungenasici. Ngemuva kwesonto, amawundlu aqala ukudla utshani, kepha umama uyaqhubeka nokuwanika ubisi izinyanga ezi-3-5. Eminyakeni yamaviki amathathu, amazinyo amancanyana aqala ukuqhuma ngamawundlu.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
Izinqama ezin Maned kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, bezizingelwa ngabantu bendawo njengamaTuaregs, ongumthombo obalulekile wenyama, uboya, isikhumba nama-tendon kubo. Ngenxa yezindlela zanamuhla zokuzingela nokusebenzisa izibhamu, inani lezinqama ezinamadoda lehlile kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, futhi manje sezisohlwini lohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN ngesimo sezinhlobo ezisengcupheni.
Incazelo yezinqama ezin Maned
Ukuphakama lapho kubuna ngamasentimitha angama-80-100, ubude bomzimba buqala ngamasentimitha ayi-135 kuye kwangama-165.
Abesifazane banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-35-60, kanti abesilisa banesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-100-140. Ubude bezimpondo bufinyelela amasentimitha angama-80, futhi ubude bomsila abudluli amasentimitha angama-25.
Izimpondo zezinqama ezinamadoda ziyafana nezimpondo zemijikelezo yaseCaucasus, ububanzi bayo bungunxantathu ngesimo, futhi ingaphezulu lakhiwa ngama-grooves abonakalayo aphambukayo.
Ngokwakheka komzimba, izinqama ezinamadoda zinjengezimbuzi ezinezimpondo ezinkulu. Umbala wejazi ungwevu wesihlabathi. Isikebhe esingaphansi sithenda. Izinwele ezinde zilenga entanyeni nasesifubeni, zakha i-mane, lapho igama livela khona. Njengomthetho, i-mane ilula ukwedlula yonke ingubo. Umsila umfishane, izindlala zitholakala engxenyeni yayo engezansi. Imilenze iqinile ngezinselo ezibukhali. Amashiya anjalo awanyatheli ngisho nasemithambekeni yezintaba.
Inqama yeManed (Ammotragus lervia).
Indlela Yokuphila Yezimvu Zamadoda
Lezi zilwane zigcinwa, njengoba kuphawuliwe, ngamaqembu emindeni. Kuze kuphele isizini yemvula, amanye amaqembu ezinqama ezinamadoda ahlanganiswa aba ngumhlambi omkhulu, wonke amalungu awo ahlangane ndawonye afuna ukudla nokuphumula. Izinqama ezinamadoda akuzona izilwane zasendaweni.
Izinqama ezinamadoda zigibela kahle futhi ziyasebenza, njengabaningi bezindawo ezisehlane, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa nasebusuku.
Lapho befuna ukudla, bazulazula. Bahamba bayofuna ukudla ekuseni, kanti imisebe yelanga lase-Afrika ayibhakwa kakhulu.
Kusukela ekushiseni okungabekezeleleki, izimvu zicasha emthunzini, lapho zihlafuna khona ukudla. Kusihlwa, lapho ukushisa kuba nzima kakhulu, babuye baqale ukufuna ukudla.
Izinqama ezinamadamu azikwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Uma isimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu, bacasha emthunzini kusuka emadwaleni aguguleka, emihumeni nasemifantwini yezintaba. Lapho izinqama ezinamadoda ziphumula, zinakekela izinwele zazo, zihlikihle emadwaleni noma emagatsheni ezihlahla, futhi zilume ngezimpondo.
Gcoba ubumnandi ukugeza esihlabathini esimanzi, ukuqeda izimuncagazi. Okokuqala baphenduka kusuka kolunye uhlangothi baye kolunye ukuze isihlabathi simboze isisu nazo zonke izingxenye zomzimba, bese bedonsa isihlabathi emhlane wabo.
Indawo lapho izinqama ziwugwadule kanye namahlane, lapho zithanda khona izindawo ezinamadwala nezomile.
Izinqama ezinamadamu ziyakwazi ukukhuphuka amadwala ngobuchwepheshe. Zitholakala ogwadule lwamatshe nasezintabeni zamatshe. Uma kunezilwane ezidla izinyamazana eduze komhlambi, ziphakama zisuka emthambekeni bese zifihla lapho. Ogwadule, izinqama ezinamadoda zigcinwa umbala wazo wokufihla.
Izinqama ezinamadamu zidla otshanini nasemacembe. Badla emathafeni asondelene namagquma. Njengazo ezinye izinqama ezinomusa, ezinamadoda zihlafuna kancane ukudla. Imvamisa idla izihlahla nezihlahla. Ukufinyelela amaqabunga aphezulu amnandi, lezi zinqama zimi emilenzeni yazo yangemuva.
Izinqama ezinomuntu ziphuza amanzi aqoqa ezingxotsheni zamadwala, futhi zikhothe amazolo.
Izinqama ezinamadoda zihlala ekudingisweni isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-24, futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwazo ngokwemvelo asaziwa.
Ukusakazeka kwezinqama ezinamadoda
Ukuthomba kuzo kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-1-2. Isikhathi sokuzalela senzeka ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-150-165, emva kwalokho kuzalwe umntwana oyedwa kuya kwabathathu kowesifazane. Owesilisa, esethole insikazi, uyamsukela izinsuku eziningana aze akhombise ukulungela ukukhula.
Ngenxa yombono omuhle, ukuzwa nokuhogela, izinqama ezinamadoda ziyakwazi ukubona umhlaseli kude kangangokuba zikwazi ukucasha.
Ingane ngayinye esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-1,5. Izinsuku zokuqala ezi-3, insikazi ihlala nomndeni wayo endaweni eseceleni, bese ijoyina umhlambi. Umama wondla amawundlu ngobisi izinyanga ezi-3-4.
Izimbuzi zasemakhaya
Izimbuzi zeBezoar zikhulu kunalezi ezifuywayo - ukuphakama kwamaduna lapho kufota kufinyelela ku-95 cm. Unombala obomvu grey noma onsundu ophuzi onomugqa omnyama ngemuva. Ibunzi, esifubeni kanye phambi kwentamo kumnyama ngombala onsundu. Izimpondo zezimbuzi ezingenazimpawu zikhulu, zithambile kusukela ezinhlangothini, zakha umlinganiso futhi zihlanekele ezinhlangothini ukusuka ezisekelweni. Engxenyeni yesiphambano, banesimo sikanxantathu onobuso obukhali bangaphambili lapho izikhala nezimbobo zikhomba khona.
Izimbuzi zeBezoar ziyizinhlobo zamapulasitiki zemvelo kakhulu zezimbuzi zasendle. Into esemqoka lapho ukhetha izindawo abahlala kuzo ukuba khona kwezindawo eziwugqinsi, emithambekeni nasezintabeni. Zidla ngotshani nangamagatsha ezihlahla, kuthi lapho zizondla, zivame ukuma ngemilenze yazo yangasemuva, bese zincike izingaphambili zazo esiqwini sesihlahla. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi bamane bagibela amagatsha ezihlahla agobekile. Izimbuzi zeBezoar zihlala emhlanjini omncane.
Okwesibili okungenzeka ukuthi ukhokho wembuzi yasekhaya kuyabhekwa impongo enophondo, noma marhur (C.falconeri), ngihlala ezintabeni zaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga India, Pakistan, Afghanistan kanye nezwe elaliyiRentral Asia republic. KwisiPheresiya, igama elithi “mar” lisho inyoka, elithi “khur” lisho ukushwabadela. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi imbuzi enezimpondo idla izinyoka, ibabheka ngamabomu ezintabeni, ngakho-ke inyama yayo iyaphola, ibulele ubuthi benyoka. UMarkhur unophondo olude, olubheke phezulu nolubheke kancane emuva. Uphondo ngalunye lusontekile ngendlela ye-corkscrew (kwesobunxele - ngakwesokudla, nangakwesokunxele - ngakwesobunxele), lwakha ukusuka kwesinye nesigamu kuya kwayisithupha noma ngaphezulu kokujika kwomoya. Ubude bezimpondo emadodeni amadala bungadlula imitha eyi-1.5. Ezinsikazi zohlobo lwe-marhur, izimpondo nazo ziklwelwe, kodwa zincane. Njengezimbuzi ze-bezoar, imbuzi enezimpondo ibhalwe ku-International Red Book.
Ezimbuzini ezifuywayo, izimpondo zohlobo olufanekiselwe yi-marhur azivelwanga kakhulu (izimpondo, njengezimbuzi ze-bezoar, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezilwane), ngakho-ke, akubona bonke abacwaningi abazithatha njengekhokho lezimbuzi ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukukhipha ngokuphelele imbuzi enezimpondo phakathi kwezihlobo zezimbuzi ezifuywayo - kungenzeka ukuthi ezifundeni eziningi zaseMarkhur zanqamula ngezinhlobo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi e-East Galicia, ezindaweni ezazikhipha iNeolithic, kwatholakala izimbaza ezintathu zembuzi isengozi sembuzi esiyisikhulu (UCaptca).
Izimpondo zembuzi yembuzi zigobela emuva, ziphambukele ezinhlangothini futhi zibe nesigaxa esibuthakathaka somoya, uphondo lwesokudla lugxishwe kwesokunene nophondo lwesokunxele kwesobunxele, i.e. indlela eya lapho ujike khona ibhekene naleyo eqondwa um markur. Yilezi zimpondo ezivame ukutholakala ezimbuyeni ezifuywayo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, okungenzeka ukuthi imbuzi ye-priscate akuyona uhlobo oluzimele oluzimele, kepha indlela esevele ikhona yembuzi engenazimpawu, ukwakheka kwezimpondo zayo okushintshile ngenxa yokuguqulwa.
Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezimbuzi zasendle, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngembuzi yaseSiberia, izinkambo zaseCaucasus naseDagestan, izimbuzi zasezintabeni zase-Alpine nasePyrenean.
Imbuzi yasentabeni yaseSiberia, noma capricorn (C.sibirica), itholakala ezintabeni zeCentral and Central Asia kanye naseningizimu yeSiberia (Altai, Sayan Mountain). Lokhu kungenye yabamele abakhulu kakhulu bohlobo, ifinyelela ukuphakama kwama-90-120 cm lapho ibuna ngesisindo esifinyelela kuma-130-150 kg. Izimpondo zeCapricorn zimise okwama-saber noma zibunjiwe - zinde, zincane, ziyisigcawu esigabeni. Ubude bezimpondo bufika ku-140 cm, i-girth esisekelweni ingu-26 cm.
I-Caucasian, noma i-Kuban, ukuvakasha (I-C.caucasica) - Isiphelo engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeGreat Caucasus. Ihlala ezintabeni, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.53,5,5 m ngaphezu kolwandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kolwandle kanye nezintaba ze-alpine. Abesilisa banezimpondo eziwugqinsi, ezinama-saber ezifana ne-85 cm futhi zinesisindo esingu-3-5 kg.
Uhambo lwaseDagestan
IDagestan, noma i-East Caucasian, ukuvakasha (C.cylindricornis) litholakala ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga naseningizimu yeGreater Caucasus Mountain Range. Izimpondo zomjikelezo waseDagestan zigobekile emuva zisezingeni elingaphezulu kwalelo leKuban, futhi iziqongo zazo ziqondiswe kancane ngaphakathi. Imibimbi eguqukayo itholakala ebusweni bangaphansi kwezimpondo.
Imbuzi yasentabeni ye-Alpine (C.ibex) ihlala izintaba nezintaba zaseCentral Europe, futhi Isi-Iberian (C.pyrenaica) itholakala ezintabeni zaseSpain. Uphondo lokuqala lufana nesimo sophondo lwe-capricorn, nolwesibili - izimpondo zomjikelezo weCaucasian.
Ama-capricorns kanye nohambo ahambisana kahle futhi azalaniswa ekudingisweni futhi anika inzalo eyandisiwe ngezimbuzi ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, izimpondo ezinjengezimpondo zalezi zinhlobo azitholakali kubameli bezimbuzi ezifuywayo. Noma kunjalo, lezi zinhlobo zezimbuzi zasendle, noma mhlawumbe kungezona okhokho ngqo bezilwane ezifuywayo, cishe, njenge-marhur, zabamba iqhaza elithile ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane.
Izihlobo eziseduze zezimbuzi eziqhamuka phakathi kwe-Euro-Asia unulates - Himalayan kanye ne-Arabia iziqukathi (uhlobo IHemitragus) noPamir noTibetan oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (uhlobo I-Pseudois) Kodwa-ke, ukubamba kwabo iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwezinja ezifuywayo ezifuywayo, yize kungenzeka, akufakazelwa. Izimbuzi zase-Europe zikude kakhulu chamois (uhlobo I-Rupicapra) kanye ne-East Asia gorals futhi serow (uhlobo UNaemorhedus).
I-Argar
Isihlobo esithandekayo futhi, kubonakala sengathi, isihlobo esisondele impela sezimbuzi naso inqama enomunwe (Ammotragus lervia), ejwayelekile ogwadule olunamadwala eNyakatho Afrika - ukusuka e-Atlantic kuya oLwandle Olubomvu. Inqama le iyakwazi ukuhlangana ngezimbuzi ezifuywayo ngasikhathi sinye, ngokusobala, ingukhokho wezinhlobo ezithile zezinja zase-Afrika. Kepha akahlanganisi nezilwane ezifuywayo zase-Europe nase-Asia.
Ubulukhuni bendaba yemvelaphi yezimbuzi ezifuywayo nakho kulele ekutheni phakathi kwabazalanayo abafanayo abanezimpondo zezinhlobo ezihlukile bangatholakala, futhi izimbuzi zohlobo lobisi olukhethekile, njengomthetho, ngokuvamile ziyi-komolas (engenagolide). Eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule edlulile ukusukela kokudinwa, ukubukeka nokukhiqizwa kwezimbuzi ezifuywayo sekwenziwe izinguquko eziningi. Izithombe eza kithi kumathayela amatshe zibonisa ukuthi vele eminyakeni engu-4 - 3 inkulungwane yeminyaka BC ezifundazweni zasendulo zaseMesopotamia - uSumer no-Akkad - baphakamisa izimbuzi ezifuywayo ngezinwele ezinde ezinwele, ezifana kakhulu ne-Angora yanamuhla. Ezinsizakalweni zesisekelo zase-Asiriya, kungenzeka ukuthola izithombe zezimbuzi ezinezindlebe ezigwazayo, i.e. kuhluke kakhulu kulolu phawu kusuka emadlozini asendle.Ngenxa yokukhethwa okude, imilenze yezimbuzi ezifuywayo yaba mfushane futhi yabanzi, intamo yabo yancishiswa, nomzimba waba mude kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqhuma komhlane. Izimbuzi ezifuywayo zincane kunalezo zasendle, ubukhulu bazo nokukhula kwazo kuhluka kakhulu, azinazo izimpondo ezinamandla njengezasendle, ziphelelwe umbala wokuvikela. Isikhumba nezinwele kuguqukile kakhulu. Uboya bezimbuzi base-Angora, ngisho nasezingeni elikude, awubukeki njengolayini bezimbuzi zezintaba zasendle kanye nokuvakasha. Izimbuzi zobisi ziphakeme kakhulu kunezihlobo zazo zasendle ngokuya ngosayizi webele, ukukhiqizwa kobisi kanye nesikhathi sokuzala. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi noboya bezimbuzi ezifuywayo, ngokuqhathaniswa nezimpongo zasendle, kuphakeme: isivuno sobisi siyi-10-20 izikhathi, uvolo unqunywa amahlandla ama-2-5, bese kuthi phansi ukhanyiswe amahlandla ayi-10-15.
Ezindaweni zase-Middle East Neolithic, amathambo amaningi ezimvu atholakala kanye nezigaxa nobunye ubufakazi bokweba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu vele kunamaqembu ahlukene wezimvu ezifuywayo: ezinemibala enezinwele ezinde, ezinemisila ekhephukile nenempilo endala. Ubufakazi obubhaliwe obusekhona nanamuhla bukhombisa ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo izimvu zazisetshenziswa kakhulu ngabantu ukuthola inyama, uboya, futhi bekuyinto yokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla. EYurophu, izimvu zaqala ukufuywa emapulazini axazululiwe. E-Asia Ephakathi, kungenzeka ukuthi babefuywe kamuva kune-Middle East, kepha ukuzalaniswa kwezimvu kwasakazekela ezindaweni ezinkudlwana futhi kwaba yisisekelo senhlala-kahle yabantu abangahlangene.
Izimvu ezifuywayo zingezinhlobo zezilwane Ovis aries, futhi uma esimweni sezimbuzi inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zasendle ezingasetshenziswa ukwakha izinhlobo ezithile (yize iqiniso lokuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezimbuzi ezifuywayo azilikhulu kangako), isimo-ke lesi siyinto eyehlukile ngezimvu: ukhokho ojwayelekile izinhlobo zazo eziningi “zibalwa” ngokunembile. it izimvu zasentabeni zasendleevamile eziqhingini zaseMedithera kuya eCentral Asia. Izinhlobo zawo ezinkulu zitholakala empumalanga futhi ziyabizwa Ararar futhi Arali (Ovis ammon), kungatholakala nentshonalanga (eCentral naseNtshonalanga Asia) uqobo (O.vignei), bahlala e-Asia Minor asian mouflon (O.orientalis), nase-Europe - Izimbali zaseYurophu (O.musimon) kuboniswe ngosayizi omncane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthi akukho okuvela kwangaphandle kuphela, kepha futhi nokwehluka karyological phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo (i-globalali diploid isethi imelwe ngabangu-56, abomdabu - 58, ama-mouflons - ama-chromosomes angama-54), onke ayakwazi ukuzala nokukhiqiza inzalo evundile. Ngakho-ke, isimo sezimvu zezintaba ezahlukahlukene zaleli qembu azinqunywa ngokuphelele - kwesinye isikhathi zonke, kubandakanya O.aries, zingezinhlobo ezifanayo nezinhlanga eziningana ze-chromosomal.
I-European mouflon
Futhi njengoba isethi yediploid imelwe ngama-chromosome angama-54 ezimvini ezifuywayo, kungokwemvelo ukucabanga ukuthi okhokho bawo babengama-mouflons - amafomu ajwayelekile endaweni yokuqalwa kwempucuko yasendulo, iMedithera ne-Asia Minor. Kunengqondo futhi ukucabanga ukuthi olunye uhlobo lwezimvu zasezintabeni zase-Asia iqhwa (I-O.nivicola), ehlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia futhi eduze naseMelika O.canadensis, umane wawungaziwa yilabo ababefuya izimvu futhi bakhele izinhlobo zabo zokuqala.
Ama-mouflons asendle manje angatholakala eMpumalanga ye-Iraq, eWestern Iran, eCaucasus eseNingizimu, eLwandle lweCaspian yaseNingizimu ne-Asia Minor. Ama-mouflon aseYurophu asinda eziqhingini zaseCorsica naseSardinia kuphela. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinqama zasendle, njengezimbuzi zasendle, ziyizifunda zezintaba, azithandi amadwala amawa, kepha zithanda ukuhlala phakathi kwamagquma namathafa amnyama.
Izimvu ezifuywayo bezilokhu zingomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yenyama noboya kubantu, kanti ubisi lwazo lwalusetshenziselwa ushizi ikakhulu. Abahlali bokuqala ababeqala ukuthungatha amazwe amasha babehamba nezimvu njengemthombo wenyama, bezishayela emazweni amasha noma beziletha ngemikhumbi. Izimvu zihamba nabantu ekuhambeni kwabo okuningi emlandweni womhlaba, zihlangana nomgwaqo nezinkomo zasekhaya noma ziba yimfuyo yokuqala engena ezindaweni ezithuthukile. Babaziswa kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngekhono labo lokudla amadlelo ahlukahlukene.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi manje kunezinhlobo zezinja ezingaba ngu-850 emhlabeni. Ngokuhlukaniswa kwabo, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili eziphambili - ze-morphological kanye nezomnotho. Owokuqala waphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Isazi semvelo semvelo saseRussia uP.S. Pallas. Ukwahlukaniswa kube amaqembu ngokwalokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ekwakhekeni komsila.
TO isikhumba esikhanyayo izimvu ezinomsila omude, ogqinsiwe ngokulinganayo, futhi okunamafutha - ngomsila omude kakhulu, uziqongelela ngokwawo ngokudla okuhle kwamafutha amakhulu. Umsila onjalo ungaba usinda kangangokuba kwesinye isikhathi abelusi kufanele balingane namakherishi amancane noma ama-sledel kuwo ukuze isikhumba sawo singaphumi emhlabathini. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo, iVoloshskaya engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia neHanyan yaseChina. At kubanzi amatshe amade umsila ukhula engxenyeni ephezulu, akha ama-lobes ebanzi izicubu ze-adipose ezinhlangothini. Isibonelo ukuthi karakul izimvu, okuvela eMiddle East, kepha okufuywayo ikakhulu e-Asia Ephakathi. Uhlobo lwe-karakul olubanzi olunomsila ludume nangekhwalithi ephezulu yezikhumba (i-smushki) ezithathwe kumawundlu asanda kuzalwa. Le fur isetshenziselwa ukwenza amajazi oboya kanye nezigqoko.
At amafutha omsila Izimvu ngumsila omfushane kakhulu, ovame ukungabonakali ngenxa yomcamelo omkhulu wamafoloko (umsila wamafutha) olengiswe ku-oblium yesilwane. Isibonelo uhlobo lokuzalwa kukaChuy ovela esifundeni saseBukhara e-Uzbekistan. Kufushane Izimvu zihlukile kumhlambi womsila onamafutha ngokungabikho kwama-deposits amakhulu wamafutha (amafutha omsila we-fat) kwi-sacrum. Izibonelo zohlobo olufushane lomsila kusuka engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia kanye nohlobo lwama-Abyssinian oluvela enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
Izinhlobo zezimvu ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ekubumbeni nakumbala. Izimvu eziningi zimhlophe, yize kwesinye isikhathi abantu abamnyama babonakala kudoti. Ezinye zimnyama, njengezimvu zaseWelsh zasezintabeni. Izilwane ezinomsila ononile futhi onamafutha, izindinganiso zawo zangaphandle aziqinile, zinsundu, grey, zibomvu ne-motley.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezomnotho kwezimvu kwahlongozwa yiSoviet zootechnologist M.F. Ivanov. Kususelwa kuhlobo, ikhwalithi kanye nenani lemikhiqizo (uvolo, inyama, ubisi), okuvunelwa kuyo omunye noma komunye.
Izimvu ezinhle kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezimvu lwavela eMiddle East, mhlawumbe lususelwa emhlambini oxubile, ezinye zazo ezazivela eCentral Asia. Ngemuva kwalokho, izimvu ezihamba kahle zanyamalala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwaseSpain, lapho zathuthukiswa kakhulu futhi zabangela iqembu labazungu. merinokwakheka enkathini kusuka ku-X kuya ku-XVII century. Ama-Merinos asalokhu engumthombo oyinhloko woboya boboya futhi asetshenziswa kaninginingi ukudala okusha nokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezikhona. Izimvu zeMerino eza okokuqala eRussia ngonyaka we-1802, kepha zaqala ukunaka kuphela ngekhulu lama-20. Ubuningi bomhlambi wezimvu ezinhle e-USSR benziwa ngamatshe ama-merino-precos.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo zezimvu ezikhiqiza imikhiqizo efanayo zikhona e-Afrika, eMedithera naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ezinhlotsheni zokuqala, uboya buhlanganiswe nokuhlanganiswa okuncane kochungechunge oluhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe imicu engenalutho egcwele umoya. Uboya obunjalo bubizwa ngokuthi ukhaphethi futhi asisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezindwangu zesimanje.
Iningi lemikhiqizo yezimvu yanamuhla ekhiqiza kakhulu kanye noboya benyama yenziwa e-UK.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuzalela okungajwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, eJalimane, Izimvu zobisi zase-East Frisian zinezinwele ezinde eziphelele emizimbeni yazo, ngaphandle komsila ocishe ube nengubo, embozwe kuphela ngesifushane. Lezi zinkomo zivame ukuletha amawele lapho kuzalwa kuqala, futhi ngamawele namathathu lapho kuzalwa khona amawele. Isivuno sabo sobisi siphezulu kakhulu: i-lactation (izinsuku ezingama-228), isilinganiso samakhilogremu obisi anokuqukethwe kwamafutha ayi-6% kutholakala kulezi zimvu.
Kwa-Israyeli, imigqa ekhiqizwa kakhulu enamafutha e-Avassi nayo isetshenziswa njengobisi. Ngokwesilinganiso, banika ama-270 kg obisi lwamafutha ayi-6% yokuqunjelwa. Ubisi lwalezi zimvu luyadingeka kakhulu emazweni ama-Arabhu, lusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza ushizi. Okunye ukuzalanisa ubisi yiManesh evela kumaFrench Pyrenees. Lezi yizilwane ezinamaphondo amnyama ngezinwele ezinhle. Ubisi lwabo lusetshenziselwa ukwenza ushizi odumile waseRoquefort.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinja zinikela ngamawundlu amathathu kuya kwayisikhombisa ngokuzala amawundlu, ngokwesibonelo, indawo yasemhlabeni yaseFinland, iRomanovskaya yaseRussia, indoda yaseMorocco, iJavanese lean-tailed, uHanyang ovela eChina naseBurula abavela e-Australia.
Izinhlobo eziningi zibonakaliswa ukubukeka okungajwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, imvu yaseGuinea enemilenze emide inemilenze emide kakhulu nomzimba omncane, inzalo yakudala kaTsakel, isakazeka isuka eTurkey naseGrisi iye eHungary, inezimpondo ezinde ezinde ezinamathela phezu kwekhanda lazo, kanti nezilwane zenye yezinhlobo ezikhuliswe e-Iceland naseHebrides zingaba hhayi kuphela ezimbili-, kodwa futhi ezinezimpondo ezine-nesithupha (lezi zimvu ezifanayo zivinjelwa amaNdiya aseNavajo aseNyakatho Melika).
E-United Kingdom, izimvu zikaWiltshire Horn ziyaziwa ngokukhiqiza inyama, kepha uboya bazo bumfushane kakhulu. Ezindaweni zaseWensleydale, inama-coarse, i-wavy kakhulu, enamathambo agobeke ekugcineni, kepha ikhula ngo-36-45 cm ngonyaka.Lokhu kuzalaniswa kudalelwe ukwenziwa kwezinsimbi zezinsikazi zezinsikazi, kanye nama-wigi waseshashalazini nasenkantolo.
Izincwadi
Impilo yezilwane. T.6. - M: Kwezemfundo, 1971.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zase-Yurasia. Inkomba ehlelekile nokomhlaba. - IMoscow University, 1995.
Sokolov V.E. Ama-systematics ezincelisayo. - M: Isikole esiphakeme, 1979.
Chikalev A.I. Ukufuya imbuzi. I-Textbook yabafundi bezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezifunda ku "Zootechnics" ekhethekile, ka-2001.
Shnirelman V.A. Umsuka wokufuywa kwezinkomo. - M: Isayensi, 1980.
UWilson, D. E., kanye noD. M. Reeder (eds) Izinhlobo Zomhlaba Womhlaba. Imnyuziyamu kaZwelonke Yomlando Wezemvelo. 1993.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngezinqama ezinamaduna
• Kulezi zinqama, ingxenye engezansi yomsila ayinalutho, ngoba kunamaqhubu anephunga akhipha iphunga elinamandla kakhulu,
• Abantu base-Afrika bazingele izinqama ezinamadoda amakhulu eminyaka. Akuzange kusetshenziswe inyama nezikhumba kuphela, kepha futhi namathoni alezi zilwane. Futhi ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lezakhamizi zasezintabeni zase-Afrika, inani lezinqama ezinamadoda lenyuka minyaka yonke,
Izinqama ezinamadoda amadala zenza imisindo ephansi, futhi ukukhula okuncane kukhanya ngezwi eliphakeme.
• Imigoqo emincane eboshwe ekudingisweni, yakwazi ukubhabhadiswa ngezimbuzi ezijwayelekile zasekhaya. Inzalo yale nzalo futhi inamandla okuwela nezinhlobo ezihlobene zomndeni wama-bovine, ngokwesibonelo, nge-chamois,
• Imihlambi emincane yezinqama ezinamadoda ihlala ezindaweni ezithile zase-United States. Lezi yizilwane ezibaleke emapulazini azimele nasemapaki ezwe, futhi zajwayela izimo ezintsha zasendle.
Ukuziphatha
Izinqama ezinamadoda zigibela kahle futhi ziyasebenza, njengabaningi bezindawo ezisehlane, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa nasebusuku. Njengoba ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala kukhona cishe akukho ndawo yokukhosela yemifino emehlweni abantu abahlukumezayo, lapho besengozini, bamane nje bafe. Izinqama ezinamadoda zihlala ngamaqembu amancane aqukethe abesifazane, inzalo nomholi wesilisa. Uthola ilungelo lokuhola umhlambi lapho elwa namanye amaduna lapho izimbangi zibhekene nezimpondo.
Ukondliwa kwezinqama ezinamadamu kufaka phakathi utshani namaqabunga ezitshalo zasehlane. Bangenza ngaphandle kwamanzi amasonto ambalwa, basebenzise kuphela amazolo kanye namajusi ezitshalo. Sebetholile, nokho, amanzi, baphuza kakhulu futhi noma kungenzeka bangawela kuwo.
Izinqama ezinamadoda nendoda
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, eSahara, izinqama ezinamadoda bezizingelwa ngabantu bendawo njengamaTuaregs, okuwumthombo obalulekile wenyama, uboya, isikhumba namathambo. Ngenxa yezindlela zesimanje zokuzingela ngezibhamu, inani lezinqama ezinamadoda lehlile kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, futhi njengamanje i-IUCN inika lolu hlobo lesimo sokuthi "sisongelwa" (esengozini) Okubhaliselwe abaseGibhithe Ammotragus lervia ornata Kubhekwa njengokuphela endle kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970 futhi iyaqhubeka nokuba khona njengeqembu elincane eGiza Zoo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inqama enamanzi yethulwa eCalifornia, New Mexico naseTexas. Kulapho athatha khona izimpande futhi namuhla isibalo sakhe sesingaba izinkulungwane zezilwane. Izazi zezemvelo zesaba ukuthi amanani ayo azonyuka ngokwengeziwe nokuthi izoqala ukudonsa izinhlobo zomdabu zaseNyakatho Melika. Inani lezinqama ezinamadoda liyethulwa lihlala ezintabeni zaseSpain Espunia esifundazweni saseMurcia.
Umnotho
Akukaziwa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo eziyizihlobo eziseduzane kakhulu zenqama enamadoda. Ingahlangana nembuzi yasekhaya, kepha inezimpawu zezimbuzi nezinqama. Njengamanje, kukhona ukuvumelana phakathi kwezazi zezilwane ukuyihlukanisa kube uhlobo oluhlukile I-Ammotragus. Igama lesiLatin elejwayelekile I-Ammotragus livela olimini lwesiGreek futhi ngokwezwi nezwi lisho “imbuzi yesihlabathi”.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Kunokuxhumana okuyi-6 kwenqama enamadoda:
- Ammotragus lervia lervia (Pallas, 1777) - izintaba zaseMorocco, inyakatho ye-Algeria kanye neTunisia esenyakatho,
- Ammotragus lervia angusi W. Rothschild, 1921 - INiger,
- Ammotragus lervia blainei (W. Rothschild, 1913) - U-Kordofan onenqama , izindawo eziphakemeyo ezisogwini ezisempumalanga yeSudan, zingatholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChad nasempumalanga mpumalanga yeLibya,
- Ammotragus lervia fassini Lepri, 1930 - Libyan maned ram , ELibya, eningizimu eshubile yeTunisia,
- Ammotragus lervia ornatus (I .. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) - entshonalanga nasempumalanga yeGibhithe,
- Ammotragus lervia sahariensis (W. Rothschild, 1913) - USam Maned Ram , imixhaso evame kakhulu: eningizimu yeMorocco, iNtshonalanga Sahara, eningizimu ye-Algeria, eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeLibya, iSudan, iMali, iNiger, neMauritania.