Itshe ukholo (elinye igama ngu "mhlophe-webele") - isilwane esincane sohlobo lwe-marten lomndeni womndeni we-marten oda. Kusabalele e-Europe futhi kubhekisa ezinhlotsheni zodwa ezingama-martens ezingasabi ukusondelana nabantu. Izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu ze-marten zamatshe yi-pine marten and sable, engaxazeka kalula ngaphandle kusukela ngaphandle. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zilwane kwezinye izici zendlela yokuphila ne-morphology (ukwakheka kwezilwane).
Indawo yokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala
I-Stone marten isatshalaliswa cishe kulo lonke i-Eurasia futhi ihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezisenyakatho, iCaucasus, iCentral, i-Asia Minor neNtshonalanga Asia, Kazakhstan. Ingahlala itholakala ezintabeni zaseSouthern Altai, eCaucasus naseCrimea. Ukuhlala ezintabeni, i-marten yamatshe ingakhuphukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-4 000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
IBelodushka izwa kahle ezindaweni eziphansi phakathi kwezihlahlana, emahlathini asezingeni eliphansi, emahlathini anogobongo futhi anwebekayo, emabhande amahlathi azungeze umhlaba olimekayo futhi, ngokwemvelo, ezintabeni ezinamadwala, lapho ihlala khona emifantwini, emihumeni nasezintabeni. Eqinisweni, ilungele noma yiziphi izindawo ngaphandle kweqhwa (kufaka phakathi okutshalwe ngokuphelele ngamahlathi amnyama e-coniffort) futhi eyomile.
Umkhonto wetshe akesabi ukusondela kumuntu. Emasimini ezithelo ezilahliwe, isivakashi esivame kakhulu, kepha njengoba eyisilwane esihlaselayo, sibuye sikhangwe yizilwane ezifuywayo kanye nasezinkomeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, owesifazane onezinwele ezimhlophe onelukuluku, efuna indawo yokukhosela nokudla, ufika kumakamelo wezindlu (ezivame ukushiywa), kanye nasemaxeleni, ezigxotsheni, ezinkomeni, lapho ahlomisa khona izimbobo zakhe.
Kepha ngezinye izikhathi izinto ezingalindelekile ngokuphelele zidonsela ukunaka kwakhe. Isibonelo, amacala wokungena kwawo ezimotweni ajwayelekile. Isilwane esishintshashintshayo nesigugayo sigibela ngaphansi kwe-hood kanye nokugedla kwamakhebuli ngokusebenzisa izintambo zikagesi, ama-hake brake, njll Kukholakala ukuthi ama-martens amatshe akhangwa kakhulu iphunga lenjini. Banikazi bezimoto ezihlala ezindaweni lapho ama-martens amatshe amaningi kakhulu ngisho kufanele bafake izitsotsi ezikhethekile ezimotweni zabo.
Ukudla kwepredator
Udwayizi lwamatshe luyisisulu esimangazayo. Uyisitha semvelo samagundane afana negundane, izinyoni ezincane namasele. Uma ekwazi ukusondela lapho kuhlala khona abantu, khona-ke udla izinkukhu ngokuzithandela, amajuba kanye nomvundla. Ihlala emadwaleni nasezindlini ezilahliwe, idla amalulwane. Ukudla okujwayelekile impela kunoma yisiphi isifunda sayo sendawo izinambuzane, ama-invertebrates amakhulu, nezibungu zazo.
Ummbila wamatshe awenqabeli ukonakalisa isidleke sale nyoni adla amaqanda, futhi uma ubungako besidleke nendawo yaso kumfanele, angahlala futhi kukho.
Omunye umthombo wokudla izithelo (ikakhulukazi amapere kanye nama-apula), amajikijolo, amagxolo namaqabunga ezihlahla, amahlumela otshani wezitshalo.
Ukuziphatha
Umuntu ngamunye ubeka uhla lwalo, aluthola njengensimu yalo. Ngokuya ngezimo, zingasukela kuma-12 kuye kuma-210 ha. Indawo yakhona ithinteka kakhulu esikhathini sonyaka kanye nobulili besilwane - kowesilisa ungaphezu kowesifazane. I-marten yetshe ihlunga imingcele yensimu "eyabelwe", imaka ngokugcwala kanye nemfihlo ekhethekile.
Iningi labamhlophe alishadile, alilokothi lilwele ukuxhumana njalo namanye amadoda ngokubona. Ngesikhathi sokuganana kuphela lapho bahlangana nomuntu wobulili obuhlukile. Uma isilwane sizama ukungena ngemvume kuleyo ndawo, umphikisi ayibona ngathi ingeyakhe, “ukucaciswa kobudlelwano” kuzobe kungenakugwemeka.
Ukubulawa kwetshe kubhekwa njengezilwane zakusihlwa nezisematheni, ngoba ebumnyameni kuphela lapho lizingela futhi lihamba amabanga amade. Isilwane sihamba kakhulu emhlabathini futhi sikhetha indlela enjalo yokuhamba, kepha uma kunesidingo, singagxuma sisuka esihlahleni siye kwesinye.
Ukhetha ukuhlala emathuneni amatshe ezindaweni lapho enethuba lokuhlomisa khona isidleke sakhe - lezi izimbobo zezilwane azizimbi izimbotshana zazo.
Izici zokukhiqiza kabusha nokukhulisa inzalo
Inzalo yokuqala yalowo omelwe ibele elimhlophe iletha ngemuva kokufika eminyakeni eyi-15. Emadodeni, ukuvuthwa kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12. Njengomthetho, ukuvundiswa kowesifazane kwenzeka ehlobo. Wandulelwa yimidlalo yokuzalela, equkethe ukuqomisana okuthambile kodwa okuphikelelayo ngakwowesilisa, omsebenzi wakhe ophambili ukuphula ukumelana nowesifazane.
Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukugcinwa kwembewu nokulondolozwa kwayo esibelethweni kuze kube sentwasahlobo (izinyanga ezingaba ngu-8). Ekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ingane enamabele amhlophe ibeletha inyanga eyi-1, ukuze ngoMashi-Ephreli ama-3-4 kuzalwe amawundlu - abe nqunu futhi angaboni ngokuphelele. Ukuze bavule amehlo futhi baqale ukubona, badinga inyanga, enye inyanga nesigamu emva kwalokho, bayaqhubeka nokudla ubisi lwebele. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kwenkathi yokuqunjelwa, amawundlu aqala ukuzingela nonina. Ukuzimela kuza ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha.
Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokubulawa komuntu ofakwe itshe yiminyaka emi-3, yize abanye abantu besinda befika eminyakeni eyi-7 nengu-10.
Ukubukeka
Ubungako bokubhobozwa kwetshe ngekati elincane, umzimba ubushubile futhi umncanyana ngomsila omude omfushane, futhi izitho zimfushane. Isibalo sesilwane sinxantathu ngesimo sinezindlebe ezinkulu. Amatshe amatshe angahlukaniswa ama-ferrets kanye nama-minks yi-bifurcated indawo ekhanyayo esifubeni, edlula emabunzini amabili emilenzeni yangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu base-Asia balezi zinhlobo kungenzeka zingabi namabala nhlobo. Ijazi lezilwane lilukhuni futhi lipendiwe ngombala onsomi futhi onsundu. Amehlo wombala omnyama, okhanya ebusuku ebumnyameni ngombala obomvu-wethusi. Imisuka yomfel 'etsheni ihluke kakhulu kunaleya "dade" wakhe wasehlathini. Isilwane sihamba ngokugxuma, ukuqinisa imilenze emikhondweni engaphambili, sishiya amaphrinta ahlelwe ngababili (amachashazi amabili) noma kathathu (amachashazi amathathu). Inja enemilenze emibili ingabonakala eqhweni lapho isilwane sihamba esigxotsheni, futhi inja enemilenze emithathu ingahle ibonakale emhlabathini noma ukumiliselwa, okuholele ekutheni kube necala lokukhanya.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-white-breasted kanye ne-marten ubalulekile. I-pine marten inomsila omfishane, ibala entanyeni liphuzi, ekhaleni limnyama, nezinyawo zimbozwe ngoboya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-marten yamatshe isinda, kepha incane kunezakwabo. Ubude bomzimba walesi silwane bungamasentimitha angama-40-55, nobude bomsila buyi-22-30 cm. Isisindo singasukela kwikilogremu elilodwa kuya kwesibili nesigamu. Abesilisa, njengomthetho, bakhulu ngokubonakalayo kunabesifazane.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Stone marten uhlala ezintabeni ezingenamsebenzi (e-Altai naseCaucasus), emahlathini angenamvula (Ciscaucasia), futhi kwesinye isikhathi emadolobheni naseziqiwini (kwezinye izindawo eziseningizimu yeRussia). Kusatshalaliswa e-Eurasia, kuhlala i-Iberian Peninsula, iMongolia kanye neHimalaya. Ngakho-ke kungatholakala emazweni aseBaltic, e-Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, eCrimea, eCentral naseCentral Asia.
Lesi silwane asihlali emahlathini, sincamela ukubukeka okuvulekile ngamabhishi amancane nezihlahla ezihlala zodwa. Esikhathini esiningi, ukhetha indawo enamadwala, ngenxa yokuthi, empeleni, lolu hlobo lwe-marten lwathola igama lolo. Lesi silwane asesabi nhlobo abantu futhi sivame ukuvela eduze kwabantu - ezimgodini, emakamelweni angaphansi komhlaba nakuma-attics.
Umsoco
Ukuba yisidlakela esijabulisayo, ukudliwa kwamatshe okwenziwa ngamatshe kwenziwa ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, amagundane anjengegundane, izinkalankala nemvundla, kanye nezinyoni ezinosayizi abaphakathi, amasele, izinambuzane namaqanda enyoni. Kwezinye izindawo, lesi silwane sigaya imvukuzane futhi sonakalisa nokuhlala kwamalulwane. Ehlobo, ama-marten amatshe adla ama-invertebrates ngamanani amakhulu, amabhungane amakhulu amakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ingena ezindlini zamapayipuni nakumaqhubu enkukhu, ihlasele izinkukhu nonogwaja, ithwale imbewu nezithelo, ibuyele emfucumfucwini lapho ifuna ukudla. Umhlaseli ubulala, njengomthetho, inyamazane enkulu kunokuba ikwazi ukuyidla.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwezilwane ukudla kwezitshalo, izithelo namajikijolo. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezithelo, izilwane ezinamabele amhlophe zidla amagilebhisi, amapharele, ama-apula, amaplamu, ama-raspberries, ama-cherries, ama-mulberry kanye namagilebhisi. Eduze nobusika, izilwane ziguqukela ku-dogrose, juniper, umlotha wasentabeni, i-privet ne-hawthorn. Entwasahlobo, bathanda ukujabulela ama-inflorescence amnandi e-linden ne-acacia emhlophe. Uma itshe elenziwa ngamatshe libhekene nokukhetha: izithelo noma inyama, uzokhetha kuqala.
Ukuzala
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwamatshe okwenziwa ngamatshe senzeka ezinyangeni zasehlobo, kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti, kodwa ngenxa yokukhulelwa isikhathi eside, izinsikazi ziveza kuphela izingane entwasahlobo, ngoMashi-Ephreli. Lokhu kungenxa yesikhathi eside sokukhula kombungu, ngakho-ke, izinsana ezisesibelethweni zikhula isikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, noma ngabe ukukhulelwa uqobo kumqondo wawo ogcwele kuthatha inyanga kuphela - sonke isikhathi lapho imbewu igcinwa emzimbeni wesifazane. Ngemuva kokubeletha, kuzalwa izingane ezintathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa ezingenakusiza ngokuphelele, zinqunu futhi amehlo nezindlebe zivaliwe. Amawundlu avuthwa ngesonto lesine noma lesihlanu, inyanga eyodwa nohhafu ngemuva kokuzalwa, anceliswa ubisi lwebele, futhi azimele ngokuwa. Ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, izinsikazi zincelisa izingane futhi zivikele ezingozini ezingase zivele, kuthi emva kwalokho ifundise izindlela zokuzingela imidlwane esezikhulile.
Izinyoni ezincane ezinamabele amhlophe zishiya isidleke ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi futhi cishe azifani kubantu abadala ngosayizi, nangemva kokuqala koku-molt - ngokusho kwesembozo soboya bazo. I-marten yamatshe entsha iba nokuzimela ngokuphelele ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, futhi ifinyelele ekuthweni konyaka, ezinyangeni eziyi-15-27.
Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila kwezilwane endle cishe siyiminyaka emithathu (endle) futhi cishe siyishumi (ezimweni ezivumayo), futhi ekudingisweni - siphindwe kabili, iminyaka engama-18-20.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Kuze kube manje, izingcingo ezine zamatshe okwenziwa ngamatshe ziyaziwa.
- I-whitefinch yaseYurophu ihlala eNtshonalanga Yurophu nakwezinye izindawo zengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR yangaphambili.
- I-Whiteanfishfish igcwele eCrimea futhi ihluka kancane ezihlotsheni zayo ngokwakhiwa kwamazinyo, igebhezi elincane kanye nombala woboya.
- Isidalwa esimhlophe esinamabele eCaucasus esihlala eTranscaucasia siyindawo encanyana kunazo zonke (amasentimitha angama-54) enoboya obumcwebezelayo obukhazimulayo futhi ungaphansi kaphansi.
- Intombazane enezinwele ezimhlophe zaseCentral Asia ihlala e-Altai, inendawo engakhuli kahle yomphimbo noboya obuhle kakhulu.