Amabhodlela eplastiki amanzi azosebenzisa okungenani iminyaka eyi-1000 ekubuthweni komhlaba. Iqiniso lokuthi okungenani isigamu sawo wonke amabhodlela epulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye kuphela, okonakalisa imvelo ngemfucuza, selivele likhuluma ngenkinga enkulu yeplanethi yethu.
Umqambi we-Icelandic u-Ari Jonsson uthathe isinqumo sokuphakamisa isixazululo sakhe ngokwakha ibhodlela lamanzi elingene ku-algae, kubhala i-Facepla.net ngokubhekisisa neInterdesign.
"Nginomuzwa wokuthi kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola izindlela zokufaka lesi simiso seplastiki esingenangqondo esisikhiqizayo, sisebenzise futhi silahle nsuku zonke. Kungani sisebenzisa izinto ezithatha amakhulu eminyaka ukubola ukuphuza amanzi kanye kanye nje ilahle? "
Isixazululo sakhe esisha enkingeni yokungcola kwepulasitiki yi-agar, into evela kulwelwe. Ishiwo ngaye iqala emuva ngawo-1650s, lapho umnikazi wehhotela laseJapan elahla isobho lonke futhi wabona ukuthi liphenduka ijeli phakathi nobusuku. Izinto lezo zangena elabhorethri ye-micobiological ngasekupheleni kwe-1800s futhi isasetshenziselwa ukwehlukanisa ama-molecule.
Ukwakha ibhodlela le-algae, uJonsson waxuba i-agar enamanzi. Ingxube ebangelwa inokungaguquki, okufana ne-jelly-like, ayifudumeza ngaphambi kokuyithululela isikhunta esibandayo. Isikhunta sashintshwa ngaphakathi esitsheni samanzi eqhwa kuze kube lapho ingxube ye-agar yakheka ibhodlela. Imizuzu embalwa yokupholisa, ibhodlela lalilungele ukusetshenziswa.
Ibhodlela le-algae ligcina isimo salo esiyingqayizivele lize lingabi nalutho, bese liqala ukuvele liwele. Konke kuyindlela engokwemvelo yokwenza ipulasitiki, futhi uJonsson uthi ungadla ngisho nebhodlela kamuva uma uthanda ukunambitheka. I-Agar ivame ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yemifino noma i-vegan esikhundleni se-gelatin yama-dessert, futhi iyinto ephephile yemvelo nabantu.
E-Ukraine, i-Uber Eats izotholakala. Iyini le sevisi nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani?
Abakwa-Uber e-Ukraine bamemezele ukuthi bazokwethula insiza yakwa-Uber Eats emadolobheni amaningana ezweni lonke ukuletha ukudla ezikhungweni ezixhumene nakho. Namuhla, le sevisi isebenza emadolobheni amaningi e-EU, Asia, North kanye naseNingizimu Melika. Ukuyisebenzisa.
Abatshalizimali batshalile ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-92 ukukhiqizwa kwamaloli angahleliwe uNuro
Onjiniyela ababili be-Google yangaphambilini bethule uhlelo lokuqala lwe-Nuro, iloli elingavunyelwe lokuhambisa izimpahla. Esikhundleni sokuthuthukisa i-Ford Focus van efanayo, bakha iloli elincane izikhathi ezi-2 kunezimoto zabagibeli ezijwayelekile kumapharamitha alo. Ukusebenza kwakhe.
Ipulatifomu yokuqala ye-AI yezempilo igcina ukuhlala e-USA
I-ExcelMedical isungule uhlelo olwahlukile lweWave Clinical Platform eyenzelwe ukuqapha ukusebenza ngokomzimba kweziguli ezisezibhedlela. Isimanga sayo ukuthi ibikezela ukuwohloka kwempilo yabantu futhi ixwayisa nodokotela ngalokhu. Isibonelo, i-AI inganquma ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo okuzayo okumbalwa.
Kepha namuhla, ukhula lwasolwandle lungaphezu kokugoqwa kwe-sushi - lusetshenziselwa futhi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eminingi, njengokufakwa kokudla, imibala yemvelo, amadayi endwangu angenamakhemikhali, amapulasitiki angenakubalwa, kanye nama-biofuel.
I-Israyeli ikhulise kude ulwazi lwayo kanye nokuba khona kwayo embonini yolwandle, okuholela ocwaningweni, kufaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuse-algae.
Ukuqagelwa komhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi kusheshiswe ukukhula komnotho emkhakheni ngenxa yemikhiqizo emisha eminingi nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezahlukahlukene.
Ngokusho Ucwaningo kanye nezimakethe , inani lemakethe yomhlaba wonke lemikhiqizo ye-algae ngonyaka we-2017 lalinganiselwa ku- $ 3.4 billion, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2025 ifinyelele ku- $ 5.6-6.09 billion.
Lesi sibikezelo sokukhula siqhutshwa ngokwanda kokuqwashisa kwabathengi ngezinzuzo zezempilo zemikhiqizo ye-algae kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuvuseleleka kusuka ku-algae.
I-Algatech, inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke ye-algae yase-Israel ethengisa ama-microalgae ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, isanda kuthengisa ngama- $ 100 ezigidi.
Imakethe kulindeleke ukuthi iphindwe kabili
Ukulima i-algae kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba awadingi mhlaba omningi. Ama-algae ahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi angatshalwa emanzini amasha, angaboli kanye nosawoti. Ngokungafani nezitshalo eziqukethe izinto zokungcola ezifana neziqu, isiqu namagatsha, ama-algae asebenzisa yonke impahla yawo yezitshalo ngomkhiqizo wokugcina ngaphandle kokushiya imfucuza yezolimo.
Kunemikhiqizo eminingi esekwe kwi-algae emakethe: izithasiselo ezinomsoco, ubucwebe bezimonyo, imicu emicroscopic nemikhiqizo yokudla, kanye nezithasiselo zokudla ezinjenge-astaxanthin ne-beta-carotene (kuthengiswe izinkulungwane zamaRandi ngekhilogremu) kanye ne-omega-3. Ama-6 acid aqatha.
Izinkampani ezingaphezu kwe-10 zakwa-Israyeli zisebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhuleni kwe-algae, okusebenzisa abantu abangaba ngu-200. Okuphawuleka kathathu kwalokhu kungumphumela oqondile wokuthengiswa kolwazi olwenziwe eBen-Gurion University naseWeizmann Institute of Science.
Imfashini eluhlaza
Imboni yezemfashini, imboni yesibili enkulu yokungcolisa emhlabeni, imvamisa isebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene ezidala izinkinga zempilo nezemvelo embonini yezingubo.
Imfashini esheshayo ithinte imvelo, abasebenzi kanye nomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-27 kakotini akhiqizwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni, okufanekisela u-2,5% womhlaba otshaliwe no-13% wokusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides emhlabeni wonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-algae awadingi umhlaba wezolimo noma ama-pesticides futhi anganciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwendle embonini. Eminyakeni yamuva, intuthuko embonini yezemfashini ifaka izinto zokwenziwa kusuka kulwelwe.
Isitudiyo sokuklama samaJalimane esingamamitha amabili sisebenzisa inhlanganisela yekotoni kanye ne-algae. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-EU isekela iphrojekthi ye-SEACOLors, ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamadayi emvelo besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemvelo be-algae pigmentation.
Izindleko zokukhiqiza zalezi zingqimba nemibala zisaphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezivamile. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo esandayo kuhloswe ngaso ukunciphisa igebe eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
Amandla aluhlaza avela olwandle
Isidingo sokusuka emafutheni we-fossil siye emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo siya ngokuya sibaluleka. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwemakethe olushicilelwe ngonyaka odlule, enye yezinto ezizuze ngempumelelo enkulu ukukhula kwe-algae ekukhiqizweni kwama-biofuels, indawo ehlanzekile yamandla okugcwala komhlaba.
Lolu cwaningo lubikezela ukwanda kwesidingo se-algae biomass, isithako esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel, ngokuqwashisa ngokukhutshelwa kwomoya ophefumulayo. Amathuba emakethe yasolwandle kulindeleke ukuthi akhule emhlabeni jikelele.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe nguLeo Carten, ofunde iziqu e-Tel Aviv University, ngokubambisana nezinye izikhungo, wafunda i-bio-ethanol ekhiqizwa yi-algae.
UKorzen wakhula eduzane nepulazi le-bream elisogwini lwe-Israel iMedithera.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinto ezimbili kuholele ekwandeni kokukhula kwe-algae namanzi angcolile, angcolile - isimo sokunqoba kwemvelo yasolwandle kanye nomkhakha wamandla.
I-algae esikhundleni sepulasitiki
Ukungcola kwepulasitiki kungenye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu zemvelo emhlabeni ezinqwabelana ekushayweni komhlaba nasolwandle futhi kulimaze impilo yasolwandle. Amapulasitiki ahlukana abe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-microplastics, ezivame ukugwinywa yizilwane zasolwandle bese zingena kulayini wokudla. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngonyaka ka-2050 inani leplastiki olwandle liyoba likhulu kunenani lezinhlanzi.
I-algae ithathwa njengento ewusizo eluhlaza okwenziwe ngayo ukukhiqizwa kwe- "bioplastics" - ukufaka izinto endaweni engakheka kahle epulasitiki - eziguquguqukayo, ezingabizi, ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi ezinobungani bemvelo. I-Agar njengamanje isetshenziswa embonini yezemithi neyokudla njengento ebambele i-Geratin yemifino. Muva nje, abaklami abahlukahlukene sebeqalile ukusebenzisa i-agar ukwenza ezinye izindlela zepulasitiki.
UDkt Alexander Golberg noProfessor Michael Gozin baseTel Aviv University bakha ama-biopolymers (ama-macromolecule wemvelo, okuyizigaxa zokwakha zamapulasitiki) esebenzisa izinto eziphilayo emanzini olwandle. Kule nqubo, ama-unicellular microorganisms akha ama-polymers angama-biodegradable emva kokungenisa i-multicellular algae.
“Inqubo yokukhiqiza amapulasitiki ebunjiwe idinga izinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile njengomhlaba wezolimo namanzi amasha. Ezweni elinjenge-Israyeli, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki kuphezulu khona, ngeke kubeke izindawo ezinkulu namanzi abizayo ukukhiqiza ama-biopolymers, ”kusho uGolberg.
“Inqubo yethu izovumela amazwe anenkinga yokushoda kwamanzi amasha, njenge-Israel ngisho neChina neNdiya, ukuthi ashintshele kupulasitiki ongakwazi ukuwufaka,” uyengeza.
I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe
Yize izinkampani ze-algae kwa-Israyeli zingabandakanyeki kuzo zonke lezi zindawo ezethembisayo, imboni iyakhula.
"Indlela yokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo eminingana esetshenziswa lapho kusetshenziswa izinto ezihlukile zokufakelwa kwezicelo ezahlukahlukene ibizwa ngokuthi yi-bioreficals," kuchaza uDkt Adi Levy, uMqondisi weSayensi we-Israeli Society of Ecology kanye nezeSayensi Yezemvelo.
"Le ndlela ihlose ukusebenzisa izakhi ezahlukahlukene ze-algae (ezinjengezinto ezenziwe nge-pigment, i-antioxidant oxidation, amaprotheni, ama-acid acid, ama-carbohydrate nokunye okuningi) ukusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izinsizakusebenza nezinsizakusebenza ezandisiwe ukuyandisa"
Eminyakeni emibili edlule, ingqungquthela yokuqala yabakhiqizi be-algae yenzeka kwa-Israyeli. Ngonyaka owedlule, izinkampani nosomabhizinisi abangu-16 kwa-Israyeli bamemezele ukwakhiwa kwenhlangano esemthethweni yokulawula imboni.
I-Algatech, eyasungulwa ngo-1998 eKibbutz Ketura eningizimu yakwa-Israyeli, ingenye yamabhizinisi ambalwa emhlabeni aphatha ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwe-microalgae. I-Algatech ithumela imikhiqizo yayo ezinkampanini emazweni angaphezu kwama-35 emkhakheni wokudla, izimonyo kanye nokukhiqizwa kokudla neziphuzo.
Le nkampani ikhula i-algae kumashubhu engilazi afana nezindawo zokugcina izithombo, futhi le nqubo isuselwa ngokuphelele emithonjeni yamandla evuselelekayo, imvelo yendalo isebenzisa amandla elanga kanye namanzi angcolile wesibili, nomoya-mpilo uwukuphela kodoti.
"Isimo sezulu sasogwadule esinamandla futhi esizinzile, amazinga aphakeme okukhanya unyaka wonke, nomoya ohlanzekile, ongahlanzekile ubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ama-algae ngempumelelo," kusho okhulumela i-Algatech.
Ngenyanga edlule, abakwaSolabia Group, abakhiqizi bezemvelo baseFrance bezithako zemvelo kwizimonyo zezimboni zezokwelapha, ezemithi kanye nasezinhlwini zezinto eziphilayo, bathola i-Algatech kwisivumelwano esabiza amadola ayizigidi eziyikhulu.
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