Ichithwe , noma ngomlilo salamander uhlala eYurophu nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia. Isikhumba sakhe sihlotshiswe ngephethini egqamile, esebenza njengophawu lwesixwayiso kwabazingeli.
Isigaba - Ama-Amphibians
Umugqa - Umsila
Umndeni - ama-Real Salamanders
Uhlobo / Izinhlobo - Salamandra salamandra
Imininingwane eyisisekelo:
IZIMBALI
Ubude: kufika ku-28 cm, imvamisa -22 cm, umsila - ngaphansi kwengxenye yobude bonke.
Ukusikisela
Ukuthomba: kusuka eminyakeni engama-3-4.
Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa: imvamisa ehlobo noma ekwindla, entwasahlobo.
Inani lamaqanda: izingcezu ezingama-25- 40, ezithi ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-8 emzimbeni kamama ziphenduke izibungu.
LIFESTYLE
Imikhuba: izilwane ezihlala zodwa, imvamisa ebusika ngamaqembu.
Ukudla: izibungu - izikelekazi zamanzi, izibungu ezincane nezinambuzane zasemanzini, abantu abadala - izibungu, iminenke, izinambuzane.
Ama-TYPES ahlobene
I-Alpine salamander ihlala e-Alps. Izala amazinyane amakhulu ama-1-2 aphefumula kancane.
Imibala ejwayelekile ye-salamander imnyama ngokugqamile ngamabala akhanyayo aphuzi, kepha ingahluka. AbakwaSalamanders abahlala eSpain nasePortugal banezindawo ezicishe zibomvu, kuyilapho abahlala e-Italy benemivimbo ephuzi ebanzi.
INDAWO YOKUZIVA
Izindawo ezinomthunzi ngaphansi kwezihlahla, inhlabathi enomswakama kanye nezitshalo eziminyene - lezi yizimo ezinhle zempilo ye-salamander evuthayo. Ukhetha amahlathi aqobayo, ikakhulukazi lawo asendaweni ephakeme - ezindaweni ezinjalo angatholakala endaweni ephakeme aze afike ku-1000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Ama-salamanders amadala aqabile emanzini, kepha adinga izimbotshana zemvula noma amanye amachibi angajulile anamanzi amile ukuzalanisa. Inani lama-salamanders eYurophu lithinteka kabi ngokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ahlukanisayo kanye nokuvelela kweConifers. Ukuqothulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo sekungomunye wemisongo eyinhloko yokuba khona kwama-salamanders.
UKUDLA
I-salamander yomlilo ivame ukuzingela ebusuku. Imvamisa uhamba ayofuna ukudla kusihlwa futhi uthanda ukuzingela emva kwemvula. I-salamander ihamba kancane eceleni kwesembozo sehlathi futhi ibheka izibungu, iminenke, ama-isopods, ama-crustaceans, amaphiko anoboya, imigilingwane noma izicabucabu. Ngemuva kokubona inyamazane, kuyilandela ngaso sonke isikhathi, bese ihlasela ngokuzumayo. Uma inyamazane yinhle, iyamshaya bese idla kuphela. Ngobusuku obumanzi, i-salamander ithola ukudla okuningi. Ngisho nangaphambi kokusa, ubuyela endaweni yakhe yokuhlala, etholakala ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, ezimpondweni ezibolile noma ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ukusikisela
Ama-salamanders amaningi asebenzisa isikhathi ukusuka ekuqaleni kobusika kuya entwasahlobo, esesimweni sokuxineka, ecasha ngaphansi kweziqu zezihlahla. Ngamazinga okushisa akhuphuka entwasahlobo, ama-salamanders avuka kusuka hibernation. Ngalesi sikhathi, baqala isikhathi sokuzalela, esingahlala kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla.
Owesilisa uphishekela insikazi ayithandayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi uyayihlikihla ekhanda. Yize owesimame ephikisana, owesilisa uyakwazi ukwela ngaphansi kwakhe. Ube esebamba ama-paws akhe angaphambili bese ekhipha ikhompiyutha encane ngesidoda. Owesifazane uthatha i-spermatophore ayicindezele ku-cesspool ngemilenze yakhe yangasemuva. Ngemuva kwalokho, emzimbeni wesifazane, amaqanda ayahlanganiswa futhi aqhutshekiselwe phambili kuze kuzalwe izibungu ezincane. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka entwasahlobo elandelayo.
Entwasahlobo uthola ichibi elifanele futhi akhiphe izibungu ezingama-25- 40 ubude obungu-2,5. Izibungu zinsundu, zinamabala amnyama, zinemilenze emincane emine kanye namabhuzu ama-3 we-feathery gill, ezenza sikwazi ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ezinyangeni ezintathu emva kwalokhu, athuthukisa amaphaphu nokuncipha kwama-gill.
IZIBONELELO
I-Salamander inezikhali ezinamandla zokulwa nezitha zakho. Ngayo yonke emuva emhlane wakhe, futhi engxenyeni ephezulu yekhanda lakhe, unama-pores amancane okuthi, uma kungaba nengozi, akhiphe umhlophe okhethekile, uketshezi olunamathelayo. Le nto inobuthi kangangokuba ingabulala isilwanyana esincane esinqume ukuhlasela i-salamander. Umuntu ngemuva kokuthintana okunjalo unezikhathi zokuhlanza.
NOMA UYAZI LOKHO.
IGAMA elithi "salamander" livela ezilimini zama-Arabhu nasePheresiya futhi lisho ukuthi "uhlala ngomlilo."
Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu babenesiqiniseko sokuthi i-salamander yayikwazi ukudlula emlilweni nokuthi ngeke imlimaze. Le nkolelo-ze ngezilimi eziningi igxilile egameni le-salamander.
Ekuboneni kokuqala, ama-salamanders afana nezikhala, ngakho-ke abantu bavame ukubadida. Kodwa-ke, i-salamander inekhanda elibanzi neliyindilinga, futhi isikhumba sayo esibushelelezi, esimanzi sasingenazikali. Isikhumba sezikhala, ngokuhlukile, somile futhi simbozwe isikali.
Isikhathi sokuphila salamander obonakalayo yiminyaka engama-25.
UKUPHILA KWE-SPOTTEN salamander
Ezinyangeni eziyi-8 ngemuva kokukhulelwa, izibungu zensikazi zesalamanders zilele emachibini amancane. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-salamander ihlala emanzini.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3, ama-gill feathery athathelwa indawo ngamaphaphu, amalunga akhula - ngakho-ke i-salamander ilungiselela impilo emhlabeni.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-salamander encane isivele iyikhophi elincanyana labazali bayo. Ishiya indawo ehlala emanzini futhi iye emhlabathini.
IZICWANGCISO ZOKUZIVA
Kuhlala eYurophu kusuka eSpain nasePortugal entshonalanga kuya entshonalanga neRussia, Turkey ne-Israyeli empumalanga.
KUSindisa
Usongo lwezinombolo ukuqothulwa kwendawo yemvelo. Esikhathini esedlule, abantu bayibamba ukuze isetshenziswe njengesilwane eselabhorethri nokugcina ezindaweni zokugcina. Kungaphansi kokuvikelwa.
Uma uthandile isayithi lethu, tshela abangane bakho ngathi!
Isigcawu: ama-amphibians afakiwe
Umndeni: salamanders real
Ubukhulu: ubude bomzimba - 15 mm - 170 cm, ezimeni eziningi - 20 - 25 cm, isisindo somzimba - ukusuka kuma-30 mg kuye kuma-80 kg
Iskhathi sempilo: isilinganiso seminyaka engama-20 kuya kwengama-25, kepha angafinyelela eminyakeni engama-50 ekudingisweni.
I-salamander iyisidalwa esingaqondakali esichazwe ezinganekwaneni nasezindabeni eziningi zasendulo. Kwesinye isikhathi wabizwa nangokuthi isithunywa sesihogo, okubangelwa ubuthi bazo zonke izinhlobo.
Futhi ngisho kwamanje, lapho le-amphibian iqondwa ngokuphelele, isifaka ukwesaba kwabanye.
I-salamander iyisidalwa esingaqondakali esichazwe ezinganekwaneni nasezindabeni eziningi zasendulo. AmaKhristu aze ambize ngesithunywa sesihogo, okubangelwa ubukhulu bemvelo bohlobo lonke.
Futhi ngisho namanje, lapho le-amphibian iqondwa ngokuphelele, ifaka ukwesaba kwabanye abantu.
Iqembu le-salamander likhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-amphibians. Izinhlobo zala ma-amphibians zitholakala emakhoneni ahlukene eplanethi, kuyilapho omelele ngamunye ngamunye ehlukile.
Habitat
Uma ufuna ukubheka izinhlobonhlobo eziphezulu zala ma-salamanders, khona-ke kufanele uye eNyakatho Melika - le ngxenye yezilwane ezihuquzelayo zomhlaba ikhethwe ngokuqinile.
Baphinde bahlala e-Asia nase-Europe, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ezithile zitholakala kulezo zindawo lapho zikhululeka khona kakhulu, kungakhathalekile ukuba khona kwabafowethu abaseduze emndenini.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, empumalanga yeChina, ungabona omkhulu kunabo bonke abasebenza salamanders. Isilwane esikhulu esibuyelayo sifinyelela ku-80 kg ngesisindo nama-180-190 cm ubude (kanye nomsila womzimba).
Lolu hlobo lubizwa ngokuthi yi-Sino-gigantic, futhi yize luyingozi yangaphandle, abamele balo badla ngesizotha: izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-amphibians nama-invertebrates ahlala emanzini.
I-salamander enkulu ibhekwa njenge-amphibious amphibi kunazo zonke okwamanje, ngakho-ke ayiveli nje ngezinhlobo zayo.
Kubukeka njenge-salamander enkulu. Lesi sidalwa esinqunyiwe sithanda ukuhlala emahlathini, emagqumeni, kepha kumele kube khona ichibi eliseduze.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezidalwa zaseChinese eziqala ukufa kancane, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano ezifanele zibamba imihlangano ehlukahlukene bese zidedela wonke amabutho azo ukuze zilondoloze izinhlobo zazo.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokubukeka okwesabekayo kodwa, ezihuquzelayo zivikela ngentshiseko ukuvikela.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-salamander ye-Fiery - ummeleli ovame kakhulu kulo mndeni, uhlala ebusheni beYurophu, kepha ingatholakala naseJalimane, ePoland nasePortugal. Abanye abantu batholakala naseTurkey.
Isici
Ama-salamanders eza ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nosayizi, kodwa wonke ngokulinganayo abeka usongo kwezinye izidalwa. I-salamander yomlilo, njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo, iyi-amphibian enobuthi.
Kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi amalungu omndeni ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:
Lezi zokugcina zihlukaniswa ukungabikho kwamaphaphu futhi zingaphefumlela kuphela esikhunjeni.
Lo mndeni unezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-400 okwamanje, futhi lesi sibalo sabaphilayo abambalwa simane nje sikhulu.
Kepha inani lama-salamanders eqiniso likhulu ngokwengeziwe, futhi lihlala likhula njalo: ososayensi kuze kube namuhla bathola abantu abasha emhlabeni jikelele.
By the way, uhlobo lwe-pulmonary-free lwalawa ma-amphibians olungabonakala kaningi lapho selusemanzini.
Ama-amphibians anomsila, anesethi ephelele yezitho ezidingekayo, ngokuvamile maningi amathuba okuthi ahambe futhi ahambisane nakho ezolile.
Ama-salamanders, okuluhlobo olungenamaphaphu, ahlukile ngaphandle kwabalingani bawo. Imizimba yabo iphakeme kakhulu, yingakho izidalwa ezinjengezinyoka eziningi zifana nezinyoka. Esithombeni ungabona ukuthi kunjani i-salamander, engenamaphaphu.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-salamander enkulu, uma ibekwe ngokuqondile, izodlula ukuphakama komuntu ojwayelekile. Ngobude, lesi silwane sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.7, ngakho-ke kungumnikazi wesihloko esithi "i-amphibian enkulu enomsila omkhulu." Yebo, omele umndeni omncane kakhulu awudluli usayizi wohlamvu lwemali olungu-5.
Ukubukeka
Zonke i-salamanders ziyefana ngesakhiwo: zinomzimba omude, umsila omude, izinyawo ezingaphansi nezembozo kanye nekhanda elincane.
Lezi zilwane zihamba kangcono emanzini (njengoba sekushiwo, lokhu ikakhulukazi kubhekisa kuhlobo olungenamaphaphu), ngokunembile ngenxa yemilenze emifushane nengafakwanga.
Ama-amphibians anjalo anomsila athakazelisa kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala nosayizi: emvelweni ungahlangana nabameleli abamangalisayo bezinhlobo ezithile ezibonakala ngempela njengamadragoni amancane.
Isilwane esanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-salamander sinezinkophe ezingathatheka, ngakho-ke kungahlola okuzungezile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuma-amphibians anjalo angcolile, imihlathi ithuthukiswe kabi, futhi impela isifunda somlomo asinawo amandla okudla ukudla okuqinile.
I-salamander evuthayo inombala ongajwayelekile, ozoheha ukunaka noma yimuphi izivakashi ezingezinhle. Kepha ngemuva kokubukeka okugqamile kufihla ubuthi obunobuthi obungabulala izidalwa eziningana eziphilayo ngasikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lesi silwane esiyingozi sifana ne-lizard ejwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo, kanti umehluko phakathi kwazo ubonakala kalula lapho usubhekisisa.
Iphuzu aligcini ngokufaka imibala, okugqame kakhulu phakathi kwama-salamanders, kodwa futhi nakwezinye izici. Ama-amphibians anobuthi anomzimba omncane, omude kanye namehlo aqhakazile.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ezinganekwaneni eziningi, i-salamander iqokelwa njengenceku yamandla obumnyama. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yengozi yazo izidalwa eziseduzane, futhi nangenxa yokubukeka kwayo okungajwayelekile, noma yiliphi ilunga lomndeni esikhathini esidlule lalithathwa njengelongo kubantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubuthi bale amphibian abukwazi ukubulala umuntu, umphumela omkhulu ngemuva kokushiswa.
Umlando
NgoMeyi 1270, impikiswano enkulu yeSalamanders yahlasela uKaer Morhen, inqaba yamaWitchers, futhi yantshontsha izimfihlo zezinto zemakegenic kanye nezinto ezivuselelayo, ezigadwe kakhulu iSikole seWolf amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngemuva kokuhlukana nezindlela nabathakathi esikanye nabo nokufika eVizima, uGeralt waqala ukuthola okuningi ngeSalamandra: ukuthi ukuphi, indlela yakhe yokukhiqiza imali nokuthi modus operandi. Ukuzingela phansi inhlangano yeSalamandra nokuthola umholi wayo kwaba yisisusa sayo sokushayela.
Izici Key
Kakhulu kubhalwe ukuthi i-salamander ibukeka kanjani, kepha ngokubukeka kwayo kunesinye isici esijabulisayo esihlukanisayo kuma-amphibians amaningi: ukungabikho kolwelwesi phakathi kweminwe.
Isici esinjalo singabonakala singelutho, kepha futhi uyangabaza ukuthi okukulesi sidalwa kulolu hlobo lwezilwane.
Esithombeni - i-alpine black newt, ungomunye wabamele ubuthi besigaba se-salamander. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubude bawo akuvamile ukuba ngaphezu kwe-12 cm, futhi lesi silwane sihlala ngokuncono ema-gorges nasehlathini elijulile.
Amaqiniso athakazelayo awapheli lapho, nayi eminye yawo:
- I-salamander yomlilo, njengazo zonke izinhlobo ezivela kulo mndeni, inobuthi obunobuthi, obusendaweni yesikhumba sayo. Kuthunyelwa ngemithambo ye-parotid, futhi le nqubo iyaqhubeka. Isimanga ukuthi, uma, isibonelo, inja idla i-salamander, ngokushesha izofa.
- Ubuthi balezi zilwane emakhemikhali kuthiwa yi-salamander. Ebantwini, kuyingozi ngempela uma udakiwe, yingakho ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlanzi ezinqunyelwe ukudla kungavunyelwe. Kuyaphawuleka iqiniso lokuthi basebenzisa ubuthi babo kuphela ukuzivikela, hhayi ukuzingela.
- I-salamander enkulu ithanda ukuba semanzini, futhi ngokuqonde ngqo: emifudlaneni ebandayo nephithizela ngokushesha. Futhi ngaphandle kosayizi wayo omkhulu, lesi silwane asideleli ukudla izinambuzane nama crustaceans, sizishintshana nezinhlanzi. Isikhathi somsebenzi walezi zinhlobo: isikhathi sasebusuku.
- Zonke i-salamanders zinamandla okuvuselela hhayi umsila kuphela, kodwa nezinye izingalo. Ngalesi sici bafana nezibungu, kepha kulokhu kubuye kubathole ekuthuthukeni.
- Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zaseJalimane, lo mndeni wama-amphibian wenza umuntu abe nomoya womlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimane ezindabeni zawo afaka ama-salamanders amandla okubekezelela okushisa komlilo ngaphandle kokulimala. Ngokombono wokholo lobuKristu, lezi zidalwa ziyizingelosi zikaDeveli. Ngempela, ukwahlulela ngendlela i-salamander ebukeka ngayo, kungavela umbono onjalo.
Akusizo zonke izinhlobo zalawa ma-amphibian ezinokubukeka okwesabisayo, ngoba eziningi zinombala ongathathi hlangothi. Kepha i-salamander evuthayo ifaka kalula ukwesaba ngombala owodwa kuphela: amabala aphuzi noma awolintshi akhanyayo emzimbeni omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi onsundu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Lesi silwane siwela ekuhambeni, njengabanye abaningi. Cishe u-Okthoba, i-amphibian enobuthi ifihla inqwaba yamacembe ewile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ize ihlangane nabafowabo.
Umsoco
Ukudla kwe-ampudia e-caudate enjalo njenge-salamander, ngezinga elincane kuncike ohlotsheni lwayo.
Izilwane ezihlaselayo phakathi kwalezi zilwane zingabalwa ngeminwe yesandla esisodwa, kuyilapho imindeni itholakala kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba.
Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi umhlathi ongaphuthuki kanye nokuvilapha kokuzalwa kwaleli qembu. Ngokuvamile, imenyu yansuku zonke yalowo nalowo wabamele bayo ivame ukufaka:
- amacimbi
- izicabucabu kanye nezimvemvane
- ama-slugs kanye nemikhonyane,
- ama-newts amancane namaxoxo (ikakhulukazi i-fire salamander uyawathanda).
Uma sikhuluma ngabantu abakhulu balawa ma-amphibians, khona-ke bakhetha ukusebenzisa,
Ukudla okunjalo kukhethwa i-salamander enkulu kanye nabanye abantu abalo mndeni abahlala emizimbeni yamanzi. Lezi zidalwa ziya ukuzingela ebusuku, phakathi nosuku imisebenzi yazo incane kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhetha ukungazihlaseli izitha, futhi banciphise amathuba okushayisana nezitha ezingaba khona.
Esithombeni ungabona ukuthi i-giamander enkulu yahlala kanjani ezingalweni zomuntu. Lokhu kuphinda futhi kuphikise isahlulelo sokuthi lezi zidalwa ziyakwazi ukudla abantu.
Kuyathakazelisa!By endleleni, kusekhona inganekwane mayelana nokungafi kwe-salamander. Ngesinye isikhathi, abantu bebazesaba kakhulu lezi zilwane kangangokuba bathi zinekhono elihle kuzo, kangangokuba amanye amaphuzu wesikhathi esidlule maqondana nalo mndeni ahlanekezelwa kakhulu.
Ukuzala
I-salamander yomlilo ithanda ukuzala masinyane ngemuva kokuvinjelwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukhombisa umsebenzi ophelele futhi ukulungele ngokuphelele ukumvundiswa.
Le nqubo, kanye nemidlalo yokuthandana, yenzeka emhlabeni ngalezi zifiso.
Emadodeni, kwenziwa isiga esikhethekile lapho kutholakala khona amaseli wegciwane (spermatophore).
Lapho sesakhiwe ngokuphelele, owesilisa uwubeka phansi. Ngemuva kwalokho, insikazi icindezelwa ngokumelene ne-spermatophore, ngenxa yalokho kwenzeka kokuzala.
Ekugcineni, insikazi ingafaka amaseli "aqediwe" emanzini, noma iqhubeke ukuwangenisa ngaphakathi. Izibungu ezincane nazo zingazalwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
- ukuqandusela kusuka emaqanda ngqo emanzini,
- emva kwenqubo yokuzalwa bukhoma.
Konke kuncike kumama wenzalo nokuzikhethela kwayo. By the way, ososayensi azange basungule ngqo ukuthi salamanders bakwenza kanjani.
Ngokusobala, imvelo yomama ibhekene nalezi zenzo, kepha lo mbono awuqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele.
Ingane iphenduka umuntu omdala uma ifinyelela eminyakeni emi-3 ubudala. Emva kwalokho, angaphila eminye iminyaka eyi-12-15 futhi azalwe njalo.
Kuyathakazelisa!Abantu abaneminyaka yobudala engama-50 noma ngaphezulu abonwa kakhulu. Njengomthetho, ama-salamanders anjalo akhula endaweni yemvelo futhi kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina akwazi ukuzinikezela ngemikhiqizo ebalulekile uqobo.
Ngesinye isikhathi, kunamahemuhemu wokuthi kutholakale isalamander enkulu eneminyaka engama-200 eChina. Lolu lwazi alusatshalaliswa hhayi kuphela ngamasango wokuzijabulisa, kepha futhi nezincwadi ezingathi sína. Esithombeni umuntu oyedwa ofanayo ubanjwe ngumdobi ojwayelekile.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-China ingelinye lamazwe ambalwa emhlabeni lapho kudliwa khona ama-salamanders. Imayelana nabamele abomndeni abakhulu kunabo bonke. Ngenhloso yezokwelapha, ezinye izingxenye zomzimba nezinto ezikhishwe emzimbeni walesi amphibian ziyasetshenziswa.
Njengezinye izilwane eziningi eziyingozi, i-salamander ingagcinwa ngokuphephile efulethini layo, ibheka izindlela ezidingekayo zokuphepha nokunikeza ukunakekelwa okufanele.
Kula ma-amphibians, njengokuqukethwe , futhi kungcono ukuthenga ithala noma i-cubic terarium.
Ukugcwalisa ngomhlabathi ofanele, ungasebenzisa ingxube yama-moss, amagxolo, i-peat, umhlaba namalahle. Kulokhu, i-moss izodinga ukushintshwa njalo, ngoba ku-terrarium ngeke ikwazi ukukhula.
Imithetho ebalulekile yokugcina i-salamander:
- Awukwazi ukweqa indawo okukhona kuyo i-amphibian, ngoba ngenxa yalokhu, ngeke ikwazi ukuphefumula kahle. Lezi zilwane zibekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi kahle.
- Isikhathi sokuzila salesi sidalwa esijwayelekile siyinto evamile. Kungenzeka angadli ngesikhathi sokuncibilika.
- Njengokukhanya, kungcono ukusebenzisa izibani ezingathinti izinga lokushisa, noma kunalokho i-fluorescent. Ukuhlobisa ithala, ungasebenzisa izitshalo namatshe amakhulu.
- Akumele sikhohlwe ngokubaluleka kwedamu, lapho udinga khona ukubuyisela amanzi njalo.
Isalami yomlilo e-terarium. Le ngane ihamba ngenkuthalo futhi izizwa imnandi.
I-Salamander: I-Miniature Whelp enomlando Ocebile
I-salamander ibukeka njenge-amphibian encane evamile enombala othakazelisayo, kepha umlando wokubonakala kwawo ugcwele izinganekwane eziningi nezimfihlakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sidalwa sinokuhamba emanzini futhi sinamandla okuphinda senze izitho zomzimba.
I-Salamandra (i-Salamandra) - isilwane sesigaba se-amphibian (i-amphibian), i-oda lase-amphibian elinomsila. Kuhunyushwe kusuka ePheresiya, igama lesilwane ngokweqiniso lisho "ukuvutha ngaphakathi."
Ama-salamanders amanzi adla ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezinhlanzi ezincane, imfoloko, izinkalankala, izinyamazane kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngokuya ngobubanzi, ezinye izinhlobo ze-salamanders zifihla phakathi nenkathi ebandayo, zihlala noma ngamaqembu, zigcwala amaqabunga awile nezinye izimila ezinhle, ziphaphame ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo.
Izinhlobo zama-salamanders, amagama nezithombe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwanamuhla kufaka izinhlobo ezingamakhulu amaningana salamanders, ezingamalungu emindeni ehlukene:
- salamanders real (Salamandridae),
- ama-salamanders angenamaphaphu (Plethodontidae),
- ama-hawthorns (Cryptobranchidae).
Okulandelayo incazelo yezinhlobo eziningana zama-salamanders:
- Isaladi yomlilo yena ibone i-salamander noma ezejwayelekilei-salamander (Salamandra salamandra )
izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu endaweni yaseYurophu, abameleli bazo bahlukaniswa ngosayizi wabo omkhulu, isikhathi eside sokuphila (ekudingisweni kuze kube yiminyaka engama-50) nombala okhanyayo (wexwayiso) ogqamile. Ubude be-salamander kanye nomsila buvela ku-23 kuya ku-30 cm. Umbala womzimba oyinhloko umnyama, ugcwele izindawo ezihlukanisiwe zamawolintshi noma aphuzi, atholakala ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umzimba, kepha ahlukile ngesimo esingajwayelekile. I-Symmetry itholakala kuphela emilengeni nasekhanda. I-salamander yomlilo ihlukaniswa namalungu amaningi omndeni ngokuzalwa bukhoma nokwesaba amanzi. Izilwane ziphoqelelwa ukuba zehlele emizimbeni yamanzi kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala. I-salamander ejwayelekile ihlala endaweni yehlathi, ezansi kwamagquma nezintaba zaseYurophu nezindawo ezisenyakatho ne-Middle East.
- I-Lusitanian salamander (i-salamander eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka)(Chioglossa lusitanica )
uhlobo olungandile lwe-amphibian, abameleli balo abakhula lufinyelele ku-15-16 cm ubude, kepha banomsila omude kakhulu, obalwa ngo-2/3 ubude bebanga lomzimba. Umbala we-salamander umnyama, eduze kwegquma kudlula imivimbo emi-2 emincane yegolide noma amabala egolide ahlelwe ngokulandelana. Ingxenye yonke engemuva inamachashazi amancane aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isici esihlukile sesilwane ukuthi i-salamander yaseLusitan ibamba inyamazane yayo ngosizo lolimi oluphonswe phambili, njengoba amasele enza. I-salamander ihlala kuphela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeSpain nasePortugal.
- I-Alpine salamander (isalamander emnyama)(Salamandra atra )
yangaphandle ifana neyomlilo, kepha ihlukile emzimbeni onomusa kakhudlwana nombala wesikhumba omnyama onobuningi. Ubude bomzimba bezilwane ezindala bufika ku-9-14 cm (kwesinye isikhathi kube ngu-18 cm). Ama-salamanders e-Alpine ahlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-700 ngaphezu kolwandle, akhetha indawo ezinamadwala namaphethelo wemifudlana yezintaba. Uhlobo lwezinhlobo luye lufinyelele nasezifundeni eziphakathi nezisempumalanga zamabanga asezintabeni: ukusuka eSwitzerland nase-Austria kuya eSerbia, eCroatia naseMontenegro.
- unjalo tarantolin (Salamandrina terdigitata )
iphethini ehlukile ye-V ebekwe ekhanda, ukwakheka kwayo kufana nengilazi. Umbala womzimba onsundu onsundu, ucishe ube mnyama, “izibuko” zingaba bomvu, ziphuzi noma zimhlophe. Isisu se-salamander sibomvu ngokugqamile ngombala, lesi silwane sikhombisa esitheni njengethuluzi olwesabekayo. Uhlobo lwezinhlobo lincane kakhulu: i-salamander ebabazekayo ingatholwa kuphela eningizimu ye-Italy, emahlathini anomswakama wezintaba zase-Apennine.
uhlobo olungandile lwama-salamanders amade amade anobude bomzimba obungadluli ku-15 cm, iningi lawo okungumsila. Umzimba mncane, onsundu noma umnyama, kubamele iningi lezinhlobo ezimbozwe izindawo ezigqamile eziphuzi ezi-oval, ezifana nesalamander yomlilo. Kepha ngokungafani neyokugcina, i-salamander yaseCaucasas ihamba ngokushesha, njengesibankwa, futhi ibhukuda kahle. Isilwane lesi sigaba sabasengozini futhi sihlala endaweni enamahlathi nogu nje lwezidumbu zamanzi eTurkey naseGeorgia.
ehlukaniswa ikhanda eliwugqinsi, umzimba onomusa nemilenze eqinile ethuthukile. Ubude bomzimba we-salamander busuka ku-7.5 kuya ku-14,5 cm. Umzimba onsundu noma umnyama, uskene namabala esiliva. I-salamander ihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-USA (Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky).
- I-Spring Salamander(I-Gyrinophilus porphyriticus )
evundile kakhulu futhi ekwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-132. Isiqu, esikhula sisuka ku-12 siye ku-23 cm ubude, sinombala okhanyayo obomvu noma o-orenji-ophuzi onamabala amancane amnyama. I-salamander ihlala ezifundeni zase-USA naseCanada ezindaweni zezintaba zama-Appalachians.
- I-Pacific salamander(Ensatina eschscholtzii )
Inekhanda elincane elincanyana, umzimba oqinile, omfushane ongama-14.5 cm ubude nesikhumba esigaxekile ezinhlangothini zalo, zakha imigoqo emincane. Umuntu ojwayelekile ohlala ezintabeni zaseCanada, e-USA naseMexico.
Imibhalo engezansi ye-Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica
Imibhalo engezansi ye-Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi
Imibhalo engezansi ye-Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis
ikhula ngobude ukusuka ku-7 kuye ku-12 cm futhi ibe nokukhanya kwe-nondescript noma umbala onsundu omnyama. I-salamander inomsila we-muscular, oncika kuwo, igibela izihlahla ngokungafanele, igxuma kahle amabanga amafushane futhi igxuma kakhulu. Indawo yokuhlala emincane yalezi zinhlobo inomkhawulo esimweni sase-US saseCalifornia kanye nesimo saseMexico seBaja California.
- I-Dwarf Salamander (I-Eurycea quadridigitata )
Kuyinto salamander encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala buqala kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-8,9 cm. Futhi kube ne-salamander encanyana (lat. Desmognathus wrighti), ekhula ubude kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-5 cm. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yezwekazi laseMelika.
I-salamander enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi yi-amphibian enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala onomsila wakhe bufinyelela ku-180 cm, nesisindo somzimba - 70 kg. I-salamander enkulu yaseChina ihlala emizimbeni yamanzi empumalanga yeChina.
I-Salamander– kunjaloisi-amphibian abantu ababesaba ezikhathini zasendulo. Baqamba izinganekwane ngaye futhi bathi amakhono akhe ayimfihlakalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunobuthi bayo nombala oyinqayizivele. Uma uhumusha igama lakhe lisuka olimini lwesiPheresiya, kuvela ukuthi "kuyasha ngaphakathi."
Ukusatshalaliswa
Kuhlala eYurophu kusuka eSpain nasePortugal entshonalanga kuya entshonalanga neRussia, Turkey ne-Israyeli empumalanga. Amanye ama-salamanders ahlala kuphela emanzini futhi ahlukile komakhelwane bawo ngama-gills enziwe kahle, ngokwesibonelo, i-salamander yaseChina enkulu - ilungu lomndeni ama-hawthorns . AbakwaSalandanders, abangabomndeni wabaphisi, bahlala e-United States of America, eChina naseJapan.
Umndeni ama-salamanders angenamaphaphu ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, alahlekelwe ngokuphelele amaphaphu, ngaphandle kokuthola gps ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakho-ke, amalungu omndeni kufanele aphefumule ngosizo lwesikhumba nolwelwesi lwe-mucous lomgodi womlomo. Lawa ma salamanders ahlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi, ezintabeni nasezindaweni eziphansi, emasimini nasezivandeni zasemakhaya. Ama-salamanders angenamaphaphu ikakhulukazi abahlali be-New World: asakazeke ezindaweni ezihlanganisa izindawo zezintaba nezinamahlathi eCanada, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezishisayo nezindawo eziphansi zaseBolivia naseBrazil. Izinhlobo eziningana zihlala eYurophu, futhi kutholakala inhlobo eyodwa kuphela (lat. Karsenia koreana) eSouth Korea.
Amalungu omndeni salamanders real , okuholela ekubeni khona komhlaba, kunesistimu yokuphefumula emelelwa ngamaphaphu akhule kahle. Lezi salamanders zisakazekile eYurophu, zihlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika, e-Asia Minor nase China, kutholakala izinyamazane ezincane e-Indochina nase India, uhla luhlanganisa nezindawo ukusuka eningizimu yeCanada kuya ezifundeni ezisenyakatho neMexico. Zine kuphela izinhlobo ze-salamanders ezihlala eRussia.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila ye-salamander
Ama-salamanders, yize enesizungu, kepha ngaphambi kokucwaswa, ngo-Okthoba, ahlangana ngamaqembu. Ukuze sisindise ndawonye lesi sikhathi esingesihle sabo emhlabeni, izinqwaba zamaqabunga awileyo.
Zizingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku, phakathi nosuku lapho zicasha khona ezindlini zokukhosela ezivela emisebeni yelanga eqondile. Eduze kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, njengomthetho, kufanele kube nendawo yokugcina. Bafumana inyamazane ngejerk ebukhali, bese beyimboza ngemizimba yabo. Ngemuva komzabalazo omfishane, isisulu sigwinyiwe siphelele.
I-salamander inezitha eziningi zemvelo zokubalekela, lesi silwane sishiya umsila waso noma izimbambo kuzipho namazinyo aso, futhi abaleke ngokushesha.
Noma la ma-amphibians futhi enobuthi, imfihlo yawo ayibangeli ukulimala okubulalayo kubantu.Ingadala kuphela ukucasuka ezandleni, futhi uma ingena kulwelwesi lwama-mucous - ishiswa iye emlonyeni noma emehlweni. Ngakho-ke, uma usuthinte i-amphibian, kuyadingeka ukugeza izandla zakho kahle, ukuze ukunganembi kungazilimazi.
Namuhla, abaningi bafuna ukugcina le nganekwane yasenganekwaneni ekhaya. Ungathenga i-salamander yomlilo ezindlini ezikhethekile noma ezitolo zezilwane. Impilo, bazodinga i-terarium enkulu enezingqimba. Ingxube yamaqabunga, i-sphagnum ne-peat imvamisa kuthululelwa ezansi kwayo. Kuhlelwe ichibi elincanyana ngaphakathi. Ukukhanya kufanele kube kufiphele, futhi izinga lokushisa akufanele lidlule ama-25 degrees.
Ngabe kudlani ama-salamanders?
Babizwa ngokuthi abahlali basebusuku. Endle, zizingela ebusuku. Kusukela ebusuku kuze kube sekuseni, bayakwazi ukulandelela izisulu zabo. Ukuthola ukudla, ama-salamanders ahlasela isisulu ngomzimba wawo wonke bese uzama ukugwinya wonke.
Ukudla kwezilwane kuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Abantu abahlala emanzini badla izinhlanzi ezincane, iminenke, crayfish, imollusks, crabs, kanye nezinambuzane ezincane, ama-amphibians nezilwane ezincelisayo.
I-salamander ehlala emhlabeni idla izibungu, iminenke, izibungu, ama-slugs, futhi idle izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo: izimvemvane, omiyane, izicabucabu nezimpukane. Amalungu amakhulu omndeni abamba ama-newts namaxoxo amancane.
Ukuzalaniswa kweSalamander
Ukuthomba kwesalamander kwenzeka eneminyaka emibili kuya kwemine, imvamisa uma zifinyelela kubude obuyi-12-16 cm. Ngakho-ke, uma uhlela ukuzala ama-amphibians, khona-ke adinga ukudala ubusika ngokuzenzela - qala ehlise izinga lokushisa ku + 8 ... + 14 degrees, bese (ngo-Ephreli) akunyusela ku-18 ... + 23. Futhi, ungabeka izinto eziningi ku-terrarium, lapho umbhangqwana ungaphephela khona. Ama-Amphibians awanikezwa ukudla ebusika.
Ukuhlangana kuqala ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Ama-salamanders ayizilwane ezi-viviparous, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-9 ukuya kwe-10 emva kokukhulelwa, insikazi izobeka izibungu emanzini. Isibalo sezibungu singafinyelela ku-25-30.
Ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa, izinsana zizodinga ukufakwa ku-aquarium ehlukile ngokuphoqwa okuphathelene nokuhlunga kanye nokugcina izinga lokushisa lamanzi + ama-12-16 degrees. Kufanele kube nendawo yomhlaba ku-aquarium. Udinga ukondla izingane nge-coronet, cyclops, daphnia, njll. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezihlanu, amathole azofinyelela ku-5 cm ngosayizi futhi azokwazi ukwehla.
Izifo zezempilo nezimpawu
Izifo zezimpawu zama-amphibians we-caudate:
Uma ngesikhathi sokuncibilika uqaphela ukuthi i-salamander iyangena futhi ihlala ibanda, ungakhathazeki. Lokhu kujwayelekile ngalesi sikhathi. Udinga nje ukushiywa yedwa hhayi ukuthi aqokwe. I-Amphibian iwela esimweni sokuqina ebusika, kanye nangesikhathi sezulu esibi. I-Salamander isilwane esihle kakhulu.
Ukuthola isimangaliso esinjalo ekhaya lakho, ngokuqinisekile ngeke unesithukuthezi, ngoba ukubuka isimilo se-exot kuletha injabulo enkulu. I-Amphibian izizwa imnandi ekuthunjweni, ayidingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile futhi ayibangeli zinkinga ngendlela yomsindo, ukungcola noma okunye ukungakhululeki. Ungaqalwa ngokuqala. Ungathenga i-salamander ngentengo yamadola ayi-15 kuye kwangama-40.
- I-salamander yomlilo, njengazo zonke izinhlobo ezivela kulo mndeni, inobuthi obunobuthi, obusendaweni yesikhumba sayo. Kuthunyelwa ngemithambo ye-parotid, futhi le nqubo iyaqhubeka. Isimanga ukuthi, uma, isibonelo, inja idla i-salamander, ngokushesha izofa.
- Ubuthi balezi zilwane emakhemikhali kuthiwa yi-salamander. Ebantwini, kuyingozi ngempela uma udakiwe, yingakho ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlanzi ezinqunyelwe ukudla kungavunyelwe. Kuyaphawuleka iqiniso lokuthi basebenzisa ubuthi babo kuphela ukuzivikela, hhayi ukuzingela.
- I-salamander enkulu ithanda ukuba semanzini, futhi ngokuqonde ngqo: emifudlaneni ebandayo nephithizela ngokushesha. Futhi, yize sinkulu Isikhathi somsebenzi walezi zinhlobo: isikhathi sasebusuku.
- Zonke i-salamanders zinamandla okuvuselela hhayi umsila kuphela, kodwa nezinye izingalo. Ngalesi sici bafana nezibungu, kepha kulokhu kubuye kubathole ekuthuthukeni.
- Basho ukuthi isalamander evuthayo (enamabala) izala kuphela lapho kuduma izulu elinamandla. Ngendlela efanayo, ngesikhathi kunesiyaluyalu, abantu abangenalwazi bazama ukufeza isikhundla esithile emphakathini.
- Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zaseJalimane, lo mndeni wama-amphibian wenza umuntu abe nomoya womlilo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimane ezindabeni zawo afaka ama-salamanders amandla okubekezelela okushisa komlilo ngaphandle kokulimala. Ngokombono wokholo lobuKristu, lezi zidalwa ziyizingelosi zikaDeveli. Ngempela, ukwahlulela ngendlela i-salamander ebukeka ngayo, kungavela umbono onjalo.
- Izinhlobo eziningi zibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu, njengoba zisengozini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izilwane zizingelwa ukuze zithole ubuthi. Futhi emazweni athile, inyama yabo ibhekwa njengezibiliboco.
- Uphawu olusemthethweni lwe-Alabama (USA) yi-norway salamander.
- Ngezinsuku ezinelanga, i-amphibian ayishiyi indawo yokuhlala epholile futhi emnyama. Ngendlela efanayo, labo abahlela ukwenza ubugebengu ngaphansi kokufihlwa ebusuku bayaziphatha.
- I-salamander ayisona isililo, kodwa ingekalesigaba se-amphibians. Ngendlela efanayo, ungadidanisi ulimi olungcolile nedemoni ekujuleni kwesihogo.
- Uma izinwele ziwe kusuka kubuthi besalamander ebonakalayo, khona-ke udumo negama elihle lomuntu kulahleka kusuka ekunyundeleni.
- Izindawo ezinhle ngemuva kwesilwane zingafanekisela ukuzenzisa, okuhlala kufaka imaskhi ekhangayo.
Ividiyo
Ama-salamanders angama-amphibians angokwesizinda se-salamanders, i-oda labathambile. Ngendlela abukeka ngayo ayindida, umzimba uqweqwe ngokungagugi ngamagobongo agudukayo nomsila oyindilinga. Kukhona izindlala eziningi esikhunjeni. Iningi lazo ligxile ezinhlangothini zomzimba, emuva nangemuva kwezindlebe. Kuneminwe emi-4 ngaphambili, kanye naku-5 emilenzeni yangemuva.Isidalwa esithakazelisa kakhulu nesimangalisa kakhulu isalamander.
Isilwane yiqhawe lezinganekwane eziningi noma izinganekwane, futhi sonke sibonga isiqinisekiso sokuthi i-amphibian ayishisi ngomlilo. Vele, akufanele uklolodele i-salamander ukuze uqinisekise ubuqiniso balawa magama, kodwa uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ukuthi isilwane siwele emlilweni, ngeke sife, kodwa, ngokunokwenzeka, siyobaleka. Isibankwa se-salamander sinezinduna ezikhiqizwe esikhunjeni. Nguye osiza ukugwema imiphumela emibi yomlilo. By the way, ngenxa yobisi kanye nokwenziwa okumhlophe, lesi sidalwa sesithathwe njengesifa kubantu iminyaka eminingi.
Okuvame kakhulu futhi kudume yi-salamander yomlilo. Isilwane sathola igama laso ngenxa yezindawo ze-orange-orange ngemuva kwaso esimnyama, kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa nangokuthi sinamabala. i-amphibian - iYurophu, ngaphandle kwensimu yasenyakatho, iWet nezindawo ezimnyama - yilokhu i-salamander ekuthanda kakhulu. uncamela ukufihla ngaphansi kwamatshe, izimpande zezihlahla, kwizimbobo. Isibungu sizizwa sihle emahlathini lapho kubusa khona umswakama omkhulu. Uma isimo sezulu esishisayo siphikelela isikhathi eside futhi inani lemvula elidingekayo lingehli, indawo yokuhlala kule ndawo ye-salamander iyangabaza, ngoba i-amphibian ayikwazi ukuba khona isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama ophansi.
Ububi obukhulu besilwane ukushesha kwaso. Ngenxa yalokhu, abakwazi ukuguqula indlela abadla ngayo futhi bondle ikakhulukazi ezinhlamvini, ezinambuzaneni ze-clumsy, kumhlume womhlaba. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlasela ama-vertebrates amancane. Ukuhamba kancane futhi yisizathu sokuthi i-salamander iba yisisulu sabazingeli abaningi. Isilwane singaba isidlo sakusihlwa, i-raccoon, i-phenum, isikhova. Yini isimilo, umunyu wesikhala akusebenzi nganoma iyiphi indlela ngabazingeli, kubo akunangozi.
I-salamander ingeyohlobo lwezilwane ezihlala bukhoma, ngokubukeka njengamawundlu afana namadadasi, njengamaxoxo. Kusukela esikhathini sokuzalwa kuze kufike ekwindla bangena emanzini, futhi lapho kubanda, baphuma baye emhlabathini ukucasha ngokuphepha. Ebusika, zonke izibankwa ziyazifihla ebusika. Isikhathi eside, abantu babekholelwa ukuthi umunyu we-caustic ovezwa yi-salamander esikhunjeni awubhubhi hhayi ngamagundane amancane kuphela, kodwa nezilwane ezinkulu nabantu. Eqinisweni, ubuthi bezinhlobo ezithile bulimaza, kepha akuholeli ekufeni.
I-salamander ayilokothi ihlasele umuntu. Izithombe zale lizard zibonisa ukuthi ayinazinto zokuhlasela. I-amphibian ayinazimpandla, amazinyo, izipikimba, ngakho-ke, ukuze uzivikele kunobuthi, ungayithinti nje. Ngokuxhumana isikhathi eside ne-salamander, umunyu ungangena emzimbeni yebo esikhunjeni. Ubuthi buyakwazi ukuthinta ubuchopho kanye nohlelo oluphambili lwezinzwa, ngakho-ke kufanele unamathele ekuqaphelekeni lapho uhlangana nesixoka.