IRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia isempumalanga ye-East European Plain. Ukukhululeka kuyicaba kakhulu, kepha kunamagquma nokuphakama eningizimu-mpumalanga. Entshonalanga kunethafa lase-Oka-Don, futhi maphakathi neVolga Upland. Isimo sezulu saseMordovia siyizwekazi elipholile. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingama-degrees angu-11 Celsius, kanti ehlobo liyi-+19 degrees. Cishe i-500 mm yezulu lomoya liwela minyaka yonke.
p, blockquote 1,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 2.0,0,0,0 ->
Kancane mayelana republic
IRiphabhulikhi yaseMordovia ingeyasifunda saseVolga seRussian Federation futhi ifakiwe esifundeni sezomnotho sakwaVolga-Vyatka. Itholakala cishe amakhilomitha angama-330 ukusuka eMoscow. NgeMordovia yimizila yezokuthutha exhuma inhlokodolobha yezwe neSiberia, i-Urals kanye nesifunda saseVolga. Omakhelwane bayo enyakatho nasempumalanga yisifunda saseNizhny Novgorod, iChuvashia kanye nesifunda sase-Ulyanovsk, entshonalanga ihlangana neRyazan, kanti eningizimu - esifundeni iPenza.
I-republic ihlalwa ngabantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-800, kuthi ngaphezulu kwama-62% bahlala emadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwesiRussia, izilimi ezisemthethweni zaseMordovia zingu-Erzya noMoksha. Kukhulunywa ngabameli bezinhlanga ezimbili ebezihlala endaweni ye-Oksko-Sur interfluve.
Manje abantu baseMordovian bakha iqembu lesibili elikhulu kunawo wonke labantu. Ngakho-ke, amaRussia abala cishe ama-53%, amaMordvinians - cishe ama-40% abantu. Cishe i-5% inani lamaTatar.
Inhlokodolobha yezwekazi yiSaransk enabantu abangama-300,000. Ngo-2013, umlingisi waseFrance uGerard Depardieu wathola ukubhaliswa kuleli dolobha ngokushesha nje kokuba yisakhamuzi saseRussia. Ngo-2018, eminye imidlalo yeNdebe Yomhlaba izobe ibanjelwe eSaransk.
Izici zesimo sezulu
I-republic itholakala ezindaweni ezinomusa, ngakho-ke, zonke izinkathi zonyaka ezine ziyashiwo futhi zingene esikhundleni sazo ngokusobala. Ukude okuvela olwandle nasolwandle nakho kuyasiza, kwakha uhlobo lwezwekazi laseMordovia, elinokushisa okuphezulu konyaka.
IRiphabhulikhi iba nehlobo elishisayo elishisa, elihlala ngqo ngokwekhalenda: liqala ngoJuni futhi liphela ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Agasti. UJulayi uyinyanga eshisa kakhulu lapho amazinga okushisa efika + 26-27 ° C. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuhlangana inqwaba yomoya wasentshonalanga nasenyakatho. Ehlobo, izivunguvungu zezulu, imimoya eyomile, amachaphaza nesomiso zivame ukuvela.
Inyanga ebandayo kakhulu yonyaka kunguJanuwari, ngokushisa okuphakathi kuka--11 ° C. Ubusika baseMordovia bunamafu futhi buneqhwa. Kepha amafriji akhulu kakhulu awahlali isikhathi eside futhi amazinga okushisa akuqabile ehle ngaphansi kuka-15 ° C. Ubuncane ngokuphelele obake babhaliswa eRiphabhulikhi babuyi-47 ° C. Ebusika, umswakama uphakeme kakhulu kunasehlobo. Izinto ezejwayelekile ngenkathi ebandayo inkungu, iqhwa, isithwathwa, izivunguvungu zeqhwa nomoya onamandla.
Amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba
Indima ebalulekile yesimo seMordovia idlalwa yimifula. Kukhona abangaba ngu-1525 babo republic, futhi bonke bangabesigaba seVolga. Imifula yaseMordovia idla phansi komhlaba kanye nodaka. Ziyavunguza futhi azithinti, zinemihosha ebanzi neziphethu zamanzi.
Imifula emikhulu kunayo yonke iMoksha neSura, okugcotshwe kuyo yonke imingcele yendawo. Ukugeleza okusele eMordovia yizinkokhiso zabo. Umfula iSura uxhuma ngqo neVolga futhi uyisisekelo sayo esifanele, iMoksha iqale ngokungena i-Oka, idlule kuyo ingena kwiVolga.
Amachibi republic mancane kakhulu. Ngokuyisisekelo bangabesifazane asebekhulile, ababunjiwe ngenxa yokushintsha kombhede womfula. Elikhulu kunazo zonke lazo yi-Inerka Lake. Ukuba yingxenye yeSura esikhathini esedlule, yelula ibanga eli-4 km futhi ifinyelela kububanzi obungamamitha angama-200 kuphela.
Tshala umhlaba
Isimo sesimanjemanje saseMordovia senziwa ngemuva kwenkathi yeqhwa.Waphoqelelwa ukujwayela isimo sezulu esishintsha kakhulu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukujwayela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho womhlaba ngumuntu. Ihlathi lemvelo kanye nehlathi le-steppe landpapes le republic alilondeke ngokuphelele. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu edlule baye baphonswa emuva yizindawo ezilinyiwe.
Izitshalo zasendaweni zimelelwa cishe yonke iminyango ekhona. Kukhona kuphela ulwelwe obomvu onsundu lapha. Izinhlobo zezitshalo eziqhakazayo (1120), ama-mosses (77), ama-lichens (83) kanye namakhowe (186) ziningi ikakhulukazi esimweni saseMordovia.
Cishe i-27% yendawo yeningi republic ihlalwa ngamahlathi anobuhlakani futhi ahlanganisiwe. Zitholakala ikakhulu kuma-oki, amaphayini, amalindini, ama-aspen, ama-birch, ama-willow, umlotha. Futhi emahlathini kukhona i-hazel, rosehip, euonymus.
Izitebele zezihlahla ezindeba nezihlahla zohlobo lweMordovia zazisebenzisa isikhala esiningi. Manje zigcinwa kuphela lapho kunzima ukuhlinzeka khona izindawo ezanele, okungukuthi, ezigodini, ezigodini, ngaphandle kwamahlathi nasezindaweni zemifula. Amakhambi nezimbali zikhula lapha, ngokwesibonelo, utshani izimpaphe, i-chamomile, i-pikulnik, i-metelica yensimu, i-clover, i-sage. Ama-Sageges, ama-mosses, ama-willows kanye nezicucu zamahhashi atholakala osebeni lwamachibi.
Izilwane zaseMordovia
Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zemvelo eziningana, kanye nenethiwekhi yomfula eminyene, umhlaba wezilwane wephabhulikhi uhlukile kakhulu. Ama-quail, i-hoopoe, i-kestrel, ibheji, ne-partridge ahlala emahlathini ephayini. Emahlathini ama-oki nasezindaweni eziguquliwe, kutholakala izimbabazane ezimnyama, i-capercaillie, ama-warblers, ama-warblers, amahlathi kanye namagundane aphuziwe obomvana, endlini yokuphumula nezinyoka.
Emahlathini endawo kuhlala ama-moose, hares, squirrels, martens, isasels, voles field, ermines, kanye namabhere, amalangabi, izimpungushe nezimpisi. Ema-steppes ama-jerboas bukhoma, ama-shrews, ama-squirrel omhlabathi. Ama-beavers, ama-muskrats, ama-otter ahlala emifuleni nasemachibini, i-catfish, i-pike, i-bream, i-ides ukubhukuda. Sekukonke, phakathi kwezilwane zaseMordovia kunezinhlobo ezingama-50 zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo ezingama-170 zezinyoni, izinhlobo ezingama-30 zezinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane.
Izibuko zeMordovia: izinto zemvelo nezamasiko zepolitiki
Izinto ezijabulisa kakhulu zaseMordovia zisedolobheni laseSaransk: iminyuziyamu, amapaki, amasonto, isigodlo nokuningi okuningi. Kwezinto ezikhangayo zemvelo zaseMordovia, ezithakazelisa kakhulu yiChibi elihle le-Inerka, iSmidovich Nature Reserve neSmolny National Park.
IRiphabhulikhi yaseMordovia isendaweni engama-330 km ukusuka eMoscow (MKAD). Yini okuthakazelisa ngayo? Naphezu kokuba isondele eMoscow, abaningi bayiphazamisa ngeMoldova noma baye bezwa okuncane kakhulu ngayo.
Isikhungo sokuphila kweMordovian yidolobha laseSaransk - inhloko-dolobha yaseRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia. Nansi iphuzu lokugxila kwesiko, ukuzijabulisa nakho konke okunye. ISaransk idolobha elibaluleke kakhulu republican. Izakhamizi zihamba lapha zivela kuyo yonke iMordovia ngenkinga encane: izivivinyo zezokwelashwa, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, njll.
Ividiyo (chofoza ukuze udlale). |
Cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-315 bahlala eSaransk. Endaweni yesibili ngokwesibalo nenani yidolobha laseRuzayevka - elinabantu abacishe babe yizinkulungwane ezingama-46. Endaweni yesithathu kungumuzi waseKovylkino onabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Okulandelayo indawo yokuhlala emadolobheni yohlobo lwe-Komsomolsky - abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-13 nedolobhana laseZubova Polyana - abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi.
Kunamadolobha ayi-7 eMordovia: ngaphezu kweSaransk, iRuzayevka neKovylkino, lena yiKrasnoslobodsk, i-Ardatov, i-Insar neTemnikov. Esidala kakhulu nesincane kunazo zonke idolobha laseThemnikov. Isamba saso singabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-6,3 kuphela, usuku lwesisekelo ngu-1536.
Lonke inani le-republic lingaphansi kwesigidi esisodwa - cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-800. EMordovia kuhlala amaRussia, amaMordovia namaTatar. AbakwaMordovia bahlukaniswe yizizwe ezintathu: uMoksha, u-Erzya noSoksha.
Amachibi amakhulu eMordovia yile:
- I-Inerka - ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke eRiphabhlikhi. Kuhunyushwa kusuka kuMordovian "Inerka" kusho "Ichibi Elikhulu". Ubude bawo buyi-3.35 km, ububanzi bawo ngamamitha angama-80-150, futhi ubukhulu bawo bungamamitha ayi-11.5.
- Imerka - Ichibi elijulile leMordovia, elisendaweni yesifunda seZubovo-Polyansky.
Imifula yaseMordovia iyisicaba, ithule. Imifula emikhulu iMoksha neSura.
UMordovia ugijimela umgwaqo omkhulu we-M5 Moscow-Chelyabinsk.Ukushayela uhamba ngomgwaqo omkhulu ngemuva kwezifunda zaseMoscow naseRyazan, kuqala uMordovia. Okudlulele kakhulu eMoscow nesifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke saseMordovia yiZubovo-Polyansky.
Ngemuva kokungena esifundeni saseMordovia, idolobhana elidumile lase-Umet lizoba semgwaqweni omkhulu. Uyaziwa ngobuningi bamakhofi amancane asemgwaqweni omkhulu (izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-200) nentuthu eqinile kanye nephunga le-kebabs. Amagama amakhofi ahlukahlukene, owaziwa kakhulu kuwo yi- “Mordonalds”.
Izilaleli ezihlosiwe kakhulu zokupheka kwendawo yilabo abahamba ngamaloli, kepha futhi kukhona abantu abalambile abadlula nje. Lapho uhlala endaweni yokudlela yase-Umet, khumbula ukuthi yonke into ilula kwekhasimende eliqondayo: indlu yangasese yokhuni esemgwaqweni, izitsha ezilula, futhi akunakho ukudla okwenziwe ekhaya okwenziwe ngomumo.
Lonke idolobhana lase-Umet elinabantu abangama-2.7 abantu abayizinkulungwane basebenza ekutholeni umphakathi.
UMordovia wayedume emajele, lapha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-20 yekhulu lokugcina iDubravlag noma iZhH-385, eyingxenye yohlelo lweGulag, yakhiwa. Umuntu akakwazi ukuziqhenya ngalokhu, kodwa iqiniso elibuhlungu. Amakamu atholakala phakathi kwamahlathi engxenye esentshonalanga neMordovia esifundeni seZubovo-Polyansky, manje angaphezu kwama-30 awo.
Isikhungo salesi simo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Lesi sikhungo singamadolobhana aseYavas, phambilini abebizwa ngamagama amakhilomitha angama-36 kanye neZavodskaya. Ngakho-ke, indawo kaMordovian ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yiJava.
Ngezikhathi zeSoviet, kwakukhona ikamu elikhethekile leziboshwa ezinamanzi. Manje phakathi kwamakoloni wokulungiswa (i-IK) ukuphela kwendawo eRussia yabezinye izizwe. Kukhona nendawo yetilongo yabesifazane namakamu empilo. Ngale ndlela, iziboshwa zepolitiki zanamuhla bezihleli lapha futhi futhi: ummeli waseYukos uSvetlana Bakhmina, ilungu lePussy Riot uNadezhda Tolokonnikova.
Iningi lokubona kweMordovia ligxile eSaransk. Ukubona kweSaransk yiminyuziyamu nezigodlo, amathiyatha nezamabhayisikobho, amapaki, i-zoo, ezikhangayo, amaklabhu wasebusuku, izindawo zokudlela, izindawo zokuthenga nezinye izinjabulo. Uma useMordovia, ukuze ungabi nesithukuthezi futhi uthenge izikhumbuzo zikaMordovian, qiniseka ukuthi uza eSaransk.
UMordovia Star Fountain eMillenium Square
Idolobha lenza umbono omuhle. Kunezigcawu eziningi, imithombo emihle yesimanje nemifekezo. Naphezu kwenani elikhulu lefektri, akwenzi ngumbono odabukisayo wedolobha lezimboni. ISaransk iyindawo yokuthuthuka phakathi kwamahlathi angapheli, amasimu, swink kanye nezindawo ezincane zaseMordovia.
Ngaphezu kwalokho iSaransk ingumuzi wasendulo obiyelweyo, yasungulwa ngo-1641. Amabutho kaStepan Razin no-Emelyan Pugachev uqobo bavakashela kuwo. Kuhlala kuthakazelisa uma idolobha linendaba.
ISaransk idolobha elincane kunazo zonke laseRussia lapho bekubanjelwe khona iNdebe Yomhlaba wonke ka-2018. Lo mcimbi, inkundla yezemidlalo iMordovia Arena yakhiwa ngendlela yelanga, inabantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-44.
Ividiyo (chofoza ukuze udlale). |
Isiteshi sesitimela eRuzayevka
IRuzayevka yidolobha lesibili ngemuva kweSaransk ngokuya ngesibalo sabantu eMordovia. Ngemuva kweNdebe Yomhlaba yokugcina ye-2018, iRuzayevka yaguqulwa yaba ngcono. Isiteshi sesitimela salungiswa, kwenziwa imisebenzi yokuphucula umgwaqo, imigwaqo emikhulu yalungiswa. Futhi, ekugcineni, isiteshi sebhasi sesihlelwe kahle futhi okubaluleke kakhulu: ibhuloho labahamba ngezitimela selakhiwe kabusha.
Okujabulisa abagibeli besiteshi saseRuzayevka ukuthi isiteshi sesitimela kanye nesiteshi samabhasi kusendaweni eyodwa. Iqiniso lihlanganyela nebhuloho labo abahamba ngezinyawo phezu kwamathrekhi wesitimela. Manje sekusimboziwe futhi sihle esikhundleni sebhuloho elisha ngokuphelele, kodwa elinamahloni.
Ibhuloho manje linezinsimbi ohlangothini ngalunye. Akusadingeki ukuthi uphathe izikhwama ezisindayo ubheke ebhulohweni, bese wehla. Ukuhamba ngebhuloho elisha, elikhazimulile, ngifuna ukusho nje: ngiyabonga, INdebe Yomhlaba. Ukube bekungenjalo kuwe, abagibeli ngabe bahlukunyezwa ngokuhudula imithwalo yabo phezu kwebhuloho.
Ngo-2011, kwafakwa itshe lesikhumbuzo kubasebenzi besitimela baseRuzayevka, ithimba lezimpahla ezithwala umgwaqo “Lebedyanka”.I-sitom locomotive yakhiwa ngonyaka we-1954 futhi yasetshenziswa iningi lempilo ezindaweni zePenza-Ruzayevka naseRuzayevka-Krasny Uz. Eduze kwazo kukhona izibalo zethusi zomsebenzi wesitimela onendodana yakhe.
Kusuka esikhumulweni sebhasi saseRuzayevka esiteshini sebhasi saseSaransk - 27 km.
Imyuziyamu yedepho ebunjiwe
IRuzayevka ayicebile ezindaweni ezithokozisayo noma ezinhle. Idolobha labasebenzi bojantshi linganikeza njengendawo yokuzilibazisa yamasiko - imnyuziyamu yedepho yenkuzi. Itholakala ku: st. Ukuvuselelwa kuka-1905, indlu engu-7.
Isonto Lenkonzo kathathu
Isonto Lenkonzo Yesonto Elingcwele iTratu Church of Ruzayevka enama-domes ayi-16 egolide lasungulwa ngonyaka we-2009. Wakhiwa ngonyaka ka-2012 ngemali evela eRizaevsky Glass Factory neminikelo evela kumakholwa kuleli kheli elilandelayo: ul. IKarl Marx, indlu engu-61. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kwanikezelwa emgubhweni wokugubha iminyaka engu-1000 ubumbano lwabantu baseMordovian nabantu baseRussia.
Ithempeli likhulu, lifinyelela kumamitha angama-40 ukuphakama, kunomtapo wezincwadi nesikole sangeSonto, kuhlolwa futhi kuyihholo lomhlangano, futhi lapha kunedokodo laseRuzaev. Ihlukaniswe ngamathempeli aphezulu nangaphansi. Itholakala ekungeneni komuzi ukusuka ohlangothini lweSaransk endaweni ephakeme kunazo zonke.
I-Paraskevo Ascension Monastery
Eduze naseRuzayevka kukhona idolobhana lasePaygarma, elihlalisa izingane zasendulo zeParaskevo-Ascension Monastery. Isigodlo siyasebenza.
Idolobha laseThemnikov lisemfuleni uMoksha, lizungezwe amahlathi kaphayini. Nayi ipine yezimbali i-Emashevskaya grove ogwini lweLake Vyakchisheva.
Idolobha laseThemnikov lidume ngokuyinhloko ngendela yezindela zasendulo zaseSanaksar, lapho kukhona khona amathuna nezithombe zika-Admiral Fedor Ushakov. I-Temnikovsky Museum of Local History kanye neMnyuziyamu we-Composer L. I. Voinov nazo zitholakala lapha.
Umhlobiso kaTemnikov uyisonto elidala le-Assidence of the Happy Girl uMariya (1827). Yakhelwe ukuhlonipha amasosha aseThemnikovsky ka-1812.
Amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka edolobheni laseThemnikov yiyona Nativity endala endala enhle kakhulu ye-Theotokos Sanaksarsky Monastery. Itholakala ogwini loMfula uMoksha, yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1659.
Igama lesigodlo lixhumene nobuntu buka-Admiral Ushakov, umkhuzi wamasosha odumile waseRussia. Wachitha impilo yakhe yonke efeni lakhe edolobhaneni lase-Alekseevka, eduzane nedolobha laseTemnikov. Manje akukho okusele kwefa.
Ummeli odumile wangcwatshwa endlini yezindela yaseSanaksar. Ngo-2001, leli bandla lamiswa njengengcwele emehlweni olungile. Futhi manje isigodlo asigcinanga kuphela ithuna lomphathi omkhulu wamasosha, kodwa futhi nezithombe zosanta.
Izinsalela zikaFedor Fedorovich Ushakov ngezikhathi ezithile uzungeza iRussia ngezikhathi ezithile ezungeza iRussia njengezicucu ezingcwele zemicimbi yesonto ngokubamba iqhaza, phakathi kwabanye, izisebenzi zamasosha namatilosi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umalume ka-Admiral Ivan Ignatovich Ushakov, ngemuva kokugcotshwa kwengqondo - u-Feodor Sanaksarsky owayeyiphini likahulumeni wesigodlo sezindela iSanaksarsky (1764-1774), wangcwatshwa lapha. Ngo-1999, isonto lammisa njengosanta, kepha lahlonitshwa kuphela yidayikhosari yaseSaransk.
Ithuna likaFedor Ushakov
Ukudlula edolobhaneni laseKrasnoslobodsk, ngeke udidanise noma yini. Ukuheha okuphawuleka kweKrasnoslobodsk yiChathedrali lovuko lukaKristu. Itholakala ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo emikhulu futhi inyuka ngamamitha angama-35 ngaphezu kwezindlu.
Umbono wethempeli elide kangaka elihle elinemifashini emihle ebheke emuva ngemuva kwezindlu ezivamile ezibucayi zibangela ukungadideki. Ayihambelani ngokuphelele endaweni yendawo futhi iphinde igcizelele izindlela kanye nobukhazikhazi beSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia.
Isifunda saseChamzinsky eRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia asinakuziqhayisa ngezinto ezihehayo, ngaphandle kokuthi kukhona amadolobhana aseKomsomolsky naseChchzinka. Yizindawo ezinkulu zeRiphabhulikhi. EComsomolsky kunezitshalo ezinkulu "uMordovtage" no "Lato".
Akunamachibi amakhulu noma imifula esifundeni saseChinzinsky, okuwukuphela kokuheha okungokwemvelo Intaba ye-Bald, sisakaze eceleni kwe-Alekseevka.
Ungase futhi uqaphele isonto elihle elidala leKazan Icon likaMama kaNkulunkulu esigodini saseMotsovo.
Isonto le-Kazan Icon likaMama kaNkulunkulu Godvovo
Fauna
Izilwane zasendle zaseMordovia zinothile futhi zihlukahlukene. Lokhu kungenxa yesikhundla esiyingqayizivele sendawo republic, esisekuhlanganeni kwehlathi kanye ne-steppe. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo zezilwane ezi-taiga zitholakala lapha, kukhona abokufika abavela eSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude, eMedithera nasezindaweni eziseningizimu.
Yabamele abamele ama-cyclostomes ekilasi emfuleni. USurah phambilini wabona i-Caspian lamprey. Emfuleni I-Moksha ne-taxutary yayo p. I-Urkat kuze kube yi-1970s idlanzana lomfula u-brorey lamprey laziwa, kodwa eminyakeni yakamuva alitholakali lapho. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zifakwe ku-Red Book of the Republic of Morovia.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-40 zezinhlanzi emizimbeni yamanzi e-republic. Umndeni weKarpov yiwo omelwe kakhulu ngokwemvelo yezinhlobo, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-24. Kulezi, i-roach, i-blak, iVerkhovka, i-dace, i-ide, i-bream, i-carp ejwayelekile i-carp nesiliva yizona ezivame kakhulu. I-Vyunovye yomndeni imelwe yizinhlobo ezi-4, okuyi-loach evame kakhulu ne-charachioed char. Kwama-perchs, i-perch, i-ruff, i-perch kanye ne-bersh akuvamile kakhulu ukutholakala. Abamele eminye imindeni bamelelwa yizinhlobo eziyi-1-2. Kwama-sturgeon aseMordovia, ama-sturgeon aseRussia kanye ne-sterlet, afakiwe kwi-Red Book, kuyaphawulwa. KwiBhuku elibomvu leRussian Federation kufakwe iRussianid ngokushesha kanye nesithombe esijwayelekile. Kusukela ngawo-1970 lezi zinhlobo cishe zazingabhalwa emifuleni yaseMordovia. Kuseminyakeni yakamuva nje emfuleni. UMoksha nezinduna zawo eziningi kumakwe isithombe, kanti lo mfelokazi waqala ukuthuthukisa uSura, uMoksha nezinduna zabo. Incwadi Yesifunda Ebomvu ifaka izinhlobo eziyi-15 zezinhlanzi. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezisezingeni eliphezulu yizona izinhlobo ezikude kakhulu zaseMpumalanga Ekude - i-rotan-firebrand I-Carp, i-carp yesiliva, i-carp yotshani, i-trout kanye ne-sturgeon nzalo etshalwa emapulazini amachibi. Izinto zokudoba zokuzijabulisa ziyi-roach, perch, bream, pike, ide, carp crucian.
Isigaba se-amphibian eMordovia sinezinhlobo eziyi-11. Kuma-amphibians we-caudate, ama-newts nama-crested ajwayelekile ahlala. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zivamile futhi zitholakala yonke indawo kuma-biotopes wesimilo. Izinhlobo ezivamile zama-amphibians angenantambo yi-frog ebhekene nobuso obukhali, ugalikhi, i-toad eluhlaza. Inhlanganisela ye-hybrid yamaCentral European frogs ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu: ichibi, ichibi, kanye nokudla. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zihlala yonke indawo futhi ziningi, kanti ezokugcina zaziwa ngokuthembekile ezindaweni ezimbalwa zaseMordovia. KwiBhuku elibomvu leRiphabhulikhi yaseMordovia, kufakwe kuhluwe utshani namaxoxo, udoti obomvu obomvu namashiya amnyama.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo kunezinhlobo ezi-7. Okuyikhona okuvame kakhulu futhi kuningi i-lizard ehamba ngokushesha futhi evamile, isibankwa esiphilayo esiphilayo nesihlahla esixegayo esibuthakathaka asivamile. I-viper ejwayelekile ifakiwe kwi-Red Book yesifunda, kepha inani layo lenyuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Inyoka engandile eMordovia yibo abaphethe. Kuyaphawuleka eSmolny National Park, iMordovian State Nature Reserve eqanjwe ngemuva kwalokho P. G. Smidovich, Zubovo-Polyansky naseTengushevsky izindawo. Umbono ufakiwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yeRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ufudu lwesibhuku luye lwabonwa ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa-ke, ukufakwa kwazo ezinhlotsheni zezwe republic ngesisekelo sokutholwe wedwa, ngokusobala, kungakafiki isikhathi.
Ensimini yaseMordovia, kwaqoshwa izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-258, zazo ezingama-192 izidleke, ezingama-39 zingabafudukayo, 19 ngezikhathi ezithile zindizela esifundeni sethu kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-8 zobusika.
Izinyoni ze-Sparrow ziningi kakhulu emahlathini - ama-Finch, ihhashi lasehlathini, i-jay, i-mockingbird eluhlaza okotshani, amakhanda amnyama namabalaza engadi, i-scythe, i-flycatcher, inhlekisa-idokodo, i-Nightingale, i-Nightingale, i-thrush, i-tit enkulu. I-motley Woodpecker, i-hazel grouse, i-capercaillie, ne-vakhir zivame ngandlela-thile. Ezinyoni ezidla izikhova nezikhova lapho kuhlala khona ikhithi emnyama, ibhungane elijwayelekile, i-goshawk, i-sparrowhawk, i-buzzard ejwayelekile, i-owred owl, isikhova. Kuyaqabukela ehlathini ungathola ukhozi omfushane, isikhova, isikhova sezinyawo kanye nesikhova, insimbi enamazinyo amathathu, isigaxa esimnyama, udoti omnyama, ukhozi lwegolide, indawo yokungcwaba, ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala, inyoka-edla, i-osprey, i-splyuska. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseMordovia.
Ezikhukhuleni zemifula, ezigangeni nasezindlekeni, kuvame ukuba nama-koswing, i-coronella, inqola ephuzi futhi ephuzi, i-meadow mint, i-ore oatmeal, i-reb warbler, akuvamile - i-oatmeal-dubrovnik, i-curlew ejwayelekile, i-turukhtan, i-Woodpecker, i-barkworm, ikhilikithi elijwayelekile , zonke izinhlobo ezivela kwiBhuku elibomvu likaMordovia. Izinyoni ezidla inyama zithola izimo ezinhle lapha: i-meadow lunar, i-marl owl, inani lawo eminyakeni "yegundane" lenyuka kaningana. Entwasahlobo, izimfunda ezikhukhulelangoqo zigcwele amanzi ancibilikayo futhi zisebenza njengezindawo ezifudukayo zokubutha amahansi, amadada, izindunduma, izinyoni zasolwandle. Amanani amaningi, emanzini angajulile ezinhlwini zezikhukhula, amahansi anombala omhlophe, ama-roasters, abamnyama abaqothulayo bayayeka, futhi eminyakeni ethile, amarhanisi anombala obomvu.
Amachibi ahlukahlukene agqunywe yizimila ezingaphezulu komhlaba akhonza njengezindawo zokudlela eziyingqayizivele. I-Chomga, imifino emnyama enamachaphaza amnyama, amancanyana amakhulu namancanyana, amabala amade, udoti obomvu obomvu, okhanyayo nobomvu onamakhanda amnyama, umashi, udoti kanye nosizi, umelusi, izidleke, ulwandle olugobile, isidleke esimnyama nesimhlophe. Emathangeni aminyene wezimila ngasogwini warbler, bluethroat, warbler, njll nest.
Izindawo zasendle zinesikhundla esiphakeme republic ngokwezindawo. Emasimini amakhulu, izakhamizi ezijwayelekile esikhathini esidlekayo yi-lark, inqola ephuzi, izigwaca kanye ne-grey partridge. Izikhova zamaMarsh, imintintshi, kanye nezinyawo zazo ngezikhathi ezithile zihlela izidleke zazo lapha. Njenge-biotope yokudla asetshenziswa yi-kestrel ejwayelekile, i-harching harrier, i-buzzard, i-owred owl, i-marsh owl, i-terns emhlophe enamaphiko. Entwasahlobo yokuqala, imihlambi ezindizayo yama-goose kanye no-grey cranes ima lapha ukuze iphumule futhi idle.
Izinyoni ezijwayelekile zokuhlala zihlala ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, insimu nokundlalwa kwendlu, i-rook, i-jackdaw, i-swift emnyama, idolobha nokugwinya, inkanyezi, isiga esikhulu, udoti omhlophe. Ngesinye isikhathi hhayi yonke indawo, ihobhe elisontambo kanye nesidleke sesikhova.
- 1. Ama-biotopes wezindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi ama-coniferous and coniferous-deciduous - ibhele elinsundu, i-elk, inyamazane edonsa, i-deer, i-wolar yasendle, impisi, i-fox, i-badger, i-squirrel, i-hare emhlophe, i-lynx, i-marten, i-mink, i-pole pole, i-dormouse, imvukuzane, i-weasel, i-vole ebomvu, i-capercaillie, i-hazel grouse, i-grouse emnyama, i-grey crane, i-Woodpecker eluhlaza okotshani, i-Woodpecker enamazinyo amathathu, i-blackbird, i-Nightingale, i-crossbill, iphuzi, i-kinglet, i-titsted tit, izinyoka, izinyoka.
- 2. Ama-biotopes amahlathi esiqhingi abanzi avela esiqhingini, izindawo zezolimo, izitebhisi, kanye nezitebhisi ezigudla ulwandle - i-brown hare, igundane lensimu, isigaxa esivamile, izigwaca, i-grey partridge, indunduma yemifula, isicubu sendlu, isigcawu esijwayelekile somhlaba, umgadli omkhulu i-lark, i-steppe harriers, i-oatmeal engadini, ukuvela okungatheni kwabameli be-biotopes zohlobo lokuqala nolwesibili.
- 3. Ama-biotope asemanzini naseduze-kwamanzi - i-beaver, muskrat, inja ye-raccoon, i-otter, muskrat, i-sandpiper, i-magpie, i-tern encane, i-mallard, i-kite emnyama, i-snipe, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe, i-lake frog, i-newt.
- > 4. Ama-biotope wezindawo zasemadolobheni - igundane lasendlini, igrey grey, ijuba elimpunga, undlunkulu wendlu, ukugwinya kwedolobha, ukugunda izinwele ezimnyama.
EMordovia, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezingama-73 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emindenini engama-20 nama-oda ayi-6. Iningi lazo zitholakala lapha njalo, kanti ezinye ziyaxhunyaniswa. Lezi zokugcina, ikakhulukazi, zifaka ama-deer enja kanye ne-rrocon inja, ezilethwe kude ne-Far East, inyamazane - zivela eSiberia. UMuskrat, izwe lakubo eliseNyakatho Melika, weza eMordovia evela eScandinavia.
Izilwane ezincelisayo eziningi kakhulu amaRodents - ezingama-27. Kulezi, ezinye izinhlobo zamagundane (insimu, ihlathi, i-brownie), ama-voles amasimu (ajwayelekile, abomvu), amagundane ampunga atholakala kuyo yonke indawo. Emahlathini, i-squirrel ejwayelekile itholakala njalo - into ebalulekile yokuzingela nabamele abomndeni wakwaSoneva - i-hazel, ingadi, i-dormouse yamahlathi kanye ne-polchok. Ngaphandle, afanana amagundane amancane ne-fluffy, njengesikwele, umsila.Izinhlobo ezingejwayelekile zamagundwe ezifakwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseMordovia zifaka ijezi enkulu, i-rat rat ejwayelekile, i-marmot-bobak, ne-beaver yomfula.
Umndeni wama-carnivores unezinhlobo eziyi-15. Lezi yizilwane ezijwayelekile futhi cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezinama-aboriginal - impungushe, i-weasel, i-ermine, i-bush ferret kanye ne "new" esifundeni - inja ye-raccoon, i-mink yaseMelika, ehlala lapha ngosizo lomuntu. Izinhlobo ezingandile ezivela ezilwaneni ezidla inyama ibhere onsundu, i-lynx, i-otter river, i-badger.
Ukuncane okuncane - Izinhlobo eziyi-11 zifaka i-oda leBatwing. Phakathi kwazo, iphathi yakusihlwa eyinqaba kakhulu ngumbono ovela kwiBhuku elibomvu laseRussia. Kaningi kunabanye kuba nesibani samanzi ebusuku, isibani sehlathi, izindlebe ezi-brown.
Ezinhlotsheni eziyi-11 zama-sireletsetivores, adume kakhulu yi-hedgehog ne-European mole. Abamele ama-shrews - ama-shrews nama-shrews (amancane, aphakathi nendawo, amancane, ajwayelekile) adla izinambuzane ezincane nezibungu. I-Russian desman iphinde ibhekisele kuma-sireletsetivores - uhlobo oluvela kwi-International Red Book. Igcinwa ezigodini zemifula emikhulu.
Ama-Artiodactyls kuhlobo lweMordovia 7. Lezi ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zezilwane ezazixazululwa kusuka kwezinye izindawo (izingulube zasendle, izingulube zaseSiberia) noma umuntu aziletha ezibuya kwezinye izifunda (i-red and deer red). Umhlali wokuqala wamahlathi aseMordovian uselk. EMordovian State Nature Reserve, kwakukhona inani lama bison lamahhala ngaphambili.
Izinhlobo ze-Zaitsev 2 - i-hare emhlophe (ehlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi) kanye no-brown (ukhetha ama-biotopes avulekile).
Izinhlobo ezizingelayo, ezizingelwa ezindaweni ezifuywayo zokuzingela, zifaka izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 zezilwane ezincelisayo, okuthi kuzo izinto eziyinhloko zokuzingela umfudlana kanye ne-hare, impungushe, i-boar yasendle, i-elk, i-squirrel evamile, kanye ne-marten.
Izindawo eziyisihluthulelo ze-Ornithological Russia (COTR)
Uhlelo lwe-KOTR luyingxenye yohlelo lweInternal ezibalulekile (i-IBA), olunikezelwe ekusesheni nasekuvikelweni kwezindawo ezibalulekile zezinyoni emhlabeni jikelele. I-KOTR ifaka phakathi: izindawo zezinhlobo ezingaphansi kokusongela komhlaba jikelele ngokuqothulwa, izindawo ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinhlobo ezingandile nezisengozini, kufaka phakathi lezo ezisohlwini lohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN kanye nencwadi ebomvu yeRussian Federation. Ku-republic, ama-KOTR ayi-9 wokubaluleka komhlaba wonke abelwe.
Ukukhanya kweMordovia - Sibutsetelo nezithombe zezindawo ezihehayo
UMordovia uyiphindaphindili ngaphakathi kweRussian Federation, engokwesifunda iVolga futhi etholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yalesi sifunda. Inhlokodolobha yaleli lizwekazi laseVolga idolobha laseSaransk. Umlando wayo njengesifunda esizimele waqala ngo-1930, lapho kwakhiwa iSifunda saseMordovian Autonomous. Ngemuva kweminyaka emine, isifunda esizimele sathola isimo sombuso ngaphakathi kweRSFSR.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwale mpumuzo, i-republic ingahlukaniswa izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye yayo esentshonalanga isentabeni i-Oka-Don, kanti empumalanga, enye ebanzi iseVolga Upland. Izindawo zemvelo zibuye zishintshe zisuka enyakatho-nentshonalanga ziye empumalanga esenyakatho nesifunda - indawo yamahlathi ahlukahlukene anqamula kancane kancane ingena esifundeni sehlathi.
EMordovia kunezindawo eziningi ezithandwayo ngamasiko, zomlando nezemidlalo, kanye neziikhumbuzo ezikhethekile zemvelo ezithakazelayo kubavakashi beRepublic.
Lesi sigcinamyuzi, esenhloko-dolobha yaseMordovia, sithathwa njengesikhungo sakudala esamasiko endawo yaso. Yadalwa ngo-1918 ngemizamo yezazi-mlando zendawo ezingaba yikhulu, ebezibutha imiboniso kuyo iminyaka. Ngo-2001, umnyuziyamu waba esinye sezikhungo ezinenani elikhulu kakhulu lamasiko republic. Ngemuva kweminye iminyaka emi-4, waqanjwa ngo-Ivan Dmitrievich Voronov, isazi-mlando sendawo esidume umlando wasekhaya njengososayensi ozimele, umhlaziyi wezemibhalo kanye nomlobi.
Imnyuziyamu ichazwa ngomlando, umnyango wezomlando wanamuhla futhi ubukisa utshengisa ngesimo salesi sifunda. Inani eliphelele lemibukiso lidlula 200 000. Kuyo ungajwayelana nezincwadi ezibalulekile, amaqoqo ezinhlamvu zemali, izikhali zasendulo, kanye nokubona izilwane ezazigxishwe ezinhlobonhlobo.
Lesi sigcinimagugu esihle sitholakala eSaransk.Ibonisa iqoqo lemisebenzi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ngumlobi wezithombe odumile u-Erzi. Futhi emnyuziyamu ungacabanga ngomsebenzi wabaculi uSchkov noMakarov. Lezi zibalo ezintathu zamasiko zingabomdabu baseMordovia.
Kukhona i-salon yobuciko emnyuziyamu lapho ungeke ubone khona kuphela, kepha futhi uthenge imisebenzi oyithandayo yokupenda nokuqonga ngababhali besimanje.
Imnyuziyamu isendaweni eyiVictory Square eSaransk. Iwuvule weminyaka engama-50 yokuNqoba Okukhulu. Indawo lapho itholakala khona iyindawo yesikhumbuzo. Ama-granite slabs ku-facade yomnyuziyamu ahlotshiswe ngesimo iribhoni le-St George, futhi uphahla luqoshwe njengekolnik yaseRussia.
ISithangamu seDepho Museum siseRuzayevka, indawo enkulu yesitimela futhi engesinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zokwakhiwa kwezitimela eRussia. Emnyango wesigcinimagumbi kukhona amasotsha amabili anezibhamu, njengoba bekunjalo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Izivakashi zaseMnyuziyamu zinikezwa ithuba elihle kakhulu lokufunda umlando we-Kukushka steam locomotive, ethathwa njengophawu lweRuzayevka, kanye nangendawo yokuhambisa yedolobha neyokuhamba ngojantshi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
IMordovian State National Drama Theatre itholakala enhlokodolobha yezwekazi. Ngokungeziwe emidlalweni yasendulo, lapha ungabona ukukhiqizwa kwemibhalo yokudlala yaseMordovian, esezilimini zikaMordovian (u-Erzya noMoksha) ngokuhumusha kanyekanye ngesiRussia. Abalingisi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini babuka ngenkuthalo insimu ye-republic kanye nezifunda ezingomakhelwane lapho kuhlala khona abakwaMordovia.
Inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi ibikhona kusukela ngonyaka we-1889. Ngemuva kwalokho kwahlelwa ngabafundi ababephumelele eShchepkinsky Theatre School abuyela ezweni lakubo elincane, lapho okutholwe khona indlu yakudala. Kusukela ngo-2007, inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi ibilokhu isakhiweni esisha.
Enye yezinto eziheha iSaransk yinkundla yemidlalo yomculo. Kusingethwe amakhonsathi omculo we-classical, ama-opasteras wokudlala, ama-operettas, umculo wamahlaya kanye ne-ballet. Ukuvulwa kweshashalazi kwenzeka ngo-1935. Ekuqaleni kwesizini yama-75, inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi yabelwa isakhiwo esisha. Ihholo lakhe laqala ukuhlalisa abantu abangaphezu kwama-700. Ngokwezimpawu zayo zokuqaqamba, leli hholo lingenye yezinto ezihamba phambili eRussia. Kwathi ngo-2011, waqanjwa igama lomculi waseMordovian u-I.M. Yausheva.
I-Cathedral yakhiwa eSaransk ngonyaka we-2006. Wazehlukaniswa nguPatriarch Alexy II. I-Cathedral yakhiwe ngesitayela soMbuso, kanti idome yenziwa ngesitayela seNeo-Byzantine. Ithempeli lenyuka lifinyelela kumamitha angama-62 ukusuka kunhlabathi. Inamabhande ama-4, ngalinye lawo linezinsimbi ezi-3 ezenziwe eTutaev zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe basendulo. Ikhathalogu lingavakashelwa ngabantu abangaphezu kuka-3,000 ngesikhathi.
ISonto likaSt. John the Evangelist eSaransk lakhiwa ngo-1693 esizeni lapho ngaphambi kwalokho kwakunesonto lakudala lokhuni.
Eminyakeni engama-30 edlule, ithempeli lavalwa, kwagcinwa umlando wokugcina we-NKVD lapha. Ngo-1944, isonto laphinde lavulelwa amakholwa. Isikhathi eside, kwakuwukuphela kwesonto elisebenzayo edolobheni. Kusukela ngo-1960, ithempeli lifakwa enanini lesikhumbuzo sezakhiwo zobuciko bumbuso.
Isigodlo sitholakala endaweni yesifunda saseRuzaevsky edolobhaneni lasePaygarma. Ngo-1865, kwatholakala isithonjana se-martyr Paraskeva endaweni yethempeli yasemakhaya, futhi maqondana nalesi senzakalo esibalulekile, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakha isigodlo sezindela lapha, esizogama ngegama losanta. Insimu yesigodlo ihlanganisa indawo cishe 11 ha. Amathempeli ayo, izindlu zokuphephela nemibhoshongo yensimbi kwakhiwa ngezitayela ezihlukile zokwakha, kepha ngokuvamile izakhiwo zokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sezindela zibukeka kahle kakhulu. Isigodlo sivakashelwa njalo abahambi abaningi abafuna ukukhula ngokomoya futhi bafuna indlela yabo yangempela.
ISanaksar Monastery itholakala eduzane nedolobha laseThemnikov osebeni loMfula uMoksha, elizungezwe yihlathi likaphayini. Indaba yakhe yaqala ngo-1659. Izindawo ezihlonishwayo kunazo zonke zesigodlo ziyizithombe zabangcwele iMon Theodore, iqhawe elilungile uTheodore (Ushakov), uMon Alexander the Confessor, kanye nesithonjana soMama kaNkulunkulu. Ama-Pilgrim aqhamuka kulo lonke elaseRussia eza ukuzothinta izindawo zalo eziphakeme.
Lo umtapo wolwazi oyinhloko weMordovia.Yaqala ukuba khona kwayo ngo-1899, lapho, ngemizamo ehlanganyelayo yezihlakaniphi zaseSaransk, kwakhiwa igumbi lokufunda. Ukuvakasha kwakhe kwakumahhala.
Ekuqaleni, zazimbalwa kakhulu izincwadi kuyo, kodwa ngenxa yeminikelo, isikhwama saso sanda kancane kancane. Ngo-1939, umtapo wezincwadi waba nge-republican; enye indawo yabelwa yona. Ngo-1970, wathuthelwa esakhiweni esisha, lapho asatholakala khona.
Muva nje, kwenezelwe isakhiwo esinezitezi ezi-9 kuso, esivumele amahlandla ambalwa ukukhulisa usayizi wethala lezincwadi. Phakathi kwezigaba zayo eziningi, kunomnyango ozinikele ngokuphelele emisebenzini yezincwadi zokubhala eMordovia. Lesi sikhungo sesisungule ukuxhumana okuningana neminye imitapo yolwazi yabantu baseFinno-Ugric, kubandakanya leyo etholakala emazweni angaphandle.
Lesi siqiwu sisogwini olungakwesokudla soMfula uMoksha. Cishe yonke insimu yayo imbozwe ikakhulukazi amahlathi kaphayini. Iminyaka yezihlahla zikaphayini ezikhula lapha ilinganiselwa ku- Iminyaka engama-300-350. Kukhona futhi amahlathi ahlanganisiwe lapho kukhula khona amaphayiphi, amabhula, izindunduma namakha. Ezigodini zomfula ungathola izihlahla ze-spruce.
I-Inerka Lake itholakala enkabeni yesifunda iBig Berezniki esigodini soMfula iSura. Leli elinye lamachibi amahle futhi amakhulu kunawo onke eMordovia (amakhilomitha angama-56 skwele). Amagquma ayo ambozwe amahlathi e-coniferous-deciduous and birch.
Ngasogwini lolwandle, izivakashi zithanda ukubeka amatende abo. Kunezindawo ezinhle zokudoba, futhi emahlathini asogwini ungathatha amakhowe namajikijolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imihlangano engaphandle komgwaqo ibanjwa minyaka yonke eduze kwechibi.
Le paki emangalisayo itholakala esifundeni saseLeninsky eSaransk. Esiqiwini ungahamba ngemigwaqo ebabazekayo, uwele imifudlana egeleza endaweni yayo, ukhuphuke ngamabhuloho enziwe ngokhuni ezenziwe ngesandla ubuciko bokwenza izingcweti, uphumule emigwaqweni embozwe nge-ivy eluhlaza. Imidwebo yamaqhawe wezinganekwane ngu-A.S. Pushkin. Lesi siqiwi sinezinto ezahlukahlukene ezihehayo kanye ne-zoo enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni. Le yindawo yokuphumula eyintandokazi yabahlali baseSaransk, abadala kanye nezingane bayathanda ukuyivakashela.
Umqalisi odume ngokuvukela kwabafowethu uvakashele eSaransk ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-1774. Uchithe izinsuku ezimbalwa kulezi zindawo, phakathi nesikhathi lapho wakwazi ukukhipha abamele abaningi bezikhulu ezihlonishwayo nabefundisi ababemphikisa futhi washicilela i-manifesto ngenkululeko yamaserf.
Ukukhumbula lezo zenzakalo, kwakhiwa isikhumbuzo esiya ePugachev eSaransk. Itende lomholi wempi yabasebenzi abancane, okuyindlu endala yamatshe, nalo laligcinwa.
Lesi sikhungo sezemidlalo esikhulu kunazo zonke eMordovia, esiqeqesha abasubathi bawo wonke amazinga emidlalweni eminingi. Sekuvulwe inkundla yezemidlalo kusukela ngo-2004.
ESaransk Sports Palace, imicimbi yezemidlalo ibanjwa ukusuka edolobheni ukuya kulo lonke elaseRussia. Imincintiswano emidlalweni yamanzi, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-wrestling, yokuzivocavoca, yokuzivocavoca ngesigqi, i-basketball ne-volleyball zibanjwa lapha.
Ukuvulwa kwale nkundla kwenzeka eSaransk ngonyaka we-2004. Ibamba imincintiswano kwezemidlalo yomdlalo, imidlalo yamanzi, imidlalo yemidlalo, ukushesha ngesikebhe nokushushuluza. Indawo yemidlalo ifaka izinkundla ezi-4 ezinhle kakhulu zebhola, ezi-2 zazo ezinemibala yemvelo.
Le yinkundla entsha lapho ngo-2018 eminye imidlalo yeNdebe Yomhlaba ngo-2018 izokwenzeka. Itholakala esigodini sase-Insar River eduze nendawo maphakathi neSaransk.
I-facade yayo eyinhloko ibhekene ne-promenade kanye nesikhungo sedolobha. Kungemukelwa ngasikhathi sinye ngabaningi Ababuki abangama-44,000. Inkundla inikela ngemikhakha ngeminyango ehlukene yabalandeli bamaqembu ezivakashi, umkhakha wemindeni nezindawo zabantu abakhubazekile.
ISonto Katolika leNgcwele eNgcwele yamaQhawe uTheodore Ushakov lavulwa eSaransk ngonyaka we-2006. Ihlukaniswe ngu-Alexy II. imininingwane eminingi
ISamansk embankment itholakala enkabeni yedolobha. Ishaya eceleni komfula uSaranka. imininingwane eminingi
IMordovian Republican Museum of Fine Arts eqanjwe ngemuva kweS. D. Erzi yavulwa eSaransk ngo-1960.imininingwane eminingi
Ipaki Yamasiko Nokuphumula eqanjwe ngo-A.S. Pushkin iyipaki eliyinhloko laseSaransk. I-Area 40 ha. imininingwane eminingi
IMakarovsky St. John the Theological Monastery itholakala eduzane nedolobha laseSaransk edolobhaneni laseMakarovka. Yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1994. Ingabe. imininingwane eminingi
ISikhumbuzo Museum of the wezempi kanye zabasebenzi ka 1941-1945 kwavulwa eSaransk ngonyaka ka-1995. Iyingxenye yesikhumbuzo sesikwele. imininingwane eminingi
Ithempeli leKazan Icon likaMama kaNkulunkulu lagcotshwa eSaransk ngonyaka ka-2011. imininingwane eminingi
Itshe lesikhumbuzo eliya kuYemelyan Pugachev (umholi wokuvukela kwabahlaseli bowe-1773-1775) lavulwa eSaransk ngo-1985. Okuwukuphela kwaso eRussia. imininingwane eminingi
I-State Musical Theatre eqanjwe ngemuva kuka-I.M. Yaushev eSaransk ibihola umlando kusukela ngo-1935. imininingwane eminingi
IMordovia Arena Stadium yinkundla yebhola eSaransk eyakhelwe iNdebe Yomhlaba wonke ka-2018. Amandla abantu abangama-45 015. imininingwane eminingi
Isikhumbuzo esiya e-Admiral F.F. Ushakov sitholakala eSaransk eCathedral Square. Kufakwe ku-2006. Ukuvulwa bekuhanjelwe nguV.V. Putin. imininingwane eminingi
ISonto likaSt. John the Evangelist lakhiwa eSaransk ngo-1693. Isakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke eMordovia. imininingwane eminingi
Isikhumbuzo emndenini - lesikhumbuzo esiseCathedral Square eSaransk. Kuvulwe ngo-2008. Ukuvulwa kubekelwe unyaka womndeni. imininingwane eminingi
Imyuziyam yaseMordovian Folk Isiko yavulwa eSaransk ngonyaka we-1999. Igatsha leMnyuziyamu we-Fine Arts. S. D. Erzy. imininingwane eminingi
IMillenium Square yavulwa eSaransk ngonyaka ka-2012. imininingwane eminingi
IMordovian Republican United Museum of Local Lore eqanjwe ngemuva kwe-D. D. Voronin iyimnyuziyamu kazwelonke weMordovia etholakala eSaransk. imininingwane eminingi
ISonto iSt Nicholas the Wonderworker lakhiwa eSaransk ngo-1906 ngesitayela saseRussia-Byzantine. imininingwane eminingi
ICathedral Square yaqhamuka eSaransk ngonyaka we-2006. imininingwane eminingi
I-State Russian Drama Theatre yaseRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia yasungulwa eSaransk ngo-1932. imininingwane eminingi
Isikhumbuzo kwa-A.S. Pushkin savulwa eSaransk ngonyaka ka-2001. imininingwane eminingi
ISonto lama-Holy Right Right Qhawekazi uForor Ushakov
ISonto lama-Holy Rightible Qhawekazi uForor Ushakov lisenkabeni yeSaransk. Isonto lesikhumbuzo lagcotshwa Ngobungcwele Bakhe Patriarch WaseMoscow kanye ne-All Russia Alexy II ngo-Agasti 6, 2006. Ithempeli elihlala cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu, ukuphakama kwethempeli ngamamitha angama-73, kungenye yezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu esifundeni saseVolga. Ngokubukeka nokwakhiwa kwayo, ifana kakhulu neSonto lamaKhatholika likaJesu uMsindisi eMoscow. Njengokugcina, i-Feodorovsky Cathedral inamathempeli amabili: phezulu ineBoundaries emithathu nephansi (iBaptismal Church), kunendawo yokubheka izinto, ukuphakama kwayo okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-30. I-altare eliphambili lesonto elingenhla lihlukaniselwe ukuhlonipha inkumbulo yeQhawe eliLungile u-Theodore Ushakov, owesibili wesibili - ukuhlonipha abafel 'ukholo abasha baseMordovia, owesithathu - kuhlonishwa uSeraphim waseSarov. Umrepha nguMbhishobhi Omkhulu weSaransk noMordovia Balaanuphius. Futhi esontweni lesilo elisha kukhona: iklasi lekhompyutha, igumbi lezingqungquthela, isikole sangeSonto, okubuye kukholwe nokunye okuningi.
IMordovian Republican Museum of Fine Arts iqanjwe ngo-S. D. Erzi
UMordovian Republican Museum of Fine Arts uqanjwe ngegama lika S. D. Erzi akusona kuphela isikhungo esikhulu samasiko republic, kodwa futhi ungomunye weminyuziyamu ebaluleke kakhulu esifundeni seVolga, umgcinimafa kazwelonke weRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia. Iqoqo lomnyuziyamu linezindawo zokugcina ezingaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-14, okuyishumi lazo kuboniswa emahholo alo. Isisekelo nengxenye emaphakathi yeqoqo kuyimisebenzi yobungcweti besifunda saseMordovian - uS. D. Erzi noF. V. Sychkov.
Ukuqoqwa kobuciko bokuqala kwenguquko yaseRussia kunemisebenzi engaba ngu-500.
Indawo ekhethekile ithathwa ngumsebenzi wesazi sokupenda u-I.K. Makarov (1822-1897), impilo yakhe exhumene nesifunda saseMordovian.
Izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zobuciko bokuhlobisa nokwasetshenziswa kweMordovia zivezwa emnyangweni okhethekile. Lapha ungabona izingubo ezinhle zikaMordovian ezinhle kakhulu, ubucwebe, izinto zasendlini ezimibalabala. Ingilazi yobuciko kanye ne-porcelain nazo zimelwe ngokucebile.
Ukuzalwa kweNdlovukazi yeSanaksar Monastery
Isigodlo sezindela sasungulwa ngonyaka ka-1659 kwathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX saphenduka isigodlo esikhulu sezindela. Namuhla, kuvulwa ipanorama esuka edolobheni laseThemnikov noMfula iMoksha, osebeni lwayo lapho kunesigodlo sezindela. Umnyango omkhulu isonto elinamamitha angama-52 (1776). Ukwakheka kwendawo kuyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo ezine-whiskic silhouette kanye nesikhungo - isonto lesikhumbuzo elibuswa ezinkulukazi ezinhlanu.
Ukuhlangana kweSanaksar Monastery kungenye yezindawo eziyisikhumbuzo zamadolobha ezinkulu ezilondolozwe kahle ezingxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukwakhiwa kweBaroque okuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko. Izindawo ezinkulu zesigodlo ziyizinto zabasanta UTheodore, iqhawe elilungile uTheodore (Ushakov), IsAm. U-Alexander the Confessor.
IMordovian State Nature Reserve eqanjwe ngemuva P. G. Smidovich
Enyakatho nentshonalanga yeRiphabhulikhi, esifundeni saseTemikovsky, iMordovian State Reserve iqambe ngemuva P.G.Smidovich. Lesi siqiwu sadalwa ngo-1935. Cishe yonke insimu yendawo yokugcina imbozwe amahlathi, cishe ingxenye yawo oyiphayini. Ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga, amahlathi e-birch anqoba, maphakathi - emahlathini ase-linden. Esifundeni esikhukhulayo saseMoksha, kutholakala imifino yama-oki eneminyaka engu-140-150; kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nezikhulu ezinkulu kuneminyaka engama-300. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingandile kule ndawo yokubhuka, kukhona i-venus slipper eyiqiniso, ikhanda lobumba obomvu, ukuvuselelwa kwenyanga, okungatholakalanga kwenye indawo eMordovia. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezi-6 zangeniswa endaweni yokubhuka: i-beaver, idesksi yaseRussia, inyamazane yezilwane, inyamazane yase-Askani, inyamazane yaseSiberia kanye nenyathi. Kulesi siqiwu kunezinyoni ezifakwe ku-Red Book of Russia, okukhona kuzo iSaker Falcon, iGolden Eagle, iBlack Stork nabanye.
UJohane umfundisi wezenkolo iMakarov
ISt John the Theologian Makarov Monastery iyisigodlo sabefundisi esisebenzayo sase-Orthodox esiseMordovia, edolobhaneni laseMakarovka, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha amahlanu nje kuphela ukusuka eSaransk. Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sezakhiwo zaseSt. John the Theologian Monastery sisegcekeni leMakarovsky Pogost. ISt. John the Theologian Cathedral iqukethe uhlu oluqondile lwesithonjana sikaMama sikaNkulunkulu esithi “The Inexhaustible Chalice”, olapha iziguli eziluthwa yizidakamizwa notshwala. Ensimini yeMakarovsky Pogost kunemithombo emibili emangalisayo.
Xhumanisa kumfanekiso olandiwe
Isikhungo Semithombo Yezokwazisa seNational Research Mordovian State University
I-430005, iRussia Federation, iRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia, iSaransk, ul. IBolshevik, d. 68
Ucingo: 8 (8342) 24-37-32
Sawubona. Igama lami nginguJulia. Bengisebenza ebhizinisini lezokuvakasha isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka engu-9. Ngikholwa ukuthi nginguchwepheshe emkhakheni wami futhi ngifuna ukusiza bonke abavakashi esizeni ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene. Yonke imininingwane yendawo iqoqiwe futhi icutshungulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kudluliswe ngendlela elula yonke imininingwane edingekayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze usebenzise konke okuchazwe esizeni, ukubonisana nochwepheshe kuyadingeka.
[hlela] Ukwakheka komhlaba
Isakhiwo sendawo yensimu yeRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia sihlotshaniswa nendawo yaso ngaphakathi kwesiteji saseRussia ngenhla kweTokmovsky arch. Ingxenye engenhla yomsuka womhlaba ukulandelana kokuhamba komhlaba. Ilele kwisitezi esingaphansi kwekristalu, kufaka phakathi ama-Archean gneisses, ama-amphibolites, ama-migmatites, ama-granites, ne-Lower Proterozoic crystalline. ama-shales - i-biotite, i-quartz, ihalananda, njll. Amatshe asisekelo eMordovia awafiki ngaphezulu (ngaphansi kwenhlabathi). Amatshe amadala asembozo sedimentary yi-Upper Proterozoic. Idiphozithi yalesi sikhathi yasungulwa kuphela emkhombeni weRyazan-Saratov (RP Zubova Polyana). Kubandakanya ama-siltstones, amatshe odaka, ama-sandstones angaphansi, ama-limestone nama-dolomite.
Amadiphozithi e-Paleozoic.I-Devon - ukuhlukaniswa kwama-clays, isihlabathi, kanye nama-siltstones (i-Old Oskol engaphezulu kwe-Zhivsky ungqimba, ubukhulu obungama-90-180 m), indawo ephakeme yama-siltstones nama-limestone angama-6 (ungqimba lwesiFulentshi, nobukhulu obungama-450 m), ama-dolomite (ububanzi be-Famennian, ubukhulu be-150 m). Imiphetho ye-carbonaceous engezansi nama-limestone alala ngenhla (tiers: tour, visa, namur, ubukhulu 45 m). Ziqukethe amadwala aseMiddle Carboniferous (tihubhe laseBashkir naseMoscow): udaka obomvu onsundu, amabele, amatshe amatshe kanye nesihlabathi, amatshe angama-limestones nama-dolomite anogqinsi oluphelele oluya kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-154. Ama-limperones aphezulu nama-dolomite aphezulu (amaGzhel ne-Orenburg tiers) ajabule kakhulu. Amandla abo ku-s. ISivin 40-45 m, eduze komngcele nesifunda saseNizhny Novgorod ngo-100-110, esifundeni saseRyazan-Saratov 250-320 m. Engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-republic, afika ebusweni esisekelweni sase-Urkat, Moksha, Satis, Sivini. AmaDolomites, izindunduma, ama-siltstones, ama-anhydrites wesikhathi se-Permian (izendlalelo zika-Assel, uSakmara nezaseKazan) ziqashelwa enyakatho kuphela: esigodini sendawo efinyelela maphakathi neSatis, indawo engenhla ye-Alatyr nasogwini olungakwesokudla lokuphakathi okuphakathi kwe-Urkat, enobukhulu obuyi-30-60 m. Deposits of the era. Amadiphozithi e-Mesozoic, ama-Cretaceous deposits) afaka ama-Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous system (izinkathi). Amatshe e-Triassic eMordovia awatholakalanga. Izakhiwo zeJurassic ziphawulwa ku-20-30% wendawo. Lezi yizimbotshana, isihlabathi, imabula, ama-siltstones, ama-phosphate rock nodules, amalensi we-shale kawoyela - i-Bajo, i-Bati, i-Kelovo, i-Oxford-Kimmeridge, izingqimba ze-Volga, eziwugqinsi namamitha angama-50-80. Amadiphozi aseCretaceous afika ebusweni kuzo zonke izifunda zaseRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova futhi amelelwa isigaba esigcwele (konke tiers). Ukwakhiwa kweLower Cretaceous (kusuka phansi kuya phezulu): ama-phosphorite conglomerate, ama-greyuconite nama-sandard amnyama agqinsiwe, ama-loams, ama-glauconite kanye nesihlabathi se-quartz, amamabula, ama sandwich, ubungako obugcwele kuze kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-175. Ihlala phakathi kwezimpawu zemabula, obukhulu obungamamitha angama-90. Izimbotshana zeCenozoic (Paleogene, Neogene neQuaternary) ziphakeme kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwePaleogene (ukusuka phansi kuya phezulu): iflash enamalensi e-diatomites ne-tripoli, isihlabathi se-glauconite nesihlabathi se-quartz, esifakwa phakathi kwama-sandstones, aze afike ku-90 m ubukhulu, zivame esifundeni esiseningizimu, empumalanga naseningizimu nasempumalanga. Izidwengu zeNeogene zitholakele engxenyeni esentshonalanga: izihlabathi eziphuzi nezimpunga (iMiocene, iLamkinskaya suite), udaka olunamafutha (Miocene, Gorelkinskaya suite), isihlabathi se-quartz nodaka (i-Pliocene, i-Krivoborsk suite), ubukhulu bungu-32-170 m. ikakhulukazi ezigodini zemifula. Kunemikhakha emi-2 - i-glacial (entshonalanga) ne-extra-glacial (empumalanga). Ngeminyaka, zingabantu basendulo, abaphakathi, abaphezulu be-Quaternary nabanamuhla, ngo-genesis (imvelaphi) - izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi: i-glacial, moraine, amanzi-glacial, ichibi-alluvial, i-alluvial, i-eluvial-deluvial, i-loams, ichibi-lomshini kanye ne-bog form. Amadiphoyinti we-peat, izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, njll. Ahambisana ne-Cenozoic deposits.
Ama-Tectonics Ukuqhekeka komhlaba kwensimu yeRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova kunqunywa indawo okuyo cishe maphakathi nesikhulumi seRussia, esakhiwa izitezi ezi-2: ongaphansi uyisisekelo sekristali, ongaphezulu uyisembozo sedimentary. Ayikho idatha ekhonkolo ekuhlelweni kwesisekelo uqobo ngenxa yokujula okukhulu kokuvela kwayo - 800-3000 m, kepha ukukhululeka kwayo kufundiwe. I-85% yensimu yaseMordovia itholakala ngenhla kweTokmov Arch, ngaphakathi kweVolga-Kama Anteclise. Isisekelo siqukethe amadwala ahlukahlukene we-metamorphic kanye ne-igneous (ama-gneisses, ama-crystalline schists, ama-amphibolites, ama-migmatites, njll.). Ucwaningo lwe-Geophysical lwembula izindonga ezivulekile ekukhululekeni kwesakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba, okubonisa ukuba khona kwamaphutha asuka phezulu ngenxa yokuhamba kwesikhathi kwe-block. Ngesikhathi sePaleozoic (i-Devonia, iCarboniferous), indawo engaphansi yayingaphansi kolwandle. Ensimini yaseMordovia, imibuso yasolwandle yathathelwa indawo kathathu yizwekazi.Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nokukhululeka okuhlukanisile kwesisekelo kunqume ukusatshalaliswa nobukhulu bamatshe asePaleozoic sedimentary athe aqongelela olwandle i-Devonia-Carbon. Isici sabo umbhede ozolile (noma ocishe uqonde). Isakhiwo sediments seDevonia neCarboniferous sihlotshaniswa nokusiza komhlaba waseDodevonia kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwePrimian-Triassic. E-Middle Devonia Sea oluvelayo, izimbotshana ezinqwabelana ekucindezelweni komhlaba zingaphansi komhlaba, futhi i-topography yaphansi yavezwa. Esikhathini seCarboniferous, uqweqwe cishe lwawo wonke umkhawulo lwadonswa ungqimba olunamandla (cishe amamitha angama-800) wamatshe wasolwandle asolwandle. Kepha ukuphakama nesisekelo sesisekelo kwabonakaliswa isikhathi eside ekusatshalalisweni kwezulu. Ngakho-ke, izingqimba zakamuva zithambekele ekhoneni elincane ukusuka ku-arch kuya ohlangothini lokuxineka. Ukunyakaza kwama-protrusions kanye nokuphambuka kuqhubeka ngesivinini esingafani nangezimpawu ezihlukile: abanye bayakhuphuka, abanye bayawa. Ukuphuma ngaphezu kwamatshe e-Carboniferous e-Urkat basin kusebenza njengesibonelo sokukhuphuka. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Mesozoic, ngesikhathi se-Triassic (60 Ma), indawo yaseMordovia yayingumhlaba. EJurassic naseCretaceous, umbuso wasolwandle wanqoba ngokuqongelela izinto ezincane zomhlaba ezinobumba (izindlawu, izihlabathi, ama-siltstones, njll.). Ku-Cenozoic, kwavela esinye sezigaba zokugoqwa kwe-alpine, ngenxa yalokho indawo yaqala ukukhuphuka futhi ulwandle lwathathelwa indawo ngumhlaba. Amarimu awenzekanga ngokulingana, okukhonjiswe ekukhululekeni kwangaphandle: ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-republic yayiyindawo ephansi (engekho ngaphezu kwama-200 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle), i-spurs yeVolga Upland (efinyelela kuma-320 m) yangena engxenyeni esempumalanga.
Ngaphakathi kwekhothamo laseTokmov, ngezikhathi ezihlukene zejogra (kusuka ku-Devonia kuya eNeogene) nasezindaweni ezihlukile kwisembozo sedimentary, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ze-tectonic ezinobukhulu obuhlukile nobunzima (ukucindezelwa, izindunduma, imikhombe, "amakhala", ukuguquguquka, nokunye ukuphazamiseka). Esiqeshini seZubovo-Polyansky kanye nasemngceleni osentshonalanga wesifunda sase-Atyuryevsky naseTengushevsky, umkhondo weTokmovsky udlula ungene emkhombeni weRyazan-Saratov, entshonalanga - umkhondo weVadsky, enyakatho-ntshonalanga usuka kuwo - umfula u-Oksko-Tsninsky, ubuyiselwe eningizimu-ntshonalanga nePodvoy zaskyoden. ukuphakama okuhlukaniswe umkhombe omncane weNovovyselkovsky, empumalanga yabo, ngasenyakatho nasentshonalanga, umkhombe kaMuromo-Lomovsky uyanda, uhlukanisa umgodi we-Oksko-Tsninsky kusuka eTshmovsky arch ne-Alatyrsky shaft (uplift), empumalanga kuya e-Ulyanovsk-Saratov p Skirting eduze flexure Insar, kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Penza esifundeni ngilulekela Sursko Moksha-ukukhuliswa, nzima InSAR zintathu nokungafi Kochelaevskim awalethe ahlukaniswe Insar sehhashi. Ama-tectonics asempumalanga yeMordovia abonakala ngokuzithoba okungaphansi kwe-monoclinic yezingqimba ukusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuye eningizimu-mpumalanga, kuhlanganiswa nezakhi ezinhle nezimbi: ukuphakama kwePermian-Pushkin (izingqimba ziwela eningizimu-ntshonalanga - 23, empumalanga - 8 m nge-1 km), umkhondo weNui (ukwehla komkhombe izendlalelo ezingama-87 m nge-22 km), i-Atminsky uplift, ebekwe endaweni ephezulu (+150 m) yesiltstone marl, iveza umkhombe weHvorostovsky ovela enyakatho. ENyakatho mpumalanga yeMordovia zitholakala: IKochelayevsky ikhuphuka ngo-10-11 ububanzi, ubude obuyi-19-20 km, 30 m ukuphakama, isikebhe esakhiwe eduze nedolobhana. I-Kochkurovo nePodlesnaya Tavla, isifunda saseKochkurovsky, ukusilela kwendawo kusuka ku-s. IKosogory Bolshebereznikovsky isifunda se-RM esigodini. UMay Day emfuleni. Impela (esifundeni i-Ulyanovsk), entshonalanga yalo kumakwe iphutha lokugwazwa kobunxele, lapho umfula ugeleza khona. Nerlake. Umcwaningi uR.B. Kochelaevsky. Zonke izinhlaka zakhiwa ikakhulukazi ngokuhamba kwe-tectonic yobudala be-Mesozoic. Izinguquko ze-Alpine nezakamuva, amathonya asemkhathini akha impumuzo yesimanje, eyathola kuphela i-Mesozoic kude. Ukuhamba kwe-Tectonic endaweni yaseRiphabhliki yaseMoldova kuyaqhubeka esikhathini sanamuhla.Ngakho-ke, indawo yomkhombe we-Ulyanovsk-Saratov yathathwa yi-spurs yeVolga Upland, ithafa elakhiwa iningi lokuphakama kweSur-Mokshan. Ngokusho kwe-geographic atlas (1964), ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-tectonic eminyakeni eyizigidi 1.5 eyedlule, empumalanga uMordovia wakhuphuka ngo-300, maphakathi - 200, entshonalanga - 100 m.
[hlela] Amaminerali
Emaqenjini amane aphambili (amanzi asemhlabathini, i-ore, i-nonmetallic, kanye namaminerali avuthayo), ukutholakala kweMordovia kune-nonmetallic, okusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kanye nangaphansi komhlaba (ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nobungcweti). Imvelaphi yabo ihlotshaniswa namadwala adlubulundayo weminyaka eyi-Quaternary, Mesozoic ne-Upper Carboniferous (Mesozoic, Upper Paleozoic sediments). Kutholwe amadiphozithi angama-120 wempahla eluhlaza futhi esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinto zokwakha: Izinhlobo ezi-5 zokubumba, amalobolo, izihlabathi, umaki, umhlanga, iflask, i-tripoli (diatomite), njll. Ama-42 amadiphozithi wobumba oluncibilikayo ophansi, i-loam kanye ne-sand loam yokukhiqiza izitini namathayili ayakhiwa (okuvamile izinqolobane ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-50 m 3). Okukhulu kunabo bonke yiLevzhenskoye (izigidi ezingama-4,9 m 3) esifundeni iRuzaevsky, eRomodanovsky (4.3), eKergudsky (3.9) esifundeni sase-Ichalkovsky, eSaranskoye (3.8), eSevero-Reshetinsky (3,6 million m 3) esifundeni saseTorbeevsky. Ngaphezu kwazo, kwatholakala izinto zobumba eziwu-15 (izinqolobane ezilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-132 m 3). Ezintweni zokwenziwa zasendlini zikhiqiza umkhiqizo wezitini 75-125. Kuhlolwe ama-deposits ayi-8 (izigidi eziyi-12,5 zamamitha) wobumba nokuthwala ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yobumba eyandisiwe. Ukugcinwa kweziza ezi-6 ezingaphezulu kuzoba yizigidi ezingama-26 m. Kukhona futhi imichilo evundayo (idiphozi likaShishkeevsky esifundeni saseRuzaevsky, izinkulungwane ezingama-403 000 m 3). Ama-sandwich aphansi we-Cretaceous kakhonkolo, imikhiqizo eyisilayidi, ukwakhiwa, ukubeka odaka kanye nokwakha izikebhe kwenziwa ngemayini: Voevodskoye-1, Voevodskoye-2 - e-Kochkurovsky, Kichatovskoye, Kochelaevskoye, Parapinskoye - Kovylkinskoye - Uskskoye izifunda nezinye (zizonke izinqolobane ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-50 m 3). Ukubekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezingama-8 ezizobanjelwa eBolshebereznikovsky, Elnikovsky, Insarsky, Ruzaevsky naseTemnikovsky kufinyelela ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 m. Ngo-1961, ukutholakala kweRedhetinsky yesihlabathi sengilazi, esidingekayo ekwenzeni umkhiqizo wokukhanyisa. Imali ebekiwe engu-2.3 million m 3. Kutholwe imali yesibalo somxube we-sand-gravel (kwenzeka iStaroyamskoe, imali elinganiselwa ku-0.8 million m 3). Amatshe okwakha (ama-dolomites, ama-limestones) we-Upper Carboniferous age: idiphozi le-Budaevskoye, izinqolobane zezigidi eziyi-12,7 m 3 zanda ebusweni ogwini lwe-Urkat esifundeni saseYelnikovsk. Izindawo ezinhlanu zama-sandstones (izigidi ezi-4,4 m 3) zaphawulwa ezifundeni zase-Atyashevsky, eDubensky, e-Ichalkovsky. Enye yengcebo eyinhloko yamathumbu eRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova yizinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqiza usimende. Izinqolobane zamadwala ama-marl-Cretaceous esikhathi se-Upper Cretaceous kanye ne-flask (ngokulandelana 357.6 no-156.2 wezigidi m 3) zigxiliswa kudiphozithi ka-Alekseevsky yezinto zokusebenzisa usimende. Imikhiqizo ye-LATO OJSC yaziwa kakhulu ngale kwemingcele ye republic. Amadiphozi ase-Atemar acebile ku-chalk ekhiqizweni kokhilimu wokwakha (izinqolobane ezifakazelwe zika-6.1, eziqagelwe - izigidi eziyi-9,2, bheka insimu ye-Atemar chalk) ne-diatomite (i-tripoli, bheka idiphozi le-Atemar diatomite, amadwala eSiliceous). Phakathi kwamanye amaminerali - i-phosphorites, i-iron ore, i-oyster shale, i-peat, izinto ezingavuthiwe zokupenda kwamaminerali, i-gypsum, i-black oak, njll. Nokho, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi, lokho kusho. ekujuleni naseziqiwini ezincane zezimboni ukuthuthukiswa iningi labo akusizi. Ezitsheni zeRiphabhulikhi yaseMoldova kunezindawo ezinkulu ezibekelwe amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Amanzi aqhekeka ukwakheka, ingcindezi (inani lezingcindezi 21-217 m). Izakhamizi zaseSaransk nezindawo zesifunda zinikezwa ngamanzi anobuciko obuvela kuma-dolomites kanye namatshe amatshe akudala we-Paleozoic. Izakhamizi zasemakhaya zisebenzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokuya ngokujula kokuvela, amaminerali wamanzi anda: indawo ephezulu isha, imaphakathi iyamaminerali, futhi okujulile kungama-brines (bona Amanzi amaminerali).
[hlela] Izimo ze-Hydrogeological
I-RM isendaweni ephambilieningizimu-ntshonalanga izingxenye ze-Volga-Sur artesian bass., ngokwedlulele eningizimu nentshonalanga. ingxenye ibhekisa kuma-bass e-Volga-Khopersky artesian bass. Ku-hydrogeological yesakhiwo. Isakhiwo sihlukanisa imifula emi-3. Esokuqala sihlotshaniswa nesihlabathi se-Meso-Cenozoic nesihlabathi sedaka lobumba, esinamanzi angenazingcindezi futhi aphansi okucindezela kwe-pore-stratal akhishwe yi-hydrographic. inethiwekhi. Ebumnyameni kwakhiwa okwandulelayo. amanzi amasha e-bicarbonate calcium, ukuphindiselwa kabusha kwawo kwenziwa ngenxa yokufakwa kokushiswa kwemvula. Okwesibili kufaka phakathi i-carbonate tata yezindlela zokwakheka kwe-Paleozoic enengcindezi ephansi nengcindezi yamanzi edamu elondoloziwe. I-hypsometric ephezulu. isikhundla sobuso bamadwala we-carbonate (ukuphakama ngokuphelele 110-210 m), ubukhulu bezindlela zokwakheka okuvunyelwe esigabeni samadiphozithi agqagqene nomthelela ekungenelweni okusebenzayo kokuphakama kwezulu kanye nokuchichima kwamanzi okuvela emanzini angaphezulu komhlaba. Okwesithathu kwakhiwa emaceleni okuyi-siliceous-carbonate sediments amakhulu we-Devonia neLower Carboniferous. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba abonakala ngokucindezela okukhulu, anciphisa ukushintshana kwamanzi.
Ezindaweni ezinamanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zeCenozoic sediments, amanzi amaningi kakhulu alluvial: ud. izinga lokugeleza kahle lisuka kumakhulu we-litre liye ku-2 l / s. Amanzi aphethwe yi-calcium-magnesium bicarbonate ne-magnesium-calcium sulfate-bicarbonate, enosawoti ongu-0.17-0.58 g / dm 3, nobulukhuni obuphelele be-2-6 mol / m 3. Emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, okuqukethwe ama-chloride, amakhompiyutha aqukethe i-nitrogen, i-sodium ivame ukwedlula okujwayelekile, i-mineralization inyuka iye ku-1.5 g / dm 3 noma ngaphezulu. Kusetshenziswe ku-DOS. inani lendawo lemizi. izidingo
Amanzi omhlaba we-Mesozoic sediments. I-Upper Cretaceous tata isatshalaliswa eningizimu. nasempumalanga. izingxenye zeriphabhulikhi. Amatshe athela amanzi ayimabula, umtshalo, amasanti, kanye nesihlabathi. Amanzi ajulile. 3-52 m nokuningi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuhlukile, i-filtration coeffnty ingu-0.37-7.43 m / ngosuku. Izinga lokugeleza kweziphethu lifinyelela ku-3.45 l / s. Amanzi ahlanzekile yi-bicarbonate magnesium-calcium, enosawoti ongu-0.3-0.4 g / dm 3, onobunzima obungu-1.4-6.4 mol / m 3. Kusetshenziswa inani lendawo lezidingo zasekhaya nezokuphuza. Amanzi akhiwe esihlabathini ahlala phansi. chalk, phezulu. futhi cf. I-Jurassic, - inhlabathi kanye naphakathi nendawo, ngokuyinhloko. i-bicarbonate noma i-sulphate-bicarbonate sodium-calcium-magnesium, i-mineralization 0,2-0,8 g / dm 3, ubunzima obugcwele bufika ku-9 mol / m 3, ukujula ukuvela kwe-4-40 m, ukutholakala kwamanzi okubuthakathaka, ukushaywa. isilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-0.005-0.25 l / s. Ubuningi bomsizi wamanzi buhanjiswa yichibi-gully ne-river network, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi emanzini aphansi komhlaba. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwamanzi amancane asetshenziswa ngumuntu ngamunye u-x-you.
I-Paleozoic aquiferi iyi-huiquitous, yakhiwa ngamatshe amatshe aqhekekile namahlengethwa; ubukhulu bawo buqinile. kufika ku-400 m. Amanzi olwandle avela ekujuleni. kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-300. Amanzi asezindongeni zezindawo eziphakeme zesakhiwo awona umfutho, ezindaweni zokuntywiliselwa kophahla lwamatshe angenamanzi angenazingcindezi. Ubukhulu bengcindezi bungama-180-230 m. Ukutholakala kwamanzi kuphakeme, cf. ukushaya isilinganiso sokugeleza kahle sisuka ku-1.6-12.5 siye ku-5.76-34.25 l / s. Amanzi amasha we-tata isisekelo sokuphakelwa kwamanzi kwe-republic. Inamandla esebenzayo ukuxhaphaza indawo eyi-100-200 m. Chem. ukwakheka komhlaba izindawo eziphakathi kokuphakama okuhleliwe kanye nokuvela okungatheni kophahla lwe-carbonate stratum, i-calcium hydrocarbonate, amaminerali we-0,2,5,5 g / dm 3, ubunzima obugcwele be-4-6.2 mol / m 3. Njengoba uphahla luwele lubheke empumalanga. ukuqondiswa kwamanzi kube yi-sulfate-bicarbonate sodium-magnesium-calcium. Ngaphakathi esigodini sase-Insara kuxutshwe. amanzi, nosawoti ongu-0,8-1 g / dm 3, nobulukhuni bebonke be-9-11 mol / m 3. Kuya ku-V. naku-S.V. IRiphabhulikhi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba yi-sulfate-chloride ne-chloride-sulfate magnesium-sodium, enosawoti ofinyelela ku-2,5 g / dm 3, nobulukhuni obuphelele bufika ku-28.2 mol / m 3.
Ubunamandla obunamandla bomsizi we-Upper Devonia we-carbonate-terrietic obuthaka butholakala yonke indawo. I-Litologich. isigaba saso sibonisa isihlabathi, ama-siltstones ane-interlayers of clays, marls, and shales. Inamandla yinkimbinkimbi engu-584-601 m. Yophahla - kuya ekujuleni. 233-901 m. Inhloko yamanzi ifinyelela ku-380 m.Ukujula okukhulu kwezihlambi zasemanzini kufaka isandla ekuvinjelweni kwamanzi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuphansi, ukushaya. isilinganiso sokugeleza okuhle 0.04 l / s. Amanzi anosawoti we-45.2-173 g / dm 3, ukwakheka kwe-chloride calcium-sodium, aqukethe i-bromine (0.8 g / dm 3), iodine (2,4), angasetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo zesistimu ye-neva ne-musculoskeletal . izinto zokusebenza. Isakhiwo esibuthakathaka sasemanzini sase-Middle Devonia sitholakala kuwo wonke umkhawulo. republic, emboza amatshe crystalline. isisekelo. Imelelwa ngamatshe enodaka, ama-siltstones, izihlabathi kanye nama-sandstones. 128-135 m ukujula ukuvela kwamadwala angama-500-774 m. Amanzi anomfutho ophakeme. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kunobuthakathaka, ukushaya. ukukhiqizwa kahle kubonakaliswa ngezinkulungwane zamalitha ngomzuzwana. Amanzi atholakala ekujuleni okukhulu athambekele ekugxibeni kanye ne-metamorphism, i-sodium chloride, enamaminerisidi angama-217.8-232.6 g / dm 3, aqukethe i-bromine (6.4 g / dm 3), angasetshenziswa kumakhemikhali. imboni.
[hlela] Ukukhululeka
Iningi leRiphabhulikhi laseMoldova lithathwa ukuphakama kweVolga .. Entshonalanga, i-Oka-Don Lowland. Ekubunjweni kwazo izinhlobo ezi-3 zamathafa ziyahlukaniswa: ukuguguleka kwe-denudats., I-Second moraine ne-glacial. I-Erosion-denudats. uhlala eningizimu. nasempumalanga mpumalanga. izingxenye zeMordovia. Maxim. phezulu 280-320 m (kufika ku-337 m esifundeni saseChamzinsky), amaminithi. - 89 m (esifundeni sesikhukhula seSura esifundeni saseDubyon). Izinqubo zokuguguleka ziwuphawu lwethafa. Ukudepha ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuye kwaba ngamamitha ayi-120. Ubuningi bezindlela zokuguguleka komugqa emnyangweni. izigaba zidlula 1 km / km 2. Ithafa lihlukaniswe yi-hydrographic ethuthukisiwe. inethiwekhi - imifula iBolshaya Ksha, iMalaya Ksha, iStyrma, uLasha, iCheberchinka, i-Issa. Izigodi zi-asymmetric. Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Slopes. naseningizimu. ukuvezwa kugcwele, empumalanga. nokuhlwanyela. --Ology. Ezigodini zemifula emincane kukhona okuqongelelayo, ukuguguleka kanye nezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Uhlangothi lwesokunene sasesigodini saseSura lucwilile, kwezinye izindawo luyasheya, kanti olwesobunxele lumnene. Esikhathini sezikhukhula. iziqongo zesihlabathi nezindunduma ezinobude obuyi-500-700 m, i-alt. kuya ku-15 m, kuya ku-ry akhiwe ngaphansi komhlaba, ama-bots ahlukanisiwe. isibankwa, deflate. izimbobo. Ngasentshonalanga nasenyakatho kusukela emugqeni uKochkurovo - Chamzinka - Atyashevo ledge high. ngu. I-80 m ukuguguleka-ama-denudats. ithafa lidlulela ku-moraine yesibili (i-denudat. ithafa elaphakama phezu kwe-hilly moraine topography). Maxim. ukuphakama kwawo, isici semifula yemifula ephakathi. nohlelo lokusebenza. IMordovia, 270-280 m. Izikhala ezihlukanisayo ziyisicaba esigqamile, ububanzi. 2-3 km. Empumalanga ye-Insar kukhona izinsalela, eziningi zazo ezibizwa ngokuthi izintaba (Piksyasi, Kamenka, Piterka, njll.). Kuya kubass. UVada noSivini, uMoksha-Alatyr interfluve, osebeni olungakwesobunxele lwe-Alatyr, kunethafa elinamanzi eliwubuncane obumnandi. ulwelwesi olungaphansi lwamanzi acwebezelayo (ikakhulukazi isihlabathi). Ukuphakama Okuphelele I-150-180 m. Ihlukaniswa ngemifudlana ebanzi - i-8-10 km, imithambeka emnene futhi engafani nhlobo. Izindawo ezigcwele amanzi zivame ukuxazululwa yindunduma, ngokwanele, futhi ekuhlanganeni kweMoksha ne-Alatyr ngokuxineka kwe-karst, imvamisa kakhulu. Izigodi ezinkulu kakhulu yisikhungo. nohlelo lokusebenza. UMordovia - Mokshanskaya (lat. Ezindaweni ezihlukene zifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-15) nase-Alatyrskaya. Imithambeka yabo yangakwesokudla iminyene futhi iphakeme. Okuhlukile yisigodi cf. Imisinga ye-Moksha, iba namandla. kulo lonke i-asymmetry engakwesokunxele. Ezigodini kunezikhukhula kanye nezikhukhula ezi-3. amathala.
[hlela] Isimo sezulu
Isimo sezulu seRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova sinqunywa isimo saso sendalo. isikhundla esifile. isikhungo sebhande uRus. amathafa, okuholela ebubini obucacile bezinkathi zonyaka. Imisebe yelanga njengenye yezinto eziphambili. Izici ezakha isimo sezulu zanda kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-dec. kufika ku-58 kJ / cm 2 ngoJuni. Imisakazo. ukulinganisa u-92 kJ / cm 2. Isikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka siqonde. 1 850 h, Dec - Jan - 35-45, Juni - Julayi - amahora angama-280-290. Ukushisa komoya okujwayelekile konyaka kungama-3-4 ° C, cf. izinga lokushisa lenyanga ebandayo (Jan.) ingama-11.5-12.3 ° C, kuthi okufudumele kakhulu (ngoJulayi) kube ngu-18.9-19.8 ° C. Isithwathwa sokugcina sentwasahlobo, ngokuya ngesimo sezinto, senzeka ngoMeyi 4-16, isiqandisi sekwindla sokuqala - Septhemba 18-20. Phezu kwenhlabathi, isithwathwa siyama ngomhlaka 17 Meyi - Juni 5, futhi sivame ukuvela ekwindla eminyakeni eyisi-2 kaSepthemba. Isikhathi samahhala seqhwa sithatha izinsuku eziyi-149. Isikhathi sezimila (isilinganiso sokushisa nsuku zonke esingaphezu kuka-5 ° C) siyizinsuku eziyi-178, izimila ezisebenzayo (ngenhla kuka-10 ° C) yizinsuku eziyi-137 kuya ku-143. DOSAmapharamitha wesimo sezulu akha i-Arctic. umoya, umoya ufile. latitude and tropic. Isisindo somoya esikhona sesifile. latitude - ezwekazini nezasolwandle. Izilwandle ziqukethe umswakama omkhulu, ebusika zivame ukubangela amathanga, ehlobo - isimo sezulu esipholile. Izwekazi libonakaliswa ukoma ehlobo, kanti ebusika kuletha ukupholisa. Ukuhlasela kwe-Arctic. umoya ubangela ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, entwasahlobo ukubuya kwamakhaza futhi nesithwathwa kuhlotshaniswa nakho. Izwekazi lasolwandle kanye nolwandlekazi luhlala lufika. izindimbane zomoya. ENingizimu mpumalanga. imimoya entwasahlobo nehlobo ziyinkathi eyomile. Ijubane lomoya lonyaka elijwayelekile liyi-3.3-4.8 m / s. Imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka ingama-480 mm, ngenkathi ingabalulekanga. yehla kusuka ku-S.-Z. eningizimu-empumalanga Ukuchayeka kwesikhathi esifudumele (Ephreli - Okthoba) predominates - 70%. Inani elikhulu kunazo zonke liwela ngoJulayi - ngu. 65 mm, amaminithi. ku-feb. - 15-30 mm. Okuncane kunakho konke emlandweni wokuphawulwa kwaphawulwa ngo-Aug. 1972 -. 2 mm. Ezimisweni. isikhathi siwela ku-cf. 300-360 mm, isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni eyi-10 - ngaphansi kuka-155 mm. Iqhwa lokuqala kwi-DOS. kwenzeka ngo-con. Oct., kepha ukuphambuka kwamaviki ama-2-3 kuyenzeka. Izembozo zeqhwa ezingagcineki. izingxenye zeriphabhulikhi ezakhiwe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaNovemba. Emkhakheni we-cf yakhe. phezulu 25 cm, ehlathini ngama-40-70 cm.Ihlala izinsuku ezingama-140-150. Okonga amanzi ngaphambi kokuncibilika kweqhwa yi-cf. 60-120 mm. Isithwathwa siwa mhlaka 8 Ephreli. Umhwamuko wesilinganiso eside esivela ebusweni bamanzi ngu-390-460 mm. Ukudepha iqhwa kwenhlabathi engu-60-120 cm, ebusika nobusika obunamakhaza iqhwa - cm 120-150. Inhlabathi inyibilika ngo-Ephreli 20-25. Phakathi kwezimo zezulu ezingezinhle. izehlakalo zeqhwa (izinsuku eziyi-10-15), izivunguvungu zeqhwa, isomiso. Iziphepho zeqhwa zivame kakhulu ngoJanuwari. - feb. Umoya omile obuthakathaka uvela cishe njalo ngonyaka, ngamandla entshonalanga. UMordovia - amahlandla ama-4-6 eminyakeni eyi-10, empumalanga. - 6-7, imimoya enamandla eyomile yonke indawo - izikhathi ezi-1-2 eminyakeni eyi-10.
[hlela] Imifula
IRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia inemifula eyi-1,525, ubude bayo bungaphezu kwamawaka ayi-9,000 km, ama-86% ayo angaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayi-10. Cishe i-9% yemifula ingamakhilomitha ayi-10-25 ubude. I-47% yendawo yonke yeRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova ingeyeseSura basin, i-53% - isiza eMoksha. Imifula yesigodi saseMoksha, igeleza eduze kwe-Oka-Don Lowland, ezimeni zefomu losizo oluyisicaba olubanzi izigodi ezinezikhukhula ezakhiwe kahle nezindawo ezinamanzi ezikhukhula. Imifula yesigodi saseSura (Volga Upland) ibonakala ngokuguguleka okusebenzayo kanye nokuntuleka kwamanzi okuphezulu. Ehlobo, athambekela imifula emincane, entwasahlobo aphalaza ngamandla. Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yokuguguleka kwesikebhe saseMoksha kwaqala ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Upper Cretaceous, iSinasin - ngasekupheleni kwePaleogene.
Ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-hydraulic iningi leRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova kuthonywe yiDon Glaciation, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho imifula yaqala ukuwela lapho kufakwa amanzi olwandle. Ezigodini zemifula emikhulu naphakathi nendawo kugqame izifunda ezi-3-4. Imifula, ikakhulukazi isigaxa saseMoksha, iboniswa ukwehla okuncane nokugeleza okuthe chu (0,1-0.4 m / s). Ububanzi beziteshi (njengezigodi) bukhuphukela phansi, kepha le ndlela kwezinye izindawo yephulwa yizici zasendaweni (izakhiwo ze-tectonic, ukwakheka kwe-lithological, njll.). Imifula ine-feed ehlanganisiwe: kunqotshwa iqhwa - 60-90%, ngaphansi komhlaba - 7 - 20, inani lezimvula zasehlobo nezikhukhula zehlobo zigeleza ku-5-10%. Ukuphazamiseka kwamanzi kuthinteka kakhulu endaweni etholakala kuyo. Izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zonyaka ziseSura, Moksha, Alatyr. Ngokwemvelo yokusatshalaliswa komfula okwenziwa minyaka yonke, angamalungu ohlobo lwase-East European, oluphawulwa ngesikhukhula esikhulu sentwasahlobo, amanzi aphansi ehlobo nobusika, kanye nokwanda okuvulekile ekwindla. Amanzi aphezulu aqala ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, afinyelela esiphezulu maphakathi no-Ephreli, futhi anciphe maphakathi noMeyi. Ukunyuka kuthatha i-10-12, ukwehla - izinsuku ezingama-20-25. Eminyakeni yokuqala kwentwasahlobo noma ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, izigaba zezikhukhula ziguquka ngamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nambili. Ngokwesilinganiso, esikhathini eside kwesikhathi, ukugijima kweqhwa kungama-87-99%, ukubuyela emuva kwemvula kufinyelela ku-3, kanti ukugijima ngaphansi komhlaba kungu-0%.
[hlela] Amachibi
Ngokwemvelo, izichibi zamachibi zaseRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova zivame ukuba ngumfula (amachibi asezikhukwini). Bangamagatsha noma imicu ekhishwe esiteshini esikhulu - izinsalela zokugoba kwangaphambili.Zinefomu elibunjiwe njenge-oblong-sinuous noma i-horseshoe (i-Inerka, Inorka, Zhegalovo, Big Palkino, njll.). Imigodi yemvelaphi yeKarst (enyakatho nentshonalanga yeMordovia) ayivamile, enkulu kunazo zonke okuyiLake Endovishche. Ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke eRiphabhulikhi yi-Inerka. Amachibi ikakhulukazi yi-eutrophic ne-dystrophic. Imithombo eyinhloko yokudla kwamachibi imifula, imvula, amanzi asemhlabathini. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa lamanzi ebusweni lingama-20 ° С, emanzini angajulile - 25-30, ngokujulile - aze afike ku-10 ° С. Amachibi amaningi amenyezelwa yi-SPNA.
[hlela] Izikhala
Amaswidi ahlukaniswe amathafa aphansi, awokushintshana kanye naphezulu. E-Riphabhlikhi yaseMoldova, izikebhe zihlala amahektare ayi-16,5. Okuvame kakhulu ezigodini zase-Alatyr, Moksha, Sura. Kutholakala izindawo eziphansi, ezigcwele echibini laseVada, nasemithanjeni nasemifuleni yezikhukhula. Iba nendawo ephansi noma ekhonkolo. Bahlukaniswa yingcebo yokudla okunamaminerali, izimila ezahlukahlukene (imihlanga, amahhashi, izidleke, ama-mosses, izihlahlana, uphayini, i-birch, ihlathi elimnyama le-alder). Ukugibela amahhashi kuvame ukwakha ezindaweni ezinamanzi. Bazondla ngokungena kwezulu. Zine-surface convex, ebonakala ngobuphofu bokudla okunamaminerali, i-acidity eqinile yamanzi nokubusa kwama-sphagnum mosses eziminyini, kuze kube sezingeni eliphansi nezihlahla zamaphayini. Ukushintshana kuthatha indawo ephakathi nendawo yezindawo eziphansi nezinwebulini. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bathuthela phezulu ngenxa yokuncipha kokudla okunamaminerali, ngenxa yokuncipha kancane kancane kwethonya lomhlaba noma lamanzi aphansi komhlaba. Ukushintshwa kuhambisana nokushintshwa kwezimila. Amaswidi ziyizakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zemvelo yemvelo ezibandakanyekayo ezinqubweni zamandla we-hydrological and biological. Khonza njengabalawuli bemvelo abamba amanzi nomhlaba. Abaningi babo eRepublic of Moldova kuthiwa bayizindawo ezivikelwe.
[hlela] Inhlabathi
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-topographic. amazinga, ukuguqulwa komhlaba, amadwala wabazali, uhlaza, isimo sezulu kuholele ekwakhekeni kwabaningi inhlabathi yamatekisi ahlukahlukene. amazinga. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-12 republic, ezingama-25 ama-subtypes nenani elikhulu le-genera nezinhlobo zenhlabathi. I-podzolic, ihlathi elimpunga, i-gley yehlathi grey, imicrosozems, umhlabathi we-chernozem, iqembu lezinhlobo zenhlabathi ezinobuhlalu, nenhlabathi yendawo eyinkimbinkimbi yedolobho. Zonke ezinye zitholakala ezindaweni ezincane. Inhlabathi ye-podzolic ijwayelekile entshonalanga. nasenyakatho nentshonalanga izindawo - i-Atyurievsky, Yelnikovsky, Zubovo-Polyansky, Kovylkinsky, Krasnoslobodsky, Tengushevsky, Temnikovsky, Torbeevsky, zitholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga. - I-Ardatovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, izifunda ze-Ichalkovsky. Yakhelwe kwi-moraine, i-fluvioglacial kanye ne-agluvial amana yasendulo i-granulometric ekhanyayo. Ukuqanjwa ngaphansi kweConifers, deciduous-conifers kanye ne-coniferous-wideleaf. amahlathi anezembozo ze-moss ne-moss-grass Sebenzisa ama-hafu ayizinkulungwane eziyi-103.4, 6.4% yendawo ephelele S.-kh. umhlaba. Kunama-subtypes ama-2. I-Podzolic - enamandla. 1.5-2.5 m, okuqukethwe humus phezulu. izingxenye zephrofayili zingu-0.3-0.5%, ukusabela kuyi-acidic enamandla. ISodoma-podzolic - ephansi evundile (amaphuzu angama-20-30), inamandla. umkhathizwe we-humus kusuka ku-11 cm ku-loamy kuya ku-22 cm - ku-sandam loam, okuqukethwe kwe-humus ngu-1.5-3%, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium isamba esincane, ukusabela yi-acidic.
Inhlabathi yegrey gley ye-gley itholakala phakathi kwenqwaba yamahlathi ampunga ekucindezelekeni, phansi. izingxenye zemithambeka, imithombo yamanzi ekhishwe kabi. Sebenzisa amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-19, u-1,2% wendawo yonke S.-kh. umhlaba. Kwakhiwa ngaphansi kwe-wideleaf. amahlathi agcwele amanzi nezimbali eziyisibili ezinamanzi ezixubene notshani. Ziyafana kwi-morphology kuya emahlathini aluhlaza grey, lapho zihluka khona ngokukhothoza ngendlela yezindawo ezibucayi, ezinamabala ansundu kanye namabala aluhlaza, ubukhulu obukhulu bekhompiyutha ye-humus nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-humus.
Iqembu le-alluvial (tropicalplain) nenhlabathi lithatha u-11% wendawo yonke. S.-kh. umhlaba. Iningi lazo zitholakala ngaphansi kwenhlabathi yama-alluvial meadow, evame ukusetshenziswa kuma-s. x-ve. Ngokwanda. I-alluvial soddy, phakathi nendawo, ixhaphake ezingxenyeni zemifula zamachibi ezikhukhula.- I-alluvial meadow, enkabeni., Cishe amachibi amadala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina, - i-alluvial boggy silt-humus-gley nenhlabathi ye-alluvial bog silt-Peat. Kwiriphabhulikhi, 409.1 izinkulungwane zamahektha (15.7%)
I-Flora yaseMordovia
EMordovia kunamahlathi, ama-mehendi nama-steppe. Amahlathi lapha axubile futhi abanzi. Zikhula zikaphayini kanye ne-spruce, i-larch kanye nomlotha, oki okuyi-oak namamephu, i-elm ne-warty birch, i-linden emnyama nepopula.
p, blockquote 3,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Isikhumba
p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Oak
p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->
Isihlahla se-Elm
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
Ukusuka ekuhlaza ongaphansi kwamakhambi kanye namakhambi lapha ungathola i-hazel, umlotha wentaba, i-euonymus, iminduze yesigodi, i-sihlahla sasemanzini, iparsnip, i-plantain.
p, blockquote 7,0,1,0,0 ->
Umlotha wentaba
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
I-Plantain
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->
ILungwort
p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 ->
Phakathi kwezitshalo ezingandile, kufanele kushiwo okulandelayo:
p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->
- - I-iris engenamahlamvu,
- - I-anemone yehlathi,
- - Isiphethu sika-Adonis,
- - Umnduze kaSaranac,
- - Uthando luhlaza aluhlaza,
- - I-hazel grouse yaseRussia,
- - lumbago wavula Perennial,
- - Ukunyakaza kungokoqobo,
- - Izinduna zaseSiberia.
I-iris engenamahloni
p, blockquote 12,0,0,0,0 ->
I-Lyubov eluhlaza
p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 ->
I-venus slipper real
p, blockquote 14,1,0,0,0 ->
Ensimini yeRiphabhulikhi akutholwanga kuphela ukufakwa okusha kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zezitshalo, kodwa futhi nokutholakala kwabantu balezo zitshalo obekucatshangwa ukuthi zingashabalali ngokuphelele. Ukuze uzikhulise futhi ulondoloze izinhlobo ezisele, kwakhiwa izinqolobane eziningana eMordovia.
p, blockquote 15,0,0,0,0 ->
Fauna weMordovia
Abamele izwe lezilwane laseMordovia bahlala emahlathini nasehlathini. AbakwaMuskrat nabakwa-muskrat bahlala lapha, i-steppe pestle ne-rat ejwayelekile rat, i-beaver kanye ne-squirrel emabala emhlabathini, ijezi enkulu nomfela. Emahlathini ungathola izingulube ze-moose nezasendle, imidlwane ejwayelekile, hares, squirrels.
p, blockquote 16,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 17,0,0,0,0 - ->
Muskrat
p, blockquote 18,0,0,0,0 ->
I-squirrel emhlabathini emincane
p, blockquote 19,0,0,0,0 ->
Umhlaba wezinyoni ucebile futhi uhlukile, umelelwa yi-hazel grouse, i-titmouse, i-woodpeckers, i-capercaillie, imicu emnyama, inyanga yomhlanga, ama-red-footed falcons, ama-balabans, ama-storks amnyama, ukhozi olunomsila omnyama, udla izinyoka, i-peregrine falcon. Kuma-Reservoirs kukhona ama-bream ne-sabrefish, i-pike ne-ide, i-catfish ne-loach, i-char ne-tench, i-sterlet ne-pike perch.
p, blockquote 20,0,0,0,0 ->
Tit
p, blockquote 21,0,0,1,0 ->
Inyanga yomhlanga
p, blockquote 22,0,0,0,0 ->
Inyoka idla
p, blockquote 23,0,0,0,0 ->
Izilwane ezivamile zaseMordovia:
Inyathi
p, blockquote 25,0,0,0,0 ->
Swallowtail
p, blockquote 26,0,0,0,0 ->
Inyamazane ebomvu
p, blockquote 27,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 28,0,0,0,1 ->
Njengoba imvelo yaseMordovia inothile futhi ihlukahlukene, kepha ukulondolozwa kwayo kusongelwa yimisebenzi ye-anthropogenic, kuyakhiwa izindawo zokugcina, futhi kuthathwa izinyathelo zemvelo. ISmolny National Park yadalwa endaweni eyiRepublic, endaweni lapho kuhlala khona izilwane eziningi nezitshalo zezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo.
Isimo sezulu eMordovia
IMordovia itholakala emkhakheni onesimo sezulu esipholile sase-Continental, ngakho-ke ukushintshwa kwezinkathi zonyaka lapha kukhulunywa kakhulu. Isimo sezulu saseMordovian sinezikhathi zasebusika ezibandayo zamakhaza kanye nehlobo elishisayo elishisayo.
Isikhathi sokubanda siqala ngemuva kukaNovemba 4-6. Ubusika buvame ngamafu ngesithwathwa esincane. Inyanga ebanda kunazo zonke kunguJanuwari, lapho izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nenyanga lisuka ku-11.1 kuya -11.6 degrees Celsius.
Isikhathi sokufika kwentwasahlobo eMordovia ukuphela kukaMashi - ukuqala kuka-Ephreli. Izandulelo zakhe zokuqala zingamakhonya zifika. Kamuva kuvela izintwala nezindlala. I-bird cherry iqala ukuqhakaza phakathi, ne-lilac - ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi. Isikhathi sentwasahlobo siphela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, isikhathi esingaba yizinsuku ezingama-58.
Ehlobo eMordovia kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-91 kuye kwezingama-96 futhi kugcina ngezinsuku zokugcina zika-Agasti.
Isikhathi sekwindla sonyaka siqala ngezinsuku zokuqala zikaSepthemba futhi siphawulwa ukuwa kweqabunga le-popula. Ukunambitha kuxutshwe. I-Autumn eMordovia ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka yokuqala eyishumi kaNovemba.
Ukuma komhlaba kanye nokukhululeka kweRiphabhlikhi yaseMordovia
IRiphabhulikhi yaseMordovia isendaweni ephakathi neThafa laseRussia phakathi kwemifula i-Oka neSura. Itholakala ekuhlanganeni kwesakhiwo sendawo nehlathi lemvelo.
Indawo ephelele yeRiphabhulikhi ingamamitha-skwele ayi-26,2. km
IRiphabhulikhi yaseMordovia inemingcele ku:
- Isifunda saseNizhny Novgorod (enyakatho),
- Isifunda sePenza (eningizimu),
- Isifunda saseRyazan (entshonalanga),
- Isifunda sase-Ulyanovsk (empumalanga),
- UChuvashia (enyakatho-mpumalanga).
Ukukhululeka kweRiphabhulikhi kuyithafa, kunentaba ethile futhi kuphakeme (iningizimu mpumalanga), okulele phansi futhi kuyacaba ikakhulukazi esigodini soMfula uMoksha namaphethelo (entshonalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga).
Izifunda ezisempumalanga zimelelwa yi-spurs yeVolga Upland ngosizo olunamagquma olunamagquma. Izindawo eziphakanyiswe kakhulu - i-Alatyrsky Val (ithafa lesifunda saseMordovian) zitholakala empumalanga yeMordovia phakathi kwemifula ye-Insara neSura.
Ingxenye esentshonalanga yeRiphabhulikhi iyindawo ecishe ibebucayi ephethe impumuzo ehlukaniswe kancane.
Izindawo ezinamanzi ziyithafa elisicaba, wethula ukwehlukahlukahlukahluka endaweni ethile. Lapha kutholakala izikhukhula nezikhukhula ezakhiwe ngama-sand alluvial deposits.
Izimo zezulu nenhlabathi
Isimo sezulu sihlala sishisa ezwenikazi lasehlobo ebusika nelibandayo futhi kuneqhwa. Ngenxa yendawo ehlangene yesifunda, izimo zezulu zingahlukaniswa kahle.
Isikhathi sesikhathi esifudumele yizinsuku ezingama-209-214. Intwasahlobo iyashesha (izinsuku ezingama-69-71).
Ukushisa okujwayelekile kwansuku zonke ngesikhathi esibandayo senhloso kusuka ku -8 kuye ku-18 ºС, futhi ehlobo - kusuka ku-+15 kuya ku- +25 ºС.
Imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka ingu-450-500 mm. Iningi lemvula (70%) iwa ngenkathi efudumele, kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba. Imvula encane ibonwa ngoFebhuwari (15-30 mm).
Ukusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-37 kuye kwezingama-44 ngonyaka kuba nomoya owomile, isomiso senzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Okuvame kakhulu yisimo sezulu esinamafu nesimo sezulu esinamafu.
Inhlabathi ye-republic ihlukile kokuzala. Inhlanganisela yezinsimbi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezi-podzolised and leached (44%), izakhiwo zenhlabathi enehlathi elimpunga kanye nezindawo ezincane zenhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic.
Ezigodini zemifula emikhulu nezindawo ezisebenza kuzo kunenhlabathi enezikhukhula (3,2%).
Imithombo yemvelo
Izinsizakusebenza zemvelo zeRiphabhliki yaseMordovia zifaka:
Imithombo yamanzi. Cishe imifula engaba ngu-360 igeleza endaweni eyiRepublic. Yonke inethiwekhi yomfula ingeyaseMoksha naseSura basin. Imifula ifulelwe ngokujwayelekile ngenkambo ezolile, izigodi ezibanzi neziteshi eziwukondlayo. Imifula emikhulu yi-Alatyr, Sura, iPiana, i-Insar, iSivin, iMoksha, iWad, i-Issa, iVysha nePartza. Ukudla okuhlanganisiwe komfula - inhlabathi neqhwa nemvula. Kunamachibi ambalwa, ichibi elikhulu kunayo yonke iChurilki elinendawo engamahektha angama-41. Izindawo zokugcina ezinkulu - iTokmokovskoye, B. Sarke-Tarasovskoye, Alatyr, Seitme, Pyrmé - ziyizindawo zokusebenzisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zibalulekile, kepha kusetshenziswa ama-5-6% kuphela.
Amamineralie. Kutholwe imali ebunjiwe: ore brown iron oos, phosphorites, peat, paint painterals. Eduzane nemifula iSura, iVad, iMoksha kukhona imali ebekiwe ye-oob oak. Ukugcinwa okubalulekile kwezinto zokwakha: amadiphozithi amadwala we-flask kanye nasema-marl-chalk (izifunda zaseChamzinsky naseBolshebereznikovsky), imashi ne-chaki (i-Atemarskoye, iKulyasovskoye, iPiterskoye idiphozithi), i-tripoli (izindawo ezisempumalanga yeMordovia), i-limestone (isifunda esisenyakatho nentshonalanga) , ISaransk), isichasiselo, isitini, ubumba lobumba (amaShishkeevskoe nama-Nikitskoe deposits).
Umhlabathi nezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba. Ziyisisekelo semvelo sokukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Ensimini yeRiphabhulikhi, izifunda eziningana zihlukaniswa ngokutholakala kwenhlabathi evundile: Izindawo ezinemali ephansi (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky, Zubovo-Polyansky) - nenhlabathi yesod-podzolic, ukutholakala okuphansi (Ichalkovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, Krasnoslobodsky, solskotsky - sbolsky - szsk. , ukutholakala okuphakathi (i-Elnikovskiy, i-Kochkurovskiy, i-Kadoshkinskiy, i-Insarskiy, i-Dubenskiy nezinye izindawo) - inhlabathi eyihlathi elimpunga nelimnyama elinenhlabathi enezindawo ezinenhlabathi yezindawo ezigcwele kakhulu zentaba nezindawo ezinezikhukhula, eziphakeme Izinga lesibili lezokuphepha (iLiverirsky, iRomodanovsky, iKhamzinsky, i-Atyashevsky, izifunda zase-Atyuryevsky, idolobha laseSaransk) - izizinda ezivundile kakhulu.
Embonini yezokwakha, ngesisekelo sediphozi yamaminerali, izitini zesilayida nezobumba, amatshe abunjiwe wobumba, amabhulokhi, ufulawa we-limestone, i-carbonate, uboya bamaminerali, itshe elichotshoziwe; kukhiqizwa izihlabathi zokwakha ukuze kufakwe izimbotshana ezifuywayo nezimbumba zodaka.
Izimbali nezilwane
Izimbali nezilwane zaseMordovia ngemvelo yazo kungabhekwa njengezindawo zehlathi nezindawo ezisehlathini.
Isembozo sezimila simelelwa ngokushintshana kwamahlathi nomhlaba wokulima nezinyathelo zesitebhisi noma izigaba zezigxobo ze-steppe meadows.
Amahlathi axutshwe, izidalwa ezinamashiya amancane ziyahlula: i-alder, i-birch, i-linden. AmaHardwoods ahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu: umlotha, i-oki, imephu. Ama-25% amahlathi amelelwa amahlathi e-coniferous (ikakhulukazi ama-spruce nephayini).
Umdwebo 1. Umhlaba ojwayelekile weMordovia. Author24 - Ukushintshaniswa online kwemisebenzi yezitshudeni
Izitebhisi zitholakala eceleni kwendawo ehlathini, emithanjeni yemifula, emithambekeni yemishayo nemifudlana.
Izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezimila ze-steppe zingamabele we-rhizome: utshani bezimpaphe, umfeketho, utshani obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, utshani be-timothy, i-bonfire. Khohlwa-me-nots kuvamile ukungikhohlwa-ama-nots, i-clover, i-adonis.
Cishe isigamu sawo wonke umhlaba odla izindwani uwela ezimfundeni ezigcwele izikhukhula zemifula. Ama-cereals (ama-celery we-meadow, i-mehendi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-fescue ebomvu, njll.) Nama-legumes (i-alfalfa yesiraphu, i-red clover, njll.) Akhula lapha. Kukhona izitshalo eziningi zokwelapha: hemophilus, valerian, yarrow, kulandelana, nezinye.
Izilwane zedepublic zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Impungushe nezimpisi zijabulisa kakhulu; ezindaweni ezikude ungathola i-lynx, ibhere, kanye ne-moose. Izilwane ezibalulekile eziveza ubhiya zihlala lapha: ama-squirrels, amabhulukwe, ama-martens, ama-weasels, ama-hares. Ama-jerboas amaningi, ama-squirrels omhlaba, ama-shrews, ama-beavers, ama-muskrats, ama-otter. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezingoma namajuba; ezindaweni ezimnyama i-grouse ne-capercaillie bukhoma.
Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezilandelayo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso: i-ide, u-bream, i-pike, i-chub, i-catfish, i-burbot, i-crucian carp.