Ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi uhlelo lokubuka ezilwaneni lwaqala ukukhula cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-540 edlule. Ekuqaleni yayinesakhiwo esilula, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi yathuthuka ohlotsheni ngalunye lombono. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi zingabonakala kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi, izinkozi ezivela endaweni ephakeme zizobona kalula i-rodent encane emhlabathini, futhi amakati aqondiswe kahle ebumnyameni.
Bheka ukukhethwa kwamehlo wesilwane angajwayelekile kakhulu futhi ubone ukwahluka nokuhlakanipha kweMvelo yoMama!
1. Imbuzi yasezintabeni.
Sisetshenziselwa iqiniso lokuthi ingane yomuntu inesimo esiyindilinga. Kepha kokungathandeki okuningi, ikakhulukazi kwimbuzi esezintabeni, inesimo esingunxande.
2. Lesi simo somfundi nombono oqonde ngokuqondile ngomuthi omuhle kakhulu wokusinda ezimweni zezintaba. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuguqula ikhanda lakhe, imbuzi ibona izizungeza ngokwayo ngama-degree angama-34- 340. Uma uqhathanisa, umuntu ubona ama-degree angama-160-200 kuphela. Izilwane ezinesakhiwo esinjalo samehlo zihle ukubona ebusuku.
3. I-Trilobite.
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-dinosaurs, Umhlaba wonke wawakhiwe ngabasolwandle i-arthropod trilobites. Ama-Paleontologists abala izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-10,000 zalezi zilwane. Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sigaba asisekho.
4. Abanye abamele lesi sigaba babengenamehlo, kodwa iningi lalinamehlo ahlukile ngesakhiwo. Ilensi yeso kuzo yayiqukethe i-calcite. Lokhu kungamaminerali asobala, okuyisisekelo sekilayelo n lime.
Igobolondo lamehlo e-invertebrates yamanje liqukethe i-chitin - into enamandla ye-translucent. Ukwakheka okungajwayelekile kwamehlo kunikeze la ma-arthropods amandla okugcina ngasikhathi sinye izinto kugxilwe kude nakude. I-Vil trilobite yayinokuma okuqondile noma okuthe mpo. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, lesi silwane sabona kuphela ebangeni elilingana nobude bomzimba waso.
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, amehlo ama-trilobites abekwe noma okomhluzi abade, noma ambozwe ngesembozo samehlo esivikela elangeni elikhanyayo. Ama-Paleontologists awucwaningisise kahle umbono wama-trilobites, ngoba izinsalela ze-calcite zigcinwe kahle.
5. I-Tarsier.
Ama-Tarsiers angamaphesenti ama-9-16 cm kuphela futhi anesisindo sama-gramu angama-80-150 kuphela futhi ahlala eziqhingini zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Amasayizi amancane awavimbeli isilwane ekubeni inyamazane nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-tarsiers angukuphela kokuqala emhlabeni adla kuphela ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni. Ngobuhlakani babamba izibankwa, izinambuzane futhi zingabamba ngisho nenyoni ngenkathi indiza. Kepha isici sabo esikhulu amehlo amakhulu akhanya ebumnyameni. Ububanzi bawo bungafinyelela ku-16 mm. Ngokuya ngosayizi womzimba, lawa amehlo amakhulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezaziwayo.
6. Abantu bendawo basaqinisekile ukuthi i-tarsier iyisithunywa semimoya emibi. Futhi izivakashi zaseYurophu okokuqala ngqa ukubona ingane enjalo ziyathuthumela bese zikhumbula lo mhlangano isikhathi eside. Cabanga futhi umkhulu, amehlo akhazimulayo ekhanda eliyindilinga elincane. Okwesibili, futhi usuvele ubheke isilwane ngemuva kwekhanda. Wavele waguqula ikhanda ... cishe ama-degree angama-360. Kuhlaba umxhwele ngempela?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-tarsiers anombono omuhle kakhulu wobusuku. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi izilwane zibona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
7. Chameleon.
Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi i-chameleon iyakwazi ukushintsha umbala. Ngakho-ke uyazifihla futhi akhombise imizwa yakhe nokufuna kwakhe kwezinye izibankwa. Umbono kulezi zilwane ubuye ungajwayelekile - izinkophe ezakhiwe ngamabhulukwe zimboza yonke inhlamvu yeso, kusale ukuvuleka okuncane komfundi.
Amehlo alezi zingwe zibonakala ziphuma emigudwini yawo futhi akwazi ukuzungeza ngokuzimela ngama-degrees angama-360.
8. Amehlo omuntu ongenamuntu abheka ngakolunye uhlangothi kuphela lapho amehlo akhe ethe njo kulinyamazane. Isibungu sidla izinambuzane namagundane amancane. I-chameleon ibona inyamazane yayo ibanga lamamitha ambalwa. Njenge-tarsier, iyakwazi ukubona i-ultraviolet.
9. Udrako.
Izitho zombono we-dragonflies nazo zihlukile futhi azijwayelekile. Zihlala cishe yonke inhloko yesinambuzane futhi ziyakwazi ukumboza indawo engama-degrees angama-360.
Iso ngalinye likadrako liqukethe amaseli amancane angama-30,000. Ngaphezu kwamehlo amabili amakhulu, unamehlo ama-3 amancane. Lo mbono okhethekile wenza lesi sinambuzane sibe yingozi eyindiza yomoya engaphendula kunoma yikuphi ukunyakaza ngomzuzwana ohlukanisayo.
10. Kukhona nama-dragonflies azingela ngempumelelo kusihlwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, umuntu akwanele ukubona.
11. I-gecko enomsila weqabunga.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMadagascar, kuhlala ama-geckos angajwayelekile. Kunzima kakhulu ukubabona, ngoba ukwakheka nombala walesi silwane kufana kakhulu neqabunga elomile lesitshalo. Ngamehlo amakhulu abomvu, lezi ezihubhayo zithole amagama anjengokuthi "USathane" kanye "nama-geckos" amahle. Umbono walezi zikhulu uzwela kakhulu. Ama-goko ayizilwane ezihamba nobusuku. Noma kubumnyama ngokuphelele, bahlukanisa kalula zonke izinto nemibala.
12. Ukuqhathanisa, amakati ekukhanyisweni kwe-dim abona kangcono amahlandla ayisithupha kunabantu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, ama-geckos abona kangcono izikhathi ezingama-350.
Lezi ezihubhayo zikhiqiza umbono omangalisa kangaka ngesakhiwo esikhethekile somfundi.
13. I-squid enkulukazi imfihlo yolwandle.
Lesi silwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezaziwa kakhulu ososayensi. Ungumnikazi wamehlo amakhulu kakhulu phakathi kwabo bonke abamele umhlaba wezilwane. Ububanzi beso lakhe bungafinyelela ku-30 cm, kuthi umfundi - ubukhulu be-apula elikhulu. Umbono we-squid ungamaphesenti ayi-100, ngisho nokukhanya okufiphele. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuye, ngoba lezi zilwane zihlala ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-2000.
14. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, amehlo alezi zigidi ane "indawo yokubuka" eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ekhanya ebumnyameni futhi inikeze isibalo esidingekayo sokuzingela okuphumelelayo
15. Izinhlanzi ezinamehlo amane.
Le yinhlanzi encane efinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, ehlala emanzini aseMexico naseNingizimu Melika. Ukudla kwayo okuyinhloko izinambuzane, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubonakala phezu kwamanzi.
16. Naphezu kwegama, inhlanzi inamehlo amabili kuphela. Kepha bahlukaniswe yinyama kwaba izingxenye ezine. Ingxenye ngayinye inamalensi ayo.
Ingxenye ephezulu yamehlo iqondiselwe ukubonwa emoyeni, ephansi - ukuze ibhekwe ngaphansi kwamanzi.
17. I-Stalk-eyed fly.
Omunye ummeleli ongaziwa wezwe lezilwane. Lathola igama laso ngenxa yokuphuma okude kwesiqu-esifushane ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Emikhawulweni yeziqu kukhona amehlo.
Kwabesilisa nabesifazane, iziqu zamehlo zihlukile ngobude nobukhulu. Abesifazane bakhetha abesilisa abaneziqu ezinde kakhulu.
18. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa balinganisa iziqu zabo. Ukuwina, baya ngisho nakuqili - bafaka amehlo abo neziqu zomoya, ezikhulisa usayizi wabo futhi, ngamathuba, okuthandwa ngabesifazane.
19. I-Dolichopteryx ende.
Le yinhlanzi encane ejulile olwandle efinyelela ku-18 cm.
20. I-dolichopteryx kuphela enombono oyingqayizivele. Izitho zakhe zombono zisebenza emgomweni welensi, futhi zivumele inyamazane encane ukubona ngasikhathi sinye ngaphezulu-kwamanzi nendawo engaphansi kwamanzi.
21. Izicabucabu zingama-ogres.
Lezi yizicabucabu ezinamehlo ayisithupha. Kepha amehlo ajwayelekile abanawo makhulu kunawo wonke, ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi izicabucabu zinamehlo amabili.
Izinyangi ze-Ogrynchnye. Amehlo esicabucabu embozwe ulwelwesi lwamaseli aphakamileyo, anikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu ebusuku.
22. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zicabucabu zihamba ebumnyameni okungenani izikhathi eziyikhulu kunabantu.
23. I-Crayfish - izinqumo zokuthandaza.
Lokhu kungabamele abayingozi kakhulu be-arthropods emanzini ashisayo. Ngezihlakala zabo ezibukhali, bangamshiya kalula umuntu ngaphandle kweminwe. Bangabanikazi bamehlo abahlukile kakhulu emhlabeni.
Iso labo liqukethe amaseli we-10,000 hypersensitive cell. Iseli ngalinye lenza umsebenzi ochazwe ngokuqinile. Isibonelo, abanye banesibopho sokuchazwa kokukhanya, abanye imibala. Lolu hlobo lwe-crayfish lubamba izithunzi zezimbali amahlandla amane kunabantu.
Yibona bodwa abanombono we-ultraviolet, infrared and polar ngasikhathi sinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amehlo abo angazungeza ama-70 degrees. Kuyamangaza futhi ukuthi imininingwane etholakala kulawa makhanseli ayicutshungulwa yingqondo, kodwa ngamehlo.
24. Kepha lokho akupheleli. Le mdlavuza inombono wethoni. Iso lomdlavuza lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu, futhi liyakwazi ukubona konke okwenzekayo kusuka kumaphuzu amathathu a iso elilodwa.
Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele kunazo zonke sohlelo olubonakalayo. Ososayensi abasakwazi ukukuchaza ngokugcwele, kungakanani ukuphinda bakubeke kabusha. Singahle simangazwe ukuhlakanipha nokuvela kwendalo.
Frog
Amehlo amakhulu e-cele ayamangalisa kusuka kuma-engeli amaningana. Okokuqala, i-amphibian isebenzisa isikhathi esihle emanzini. Ukubhukuda emanzini agcwele imfucumfucu, amasele aneminyaka engamakhulu amathathu - ijwabu leso elisobala nelilodwa. Le membrane ye-translucent ingasondela ngokuphelele ukuvumela ixoxo ukuthi ivikele amehlo ayo ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Isimo seso lexoxo futhi silinikeza inkundla engcono yokubuka. Amehlo asezinhlangothini zekhanda ukuthola ukubukwa okugcwele kwama-360 degree. Amaxoxo angabona ngisho nokuthi kwenzekani ngaphandle lapho egxiliswa emanzini.
Tarsier
ITarsiers yisilinganiso esincane esatholakala emahlathini aseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Isici sayo esivelele kunazo zonke ngamehlo amakhulu, anobubanzi obungafika ku-1,6 cm. Uma uqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba, lawo amehlo amakhulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni. Njengesikhova nje, amehlo e-tarsier awakwazi ukuhamba. Ngoba zigxilile kugebhezi.
Esikhundleni salokho, ama-tarsiers angahambisa amakhanda awo ama-degrees angama-180 kwesokunxele nakwesokudla. Lokhu kuyabasiza ukuthi bathole ukuthi kwenzakalani. Lezi yizilwane zasebusuku eziqala ukusebenza ebusuku kuphela. Kepha amehlo amakhulu abahlinzeka ngombono omuhle kakhulu wobusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banomqondo ojulile wokuzwa. Zombili lezi zimfanelo zisiza ama-tarsiers ukubona inyamazane ezimeni zokukhanya eziphansi.
Njengoba izinyoni zibona
Izinyoni zinezinhlobo ezine zama-cones, noma okuthiwa ama-photosensitive receptors, kuyilapho abantu benezintathu kuphela. Futhi insimu yombono ifinyelela ku-360%, uma uyiqhathanisa nomuntu, ilingana ne-168%. Lokhu kuvumela izinyoni ukubona ngeso lengqondo umhlaba ngombono ohluke ngokuphelele futhi zigcwele ngokwedlula umbono womuntu. Iningi lezinyoni nazo zingabona ku-ultraviolet spectrum. Isidingo sombono onjalo sivela lapho bethola ukudla kwabo. Amajikijolo nezinye izithelo zinenhlanganisela ye-wax ekhombisa umbala we-ultraviolet, ibenze bagqame ngemuva kwesizinda samahlamvu aluhlaza. Ezinye izinambuzane zibonisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, zinikeza izinyoni ithuba elingenakuphikwa.
Ngakwesobunxele - le yindlela inyoni ebona ngayo umhlaba wethu, ngakwesokunene - umuntu.
Uyini umbono?
Umbono inqubo yokucubungula izithombe zezinto emhlabeni wonke.
- Kwenziwa uhlelo olubonakalayo
- ikuvumela ukuba uthole umbono ngosayizi, ukwakheka nombala wezinto, isikhundla sabo nesihlobo phakathi kwabo
Inqubo yokubuka ifaka:
- Ukungena kokukhanya ngokusebenzisa imidiya yokuhlobisa iso
- ukugxila ukukhanya kwi-retina
- ukuguqulwa kwamandla okukhanya kube ukuthonya kwezinzwa
- Ukudluliselwa kwethonya lezinzwa kusuka ku-retina liye ebuchosheni
- ukucubungula imininingwane nokwakheka kwesithombe esibonakalayo
- ukuqonda okukhanyayo
- ukubona kwezinto ezihambayo
- izinkambu ezibukwayo
- ukubona okuhle
- umbono wombala
Ukuqonda okukhanyayo - ikhono iso lokubona ukukhanya nokuthola ukukhanya okuhlukile.
Iso liqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zamangqamuzana ezinzwa (ama-receptors): izinduku ezibucayi kakhulu, ezibhekele ukubukwa (kobusuku) ngombono, kanye nezigaxa ezingathathi ntweni, ezibhekele umbono wombala.
Inqubo yokuvumelanisa iso nezimo zokukhanya ezahlukahlukene ibizwa ngokuthi i-adaptation. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuzivumelanisa:
- ebumnyameni - ngokuncipha kwezinga lokukhanya
- nokukhanya - ngokwanda kwezinga lokukhanya
Umbono okhanyayo uyisisekelo sazo zonke izinhlobo zemizwa yokubona nokubona, ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Izici ezinjenge:
- ukusatshalaliswa kwezinduku nezigaxa (ezilwaneni, ingxenye esemaphakathi ye-retina ngo-25 ° iqukethe ikakhulu izinduku, ezithuthukisa ukuqonda ebusuku)
- ukuqoqeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezithinta izinkuni (ezinjeni, ukuzwela ukukhanya kwezinduku ngu-500-510nm, kubantu ngu-400nm)
- ukuba khona kwe-tapetum (i-tapetum lucidum) kuyingqimba ekhethekile ye-choroid (i-tapetum iqondisa ama-photons adlula emuva kwi-retina, ephoqa ukuthi baphinde bathathe isinyathelo kumaseli we-receptor, okwandisa ukubona kwamehlo, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zokukhanya eziphansi) emakati kukhanya kakhulu kunabantu (Paul E. Miller, DVM, noChristopher J. Murphy DVM, PhD)
- ukwakheka komfundi - ukwakheka, ubukhulu kanye nesikhundla somfundi eenlwaneni ezihlukahlukeneko (umfundi uyindilinga, umgibeli, unxande, umile, umile
- ukwakheka komfundi kungasho ukuthi isilwane ngesingezilwane ezidla noma ezizingela (ezidla izinyamazane, umfundi ubetheka emgqeni oqondile, kwizilwane ezidla zigqoke umucu ovundlile - ososayensi bathola le ndlela ngokuqhathanisa ukwakheka kwabafundi ezinhlotsheni ezingama-214 zezilwane)
Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izinhlobo zezitshudeni:
- Isitshudeni esimise okombala - (ezilwaneni ezidla inyama ezinjengamakati asekhaya, izingwenya, izibankwakazi, izinyoka, oshaka) kukuvumela ukuthi uguqule ngokunembile iso ukuze inani lokukhanya lizungeze, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ebumnyameni naselangeni lasemini
- Round pupil - (ngezimpisi, izinja, amakati amakhulu - amabhubesi, amahlosi, izingulule, izingwe, izingwe, izinyoni) ngoba bavinjelwe isidingo sokubona kahle ebumnyameni
- Umzimba ovundlile (i-herbivores) uvumela iso ukuthi likubone kahle okwenzekayo eduze komhlaba futhi lumboza isithombe esisetshenziswe kahle esweni, esivikelekile elangeni eliqondile kusuka phezulu, elingafiphaza isilwane
Izilwane zizibona kanjani izinto ezinyakazayo?
Umbono wokunyakaza ubalulekile ngoba izinto ezinyakazayo ziyizimpawu zobungozi noma zokudla okungenzeka futhi zidinga isenzo esisheshayo esifanele, kuyilapho izinto ezimile zinganakwa.
Isibonelo, izinja zingabona izinto ezihambayo (ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinti) ebangeni le-810 kuya ku-900 m, nezinto ezinganyakazi kuphela ebangeni lama-585 m.
Zisabela kanjani izilwane ekukhanyisweni okukhazimulayo (ngokwesibonelo, ku-TV)?
Ukusabela kokukhanya kokufiphaza kunikeza umbono wokusebenza kwezinduku nezigaxa.
Iso lomuntu liyakwazi ukubona ukunyakaza kwama-hertz angama-55, kanti iso le-canine libamba ukugeleza imvamisa ye-75 hertz. Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nathi, izinja kungenzeka kakhulu ukubona i-flicker kuphela futhi eziningi zazo azinaki isithombe ku-TV. Izithombe zezinto ezikuwo womabili amehlo zifakwa kwi-retina bese zidluliselwa ku-cortex yamakhemikhali, lapho zihlangana khona zibe umfanekiso owodwa.
Yini imikhakha ebonakalayo yezilwane?
Inkambu yokubuka - isikhala esibonwa iso ngamehlo ahleliwe. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezibalulekile zombono zingahlukaniswa:
- umbono we-binocular - umbono wezinto ezizungezile ngamehlo amabili
- umbono one-monocular - umbono wezinto ezizungezile ngamehlo
Umbono we-Binocular akatholakali kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane futhi kuya ngesakhiwo nangesikhathi esilinganayo samehlo ekhanda. Umbono we-Binocular ikuvumela ukuba wenze ukunyakaza okucashile okuhlanganisiwe kokuqala, ukugxuma, okulula ukuhambisa.
Umbono we-Binocular wezinto zokuzingela usiza izinyamazane ukuhlola kahle ibanga lesisulu esihloselwe bese ukhetha indlela efanele yokuhlasela. Ezinjeni, izimpisi, izimbungulu, izimpungushe, izimpungushe, i-angle yensimu ye-binocular ingama-60-75 °, amabhere 80-85 °. Emakati, i-140 ° (izimbazo ezibonakalayo zamehlo womabili acishe afane).
Umbono we-monocular onensimu enkulu uvumela izisulu ezingaba izisulu (marmots, squirrels, hares, unulates, njll.) Ukuqaphela ingozi ngesikhathi.ifinyelela kuma-360 ° ngamagundane, kuma-ungulates angama-300-350 °, kwizinyoni zifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-300 °. Ama-chameleon nama-seahorses angabuka emikhondweni emibili ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba amehlo abo ahamba ngokuzimela komunye nomunye.
Ukubona okuhle
- amandla eso ukubona amaphuzu amabili atholwe ebangeni elincane ukusuka komunye nomunye, njengokwehlukanisiwe
- ibanga elincane lapho amaphuzu amabili azobonakala khona ngokuhlukile ngokuya ngezakhiwo ezi-anatomical nezomzimba ze-retina
Yini enquma i-visual acuity?
- ngosayizi wezigaxa, ukuphikiswa kwamehlo, ububanzi bezibuko, ukuvela kwesigaxa, i-lens yecrystalline nomzimba we-vitreous (yenza i-apparatus yokuphikisa), isimo se-retina ne-opic nerve, iminyaka
- ububanzi be-cone bunquma ubukhulu obukhulu be-visual acuity (okukuncane ububanzi be-cones, kukhula ubukhulu be-visual acuity)
I-Angle of view iyisisekelo sendawo zonke sokubonisa i-acuity ebonakalayo. Umkhawulo wokuzwela ngamehlo abantu abaningi uvame ukulingana no-1. Ebantwini, itafula le-Golovin-Sivtsev eliqukethe izinhlamvu, izinombolo noma izimpawu zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene isetshenziswa ukuthola ukubonwa okuphathekayo. Ezilwane, i-visual acuity inqunywa kusetshenziswa (i-Ofri., 2012):
- ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha
- electroretinography
I-acuity ebonakalayo yezinja ilinganiselwa ku-20-40% we-acuity ebonakalayo yabantu, i.e. inja ibona intfo kusuka kumamitha langu-6, kuyilapho umuntfu aqaphela kusuka ku-27 m.
Kungani inja ingenayo i-visual acuity yomuntu?
Izinja, njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ngaphandle kwezinkawu nabantu, azinayo ifossa ephakathi ye-retina (isifunda se-visual acuity). Izinja eziningi zibone kancane (i-hyperopia: +0.5 D), i.e. bayakwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezincane noma imininingwane yabo kude kude kune-50-33 cm, zonke izinto ezibekwe eduze zibonakala zingacacile, ekusakazeni imibuthano. Amakati awaboni ngombono, okungukuthi, awaziboni izinto ezikude. Amandla okubona eduze eduze alungele kakhulu inyamazane yokuzingela. Ihhashi linokukhanya okuphansi okubonakalayo futhi linombono omfushane. Amanoni awaboni kancane, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokungabaza, asabela ekuzivumelaniseni kwawo nendlela yokuphila ejwayelekile nasekufuneni inyamazane ngephunga. Umbono we-myopic we-ferrets ubukhali njengathi, futhi mhlawumbe ubukhali obuncane.
ukhozi | 20/5 | Qalisa futhi |
i-falcon | 20/8 | Qalisa futhi |
umuntu | 20/20 | Ravikumar |
ihhashi | 20/30–20/60 | Timney |
ijuba | 20/50 | I-Rounsley |
inja | 20/50–20/140 | Odom |
ikati | 20/100–20/180 | EBelleville |
unogwaja | 20/200 | EBelleville |
inkomo | 20/460 | I-Rehkamper |
indlovu | 20/960 | UShyan-norwalt |
igundane | 20/1200 | I-Gianfranceschi |
Ngakho-ke, ukhozi lunombono obukhulu kakhulu, bese kulandela ukwehla: i-falcon, indoda, ihhashi, ijuba, inja, ikati, unogwaja, inkomo, indlovu, igundane.
Umbono wombala
Umbono wombala ungumbono wokuhlukahluka kwemibala yomhlaba. Yonke ingxenye ekhanyayo yamaza kagesi enza isikimu sombala ngokushintsha kancane kancane kusuka kokubomvu kuye ku-violet (umbala obonakalayo). Izigaxa zombono oqhutshwa. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-cones ku-retina yomuntu:
- eyokuqala ibona imibala ye-wave-ende - ebomvu neorenji
- Uhlobo lwesibili lubona imibala engcono yama-wave-wave - aphuzi nohlaza
- Uhlobo lwesithathu lwama-cones lubhekene nemibala ye-wave-emfushane - eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nsomi
I-Trichromasia - umbono wayo yonke imibala emithathu
I-Dichromasia - umbono wemibala emibili kuphela
I-Monochromasia - umbono wombala owodwa kuphela
IHammerhead shark
Ushaka we-hammerhead unenye yezinhloko ezingajwayelekile kepha ezithakazelisayo - ngesando sesicaba esithobekile esinamehlo ahlukane ngamehlo. Kepha ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi le khanda elixakile linenhloso enhle. Iniketa i-hammerhead shark ngombono ongcono kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zoshaka. Ngokuqondile, amehlo anweyigwegwe amaningi kangaka awanikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu nokuqonda okujule kakhulu.
I-Cuttlefish
I-Cuttlefish iyisidalwa sasolwandle esimangalisayo esingaguqula umbala wayo ngaso leso sikhathi. Lokhu kuvumela i-cuttlefish ukuba icashe ngokushesha kwizinyamazane, kuxutshaniswa nemvelo. La mandla amangalisayo e-cuttlefish asiza amangqamuzana esikhumba akhethekile namehlo awo amangalisayo. Banabafundi abenziwe “ww” abayinqaba abanikeze uhla olubanzi lokubona. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi bayakwazi nokubona okuyimbangela yabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangakwazi ukubona ukukhanya okucwebezelayo ngokunemba okumangalisayo. Noma inguquko emincane kakhulu engxenyeni yokukhanya kwelanga. Lokhu kunikeza i-cuttlefish umbono ocacile wokuthi kwenzekani ngakubo.
Ngabe abafundi bezimbuzi abangunxande babonakala bemangalisa kuwe? Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, zinikeza umbono omuhle. Kumuntu odla imfuyo, njengembuzi, lawo ngamandla afunwa kakhulu.
Ngoba, uma unamehlo amahle, imbuzi inamathuba amaningi okubalekela umhlaseli. Abafundi bayo abangamaxande bahlinzeka ngombono we-panoramic onemininingwane. Lokhu kusiza imbuzi ukuthola ingozi kude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujikeleza kwamehlo okusebenzayo kusiza nokubona ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile emkhakheni, noma ngesikhathi sokudla kwamadlelo. Ngakho-ke, zinesikhathi esanele sokuphunyuka esilwaneni esihlaselayo.
Izinambuzane zibona kanjani
Izinambuzane zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi seso, esakhiwa izinkulungwane zamalensi akha umhlaba ofana nebhola lezinyawo, lapho ilensi ngayinye 'iyiphikseli' elilodwa. Njengathi, izinambuzane zinama-receptors amathathu a-photosensitive. Umbono wombala uhlukile kuzo zonke izinambuzane. Isibonelo, ezinye zazo, izimvemvane nezinyosi, zingabonakala esibukweni se-ultraviolet, lapho isilinganiselo sokukhanya sishiyana phakathi kuka-700 hm no-1 mm. Amandla okubona umbala we-Ultraviolet avumela izinyosi ukubona iphethini ezintabeni, eziqondisa impova. Olubomvu kuphela umbala ongabonwa yizinyosi njengombala. Ngakho-ke, izimbali ezibomvu ezihlanzekile azitholakali emvelweni. Elinye iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi inyosi ayikwazi ukuvala amehlo ayo, ngakho-ke ilala ngamehlo ayo avulekile.
Ngakwesobunxele - yindlela inyosi ebona ngayo umhlaba wethu, ngakwesokudla - indoda. Uthi bewazi? Ama-mantis nama-dragonflies anenombolo enkulu kakhulu yama-lens futhi lesi sibalo sifinyelela kuma-30,000.
UGecko
Ezindaweni zezwe zomhlaba ezifudumele kakhulu, kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-1,500 ezihlukile zama-geckos. Iningi lazo ziyizilwane zasebusuku. Ukuze bazivumelanise nale ndlela yokuphila, banamehlo amahle. Ukucacisa, amehlo abo azwela izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-350 kunombono womuntu futhi umkhawulo wombono wombala. Ama-Geckos angabona nemibala ngokukhanya okuphansi ngekhwalithi emangalisayo. Lokhu kungamandla angavamile embusweni wezilwane.
Udrako
Enye yezinto ezimangazayo ngama-dragonflies ngamehlo awo amakhulu omhlaba. Iso ngalinye le-dragonfly lenziwe ngobuso obungama-30,000 futhi lisendaweni eyahlukene. Umphumela uwumbono ongakholeki wama-360-degree. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukubona ngisho nokunyakaza okuncane kakhulu ezindaweni ezikuzungezile.
Ama-Dragonflies angakwazi futhi ukubona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet nokukhanya kwendawo, okungaphandle kwesibonisi sethu. Zonke lezi zimfanelo zidlala indima enkulu ekuzulazuleni kwama-dragonflies.
Izikhova zinamehlo amahle kakhulu, angaphambili amakhulu. Lokhu ukuma kwamehlo kunikeza ithuba elihle lezikhova - umbono omangalisayo we-binocular noma amandla okubona into enawo womabili amehlo anomqondo omkhulu wokujula. Ngisho nezilwane nezinyoni, ezinamehlo asohlangothini lwekhanda, azinawo umbono omuhle kangako.
Ngokumangazayo, esikhundleni sokubekwa ngamehlo, iso lesikhova lisesimweni samapayipi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amehlo abo awakwazi ukujikeleza, njengathi. Kepha angakwazi ukuhambisa amakhanda awo angama-270 degrees ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla. Ngakho-ke, izikhova zithola umbono obanzi kakhulu. Ukuzivumelanisa nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku, izikhova nazo zinombono omuhle kakhulu wobusuku, oletha izigidi zezinduku zezithombe ezibucayi.
Chameleon
Ama-chameleons adume kakhulu ngekhono labo lokushintsha umbala. Kepha uhlelo lwazo lokubona lumangalisa ngokwamandla abo okushintsha umbala. Lezi ezihuquzelayo zingahambisa amehlo azo ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Okusho ukuthi, bangagxila ezintweni ezimbili ezihlukile ezinkomba ezimbili ezihlukene ngasikhathi sinye. La mandla wamehlo amangalisayo we-chameleon ahlinzeka ngombono ophakeme we-360 degree. Ama-chameleons angabheka futhi izinto ngesivinini esikhulu.
Umdlavuza Womntanami
Umdlavuza weMantis unesistimu ebukekayo enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni wezilwane. Thina bantu sinemibala emithathu yemibala. Kepha le crustacean engajwayelekile inemibala ehlukahlukene engu-12. Lezi zimfanzi zemibala zibona imibala eminingi kakhulu esingakwazi nokuyiqonda.
Amehlo amahle futhi angaphenduka ngokuzimela komunye nomunye ngezindlela ezihlukene ngasikhathi sinye. Umthamo wokujikeleza wamehlo ukalwa ufike kuma-70 degrees. Lokhu kunikeza umbono obanzi walesi sidalwa esincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mantis shrimp, njengezinye izilwane ezinombono oyingqayizivele, iyakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwe-infrared, i-ultraviolet nokukhanya komoya.
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Izinja zibona kanjani
Ukuthembela kudatha ephelelwe yisikhathi, abaningi basakholelwa ekutheni izinja zibona umhlaba omnyama nomhlophe, kepha lo umbono ongelona iqiniso. Muva nje, ososayensi bathole ukuthi izinja zinombono wombala, njengabantu, kepha uhlukile. Izigaxa eziqukethwe kuyi-retina mncane uma ziqhathaniswa neso lomuntu. Banesibopho sokubona imibala. Ukugqama kokubukwa ukungabikhona kwama-cones aqaphela umbala obomvu, ngakho-ke abakwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwemibala enemibala ephuzi-eluhlaza okotshani noku-orenji. Lokhu kufana nokungaboni kombala kubantu. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinti, izinja ziyakwazi ukubona ebumnyameni amahlandla amahlanu kunathi. Okunye okubonakalayo yikhono lokubona ibanga, elisiza kakhulu ekuzingeleni. Kepha ebangeni elisondele kakhulu babona kungabonakali, badinga ibanga elingama-40 cm ukuze babone into.
Ukuqhathanisa ukuthi inja nomuntu babona kanjani.
Njengoba amakati ebona
Amakati awakwazi ukugxila kwimininingwane emincane, ngakho-ke abona umhlaba ukufiphala okuncane. Kulula ngabo ukubona into ethile eshukumayo. Kepha imibono mayelana nokuthi yimaphi amakati akwazi ukubona ebumnyameni ngokuphelele ayitholanga ukuqinisekiswa izifundo zesayensi, yize zibona ebumnyameni kangcono kakhulu kunaphakathi nosuku. Ukuba khona kwamakati wekhulu lesithathu kuyabasiza ukuba bangene emithini noma ngotshani ngesikhathi sokuzingela, kuthambisa umswakama futhi kuvikele othulini nasekulimaleni. Vala kungabonakala lapho ikati lilele futhi ifilimu idlula ngamehlo avalwe ngci. Enye into enokubuka ikati yikhono lokuhlukanisa imibala. Isibonelo, imibala esemqoka ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, ompunga, omhlophe nomphuzi kungadida.
Njengoba izinyoka zibona
Ama-acuity ezibonakalayo, njengezinye izilwane, izinyoka azikhanyi, njengoba amehlo abo embozwe ifilimu emfishane, ngenxa yalokho ukubukeka kunamafu. Lapho inyoka itshela isikhumba sayo, kuvela ifilimu nayo, eyenza umbono wezinyoka ngalesi sikhathi uhlukane futhi ubukhali ikakhulukazi. Ukwakheka kwenyoka kungahluka ngokuya ngesithombe sokuzingela. Isibonelo, ezinyoka zobusuku ziqonde, futhi ezinyoka zezinsuku ziyindilinga. Amehlo angajwayelekile kakhulu izinyoka eziklanyiwe. Amehlo abo akhumbuza isihluthulelo. Ngenxa yesakhiwo semehlo esinjalo esingajwayelekile, inyoka isebenzisa ubuhlakani bokubona kwayo - okungukuthi, iso ngalinye lenza isithombe esibalulekile emhlabeni. Amehlo enyoka angabona imisebe ye-infrared. Kuyiqiniso, “aziboni” imisebe eshisayo hhayi ngamehlo ayo, kodwa ngezitho ezikhethekile ezikhathalela ukushisa.
Njengoba ama-crustaceans abona
Ama-Shrimp nama-crabs, nawo anamehlo ayinkimbinkimbi, anesici esifundwe ngokungafundeki - ayabona imininingwane emincane kakhulu. Labo. Amehlo abo awaneme, futhi kunzima kubo ukuthi bahlole noma yini ibanga elingaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-20. Kodwa-ke, bayakubona ukunyakaza kahle kakhulu.
Akukaziwa ukuthi kungani i-mantis shrimp idinga umbono ophakeme kunamanye ama-crustaceans, noma kunjalo, yathuthuka inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-mantis shrimps anokuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yombala - anezinhlobo eziyi-12 zama-receptors abonakalayo (kubantu bangu-3 kuphela). Lezi zi-receptors ezibonakalayo zitholakala emigqeni engu-6 yama-receptors ama-ommatidia ahlukahlukene. Vumela umdlavuza ukuthi ubone ukukhanya okukhanya okuthethwe yimbumba, kanye nombala we-hyperspectral.
Njengoba izinkawu zibona
Umbala wombala wezinkawu ze-anthropoid u-trichromatic. Iziwula ezihola impilo yobusuku zibe nama-monochromatic - kungcono ukuhamba ebumnyameni. Umbono wezinkawu unqunywa indlela yokuphila, umsoco. Izinkawu zihlukanisa ezidliwayo nezingafani ngumbala, zibona izinga lokuvuthwa kwezithelo namajikijolo, futhi zigweme izitshalo ezinobuthi.
Njengoba ubona amahhashi namadube
Amahhashi ayizilwane ezinkulu, ngakho-ke, adinga amakhono okubanzi wezitho zombono. Banombono omuhle kakhulu wekhompiyutha, obenza bakwazi ukubona cishe yonke into ebazungezile. Kungakho amehlo abo aqondiswa ezinhlangothini, hhayi nje njengabantu. Kepha futhi kusho ukuthi banendawo engaboni phambi kwamehlo abo. Futhi zihlala zibona zonke izingxenye ezimbili. Ama-Zebras namahhashi abona kangcono ebusuku kunabantu, kepha abona ikakhulu emthunzini onsundu.
Izinhlanzi zibona kanjani?
Uhlobo ngalunye lwezinhlanzi lubona ngendlela ehlukile. Lapha, ngokwesibonelo, oshaka. Kubukeka sengathi iso loshaka lifana kakhulu nelomuntu, kodwa lisebenza ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Oshaka ayihlukanisi imibala. Ushaka unesendlalelo esibonakalayo esingemuva kwe-retina, ngakho-ke ine-visual acuity ebonakalayo. Ushaka ubona okungcono izikhathi eziyishumi kunomuntu emanzini acwebile.
Ukukhuluma kabanzi ngezinhlanzi. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinhlanzi azikwazi ukubona ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12. Baqala ukuhlukanisa izinto ebangeni lamamitha amabili ukusuka kubo. Izinhlanzi azinawo amajwabu amehlo, kodwa noma kunjalo, zivikelwe ifilimu elikhethekile. Enye yezimpawu zombono yikhono lokubona ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ama-angler awelulekwa ukuba agqoke izingubo ezimibalabala ezingawesabisa.